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Suvremeni Pristup Proračunu Konstrukcija PDF
Suvremeni Pristup Proračunu Konstrukcija PDF
Suvremeni Pristup Proračunu Konstrukcija PDF
konstrukcija
Igor Gukov
Povijest i razvoj računala
Operativni sustavi,
01.02.2013.g
• Windows 7: 69.31%
• Windows 8: 9.63 %
• Windows XP: 9.33 %
• Windows Vista: 5.84 %
• OS X: 3.07 %
• Linux: 2.02 %
Generacije jezika za programiranje
1. strojni jezici,
2. simbolički (asemblerski) jezici,
3. jezici za programiranje visoke razine,
4. jezici četvrte generacije (jezici krajnjih
korisnika).
Simbolički (asemblerski) jezik
SUMMODDS MOVE.L (A7)+,A2
MOVE.L (A7)+,A1
MOVE.W (A7)+,D2
CLR.W D2
JMP COUNT
LOOP BTST 0,1(A1)
BEQ.S NEXT
ADD.W (A1),D2
NEXT ADDQ.W #2,A1
COUNT DBF D1,LOOP
MOVE.W D2,-(A7)
JMP (A2)
Treća generacija: viši programski jezici
#include <stdio.h>
void main () {
int a,b,c;
scanf ("%d,%d",&a, &b);
z=a+b;
printf ("%d", z);
}
Jezici četvrte generacije
0.01
0.99
Maja
0.99
0.01
Šiber
Rapidografi
Proračun prije primjene računala:
Nepoznanice u čvorovima:
v1 , ϕ1 , v2 , ϕ2
gdje su:
⎛ dv ⎞ ⎛ dv ⎞
ϕ1 = ⎜ ⎟ , ϕ2 = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ dx ⎠1 ⎝ dx ⎠2
Izbor funkcije pomaka
Software:
Adapt Software Systems - Prestressed/Reinforced Concrete Design & Analysis.
ADINA - Non Linear F.E. Analysis
AFE Software Ltd - Masonry arch design software
ALGOR - General Purpose F.E.
Alashki - Impressive concrete design programs
ANSYS/ CivilFEM
ATIR Engineering Software - Home of STRAP - F.E. Modeling Software
CADRE Pro and CADRE Lite - 3D and 2D Beam Analysis
CADS - Analysis and design software
Cbeam2002 - Solve statically indeterminate beam structures
Cobras - Concrete Bridge Assessment Program - Yield Line Analysis
Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, United States Military Academy - Free Utilities!
Design Data - Structural steel design and detailing
Dr.techn.Olav Olsen a.s - Advanced concrete design tools
DTColumn - Interaction diagrams for round concrete columnsFree!
EDI-SACS - Nonlinear analysis software
DIANA - Finite element program
EngineeringSpreadsheets.co.uk - Excel programs for structural design
Ensoft - LPile and more
FastFrame - Windows 95, 98 & NT Two-Dimensional frame analysis programFree!
Finite Element Home Page - Comprehensive Links Page for Commercial and Public Domain F.E. Software
FELT - Public Domain F.E. Software
GT STRUDL, Structural Analysis and Design Software for Civil Engineers
GT STRUDL - from SC Solutions
GRAPE - 3D Beam/Truss Finite Element Program
Grasp - Windows truss and frame analysis
HEAT - Non Linear F.E. software for early age crack control
IDARC - Nonlinear structural analysis of concrete behavior. University at BuffaloFree!
IES - Integrated Engineering Software - FEA and Other Structural Utilities
LARSA - Linear and nonlinear FEA program
LIMCON - Steel connection design
LISA MECHANIC - 2D and 3D frames, plates, and solid elements; statics and dynamics. 1300 node version is Free!
Losch Engineering Corporation - Wall and prestressed beam design software
The Mechanical Engineering Zone - Java apps for beam analysis and more Free!
Microstran - General structural analysis
MLS - Non Linear F.E. software for Multi Layer Systems
MOISTURE - Non Linear F.E. software for combined moisture and stress simulations
MSTower - Tower and mast design
Multiframe - Three dimensional structural analysis and design software system
MSC Software - Home of NASTRAN and many other programs
NONLIN - Nonlinear Dynamic Time History Analysis of Single Degree of Freedom Systems Free!
Oasys GSA - Static and dynamic analysis of frame and 2D finite element models
OpenSEES - Software framework for seismic structural analysis Free!
PCA - Concrete design programs
PCStruct - 2D Structural Analysis for MS Windows
Pikaso Software - Reinforced concrete utilities.
PROKON - FE Software and more.
RISA Technologies - FE Software
Research Engineers Inc. - Home of STAAD, STRUCT.ect, STARDYNE, CIVILSOFT
Response 2000 - Calculates strength and ductility of reinforced concrete cross-sections subjected to shear, moment, and axial load
ROBOT 97 - Very graphical F.E. analysis software.
SAFI - 2D and 3D finite element analysis
SCALE - All sorts of structural utilities
CSI - SAP 2000 General Purpose Analysis and Design
Predprocesor
PROCESOR (Solver)
Postprocesor
DirectX
OpenGL
DirectX
(DirectDraw, DirectSound, Direct3D, DirectPlay,
DirectInput)
BIM
Building information modeling
BIM
Promjena na jednom dijelu projekta automatski
se izvodi i na ostalim dijelovima.
•ACI 318-95*.
•BS 8110 - 1997.
•CP 65 - 1999.
•CSA-A23.3-94.
•Eurocode 2 - 1992.
•SABS 0100 - 1992.
TOWER
STA4CAD
STA4CAD
ANSYS
SCADDS/RC-Beam Drafter
PROKON
Potporni zid
Potporni zid
Potporni zid
Čelik - detalji
Temelj
Temelj
Temelj
Stup
Stup
Stup
Frilo Statics
http://www.frilo.eu
Scia Engineer
FEMAP
FASTRAK
SismiCAD
BEAMD
BEAMD
ROBOT
•Unlimited number of spans
•T, L R cross sections
•Precast/Prefab
•Bending, shear torsion
•Unlimited number of load cases and combinations
•Change of inertia within a span
•Preliminary sizing
•Design based on ACI 318-99, EC2, DIN, BAEL
•Skipping loads
•Bending and shear envelop diagrams
•Rectangular and circular holes
•3D view of every single rebar
•Graphical interaction with every single bar for editing
•Automatic detailing drawing fully customizable
•Generates dxf files
•Graphical and tabular Word report
•Price estimation
•Friendly user interface
•Fully interfaced with Robot Millenium and Robot Concrete
Building system
Aspalathos
ArmaCAD
ArmaCAD
ArmaCAD
SofiCAD
ADINA
ADINA-generator brick elemenata
ADINA
2-D Multi-body Contact Example solved using Explicit Time Integration
ADINA
SAP 2000
SAP 2000
SAP 2000
DIANA
Ceste
Plateia
Plateia - RDV - Rapid Design
Visualisation
Vodovod i kanalizacija
Dinamički proračun
Proračun vlastitih frekvencija i vlastitih vektora
Nelinearni proračun
• Geometrijska nelinearnost
• Materijalna nelinearnost
Predprocesori i postprocesori
Most preko rijeke Krke
Betonbrücke
Dinamičko opterećenje
Last P
Federsteifigkeiten Cp
P [kN]
t [sec]
1 / Eigenfrequenz
Dinamičko opterećenje
a
Kopplung
Exzentrizität
Ebene der
Knotenpunkte
Strut – tie modeli
Strut – tie model
Strut – tie model
Strut – tie model
Strut – tie
modeli
Tri osnovna tipa optimizacije
struktura
Pomaci (mm)
Armatura (cm2)
Krutost EI (%)
Pomaci (mm)
Armatura (cm2)
Promjena koeficijenata αd, αs i αm s obzirom na
vitkost za uporabno naprezanje od -12MPa.
3.5
2.5
Pomak
Armatura
Moment
2
1.5
Vitkost
1
0 50 100 150 200 250
Dijagrami interakcije za različite vitkosti, za ω =0,25
-1,5
As1=ω(fcd/fyd)bh
As2=β As1
β =1
ω=0,25
-1,3
d1/h=d2/h=0,1
RA 400/500
-1,1
-0,9
Sd
ν
-0,7
-0,5
-0,3
-0,1
μSd
Momentni dijagram za element armiran u
gornjoj i donjoj zoni.
L
Momentni dijagram za element armiran samo u
donjoj zoni
L
pukotine pukotine
L
Momentni dijagram za element armiran samo u
gornjoj zoni
pukotine
L
L
Momentni
dijagrami u
ovisnosti o L
nosivosti
presjeka
Verschiedene
Schichtdicken
t0...tn
Usmjerenost pukotina
Naprezanje u armaturi
Pukotine nakon puzanja
i skupljanja betona
Glas
Plastik
Schichtdicken ti
Glas
Panel i stringer elementi
Panel elementi
Primjer
Statički model
3 koraka proračuna
Rezultati proračuna
Armatura
Nelinearni proračun
Pukotine - SLS
Deformacije ULS
Stringer
ATENA
Atena
Preraspodjela naprezanja uslijed
dugotrajnih djelovanja
Naprezanja i deformacije
Naprezanja i deformacije.
Naprezanja i deformacije u trenutku: To
ϕy ϕu
ϕu
DUKTILNOST =
ϕy
Shaking table
Kontrola vibracija
PRORAČUN UNUTARNJIH SILA U AB
KONSTRUKCIJAMA IZLOŽENIH
DUGOTRAJNOM OPTEREĆENJU
Momentni dijagram dvije montažne proste grede.
Vremenom se pojavljuje dodatni moment ΔM(t)
uslijed reoloških deformacija na drugom
statičkom sustavu.
Superpozicijom dolazimo do momenta od vlastite
težine u nekom trenutku vremena.
Momentni dijagram Mt se vremenom mjenja od Mo prema
Mk
Dvije prednapete montažne proste grede
Ukupna deformacija betona sastoji
se od tri dijela:
Integralna veza:
σ c ( t0 ) t
∂σ c (τ ) ⎛ 1 ϕ ( t , t0 ) ⎞
εc (t ) = (1 + ϕ ( t , t0 ) ) + ∫ ∂τ ⎜⎜ E t + E ⎟⎟ ⋅ dτ + ε cs ( t , t0 )
Ec 0 to ⎝ c( ) c ,28 ⎠
gdje je:
M 0 -moment od sume faza građenja; (montažnih stanja)
M k -moment na konačnom sustavu
GRADIVA:
beton MB 50
armatura RA 500/550
kabeli 1570/1770
zaštitni sloj betona 5 cm
Most Dubrovnik.
GEOS (V10.11-99) 7.12.2002 Gradjevinski Fakultet * Kaciceva 26 * 41000 Zagreb
37 37
2.452
-0.096
1.977
-0.093
1.527
-0.086
1.129
-0.073
0.808
-0.055
0.590
-0.032
0.509
-0.011
0.500
0.000
-0.000
0.509
0.011
0.590
0.032
0.808
0.055
1.129
0.073
1.527
0.086
1.977
0.093
2.452
0.096
H H
37 37
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
601 501 401 301 201 101 111 112 102 202 302 402 502 602
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
28.75
30.50
32.25
36.00
41.00
46.00
51.00
56.00
61.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 m
M 1 : 283
Koranske mlinice
kabeli u hrptu 10
GEOS (V10.11-99) 7.12.2002 Gradjevinski Fakultet * Kaciceva 26 * 41000 Zagreb
1.039
1.000
0.962
0.874
2510.5
1.000
2195.4
2208.2
2234.8
2268.7
2292.1
2319.6
2338.6
2391.8
2402.7
2466.3
2492.8
2501.0
2477.1
2442.8
2415.3
0.874
0.879
0.890
0.903
0.913
0.924
0.931
0.953
0.957
0.982
0.993
0.996
0.986
0.962
0.973
601 501 401 301 201 101 111112 102 202 302 402 502 602
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
28.75
30.50
32.25
36.00
41.00
46.00
51.00
56.00
61.00
-10.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 m
M 1 : 346
Koranske mlinice
kabeli u hrptu 10
Poprečni presjeci s rasporedom kabela
Linijski model za proračun konstrukcije
u uzdužnom smjeru.
Razdioba napona po širini poprečnog
presjeka.
Poprečni presjek mosta Kamačnik
Građevno konstrukterstvo je umjetnost uporabe
materijala čija svojstava se mogu samo
procijeniti, da bi se izgradile građevine koje se
samo približno mogu proračunati, kako bi se
oduprle silama koje nisu točno poznate, tako da
naša odgovornost prema javnoj sigurnosti bude
potpuna.