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A Manual For Northern Woodsmen PDF
A Manual For Northern Woodsmen PDF
A Manual For Northern Woodsmen PDF
FO R N O R T HE R N W O O D S M E N
A M A NU A L
FO R
NO R T H E R N W O O D S M E N
A US T IN C AR Y
Recentl y A ss istant Professor of Forestry
in Harvard Umversit y
REVI SE D E DITION
CA MB RID GE
HAR V ARD U NI VER S ITY PRE SS
1 9 18
FI RST E D I T ION
C O PY R I G H T 1 9 0 9
,
B Y AU ST I N CA RY
RE VI SE D E D I T ION
C O Y GH 1 9 1 8
P RI T,
B Y AUST IN CARY
O ne t hous a nd pi issu d in J nu
co es e a ary , 1 9 18
R NTE D
P THE
I AT
HA VAR D U NIV
R TY PR E S E RSI S
CAM DG MA ss U s A
B RI E, .
, . . .
PR E FA C E
THE re c e p t i o n r d e d t his b o o k s in c e it wa s fi rs t
ac c o
is su e d in 1 9 0 9 p a rt i c u l a rly t h e app re c ia t i o n e xp re ss e d
,
o f c o mme n d a t i o n ha v e b ee n re c e i v e d fr o m u s er s in
a ll p a rt s o f t h e c o u n t ry It is s ig n ifi c an t t ha t t he
.
fir s t t y p o gr ap h i c a l err o r d i s c o v ere d ( a w r o n g fi g u re
in a l o g a ri t h m i c t abl e ) w a s p o i n t e d o u t by a r an ger
o n t h e l a rge s t t r ac t o f u n s u r v e y e d t i mb er l a n d in t h e
'
Un i t e d S t a t es in Id a h o The s e c o n d c o rre c t i o n Wa s
, .
s e n t in by a C a n a d i a n c r u iser .
The i nc i d e n t s j u s t me n t i o n e d ill u s tr a t e t h e w i d e
d i s t ri bu t i o n o f t he v o l u me a nd e xp l a i n t he p rese n t
e x t e n s i o n o f it A s o rigi n a lly w ri t t e n t h e b o o k d id
.
,
n o t a im a t c ir c u l a t i o n w es t o f t he La k e s t a t e s ; b u t
fr o m t h e fi r s t a l a rge p ar t o f t h e d e m a n d f o r it c a m e
'
f r o m W es t er n er s c h ie fly t ho se e mp l o y e d in t h e
,
Un i t e d S t a t es Fo re s t S er v i c e R e v isi o n s h a v e b e e n
.
g u i d e d l a rgel y by t h i s f a c t a n d t h a t is t r u e es p e c i a l ly
,
o f t he p re s e n t a n d fi rs t c o n s i d er a b le re v i s i o n , fo r
a s i d e f r o m b ri n gi n g t h e w o r k u p t o d a t e a s c o n c er n s
a pp li a n c e s a n d m e t ho d s w h i c h h a v e c o m e i n t o u se
s i n c e t h e fir s t e d i t i o n wa s w ri t t e n t he n e w ma t t er
,
a n d t ab l e s w h i c h h a v e b ee n i n t r o d u c e d a re ma i n l y
i n t e n d e d f o r t he b e n e fi t o f wes t er n wo o d s men A s a.
re su l t ma t eri a l a d d i t i o n s h av e b ee n mad e u n d er t h e
,
h e ad s To p o grap h i c M ap s a n d T i mb er E s t i m a t ing .
vi P R E FAC E
l oa d o f a c t u a l t i m b er w o r k in t h is c o u n t ry To t h ese
.
h av e b ee n t h e ir tr a i n i n g t he au t h o r e x t e n d s gree t i n g
, .
C O NTE NTS
SE C TI ON II . MAGNETI C N E E DL E
T HE
SE CTI ON III M EAS U R EM E NT OF DIS T ANC E
.
1 T he Survey o r s C ha in
’
.
2 T he T a pe
.
3 M arkin g Pins
.
4 C haining Practic e
.
SE CTI ON IV S UR VE YI NG PR A CTI C E
.
Need le)
Q T ry L in es
.
-
5 Age o f Spo t s or B la ze s
.
6 Not e s
.
7 Party a nd C o st
.
1 TTave rse
.
2 A re a
.
3 Plo tting
.
PA RT II . F O RE ST MAPS
S E CTI ON I T HE TR ANS IT
.
1 A dj ustment s
.
2 C are O f t h e T rans it
.
4 Us e s o f t h e T rans it
.
5 Summary
.
S E CTION II T HE L EV E L
.
1 A dj ust ment s
.
2 Use s o f t h e L eve l
.
SE CTI ON VI T H E ANER OI D B AR OM E T ER
.
1 Intro d u ct o ry
.
2 Small T ract s
.
3 L arge T ract s
.
C Su bd iv i si o n a nd Surv ey c o mbined
.
S E CT ION II C OR D W OOD RU LE
.
SE CTI ON I V B OAR D M E AS UR E
.
1 Genera l
.
4 D o yle R u l e
.
5 M a i ne R u le
.
6 Ne w B run swick R u l e
.
7 Qu eb ec R u l e
.
L o g R ul e
S E CTI ON V NE W YORK STANDAR D RU L E
.
S EC TI ON I V VOLU ME TAB L ES AN D TR E E F OR M
.
1 Type a nd Pl o t Sy st em
.
Q T h e Stri p Syst em
.
3 L in e and Plo t Sy st em
.
S E C T IO N I . Ta bl es l
re at n i g t o P a rt s I a nd II
STADI A R E DU C TI ONS
SOLUTI ON OF TR IAN GL ES
T R AV ERS E TA B L ES
LO GAR I T HMS OF N UM B ERS
L OGAR IT HMI C SINES C OS INIS , , TAN GENTS , A ND Co
P
S NATU R AL SINES A ND C OS IN ES
Q NATU R AL TANGENTS AND C OTANGENTS
P S PE CIM EN L ET TEREVG
DE CIM AL RU L E O F THE U S F OR ES T S ER VI C E
. .
DO YLE R U L E
MAI NE LOG RUL E
QUE B EC R U LE
C ONTE NTS
15 . Fo rm Height Fa c t o rs fo r So u thern Ha rd oo s 27 1
1 6, 1 7 . No rthern Ha rd W o o ds in B oard M ea s ure 2 72 , 273
18 . Lo ngl eaf Pine in B o ard M easur e 27 4
19 . Lo bl olly Pin e by t he S cribn er R ul e 2 75
I . RU LE S FOR AR E A A ND V O LU M E OF DI FFER E NT
FI GU R E S
2 . W E I GHT O F MA TE R IA LS .
PAGE
OF P LANTS PE R ACR E DI FF E R E NT
S PA CI NG
5 . C OM POU ND I NTE R E S T TA
B LE
6 . TIME I N W HI CH A SU M W I LL DOU B LE
7 . TAB LE OF WA GE S A T GIV E N RATE S PE R MO
NTH
8 . THE B I LTMOR E STI C K
PA RT I
LA N D SU RVE YI N G
PART I . LAND SURVEYING
l T h e I nstru me nt
.
2 A d j u stme nts o f t h e C o mp
.
pass
3 Kee ping t h e C o mp ass In O rd e r
.
S E CTI ON II T HE MA GNE TI C N E E DL E
.
1 T h e S urvey o r s C hain
’
.
2 Th e T ape
.
3 M arking Pi ns
.
Nee dle )
2 T ry L i nes
.
-
4 O rig
.
g i n a l S urv ey s a n d R e s u rv e ys
6 No te s
.
7 Pa rty a nd C o st
.
1 T rav ers e
.
2 A re a
.
3 Pl o tti ng
.
S E CTION VI O N T H E B E ARI NG OF LI NE S
.
PA R T I . L A N D S U R V E Y IN G
SE C TIO N I
THE SURVE YO R S C O MPASS’
1 T HE INS TR UM E NT
’
T he essential parts of the surveyor s compass are a
mag ne t ic nee d l e for finding a meridian line a horizontal ,
°
From these points the graduation of the circle runs 9 0 in
eac h direction to the points marked E and W T h e s e .
P A I N SU
L R VE Y O R S C OM PAS S
’
’
points on the face of the surveyor s compass are reversed
from their natural position for convenience in reading
bearings .
I n u s in g t he c om p a s s p o in t t he n o rt h e n d o f t he
,
c ir c l e f o rw ar d al o n g t he l in e and r e a d f r om t he n o r t h
e n d o f t he n e e d le
.
.
up to as N 1 0 W S 8 8 1 5 E T he graduations on
°
,
°
,
’
.
variation .
these are convenient for finding objects and for gett ing t he
instrument approx imately In line .
T he F o l d in g S ig h t C om p as s possesses the ad v a n
-
its face w hen not in use t he w h ole instru ment wit h its ,
mountings slipp ing into a leather case w h ich may read ily
4 A M AN U AL FO R NORTH E RN WOO DS M E N
fold ing sight compass with too small a box and needle Of
-
A compass in fir st -
class order will meet the fol lowing
tests
a . T he plate must be perpendicular to the a xis of the
socket .
b T he
. plane of the level bubbles must be perpendicular
to the same axis .
is d ou b l e d an d at t he s ame t im e ma d e mo re ap p are n t .
essent ial .
’
TH E S U R V E Y OR S C O M P A SS 5
a . The
plate is e xactly vertical to t h e spin dle in a new
co mpass but t he soft meta l of most instruments is liable
,
and if the bubbles are out correct one half the move ment
, ,
adjust for half the movement again and so cont inue until
th e bubbles remain in the center of their tube s for all posi
tions of the plate .
the needle is straight the two ends of the needle will cut
,
°
th e circle exactly 1 80 apart in whatever position the in
strument may be set If the needle does not so c u t one
.
,
ence between the two end readin gs is constant for all posi
tions of t he nee dl e then the pivot is in th e center of the
,
with the compass bend the pivot a little be low the point at
,
correct position .
graduation mark and bend the needl e until the sout h end
°
cuts the C ircle exactly 1 8 0 from it .
line some feet away and then look through the sights upon
,
°
the compass 1 80 and test the other sight in the same
manner .
3 . KE E PIN G
COM PAS S IN O R DE R T HE
piece of leather .
be due to the fact that it has lost its magnetism and needs
to be recharged For this purpose a p e rmanent magnet is
.
the needle and a circle described in brin ging the two e nds
,
S E C TIO N II
THE MA GNE TI C NEEDLE
All compass surveying is based on the tendency of the
magnetic needle to point north and south T he direction .
along which the needle at the present t ime points due nort h
’
toward the earth s pol e T his be lt is called the a g on ic .
l ine o r l in e o f n o v ar ia t io n
, E ast of this line the needle .
’
the pole O f the earth s revolution is for that place the tr u e
me r id ian T he dir e ction tak e n by th e needle is the mag
.
°
amounting to more than 2 0 in the marit ime provinces and
the P uget S ound country T he agonic lin e is not sta .
country
T hes e facts affect the work of the land surv e yor impor
tautly and sections on the bearing of lines and on a sce r
,
’
westerly position reached from one to two O clock P M . .
the surveyor who will clear out his line across th e m with
,
1
especial care and either picket through or set the compass
,
Se e page 2 1 1
.
LI NE S O F UA MAG NE TI C D E C L NA
EQ L I TI O N A N D F E QUAL A NI
O
Unit ed S t t e s C oa
a s
95 Gree nwich 90
A G E IN THE U NI TE D STATES
CH N FO R 1 9 15 .
( Fro m R e p ort of
l G d t i Su v y )
eo e c r e .
ME AS U R E M E NT OF D I S TAN C E 9
E l e c t r ic it y A
little caution is necess ary in h andl ing
.
SE C TIO N III
MEASURE MEN T O F DI STANCE
T HE SU R V E Y O R
C HAIN ’
1 . S
chain in use for general land surv e ying is 6 6 feet long and
divided into 1 00 l inks but woodsmen working in rough
,
marked by a brass tag and these tags have one two three
, , , ,
etc teeth so that the number of links may be rea d ily and
.
, ,
accurat e ly counted .
correction .
guard .
2 . T HE TAP E
Steel tapes are in wide us e for general surveying but ,
land surveyor .
to serve as rivets .
3 M AR KING P INS .
with one end sharpen e d and a r ing turned in the oth e r for
convenience in handling Strips of cloth are tied in the .
C HAINING PRA C TI C E
4 .
compensate for the str etch of the cha in under the greater
tension may be determined on perfectly smooth and lev e l
groun d and this is a valuable exercise for inexperienced
,
chainmen .
°
stant error of 1 in that matt e r e quivalent to seven inches ,
,
12 A MAN U AL FO R NORTH E RN WOO DS M E N
the h an dl e with the bit turned across the line enables one
, ,
t he chain too l o w .
rear end O f the chain O n the other hand the loose practices
.
,
W ith one pin set at the start ing point the head man ,
rear man has his han dl e firmly held on the mark he calls ,
”
out stick to the leader who sets h is pin at once and
”
calls stuck When the rear man hears t h is signal and
.
,
stuck his last pin or has reached the end O f the line .
counts the pins to make sure that none has been lost and , ,
should not stop the head man with a jerk T he head man .
pins stuck at the point The rear man then comes forward .
end of the chain is reached when the head man sticks one ,
chain are met in the practice O f nearly every surv eyor and
, ,
FI G . A FI G . B
3 M e t h od b y 2 6 3 4 A n g l e ( ) P rocee d as before
° ’
. B .
,
°
making the angle b a c 2 6 3 4 t h en a b 2 b c as
'
,
4 . M e t ho d b y
(C ) 30 °
A ng le .
at b and turn O ff a b c =
setting a stake c in the range
FI G 0
a x . T he n a b= 2 a c .
5 . M e t ho d b y Tange nt s . D
( ) W ith the compass at a
a c
look up th e tangent of t h is angle . T h en a b '
t an a bc
FI G E
.
6 . M e th od stake 0 may
b y Ob l iqu e Tr ian g l e .
( E ) T he
sary se e pages 2 1 2 21 3
,
—
.
7 M e t h o d b y T r av e r se
.
( F) I n t h e case of a
. large lake
or stream several courses may be run along its banks and
, ,
”
river shore is called meandering I t is the .
page 3 3 .
8 M e t h o d b y 6 0 A ng le s
°
(G) A precipitous blu ff or
‘
. .
° ’
the compass at a l ay O fi a 60 ,
°
of 6 0 at 0 run out o b to an equal
,
line and a b a c be : .
A
substitute for ch aining which has to some e xt ent ,
T he advantages of this
instrument in land sur
v e in are as follows
y g
1 S ights may be taken .
s tee p grou n d c an be
measure d more accurately
and quickly than by use
A TE E C O C S G H T
L S
of t
PI
h e
I
chain .
3 Di s t a n c e a c r o s s.
great advantage .
inches 1 link .
2 5 links 1 rod .
1 0 0 links 66 fe e t 1 c h ain .
l
T he T exas vara is 3 3 i; inches and 56 4 5 3 7 6 square varas ,
acr e .
SE C TIO N IV
SUR VEYIN G P RA CTI C E
T he r t in g p o in t of a surve y is generall y settled for a
st a
about as follows .
20 A MANU AL FO R NORTH E RN WOO DS ME N
1 . R U NN ING A C O M PAS S L IN E
p ass ho l d in
, g the rod plumb and d i
r e c t l in front of him
y H e .
of no consequen ce .
and further this method for long distan ces and uneven
, ,
run into they are not comm onl y cut down but th e com
, ,
2 . T R Y L INE S
-
°
with t he case abov e the tangent of 1 be n 0 1 75 and
, .
equal s 6 1 of . or
b
Fin al Li ne
a T ri a l Lin e
5 c h. 10 ch . 1 5 ch . 20 ch. 25 c h. 30 c h .
D IA G AM S H O W I N G
R THE ME T H O D B Y O FF SET
in proportion .
SU R VE Y IN G P R AC T I C E 23
u re d as 0 10 7
. T h is decimal multiplied by five chains
.
1
is of it or 5 3; links as found before In the same way
, .
O ffsets for a n
y length of line and an
y error in closing m a
y
be figured When the points have be e n put in the line
.
,
compass .
Ve ry long time .
cleared out several yards wide and blocks of cut stone are
deeply set along it near enough together so that one may be
seen from another I n addition the range of a transit line
.
,
quarter of an inch .
that he and other parties may know where they are and so
that there will be no excuse for trespass ; second to h ave ,
on sides facing the line without any other marks what ever
t he , .
co incid ing in directio n with the line where the trees stand very
,
near it and t o appro ach nearer ea ch o ther to ward the line the
,
'
growt h blazed trees two rods away from the line would be
,
”
tion O f the line trees of a previous authoritative survey
is a great help in r e newal I n the United States system t h at
.
blazing axe .
4 . ORI GINAL S UR V E YS A ND R E SU R V E Y S
The woods survey or has two broad classes of work to do ,
does for record and the b e nefit of t h ose who come after .
tive and the usual dut y O f the man who com e s after is
,
5 . A GE OF S P O TS OR B L AZ E S
A sub j ect o f s p ecial in terest to the forest survey or is
t h e determin ation O f the a g e o f s p ots on tre e s This means .
1
For b o th l egal
p rac ti c al guidanc e in resurv ey
and
”
wo rk se e
.
2 0 25 17 30 5 2 35 4 0 43
6
A B B LA ZE F Y E AR S AFTE R C U T W A S MADE A FR O NT V IE W
IV E :
S H O W I NG R I M O F C L U s ; B C R O S S SE CTI O N
. . ,
A L ,
Department of A griculture .
6 . N OT ES
Notes s h ould be full and exact so as to furnis h for t he
benefit of later comers a complete record O f the work done .
mistakes or blunders .
7 . PAR TY A ND COST
great advantage s of compass and chain surveying
T he
for woods work are that it is su fficiently accurate for most
purposes and that the cost involved is very moderate Six
, .
SU R VE Y ING P R AC T I CE 29
30 A MAN U AL F OR NORTH E RN W O O DS M E N
C O M P U T A T I ON AN D O FFI C E WORK 31
.
,
SE C TIO N V
1 . TR AV ER S E
To traverse a line or route is to survey it by an
y
meth od that ascertains direction and distance T he . c ir
32 A MAN U AL FO R NORTH E RN WOO D S M E N
their use .
N 9 30
° ’
E 20
N 40 W
°
9
S 80 W
°
R eckonin g up h is courses by T
he traverse table h e finds ,
C O M P U T A T I ON A ND O FFI C E WOR K 33
.
,
h is survey .
sa
y 1 in 5 0 0 or 1 in 3 0 0 m a
y be allowable
, in an ordinary
woods survey For plotting and for area h owever it may
.
, ,
'
as to help clos e the survey and not the reverse T his pro .
A —
B B — C C —
D D — E E — A
log s in
l og dis t .
l o g d ep .
D p t
e a r u re
log co s
log di t s .
l og la t .
L a t it u de
in this cas e have be e n reckoned out not from the trav e rse
tabl e but from the tabl e O f logarithmic S in e s and cosines
, .
FI GU RE D LAT I TUD E S A ND D E PA RT U RE S
°
A E X from the table of tangents 1 8
S 1 8 5 0 W is therefore the bearing required
° ’
.
R e c t angl e s . T he
woodsman in h is land work h as
most frequently to do with recta ngular figures and com
’
base and altit ude is half the pro duct of thes e dim e nsions ,
t h ree sides of a triangle than the base and altitude the area ,
Fr om T rav e r s e T he area .
parallel to it or vertical to c C
and d D I n this figure it is
.
A B , an d A b X bB t wice t he a re a O f A B b bB + .
b B C c,
’
c C the two bases of the trapezoid
, twice t he
Of B C d D
’
departure O f A B the departure c C .
’
the same expression as the last the departure of B C
the departure O f C D which last however be ing west , , ,
D M D
. .of the several cour ses multiplied b y t he corre
.
’
s
s o n d in
p g latitudes north latitudes
, being reckoned po si
as follows
C o u rs e . D . M . D .
sq . ch .
A rea a cres .
3 . P LO TTING
lines parall e l to the base and the meridian until they inter
sect T he latitude O f the second course may then be added
.
to that of the first and the two departu res also added to
get her w hen the third point of the survey may be fixed in
,
P o in t .
FI G . 1 FI G . 2
ME TH O DS OF PL O TTIN G A SU V Y R E .
and the plotting are both p e rfect the last course should ,
T HE E S S E NT I AL I NS R U M
G T E NTS FO R P LO TT I N
r egion or propert
y .
. on use
and generally agreed upon are given herewith .
TO O G A
P R P HI C SY M B OL S
SE C TIO N VI
O N THE B EARIN G O F LIN E S
T he surveying work O f the woodsman O f the present d ay
is mostly O f the natur e of resurveys or the subdivision ,
1 B e ar in g D ire c tl y O b se r v e d
. T he best and surest
.
° ° ’ ’
, ,
case he will not be able to reproduce the old line all around
exactly E ven if no errors are made in either survey th e
.
2 B y R e f e re n ce M e r id ian
. T he change in bearing of
.
°
neighborh ood a line was run bearing S 55 E I n 1 90 5 .
° ’
ing a Change of 3 5 0 in the time elapsed T hen S 5 1 1 0
° ’
.
3 B y T ab l e s
. The fol lowin g tables derived from
.
,
be set in 1 9 1 0 to reproduce it ?
ON T HE B E AR I NG O F L IN E S 45
po
r T AB LE G IV ING SE CU LA R C HANGE O F THE MAGNE T IC DE C
VE L INA T IO N I N T HE U N I T E D S TAT E S
,
(F m U S C
ro .t nd G o d t i S urv y R e p t s)
, oas a e e c e or
Y ea r R h d
o e
C
( Ja n 1 )
. I l nd
s a
onn .
46 A MAN U AL FO R NORTH E RN WOO D S M E N
( Fro m U S C
. . o as t a n d G d
eo e t ic S u rv e y Re p o rt s)
Y ea r Ne w h
O io I n diana I llin o is I o wa
( Ja n 1 )
. Je rs e y
3 1 3E
1 1 OW 7 57E
Min n e s o t a Minn e s o t a
( Ja n . 1) No r t h S out h
4 1 0E
9 17
8 03 E 9 OOE
O N T HE B E A R I NG OF L I NE S 47
(F m U S C
ro . t nd G
. d ti S
o as a y R p
eo t )
e c ur v e e or s
1 4 1W 3 0 5W 1 1 3W 0 1 8W 1 3 1E
0 08E 0 1 8E
0 0 5W
0 2 GB
0 1 7E
0 1 0E 0 3 0E 0 1 9W
0 29 W 0 1 2W
0 51
0 1 3E
0 23 W
[9 1 0 4 51W 6 1 5W 4 1 3W 2 5 3W 2 39 W 3 2 5W 0 4 7W
a
t
l
a
o ah a
m
a
m o )
d t
m
d c p
s a g y
i
a
i
r e r u b t
r
W
s
o o o n e
l n l
S
a a
o
T
l
F e F
P ( A M
3 1 6E 2 2 7E 2 52E
0 ME
0 12 W 1 52 E 4 Z ZE 2 0 6E 2 4 5E 6 08 E
48 A MA N U AL FOR NORT HE RN W OO DS M E N
TAB LE G IV ING SE CU LA R C HANGE O F THE MAGNE T IC D E CL IN
T I ON IN THE UN I TE D STATE S
.
( Fr m U S C ast n d G d t i Su
o . . o ay R p t )
eo e c rv e e or s
5 0 7E 4 22E 6 3 2E
9 37E
1 8 70
1 8 80
1890
1 9 10 1 1 2 153 4 18E 0 I QE 3 3 GB 6 5 0E 8 0 5E 9 0 9 53
8 1 3E
1 8 70
1 880 10 48
1 8 90 1 0 24
1 9 00 10 18
19 10 1 0 5 0E 6 49E 8 55E 7 4 6E IO 0 8 E
O N T HE B E AR ING OF L I NE S 49
A t a.) l >l I O C
‘
.
c
E g
63 <3 d d
t:
S g
A on
g 8
88
n
d 41
a Q
J:
0
v
fl
. C
a 9
5)
Q
? g ;
i9
o
28
s 9 2 3
°
3E
°
3<
“
43 0
2 v
1 83 5 88 3
( O Jd-
x
0 0
5
H
2 5 2
1 3 0 6E 1 8 O9 E 1 8 S3 E
1 5 2 7E 13 06 16 26 13 14 3 1E 1 7 3 7E 18 27 19 18
18 6 0 15 27 12 57 16 26 14 21 I7 3 7 18 36 19 36
18 70 15 18 12 39 I6 16 14 O2 17 27 18 36 19 45
1 88 0 12 07 15 50 13 31 18 21 19 34
18 90 1 4 20 11 25 15 17 12 43 16 2 1 17 53 19 23
1 4 10 11 07 15 07 1 2 24 1 6 10 19 3 1
19 1 0 1 4 3 1E 1 1 2 SE 1 5 2 7E 12 4 4 E 1 6 3 6E 1 8 1 7E 2 0 O2 E
2 1 3 3E
50 A MAN U AL FO R NORTH E RN W OO DS M E N
TAB LE G IV ING SE CU LAR C HANGE O F THE MAGNE T IC D E CL INA
T I ON IN THE UN ITE D STATE S
( Fr m U S C
o . t n d G d t i Sur
. o as y R p
a t ) eo e c ve e or s
19 10 1 7 58 13
l o d
c: 0
8 92-5 gg
;
A
i
a
£99 0 c: t
20
a
°
C
g3 33 3
8 if? 5 s
3 z w
13 4 713 16 0 7E 12 4 3E 13 26 E 13 3313 1 3 1 9 13
13 50 16 15 12 47 13 33 13 44 1 3 33
13 46 16 16 12 43 13 34 13 47
13 31 16 04 12 29 13 22 13 40 1 3 36
13 00 15 40 12 03 13 02 13 25 1 3 32
1 5 39 1 1 59 13 02 1 3 29 13 44
1 3 1 9E 1 6 1 OE 12 2 9E 1 3 3 6E 1 4 05 E 1 4 2 5E
ON O B T A IN IN G T HE M E R I D IAN 51
From the table for chan g e O f dec l ination and for the ,
° ’
s wun g 6 0 3 to the westward The des ired bearin g .
SE C TIO N VII
ON OBTAINING THE lV
IERIDIAN
° ”
ex actly at th e pole O f the heavens but in 1 9 0 8 was 1 1 1 4
’
,
”
from it T his angle is called the polar distance O f t h e
.
minute yearly .
tack head s
-
.
be used instead .
Will supply Its place and W ill be u sed in precis ely the same manner
.
, .
Fo r Z e t a U rs . . 1 9 20 in c reas e
1 93 0 4 1 min
. .
1 9 10 min
D lt C
.
Fo r e a as s . 1 9 20
1 9 30
D at a furnis h e d b y P o f r . R o bt W . . Will son .
, ,
Place the v erti ca l wir e u po n the sta r w hich if it has n ot rea ched , ,
western elongatio n
W hil e t he star mov e s to ward it s po int O f elo ngati o n by m
.
eans O f ,
e e
by the v ertica l Wire until a po int is rea ched where it Wil l appear t o
,
transit will d efine the trace O f the vertical plane thro u gh Po lari s
,
vertical when the blo ck is placed flat o n it s base u pon a smo oth
ho riz o ntal rest which w ill be placed at a co n enient height so u t h
, v
Abo u t thirty minu tes be fore the t ime O f elo ngation a s Obtained ,
fro m the t ble b ing the peep sight into the same line O f sight with
a , r
tio n ; therefore by mo ving the peep sight in the pro per d ire ctio n ,
u ntil it a ppe ars t o rema in st atio nary thu s in dicating that it has
,
reached it s po mt Of elongation .
ON O B T A I N IN G THE M E R I D IA N 55
hun dr ed feet from the pee p sight and exactly in range with it a nd ,
the peep sight w ill d efi ne the directio n O f the meridian with suifi
,
8 P . M .
t o b e s u b t rac t e d .
C o rr ec ti o n D fo r 4 5 l a tit u d e is min t o be a dd ed
°
.
, ,
C o rr ec ti o n E is min t o b e a dd ed .
, .
8 hr s 3 . min
time O f elo nga ti on by the wat ch
.
, .
there is nO app rec iabl e co rrec tio n fo r app arent place The merid .
rea d
O F GRE E NW I C H )
( F o m U nit e d S t a t es C
r t a n d G e o d e t ic S u rv e y )
o as
D at e E as t e rn E l o n ga t io n W es t e rn E l o n ga t i on
58 A MA N U AL FO R NORTH E RN WOO DS M E N
A . To f
re er t he a bove t a bu l ar qu a ntities to years s u bs e
qu e n t to 1 9 1 5 :
Fo r y e ar
up to M arch 1
o n an d a ft er M arc h 1
up to M ar c h 1
o n an d a ft er M ar c h 1
up to M arch 1
o n an d a ft er M ar ch 1
B . To f
r e er to a ny ca lendar d ay ot her t ha n the first a nd
Day Of M o nt h M inu t e s NO . of D ay s E l ap s d e
D To.
f to any o ther than the t abu l ar l atitu de bet ween
re er
°
tract min for each 1 5 west O f the n inetieth meridian
. .
the latitude .
SE C TIO N VIII
”
System O f R e ctangular S urveying An account O f this .
,
S EC 9 9
. The publi c l and s shall b e divi d ed by no rth a nd so uth
.
lines ru n acc o rd ing t o the true merid ian a nd by o thers cro ssing ,
.
T hird T he to wnship sha ll b e sub d ivi d ed into se ctio ns c o n
.
,
O f e v ery t wo m il e s ; a n d b
y maki ng a c o rner o n ea ch O f s u ch lin es
at t he e n d O f ev ery mil e T he s e ctio ns shall be numb ered re
.
,
s pe ct iv e l
y b egi nn i ng w ith t he nu mb er o ne in t he no rt he ast se c ti o n
, ,
With pro gressiv e numb ers till the thirty six b e c o mpleted -
.
may l e y .
sha ll be as ce rta in ed b
y ru nning fro m the e sta blished co rn ers d u e
no rth and so uth o r east and west lines as t he ca se may be t o the , ,
SE C 1 0 1
. I n ev ery ca se O f the d iv i sio n O f a quart er sectio n
.
-
the co rners O f the to wns hips thu s sur v eyed must be ma rked with
“
it is appa rent that the requirements that the lines O f sur vey shall
conf orm t o true meridians a nd that the to wnships sha ll be six mil es
,
O f Se cti on 3 O f th e A ct O f M a
y 1 0 , 1 80 0 , that in a ll c as es where the
ext erio r li nes O f the to wns hips, thu s t o be subd ivid ed into sectio ns
a nd ha lf-s e cti o ns , shall excee d , o r shall no t ext end six mil es , the
pressed in the returns and p lats, respectiv ely , and all others as
c o n a i ning the co mpl et e l eg al quantity
”
t , th e p u b lic la nd s o f the
Umt e d Sta t es shall be sur vey ed un d er the metho d s O f the sy st em
O f recta ngu l ar sur v eyi ng which ha rmo ni ze s the inco mpatib iliti es
,
p r llel
a a interv l
s at miles re su lti ng in tracts o f land
a s of t enty fo u r
w -
,
fo rming t o parall els O f latit u d e at interv als O f six miles c o nta ining ,
Such t o wns hips shall be su b div i d ed into t hirty six tra cts call ed -
,
may be .
east angl e O f the to wns hip and pro ceed ing w est t o number six
, ,
o ppo sit e s i d es .
eas t a nd w est O f the princ i pal meri dian ; thu s c o nfining the erro rs
re sul ting fro m co nv ergen c e O f meri d i a ns a nd in accuraci e s in meas
lic land surveys tw e nty four init ial p oint s h ave been -
d d S t an d dP
ar aral l e l
S t an ar Paral l e l
F RS SU D
I T ON
B LANDIV IS I D V O N N O TO WN H
op I IS I I T S I PS
south lines township corn ers are fixed each six mil es by
measurement and e ach pair O f corners is later connected
, .
”
rection line for the sections as well as for t h e township s
-
.
SE C T I O NS I N A T O WN S HIP SU B DI V I S I O N O F A SE CT I O N
The east and west section lines are run betwee n corre
sp o n d in g corners on the north and south lin e s alwa y s ,
fic a t io n Of
section corners They are p laced on t h e sout h
.
and east an gles O f the p osts one for each mile to the town ,
to unders t a nd .
for the town s hip s north O f the p ara llel are not the same as
for thos e south but are further from the p rin ci p al mc
,
” “
ridian The form e r are call ed standard co rn e rs and are
.
2 .M ea nd er Lines a nd Corners .
-
, ,
called meandering .
pond swamp o r marsh (not me ande rab le ) the lin e will be pro
, , ,
plo yed t o locat e the line o n the O ppo site sid e O f the O bstruct io n
nd in case the line e ither meri dio nal o r latit u d inal thus rega in ed
a ,
i ,
chains distant fro m the true po int for a legal co rn er which fall s in
the Obstruction in which case a witne ss corner will be established
,
at the intersecti on .
51
-
. In a ca se where all the po ints O f intersect ion with the Ob
st a c le t o measur e ment fall mo re than twenty cha in s fro m t he pro pe r
plac e fo r a legal co rner in the O b stru ction and a W itne ss co rner ,
ca n be plac e d o n the O ffset line within twenty cha ins O f the inac
cess ibl e c o rne r o int such Witne s s c o rner will be e stab li she d
p , .
may l
94 . W hen the
true po int for any co rner d e scribed in these
ins tru ctions falls Where preva iling conditio ns wo ul d insure it s
d es truct io n by n atural ca use s a Witne ss co m er will be e sta bl ish ed
,
wil l have the lett ers W C (for witne ss co rner) co nspicuously dis
la y d a bo v e t he regular mark ing s o n t he NE fa c e whe n w itn ess
p e .
” “
water is called fractional and in some cases is subdiv ided ,
FO RE S T M APS
F O RE ST MA PS
S E CTI ON I . T HE TR ANS IT
1 Ad j ustment s
.
2 .
5 Summary
.
S E CTION II T HE L E VE L
.
1 Ad j ust ment s
.
2 Us es O f t he lev el
.
SE CTI ON VI T HE ANE R OI D B AR OM ET ER
.
1 Intro d u ctory
.
2 Small T rac ts
.
3 L arg
. ge T racts
A W ith L and a lready subdivi d ed
B B ased o n Survey O f R o ad s o r Streams
.
T HE TRAN SI T
T HE transit in general engineering work Is t he most
useful and most fre quently employed O f surveying inst ru
ments I t is commo nl y used to measure horizontal and
.
instrument .
’
The essential parts O f an engineer s transit are d es cribed
below The t e l e sco p e is a t t a c he d by means O f a ho ri
'
end of the spindl e the instrument may be set with its a xis
exactly over any desired point .
1 . A DJU S TM E NT S O F T HE TRANS IT
T he bject O f these adjustments is to cause ( 1 ) the
O
73
74 A MAN U AL FO R NORTH E RN WOO DS M E N
T HE T AN
R S IT
a T o ad j u st t h e p l at e l e v e l s s o t ha t e a ch is in a p l an e
.
TH E T R AN S I T 75
the bubble tube until the bubble moves hal f way back to -
C R OS S -
SE CTI O N O F T HE T AN
R S IT HE AD
scope and set C in line with the vertical cross hair at abo ut
’ -
’
the same distance and e levation B A and C should then .
, ,
finally adjusted the screws s h oul d hold the ring firml y but
,
without straining it .
c. To m ak e t he horiz on t al axis of t he t e l e sc op e p e r
p e n dicul ar t o t he v e r t ic al axis of t he in s trume nt s o t hat ,
cal axis .
point R aise the telescope again and read on the top point:
.
difference .
d. To mak e t he t e l e sc op e b u b b l e p ar al l e l t o t he lin e of
sight T his adjustment 1 8 performed in the same way as
.
bring the bubble into the center O f the tube and adjust the
vernier O f the vertical circle until it r e ads zero on the limb .
2 . CAR E O F T HE TR ANS IT
The transit should be protected from wet and d ust as
much as possible a waterproof bag to cover it be in g use ful
,
carried from point to point some part wil l move easily and
,
3 . STAD IA M E AS U REM E NT
Measurement O f distance by stadia is secured by simply
sighting with a transit at a graduated rod held on any de
sired po int and noting the space on the rod included
between t wo special cross ha irs set in the fo cus O f the in
-
one chain .
must cut off the unit distance on the rod not at a distance
O f 1 00 or O f 6 6 feet but at a greater distance equal to the
,
E x am p l e an d R e d u c t ion o f R e a din g s
’
1 on rod cut off .
O b s e rv e d C o mp u t e d
B ea rin g R e a ind g E l ev .
N . 5
°
E .
N . 5
°
E .
4;
N . 5
°
E .
N . 5
°
E .
reading Fro m t abl e the ho ri z o nta l d ista nce for 1 ro d rea ding is
.
’
X a nd
4 . US E S O F THE TR ANS I T
T o T a k e t he B e ar in g Set up over the first of a L ine .
T o M e a s ure a Ho r iz o nt al A n g l e Set up t h e in st ru .
get her clamp them and turn the telescope toward one O f
, ,
toward the other point clamp again and set finall y by the , ,
below .
b T elescope
. invert ed .
C lamp below .
1
That is , with the l evel tube underneath the telesco pe .
82 A MAN U AL FO R NORTH E RN WOO DS M E N
the forward point and sight the t e lescop e on the rear one .
Set both clamps r e volv e the t e lescope on its axis and set a
, ,
coincide set a tack half way between the two and it will
,
-
second point set the two plat e s to rea d zero and clamp
, ,
lower clamp and loosen the upper one swing the tele ,
scop e with the upper plate aroun d until the third point is
S ighted and r e a d the angle so turned
, R e ad the bearing .
until all the angl e s hav e be e n turned and all the sid e s
measured I n t e rio r angl e s should always be read though
.
,
T HE TRAN S I T 83
S K C H O F SU R Y
ET VE
get this aft e r the instrument has been turned on the rear
,
A S ur v e y or Tr av e r se b y A z imu t h s A zimuth is t h e .
the t wo plates toge ther clamp them and turn until the
, ,
below loosen above and point the tel e scope at the second
, ,
revolve the tel e scope into its natural position loosen above , ,
A zi mu t h B ea rin g Di t s an ce
1 62
°
12
'
30 N . 17
°
45 ’
W . ch .
2 23
°
30
’
N . 43
°
30 E
'
. ch .
280
°
25
'
S . 79
°
30 E ’
. ch .
”
W
° ’
5 43 30 8 . 5
°
45
’
. ch .
B ase l in e s r e ad on f o r e an d
b ac k Sigh t f o r ch e c k
Sh ots to l o c at e s h o r e
Sc al e of Fee t
S ta dia S ur v e y of R o ad
foot on rod cut O ff at dis
. 1
tance O f one chain I ns trument set up at alternat e stations
.
on f ly/s co u rs e é moA cr os s es
iv [ as /1
T HE L E VE L 87
5 . S UMM ARY
( )
6 W it h its various ca p acities a g ain utilized t h e ,
SE C TIO N II
T HE LEVEL
which support the t e lescope are called the wyes and the ,
88 A MAN U AL FO R NORTH E RN WOO DS M E N
T HE LE VE L
1 . ADJU S TM E NTS O F T HE LE VE L
( )
a M a
. k e t he lin e of n sightwit h t he ax is o f
c o i cid e
t he piv o t rin g s P ull out the pins which hold the clips on
.
the telescope and turn the clips back so that the telescope
is free to turn in the wyes S ight the intersection of the.
°
telescope 1 8 0 in the wyes so that the bubble tube is abov e
,
-
.
T hen move the vertical cross hair half way back to its - -
( )
b .P la c e t h e lin e o f s igh t an d t h e b u b b l e in t h e s am e
telescope is revolving .
me t ho d is as follows
C lamp the in strument over a pair of levelling screws ;
then bring the bubble to the center of the tube lift the tele ,
scope out of the wye s turn it end for end and set it down, ,
E X AMP LE
In t m nt t A s ru e a
R d d in g n A o re a o
R d din g n B o re a o
D iff l f A nd B . e ev . o a
In t m nt t B s ru e a
R d din g n B o re a o
R d din g n A o re a o
D iff l f B nd A . e ev . o a
Me an o f t he t wo r es u lt s t ru e diff . in l
e ev .
2
In s t ru me n t is n o w 5 0 76 ab o v e B
g h ld gi
. .
'
R0 d re a din at A s ou b e 5 0 76 . 1 0 08
. to v e a l ev e l
S ig ht .
level .
( )
d M a
. k e t h e ax is of t he l e v e l t u b e p e rp e n d icul ar t o
y o ,
2 . US E OF T HE LE VE L
L evelling
is employe d to ge t the diff e rence in elevation
between points W ith the lev e l set up and th e rod h e ld on
.
TH E L E VE L 91
the tripod.
For these uses a light and cheap form O f the level some ,
su fficient .
SE C TIO N III
C OMB INED HAND LE VE L AND CLINO METE R
A pocket instrument capable of a great variety of uses
is s h own in the accompanying figure The e ye is placed.
the mil led w h eel (d) which turns it and the graduated
,
sid e with the cross wire back through the peep hole
- .
'
I n the same way and with the a id o f a table O f tangents
, ,
p a g e 1 66 .
SE CTION IV
C OM PA SS A ND PA C IN G
S AFF C O M A
T P SS
in strument .
’
S urveying says t h at when a man s gait h as been stand
,
Out l et
S e ction Li nes
C o mp ass Be arings
Pacing T rav e rses
S le
ca
54 M .
94 M .
PO ND SU R VE YE D FR O M S CT E ION L IN S B Y C R O S S B E
E A R IN G S A ND THE
C OM P ASS A ND PA C N G ME T H O D
I
U s e s of t he M e th od ( )
1 T h e staff compass
. is largel y
used in retracing O l d lines Paci ng may well be employed .
( )
3 T he compass and pacing met h od is t h e cheapest for
mapping roads streams ponds and other topographic
, , ,
t his method O f sur vey should not cover too long dis ta nces ,
the line O f travel may be mapped but the hills and other ,
SE C TIO N V
T HE TRAVER SE B OA RD
alidade .
T RA VE RSE B OA R D
a dvanta ge of t h e meth od .
1 00 A MAN U AL FO R NORTH E RN WOO DS M E N
S ev e n ty - fo ur
R oad
Pl an e Ta b l e
ROUND LAKE
W a s hing t o n C O .
Ma ine
G A C ary
. .
| 9 07
Are a 3 4 3 Ac re s
S le
ca of Fe e t
500 1000 1500 2000
being required .
particular piece of work took the tim e of two men for two
days but on the ice it co ul d have been d one more quickly
,
.
a
g drawn in direction of C D E F a nd G , , , , .
B a d at A
o r B d tB o ar a
D . T h ese
where th ey intersect corresponding rays from
a fix points 0 and d R ays also drawn toward E F and
.
, ,
G but the a ngles mad e with the corr e sponding rays from a
,
are so small that thes e points are not given a good location .
’
4 B oard ta ken to C a nd oriented by A and B
. C heck .
ra
y drawn to d R a ys toward E F and
. G intersecting , , .
B o d at C ar B o a d at D r
B oa d r at X B o ard at Y
( )
0 B y s e tting
up the board on a ny des ire d point on the
s h ore as Y ori e nt e d by the ne e d le and ranging back from
, ,
T HE AN E RO I D B ARO ME T E R 1 03
point occupi e d .
sketching etc , .
S E C TIO N VI
THE ANE R O ID B AR O ME TER
T he aneroid barom e ter is a cheap and handy ins trument
which wh en carri e d from one point to another wi ll t ell
, ,
T he essential parts
of an a n e ro id b ar ’
o me t e r are out of
sight T he ins t ru
.
sligh t movement is
multiplied and con ,
outs ide the inch scal e movable and graduated from zero
,
cul ty does arise from this source thr oughout the E ast .
ordinary weather the air changes are the same over large
areas th is arrangement tells wh at the field barometer
,
B AR O G RA PH
less from point to point T hen aneroids are not sure in.
to watch the best of them to see that they do not get out
of ord e r or play some kind of a trick B arograp hs again .
, ,
each .
3 . Any
cons iderable blow is likel y to t hr ow t h e ins tr u
ment out of order for the time b e ing if not permanently , .
R E D U C TI ON OF AN E RO I D R EAD IN GS B Y U S E O F T H E
T AB L ES A ND W IT H C ORR E C TI ON F O R T EM P E R AT UR E
A ND W EA T H E R C HAN G E S
(See t ab l es on p g
a es 111 and 1 12)
o t he t wo
f p o int s .
°
elevation is inch e s and the t e mp e rature th e re 72 F
, .
72 5 .A nswer 72 5 feet , .
ba romet er o r t he re co rd of a ba rogra ph .
at 5 P M it was
. . T h at difference in pressure
corresponds to nearly 1 50 feet in elevation and heigh t ,
THURS DA Y FRIDA Y
sheet illustrate d .
Ex a mp l e — A t 1 1 A M on the d ay in question at a
. .
'
I B m t i E l ti na ro e r c ev a o
1 Ta ke n f ro m Jo h n s o n
’
s
“
S u rv e yin g a nd Re p o rt o f U S C
. . o as t an d
Geo d e t i c Su rv e y fo r 1 8 8 1 .
1 12 A MAN UA L FO R N OR T H E R N W O O D S M E N
I B a ro m e t e r E l ev a t io n co n t in u e d .
l
g gigih
a l ig e e
Si fif
e e
R ea di n g E l ev a t 1 o n ch
R e a d mg E l ev a t l o n f x
In h c es Fe et
F eet
In h c es F eet
F e et
II — C o rr e c t io n fo r Te m pe ra t u re in D g e r e es Fa h re n h e it
M E TH O D S OF MA P MA K I NG 113
S E C T IO N VII
METHO DS OF M AP MAKING
1 . INT RO D U C T ORY
areas.
was divided into sections and as the lines were run chain , ,
that the lin es indicate not only d irection of the slope of the
land but also the rapidity of slope for wh e n contours are
, ,
s 1nu o u s course .
good sur veyor and map maker A t the same time h e has -
.
,
map .
1 16 A MAN UAL FO R N OR TH E R N W OO D S M E N
’
v e o r s compass and c h ain staff compass and pacing a n d
y , ,
artistic sense .
t ied to them .
man .
2 . M APPING SM ALL T RA C TS
three men .
C l a rk Lu mb e r C o
’
s .
PARKER
‘ ”
LOT
W o o d st o c k Mas s .
S u rv e y e d by
Harvard Fo re s t S c ho o l
May l , 9 07
D at u m Pl an e A ssu me d
C ont ou r I n t erv al 10 f t .
S ca l e of Fe e t
5 .
S ince the lot is to be operated from a portable mill s e t
near its north e as t corn e r go ov e r th e lot with the map in ,
A lt e r nat iv e M e t h od s C ompas s
and c h ain may be
. 1 .
L l d lin
e v el e es
B e n ch mark s
T rav erse s with b aro me t e r
or han dl l
ev e
S a me Trac t
as S u rve ye d by
S t rip S yst e m
3 . M AP P ING L A R G E TR A C T S
A . W it h L an d
alr e a d y S ub div id e d I f the reg ion to be .
B To p o gra p hy B as e d on S ur v e y of R o a d s or S t r e ams
.
an
y other form that is too large for accurate mapping it m a
y ,
On e Mi l e
S t ip
r s u rv e ys wit h ba
ro me t er
page 8 6.
with grade all one way and in the cas e of a party by itself
, ,
for maintenance .
us e and time .
’
age marks left every quarter mil e T wo months work for .
two men .
C O M P A SS ND PA C NG T R AV E RS E O R O A D A C RO SS S A ME S C
A I F E TIO N
E E V A O NS RE A D RO M FO O S C A E O B A R O ME ER
.
L TI F T L F T
6 . T h ere is
occasionally a locality especially critical
from the lumbering poi nt of view such for i nsta nc e as a
, , ,
S R
T A I GHT T RAVE RS E AC RO SS S E C TI O N E L E V A TI O NS B Y B A RO ME ER
T
C ORR E C E D B Y B A RO G R A P H
.
T3 3 H8 H e a rt . A , B Y B u m m
3M a il 110 1 1 3 9 2
Yd b e flrs m 5) b t ad ? s o me -
g mt n’ o OOQ | bS I O q a
d to
i
i ' l mr and 11 11 d
ro u nd . The
a
q u ipme n t ar ound .
sl e a h on an L '
nd of
c y
PO RT IO N O F TO W NS HIP 5 R IV O XFO R D C O MAINE
.
To po g l
ra phic a S he e t Dat u m Pl an e Umb ag o g Lake
.
C o nt o u r l
Int e rva 50 f e et
M E TH O D S OF MA P MAK I NG 1 29
and Ore g on does it still hold the field because O f the d ense ,
cases .
for the detail the fact remain s that when p oints in eleva
,
to me e t successfu lly .
feet for t h e g iven slo p e and a sta ted d istance ( 66 feet or one
chain in p resent practic e ) The ta p e used for the p urp ose
.
”
while the extra l en g t h or trailer is so g raduated that
“
1
Fo r a fu ll er d esc rip ti o n o f this me tho d se e The Timb erman ,
on T
a pe
2 Cha in s
to its end si g hts with his clinom e ter at the hei g ht of his
,
mark has been d rawn strai g ht and taut and p ins are set ,
S E C T IO N VIII
ADVANTAGE S O F A MAP SYSTEM
L O G A ND W O O D M E A SUR E IWE NT
PAR T II I . L O G AND W O O D LIEASUREME NT
Doyle R u le
m M aine R ul e
m Ne w B runswick Ru le
q Qu eb ec R ul e
m T he o ry o f Scal e R u les a nd C l ark s I nt ernati o nal
’
L og R ul e
SE CTI O N V NE w YO
. K
R STANDARD R UL E
SE C TI O N VI SC A l ING PRACTI C E
.
SE CTI O N VII M IL L T AL L I ES
.
SE C T I O N I
C UB I C C O NTE NTS
disregarded .
read off O pposite its length and beneath its diame ter If .
7 feet long or 3 1
, cu ft cu ft
. . . .
SE C T IO N II
C O R D W O O D R ULE
small crooked and knotty timber will pile up rat her more
, ,
cord measure .
SE C T IO N III
THE NEW HAM PSHIRE R ULE
apply t o any other s ize a nd quantity Each cubic foot shall con .
sta mped with the figures and the stiff iron jaws attac h ed ,
SE C T IO N IV
B O AR D BIEASURE
of small taper all ows fiv e feet per cubic foot of wood con
tents ; to 1 6 —inch logs seven fe et to 30 inch logs eight feet ,
-
.
rul e is not a just measur e for logs des igned for pul p or
other such uses .
1
E xc ep t in t he cas e o f Pacific C o as t timb er .
B OAR D M E A S UR E 14 1
3
. S p au l din g o r C o l u m b ia R ive r R u l e This ru le w a s .
4 D oy l e R u l e
. T his rule was cons tructed by the fol
.
are given to small logs too small by far for normal logs ,
.
, . . .
taken for small logs where the Doyle figures are lower ,
the figu res was done so they are a little irregular but that
, ,
get more and there will be a larger product if the logs are
,
put into plank or timber M ore will also be got the longer .
the logs run up to the point where t hey are scaled in two
,
l ec es
p .
R otary M ill T g inch saw kerf lum ber even inc h t h ick
5
,
-
, .
T AB LE I YIE LD IN I NC H B O AR DS O F L O G S 1 6 FEE T
.
1 0 in .
1 1 in .
1 2 in .
1 3 in .
1 4 in .
1 5 in .
1 6 in .
1 44 A MAN UAL FO R NO R T H E R N W O O D S ME N
TAB L E P R O DUCT IN I NC H B O AR DS O F L O G S
II . O F DI F
FE R E NT LE NGT H S A S SAWE D I N B AND MILL NO 1 .
L n gt h
e s in Fe e t
Di a m .
8 10 12
6 in . 13 17
8 in . 25 32
1 0 in . 39 49 91 10 1 1 13 1 24
1 2 in . 54 68 97 1 12 1 26 141 1 56 1 72
1 4 in . 73 92 111 1 30 1 49 1 70 1 90 21 1 23 2
1 6 in . 95 20 1 45 1 70 1 96 22 3 2 50 2 78 30 6
SI O N STO C K MO ST LY 2 A ND 3 I NC H PL ANK ,
B n d Mill N
a O . 1 R o t a ry
A g
v e ra e
Ov er
A g
v e ra e
Ov e r
L e n gt h s
Tp o L ngt h
e s
Tp o
D m ia . D m ia .
1 6 ft . a nd u n de r 10 in . 24 1 6 ft . an d u n de r 10 in . 0
70
1 7— 20 f t . 10 in . 23 1 7— 20 ft . in . 6
2 1 — 2 4 ft in in
37 2 1 2 4 ft 12 11
70
—
. . . .
2 5— 2 8 f t . 9 A in . 15
7,
6 . Ne w
runsw ic k R u l e T h is is the legal rule for scal
B .
7 Qu e b e c R u l e
. T his is the legal rul e for measuring
.
fore introduced into the rul e for all lengths over 8 feet .
green whil e sawed lumber must hold out on a sur vey made
,
l S ee Fo re
s t ry Qu a rt e rl y V o l IV No
, .
, . 2 .
14 6 A MAN UAL FO R NO R T H E R N WO O D SM E N
1
pres ent practice 3; inch was allowed , .
th is waste .
( D2
X 7 1 D contents B M . . .
each board with its saw kerf means 1 13g inch in thickness
taken out of the log .
stick more than one inch from the inch mark on t he stick
in accordance with th e resul ts of that comparison Dr . .
’
C larke s rul e will be found on page 254 in the same section
with the other board rules .
SE C T IO N V
feet long h owever has more than twice the wood contents
, ,
1
a l e n t of a t h ousand Four 9 75 inch logs toget her making
.
- -
,
SE C T IO N VI
SCALING PR ACTI C E
L ogs are best scaled when they are being handled over ,
1
. L e n gt h A tape worked by t wo men is an accur ate
.
with a marked pole and for long logs a carefully adjus ted
,
t he way it is done .
G ERM A N NU M B E R I NG HA MMER
Valuable timber cut into standard log lengths is com
mo nl y allowed two inches extra to permit trimming at
the s a w this amount be n disregard e d in the scale I f
, .
logs are cut without measur ing in which case they are as ,
1 5 per cent .
cluding one half inc h and to read fractions over one half
,
3
. C u l ling f or D e f e c t s Defects in logs cons ist in irre gu
.
T he c ur v e d or s w e e p in g f o rm is a common defect in
logs S calers frequently have rules for allowing for it
.
,
di fferent sizes ) .
foot log takes but a small percenta ge out of its tota l yield
at the s aw while a 6 inch log wi th the same sweep is
,
-
to unseen defects —
a log perfectl
y sound
, to all outside
appearance may open out very poor at t he saw T o .
on mill experience .
due to round center defects ext e nding thr ough or affe cting
the full length of a log For four or fiv e inch defe cts it .
-
,
T AB LE O F LO SS BY HO LE S O R R OT NE AR THE CE NTE R
OF L O G S GOOD FO R D E FE CTS MO RE
, T H AN 4
I NC H E S FR O M T HE BAR K
SE C T I O N VII
MILL T ALLI E S
TAB LE I
Y i ld E
e . M .
Di
a me t e r
12 - f oot L g
o s 1 4- fo ot L g
o s
T AB LE II
Yield in in ch boa rds of s econd growt h w hite pine logs ,
s a we d w it h a circ ul a r s a w c u tt in
g i in ch-
ke rf G re at er
.
pa rt
cro o k .
L ng t h
e of Lo g F eet
L ng t h
e of Lo g Fe e t
In c hes C o nt ent s B o ar d Fe e t
T AB LE IV
s ho wn in Tables I a nd I I -f
as oot lo s
g . .
l
R es u t s of S a w in g
To p D ia m e t e r Main e Lo g
1 11 0 11 03 R U IG
E d g d L u mb e
e r
T ble I
a
T AB LE V
f
or t rimming) .
Y i ld
e
Di a me t er B as is
S f
u r ac e Meas u re
156 A MAN UAL FO R N OR TH E R N W O O DS M E N
5
»
inch B oards
. not edg e d but measured at an average ,
TAB LE VI
'
Dia m e t e r
Y i ld S f
e ur a ce Y i ld S f e u r ace
gfigigé gg f t L g
To p
,
l n t e
,
M f 12
e as u re , o M f 12 e asu re , o
In d B
81
.
e a rk
f t L g
oo o s
r
oo o s
S E C T IO N VIII
CO RD M EASUR E
wood 8 feet long and 4 fe e t high with the top sticks ris ,
loosely .
same .
per cord .
4 S mal l croo ked wood cut from limbs may run down
.
,
the vacant space left in piling Fair sized pulp wood for .
,
”
T he Frenc h cord of t h e P rovince of Quebec is 8 6 X 4 ’ ’
’
X 4 containing therefore 1 4 4 cubic feet as agains t
, , ,
T IMB E R E ST I M AT I NG
SE CT IO N I INTR O D U CTIO N
.
2 T he Strip Syst em
.
a nd Plo t Syst em
C Summary
.
D Pacific C o as t M et hod s
.
PA R T IV T IM B ER E S T I M A T ING
S E C T IO N I
INTR O D UCTI O N
reliable.
S E C T ION II
INSTR UM E NTA L H E LPS
The h el p s that may be used in the survey of standin g
timber are as follows
1 . FO R DIAM E TE R
M EAS U R E M E NT
C al ip ers for measurin g the diameter of trees may be
constructed by the woodsman himself or they can be ,
h ard wood and have the in ches pla inl y marked on both
flat si d es of the bar T he jaws are detachabl e for con
.
Sc hl i c h s M a n u a l o f Fo res try
1 ’ “
.
IN S TR UM E NTAL H E LPS 1 63
bein g ali gned wit h one side of the tree where the line of ,
TR E E CA L I PE R
2 . C O U NT E R OR T AL L Y IN G M A C H IN E . T IM B ER S CR IBE .
B AR K B LAZ E R
T he se
simple little instruments t he last of w hic h can ,
3 . T H E DE ND R O M E TE R
T he
dendr ometer is an i ns tru ment for measuri ng th e
diameter of a tr ee at a considerable dis tance above the
ground T h ere are several forms of t h is instrument
.
,
1
Se e Appendix o n theo ry and acc u racy of this ins trument .
1 64 A M AN UAL FO R NO R T H E R N W O O D SM E N
B AR K B AZ L ER
1
as follows
TI M B E R S C RIB E
1
t u d inal slot about 4 inc h wide and 1 7 inches long T he .
or forward until the edges of the slot cut off even with the
desired diameter shown on the target T hen the e ye .
,
where t he bole cuts off with the edges of the slot The .
S E C T IO N III
HEI GHT ME ASURE MENT
T h ere are many met h ods of measuring t h e h eigh t of
trees As serviceable as a ny are the follo wing :
.
of the pol e and then run up the tree will h elp the e ye in
making the judgment .
triangles H old the staff firmly in the hand with the arm
.
staff and from the hand up to the end of the staff are nOw
equal G0 O ff from the tree to be measured holding t h e
.
,
staff erect until yo u can sight by the fist to the base of the
,
FA U S TM A NN
'
S H GHEI T ME AS U RE
’
O bs e rver to th e tree is then e qual to the tree s height .
the tree obs e rving that angle also Go into the table of
, .
Fa us t ma nn
’
6 . h eight measur e works in much the
s
same manner but gives the desired height directly wit hout
,
SE CT I O N I V
VO L UME TAB LE S AND TRE E FO R M
caliper may be used ins tead of the e ye for diam e ter and ,
the tre e and its diamet e r at some point n e ar the base are
the C hief factors determining contents T hese factors .
,
estimator .
tion ta bles were worked out for the different tree species
.
S tates being th e cubic foot For all such studies too the
.
, ,
For many years past the study of tree form has been
ardentl y pursued and many interesting facts and laws
,
a me t e r
, and short medium or tall as the case for h is
, , ,
tion on which the first is based that trees whic h have the ,
1
Se e p ages 1 6 1 , 262, a nd 277 .
VO LUM E T ABL E S A ND TR E E FO R M 17 1
q ,
y all h aving their effect h e re ,
actual use differ from one anoth e r in the values they give
to the same log in som e cases b y a ridicul ous amount
, ,
original with this work thos e for spruc e and white pine
, ,
, ,
ev e ned by cur ves and then the board foot tables have
,
-
existence but their utilit y a p art from the l o cal con ditions
,
L ogs cut for saw lumber one log from a tree c u t off where
, ,
scaled as one log with the top diameter ins ide bark ; if 2 7
to 30 feet as t w o logs of equal length giving the butt log
,
less.
Fe e t in H ight
e
S E C T IO N V
PRAC TI C E O F T IMB E R ESTI MATI NG
A . SMALL T R AC TS
1 I n t he c ase of very valuable timber it may pay the
.
Fie ld O b s e rv a t io n s C o mp u t e d V l
o u m es
B rea s t No O b s e rv e d H e ight s D d d
e u ce S l
ca e To t a l
H ight h
.
Di a m . T r e es e E
ac S l
ca e
5 1 —4 7— 50— 5 4 —
’
59 4 2 50
50 — 4 7— 5 2—4 8 — 5 6— 5 7
—
6 9 55
—
5 6—
5 6 —
6 6 —
6 7 68
7 2— 7 5— 6 9 — 8 0— 6 9 — 6 3
5 7—
6 5 7
—
1 —
7 5 73
—
7 7— 7 5
7 4— 78 — 8 0 — 7 9 — 8 3
7 4 —
80 85 —
7 7— 7 7— 8 6 — 8 1
77 —
8 3 —
86
80 — 7 7
7 5— 8 2
7 9— 8 3 — 8 1
79 - 8 2 — 8 3
7 7— 8 6— 7 7— 8 2
To t a l 2 5 2 93 8
Pl o t of O b s e rv e d H igh t
e s and
D d e u ce d H igh t
e C u rv e
8 9 10 1 1 12 13 1 4 15 16 1 7 18 1 9 20 2 1 22 23 24 25 26 2 7 28
Di a me t e r B r e as t High -
In h e
c s
plan is t o plot all the heights o n cro ss-section paper and draw a
c u rve thro u gh the m a s in the acco mpanying sk etch Fro m t his curve .
0
. Fro m the pro pe r v o lume table the co ntent s o f a s i ngl e tree o f
ea ch si ze c lass is now taken a nd multiplied by the number o f trees
in the c lass Fo r the tract in qu estio n Tabl e No 4 giv es the
. .
figur es wanted the prod uct o f the trees in bo ard s bo th ro und edged
,
-
.
inches In breast diameter and 5 0 feet high is giv en as 5 0 feet B l\1 '
and he ight c urve and a tabl e sho wing the way the figu re s are p ut
,
the helper may run a compass line across one end of the
”
forty ten rods or so from its boundary leaving marks
, ,
W hit Pin 7 l gs e g t M ; 30 % u pp e
e, o a v e ra e o rs
N w y P in 8 l g t M
.
or a e, o s o
H e ml k 1 1 l gs t M
.
oc o o
B w d 7 l gs t M
, .
ass oo o o
M p l 1 4 l gs t M
.
,
a e, o o .
T t l o a
”
ner o f a fo rty say at the
“
,
so uthea st c o rn e r a nd steps ,
o ff 12 5 pa ce s o n th e so uth
line a nd so co v ers o ne
,
e stimat ed d is tance o f 1 2 5
pa ces o n the left hand and ,
tio n succ essiv ely fo r Plo ts III IV and V He has then a co mplete
o
.
, ,
4
. The followin g from an old M ichig an cruiser whose
,
po les railro ad ti es e t c
, , in fact the entire fo rest pro duct that is
.
,
chann els t hro ugh which the pro d u ct must be passe d in th e c o urs e
o f it s transpo rtatio n fro m the l and whether by railroa d w at er o r
, , ,
logging ro ad .
know o f any o ther cruiser who is u sing the same system that I u se ,
at as angles as is po ssible .
T _3 3 - N B3 . Wl
Co . S t at e JI ic h
u pp e th e uth e t c e r f h e i n d th t w
S o s we are at so a s o r n o t e s c
t o a n a e
f l st art mg
.
po int 20 rod s w est o f this co rner and a hne draw n d ir ect ly no rth
fr o m this po in t should be p arall el Wi th the eas t hne o f the lot also ,
st
di a nt fro m a e ch of th e m W . e p r oc e e d n o rt h f r o m th is p o in
t A t .
50 p ac es th e i
as s s at nt h lt
a s ge ts hi s ta lly b oo k
-
a n d h a r d pe nc il I nto
t he tra ct t
a nd a ll s i e e a ch k in d un d e r t h e p r o pe r h e a d i ng .
1 80 M A N UAL FO R NO R T H E R N W O O DSM E N
E x amin at io n L o t _ . _
M ad e b y
a nd
“
s i ze it up gen erall y t o find a ny d efect that may exist also ,
“
M aple 2 2— 3 and he talli es in the maple co lumn o ppo sit e the
, ,
that we sho u ld see we make frequ ent explo ratio ns fro m the e nd
,
time that I go in the o ppo site N0 trees are measu red in these .
halting at each 50 steps t o take the timber a lso t o note any ridges , ,
fro m which a line drawn so uth will be parallel with the c enter lin e
of lo ts 1 8 9 a nd 16 a nd w ith the w es t line o f t hes e lo ts a nd 2 0
, , , ,
rod s d istant fro m them W e proceed south o n this line ta king the .
,
be shown o n the repo rt and pro per d educt ions mad e fro m the esti
mate If these v aca nt areas are cro ss ed by t he strips ca re must be
.
,
in which hard woo d has b een ou t dur ing that period and has b een ,
cali pered by taking the mea sur e bo th o u tsid e a nd ins id e the bark ;
t he l ength o f the st em was ta ken to gether with the d i amet er o f ,
t o be mad e fro m the timbe r the dispo sa l o f the wast e pro d uct for ,
fuel and so o n
, .
trees which shows u p the d efects No cruiser sees the timber alike
.
C are sho ul d be taken t o get the small est dia meter at the b as e ;
many trees e spe cially o n slo pes a re flat a nd measure se v eral inch es
, ,
, .
in every other .
the other hand the forester who has studied the rate of
,
secondary matter .
one day s work for four men R esult was the following
’
.
MASS .
l
To t a s aw t im b e r
Al so h rda -
wo o dfi re wo o d , 6 00 cor ds .
1 86 A M AN UAL FO R NO R T H E R N W O O DSM E N
B . E S T IMATI O N OF L AR GE R T RAC TS
1 . TY P E A ND PL OT SY S T E M
A ccording to t h is method the land to be passed on is
divided up into types of known ar e a and approximately
like stand without however necessarily leaving marks on
, , ,
ca re
. T he plots are us uall y laid out either in square
or circul ar form though the strip s ystem is perfectl y
,
a pplicable .
1
str ip surveys throug h each compartment cov e ring in each ,
2 . T HE STR IP SY S T E M
hig h and one of g ood train in g who is res ponsible for the
,
Nu mb er of 1 6- f oot l gs
o
Small D i m t a e er
f B tt L g
o u o
I n id B k s e ar
C o nt e n t s in Fee t B o ar d M easur e
”
H and book :
t o time tree s who s e heights are d es ired they may sto p lo ng eno ugh ,
are ca lipe re d Small tr ees are measu red principally in stu d ying
.
F O R M O F NO TE S
Dat e
n
'
Sep t .
S h e et No . A 41.
fo rest tract s the B ur eau o f Fo restry usu all y measures not more
t han o ne o r t wo o ut o f every hundred acres .
T his
method is clearly adapted to secur ing knowledge
of t he make u p of a forest and of its stand of merch ant
-
,
this so that t heir eyes are true but W ith th e best of men ,
it may be laid out in long lines across country and its elf
be used to define those boundaries and to get the topog
ra h
p y A number
. O f townships in M aine have been
surveyed in t he following manner :
a T ownshi p lines re run and re blazed ; chainage marks
.
- -
mile and ran back T his was 2 d ays work and the
, .
’
,
3 . L INE A ND P L O T S Y ST E M
A th ird s ystem employed with some variations in di ff erent
parts of the country most largely perhaps among spruce ,
equipment for it .
, .
classes ( )
a spruc e abov e cutting limit of 14 inches
stump diameter in board feet ; ( b) smaller spruce down
to 6 inches br e ast diam e t e r in cords ; (c) fir in cords ;
( )
d c e dar in f e et B M ; ()
e. pin e ;
.
(f) good hard wood -
C . S UMMAR Y
down :
1 E stimates by lump sum are not us uall y reliable or
.
at t h e present d ay sufficient .
is full y as difficult .
7
. The more defective the trees are t h e more p ref ,
”
d
in t h e mill an d in the woo s to m e re measuri g n
1
T he .
“
,
D PAC I FI C C O AST M E T HO D S
.
d u c in g Dou g las fir
“ ”
Ore g on pin e as it was called form
,
S l
ca e
T ot a l 4 29 0
in g as a g uid e to it .
1
Tabl es based o n 1 6 fo o t l o gs are al so in exi st enc e
- .
—
1 98 A M A N UAL FO R NO R T H E R N W O O DS M E N
and topo gra p hy whil e the other is res p onsible for the
,
the o p posite sec tion line is met ( or at half that dis tance
if the section is subdiv ided ) when the pacin g is checked ,
”
t h at influence breaka g e an d particul arly for conks “
however .
c ru is ers as t o t he nu mb e r O f ru n s t hro u gh a s u b d i v is i o n ne c es
wa s d o n e .
not simpl e .
”
above 1 6 in d iamet e r and surfac e clear a n d a ll oth e rs , .
and b e tter .
PR AC TIC E OF T IM B E R S IMA TI NG
E T 203
or short timber .
S in ce a larg e s h are Of
the timber O f t h e fir reg ion is
r e alized on by its owners in the form not O f lumber but
O f lo g s the inducement is small to g o further than the lo g
,
grades in t his case a g ain are made the basis to whic h the
field man works but mill and yard studies carry in g the
, ,
to a fourt h B and C .
and better .
Fo r t h e No vic e
From the foreg oin g it will be inferred
.
cause and the very larg e part that location and especially ,
resul ts .
short cuts may be tried out with the idea of sharp enin g
1
1
Such as the fo llo wing
Av erage t he b a se diame t er O f t he t ree and the t o p diame t er O f
it s merc hantabl e ti mb er ; ge t t he sc al e o f a l o g O f t ha t d ia me t er
PR AC T IC E OF T IMB E R E S T IM A T ING 2 07
some form O f the stri p met hod may be used as des cribed
on th e p r e ce d in g pa ge s The area O f g roun d without tim
.
execution O f it .
ha l f l o g .
c e n t may s o me ti me s b e a d d e d f o r c o nt en ts a b o v e t he p o int
s t a t ed .
1
Fo r a ca u tio n o n thi s h ea d s ee p age 1 8 7 ,
.
PA R T V
'
TAB LES
STADIA RE DUCT I O NS
H i o r zo n t a l Di t ns a ce
D iff e re n c e O f E le v a t io n
0 00 0 29 0 58 0 0 0 0
1 74 2 04 2 33 2 0 0 0
3 49 3 78 4 07 4 0 0 0
5 23 5 52 5 80 6 0 0 0
6 96 7 25 7 53 7 0 0 0
8 68 8 97 9 25 9 0 0 0
10 40 10 68 10 9 6 1 1 0 0 0
12 10 12 38 12 66 0 0 0
13 78 14 06 14 34 0 0 0
15 45 15 73 16 0 0 0
17 10 17 37 17 6 0 0 0
18 73 19 19 2 0 0 0
20 80 20 8 0 0 0
22 18 22 4
. 0 0 0
23 73 23 9
m
0 0 0
25 25 25 0 0 0
26 74 26 9 0 0 0
28 20 28 4 0 0 0
29 62 29 8 0 0
31 01 31 2 0 0
32 36 32 0 0
33 67 33 9 0 0
34 94 35 5 0 0
36 17 36 7 0 0
37 35 37 4 0 0
38 49 38 7 0 0
39 58 39 6 0 0
40 62 9 0 0
41 61 41 7 0 0
4 9~ 56 42 1 0 0
45 43 9 0 0
2 12 A M AN UAL FO R NO R T H E R N W O O D SME N
S O LU TI O N O F TR IANG LE S
ta ngent) of th e angle B A C T he .
cosine cosecant , ,
and cotang e nt O f
B A C are respect
iv e l y the sine ,
complement of B A C .
S ine A C os
ine A
T angent A Secant A
g iven .
an
y thr ee parts including one side
Gi v en S ght
ou
A B , , a C, b , c C —
l so o
a
“ 1 B
s in A
A , a, b B , C, c i
s n B =
a
= —-
C ( l B)
0
1 80 A
a s in C
s in A
z
a s in B i
s n C
A , B C, a , Area A rea
2 s in A
C , a, b H A + B) = 90 ° —
% C
ta n fl A —
B )
— B)
B = — B)
cos 5 (A --
+ B )
c ( “ I
i
-
b)
co s é (A
- —
B)
sin é (A
—
+ B)
( a b)
sin 1} (A — B)
é
—
a b sin C
a, b, 0 aw+ b + e
T hen sin % A
cos } A 7
tan % A ~
s (
s a
)
B, C S imilar formulas
Area
2 14 TR AV E R S E IY& I{ LJB
'
Di t s . 1 Di t s . 2
Gourse De p L at De p L at
L at . . . . .
O I o I
0 15 89 4 5
30 0 000 0087 0 1 75
45 (l 9 999 01 31 9 99 8 0 262
1 0 9 99 8 0 1 75 9 997 0 34 9
15 99 98 021 8 99 95 04 36
30 999 7 0262 9 9 93 0524
45 9995 0305 9 99 1 061 1
2 0 9 99 4 0349 9988 0 69 8
15 9 9 92 0393 9985 0 785
30 9 9 90 0 436 99 81 0872
45 99 88 0480 9 9 77 09 60
3 0 9 98 6 0523 9 9 73 1 047
15 99 84 0567 9 968 1 1 34
30 9 98 1 0610 9 963 1 221
45 9979 0654 9 957 1 308
4 0 9976 069 8 9 95 1 1 395
15 9 9 73 074 1 9 945 14 82
30 9 9 69 0785 9 938 1 569
45 9 9 66 08 28 993 1 1 656
0 9 962 0 872 99 24 1 743
15 9 958 09 1 5 99 1 6 1 830
30 9954 095 8 9 908 1 91 7
45 9 950 1 002 9 89 9 2004
0 9 945 1 045 9 890 20 91
15 994 1 1 089 9 881 21 77
30 99 36 1 1 32 9 87 1 2264
45 9931 1 1 75 9 861 2351
7 0 9 925 1 21 9 9 851 2437
15 9920 1 262 9 84 0 2524
30 99 14 1 305 9 829 261 1
45 9 909 1 34 9 98 1 7 2697
8 O 9 903 1 392 9 805 2783
15 9 89 7 1 4 35 9 79 3 2870
30 9 890 1 4 78 9 7 80 2956
45 9 884 1 52 1 9 767 304 2
9 O 9 877 1 564 9 754 3 129
15 9870 1 607 9 740 32 15
30 9 863 1 650 9 726 330 1
45 9 85 6 1 693 9 71 1 3387
10 0 9 84 8 1 736 9 696 3473
15 9 840 1 779 9 681 3559
30 9833 1 822 9 665 3 64 5
45 9 825 1 8 65 9 849 3730
11 0 9 8 16 1 908 9633 381 6
15 9808 1 9 51 9 61 6 39 02
30 979 9 1 9 94 959 8 3987
45 97 90 2036 9 581 40 73
12 0 9 78 1 2 079 9 563 41 58
15 9 772 3122 9545 4244
30 9763 21 64 9526 4 329
45 9753 2207 9 507 44 1 4
13 0 9 744 2250 9 487 44 9 9
15 9734 2292 9 4 68 4 584
30 9 724 2334 9447 4669
45 97 1 3 2377 9 4 27 4 754
14 0 9 703 24 1 9 9 406 4 838
15 9 692 2462 9 385 49 23
30 968 1 2504 9 363 5 00 8
45 9 670 2 54 6 9 34 1 509 2
15 0 9659 2588
De p . L at .
Course
I n
st . 1
TR AV E R S E T ABL E 215
I fis t . 7 Di t s . 9 Di t s . 10
Course
L at . De p . L at . L at . De p . L at De p .
—
.
0 I
89 45
9 99 7 061 1 9997 9 997 0 785 9996 0 873 30
9 9 94 0 91 6 9993 9992 1 1 78 99 91 1 309 15
99 89 1 222 99 8 8 99 8 6 1 571 99 85 1 745 89 0
9 9 83 1 527 99 81 9 979 1 9 63 997 6 2 1 81 45
9 9 76 1 83 2 99 73 996 9 2356 99 66 261 8 30
99 67 21 38 9963 9 958 274 8 99 53 3054 15
9 9 57 2443 9951 99 45 3141 9 939 3490 88 0
994 6 2 74 8 99 38 9 931 3533 9923 3926 45
9933 30 53 9924 9 914 39 26 9905 4 362 30
99 1 9 3358 9908 9 89 6 431 8 9 885 479 8 15
9 904 3664 9 8 90 9 877 4 71 0 9 86 3 5234 87 0
9 88 7 3968 9 871 9 855 5 1 02 9 839 5 669 45
9 869 4273 9851 9 832 5494 9 8 13 61 05 30
9 850 45 78 9 829 980 7 5886 97 86 6540 15
9 829 4 883 9805 9 781 6278 9756 697 6 86 0
9 808 5188 97 80 9 753 6670 9725 741 1 45
9 784 54 92 9753 97 23 7061 96 92 7846 30
760 5797 97 25 9 69 1 74 53 9657 828 1 15
9734 6101 9 696 9 658 784 4 961 9 871 6 85 0
9706 6405 9 664 9622 8 235 9580 9 150 45
9 678 6709 9632 9 58 6 8626 9540 9585 30
964 8 70 1 3 9597 9 54 7 90 1 7 9497 001 9 15
9 61 7 731 7 9 562 9 507 9408 94 52 04 53 84 0
958 4 7621 9 525 9 4 65 798 940 6 0 887 45
9 550 79 24 94 8 6 9 421 01 88 9 357 1 320 30
9 51 5 8 228 944 5 537 8 0578 9307 1 754 15
94 78 8531 9 4 04 9329 0 968 9255 2 1 87 83 0
944 0 8 834 9 360 9200 2620 45
9401 9 137 931 6 9 144 30 53 30
9361 944 0 9269 90 87 34 85 15
9 31 9 9 74 2 9 2 21 9027 39 1 7 82 0
9 276 0044 9 1 72 8 9 65 4 34 9 45
9231 034 7 9 121 8 902 4 78 1 30
9 1 85 0 64 9 9069 8836 521 2 15
9 1 38 09 50 90 1 5 8 769 564 3 81 0
9090 1 25 2 8 960 8 700 6074 45
9040 1553 8 903 8629 6505 30
8 9 89 1 854 8844 855 6 6 935 15
8937 2155 8785 84 81 7365 80 0
8883 24 56 8723 84 0 4 7794
872 8 275 6 8660 8325 8 224
8772 3057 85 96 8245 8 652
8714 335 7 8 53 0 8163 90 8 1
8 6 55 3 656 8463 80 79 9 509 45
8595 3956 8394 799 2 9937 30
8533 4 255 8 324 7 905 . 0364 15
84 70 4 554 8 252 78 1 5 07 9 1
8 40 6 4 8 52 81 78 7723 1 21 8 45
834 1 51 51 81 04 7630 1 644 30
8 274 544 9 8027 7534 2070
. 15
820 6 574 7 7950 74 37 24 95 77 0
8 1 37 60 44 78 70 7 338 2920 45
8066 634 1 77 90 723 7 3345 30
79 9 4 66 38 7707 71 34 3769 15
79 21 6 935 76 24 7030 4 1 92 76 0
78 46 723 1 7538 6 9 23 4 61 5 45
7 770 7527 7452 681 5 5038 30
7693 78 22 7364 6705 54 60 15
7 61 5 8 11 7 7274 6593 588 2 75 0
De p . Lat . De p | . De p . La t
Course
Di t s . 8
TR AV E R S E T ABL E
Di t s . 1 Di t s . 2 Di t s . 3 Di t s . 5
sourss
De p . L at . De p . L at . L at . De p
_
Q I
1 15 1 9 29 6
. 2 8 944
. 1 3 1 52 74 45
30 2672 9 273 5 345 8 909 8 1 82 3362 30
45 2 714 9 249 5429 8 874 8123 3572 15
16 0 2 756 9 225 55 1 3 8838 8063 3 782 74 0
15 279 8 9 20 1 559 7 880 ] 800 2 399 1 45
30 2840 9 1 76 5 680 8765 7 94 1 4201 30
45 2882 9 1 51 5764 8 727 7879 441 0 15
17 0 2 924 9 1 26 584 7 8 689 78 1 5 4 61 9 73 0
15 2 965 9 1 00 5931 865 1 7751 4 8 27 45
30 3007 9074 6014 861 2 7686 5035 30
45 9048 60 97 8572 7620 524 3 15
18 0 30 90 9 021 6180 8 53 2 7553 545 1 72 O
15 3 1 32 8 9 94 6263 84 9 1 74 85 5678 45
30 3 1 73 89 66 634 6 84 50 74 1 6 5865 30
45 3 2 14 89 39 6429 8408 734 7 6072 15
19 0 3256 8 910 65 1 1 8366 7276 6 27 8 71 0
15 3297 8 882 6594 8323 7204 64 85 45
30 33 38 8853 6676 8279 71 32 6 690 30
45 3379 8 824 6758 8235 7 059 689 6 15
20 0 3420 8794 6840 819 1 69 85 7 1 01 70 0
15 0 3461 8 764 6922 8 14 6 69 1 0 7306 45
30 3502 8 733 7004 81 00 6834 751 0 30
45 35 43 8 703 7086 8054 6757 7 71 5 15
21 0 3584 8672 7 167 8007 6679 79 1 8 69 0
15 3624 8640 7249 79 60 6600 8 1 22 45
30 3665 8 608 7330 791 3 6521 8325 30
45 3706 8 576 7411 7864 6440 8528 15
22 0 374 6 8544 7492 78 1 6 6359 8 730 68 0
15 3 78 6 85 1 1 7573 776 6 6277 8932 45
30 3827 8 478 7654 7726 61 94 9 1 34 30
45 3867 8444 7734 7666 61 1 0
. 15
23 0 9 205 39 07 84 10 78 1 5 7 61 5 60 25 9537 67 0
15 9 1 88 3947 8376 7 895 7564 5 940 9 737 45
30 9 171 3 9 87 834 1 7 975 751 2 5853 9937 30
45 9 1 53 4 027 8 306 8055 7459 5 766 15
24 0 9 1 35 40 67 8 271 8 1 35 7406 5 677 033 7 66 0
15 9118 4 1 07 8 235 8214 7353 5588 053 6 45
30 9 1 00 4 147 8 1 99 829 4 729 9 549 8 0735 30
45 908 1 4 1 87 8 1 63 8 373 7214 5407 0 933 15
25 0 9 063 4226 8 126 8452 71 8 9 531 5 1 1 31 65 O
15 9 048 4 266 8089 8 531 7034 5223 45
30 9 02 6 4305 8 05 2 8 61 0 7078 5 1 29 1526 30
45 9 007 4 344 801 4 8 68 9 7021 5035 1 722 5
26 0 89 88 4 384 79 76 8 767 69 64 4 940 1 9 1 9 64 0
15 8 9 69 44 23 7937 8 84 6 6 90 6 4 844 21 14 45
30 8 9 49 4462 7 89 9 89 24 6 848 4 747 231 0 30
45 8 930 4501 7860 9002 6789 4 64 9 2505 15
27 0 89 10 4 54 0 7 820 9 080 6730 4 550 2700 63 0
15 8 890 4 579 7780 9 1 57 667 1 44 51 2 89 4 45
30 8 870 4 61 7 774 0 9 235 661 0 4351 3087 30
45 8850
. 4 656 7700 9 31 2 6550 4249 .328 1 15
28 0 8889 4 69 5 7 659 9 38 9 64 88 4 14 7 34 74 62 0
15 8 809 4 733 761 8 9 4 66 6427 4 045 3666 45
30 8 788 4 772 7576 9 543 63 65 394 1 3858 30
45 8 767 48 1 0 7535 9 620 6302 3836 4 049 15
29 0 8746 4 84 8 74 9 2 9 69 6 623 9 3 731 4240 61 O
15 8 725 4 886 74 50 9 772 6 1 75 3 625 44 3 1 45
30 8 704 4 9 24 7407 9848 61 1 1 35 1 8 4 62 1 30
45 8682 49 62 7364 99 24 604 6 3 4 10 4 81 1 15
30 0 8660 5000 7321 598 1 330 1 5000 60 0
De p . L at . De p . L at . De p . De p . L at .
Di t s . 1 Di t s . 2 Di t s . 5
TR AV E R S E T ABL E 217
Di t s . 7 D ist . 9
Lat . De p . L at . De p . L at . De p .
1 8 4 12
7454 8 707 70 90 1379 6727 40 51
737 2 90 0 1 6 99 6 1 71 5 6 621 44 30
7288 9 295 6 90 1 2051 6514 48 07
7203 958 8 6 804 2386 64 0 4 5 1 85
71 17 9881 6706 27 21 6 29 4 5561
7030 660 6 3056 61 8 1 5938
694 1 04 66 6504 339 0 60 67 63 1 3
6 851 0 758 6402 3723 5952 66 89
6760 1 04 9 6297 40 5 6 5835 7064
6 668 6 1 92 4 3 89 571 6 7438
65 74 1 631 6085 4 72 1 5595 7812
64 79 1 92 1 5976 5053 54 73 8 1 85
63 83 221 1 5866 53 84 534 9 8557
6285 2501 5754 571 5 5224 8930
6 1 86 27 90 564 1 604 5 5097 9301
60 86 30 78 5527 63 75 4 9 68 9 672
59 85 3366 54 1 1 6705 4 838 004 3
588 2 3654 5294 70 33 4 706 041 3
5778 394 1 51 75 7362 4 562 0782
5673 . 4228 5055 7 689 44 37 1 1 51
5565 45 1 5 4 93 4 8 01 7 4 300 1 51 9
54 59 4800 48 1 1 8343 4 1 62 1886
53 51 50 86 468 6 8669 4 022 2253
5241 53 7 1 4 5 61 8 99 5 3 881 261 9
5 129 5655 44 33 9 320 3738 2 9 85
501 7 5939 4 305 9 645 35 93 3350
4 903 6222 4 1 76 99 69 34 47 37 1 5
4 78 8 6505 4043 02 9 2 329 9 40 78
46 72 678 8 39 1 0 061 5 3 1 49 44 42
4 554 7070 3776 09 37 2998 4804
44 35 7351 3640 1 25 8 2845 51 6 6
4 31 5 7632 3503 1 580 269 1 5527
419 4 79 1 2 3365 1 900 2535 5887
4072 8 1 92 3225 2220 2375 6 24 7
394 8 8 472 308 4 2539 2 21 9 6606
3 823 8 750 2941 2858 2059 69 65
3 697 90 29 27 9 7 31 75 1 8 97 7 322
3570 9 306 265 1 34 93 1 733 7 6 79
34 4 2 9 583 2505 380 9 1 5 68 8 036
331 2 9 800 2356 4125 1401 . 8 39 1
31 8 1 2207 444 1 1 233 8 74 6
3049 04 1 1 2056 4 756 1 063 9 1 00
29 1 6 0 68 6 1 904 50 70 0891 9 453
278 1 0960 1 750 5383 0719 9 806
2645 1 234 1 595 569 6 0644 . 0 1 58
250 9 1 507 1 438 6 00 8 03 68 050 9
23 70 1 779 1 28 1 63 1 9 0191 0 859
2231 205 1 1 1 21 6 630 00 1 2 1 20 9
209 1 2 322 09 61 6 940 729 831 1 557
7249 . 1 905
1 866 28 63 0636 755 8 9 465 2252
1 662 3 1 32 64 71 7866 9280 2599
1 5 17 340 1 0305 81 73 909 4 294 4
1 37 1 366 9 0 1 38 84 7 9 8905 3289
1 223 39 37 fi 99 70 87 85 8716 3683
1 075 4203 9 800 90 90 8525 397 6
09 25 44 70 9 628 9394 8332 43 1 8
0774 4 735 94 56 9697 8 14 8 465 9
0 622 5000 9282 794 2 5000
De p . L at . De p . L at . De p . L at .
Di t s . 7 Di t s . 8 Di t s . 9
Cours e
2 18 TR AVE R S E T ABL E
I fist 2 Di t s 3 Di t s 4 Di t s 5
Cours e
. . . .
L at . De p . L at . De p . L at . De p . L at . De p .
59 45
7223 0 1 51 5849 522 6 44 65 0302 3081 537 30
7 1 88 0226 5782 5339 4 376 04 52 2970 55 65 15
7 142 0301 5 71 5 5451 4 287 0602 2 858 5 752 59 0
709 8 0375 564 7 5563 4 1 96 0 75 1 2 746 5 939 45
7053 0450 5579 5 675 4106 0900 2632 6 1 25 30
7007 0524 551 1 5786 4014 1 049 25 1 8 631 1 15
6 9 61 059 8 544 1 589 8 39 22 1 1 97 2 402 649 6 58 0
691 5 0672 5372 6008 3 8 29 1 345 2 286 6681 45
6868 0 74 6 5302 61 1 9 3736 1 4 92 2 1 70 6 865 30
6821 0819 5231 6229 364 2 1 639 2052 7049 15
6 773 0893 5 1 60 6339 35 4 7 1 786 1 934 7232 57 0
6726 0 9 66 50 8 0 6449 3451 1 932 1 8 14 741 5 45
6 678 1 039 50 1 7 6558 3355 2077 1 69 4 7597 30
6629 1 111 4 944 6 667 3259 2223 1 573 7779 15
65 8 1 1 184 4 871 6 776 3 1 62 23 68 1 452 79 60 56 0
653 2 1 25 6 4 798 6884 30 64 25 1 2 1 329 3 1 40 45
64 83 1 328 4 724 69 92 29 65 2656 1 206 8 323 30
64 33 1 400 4 64 9 7 1 00 28 66 2800 1082 850 0 15
63 83 1 4 72 4 575 7207 2 766 2 9 43 0 958 8679 55 0
6333 1 54 3 4499 73 1 4 2 6 66 3086 8857 45
6 2 82 1 6 14 44 23 7421 25 65 3228 0706 9 035 30
6231 1 685 4 34 7 7527 24 63 3370 0579 921 2 15
6 180 1 756 4 271 7634 23 61 351 1 04 51 9 389 54 O
6 1 29 1 8 26 41 9 3 7739 2258 3652 0 322 9 565 45
6077 1 89 6 4116 784 5 2 1 54 3793 0 1 93 97 41 30
6025 1 966 4038 7950 2050 3933 0063 9 91 6 15
59 73 2036 3959 8 054 1 94 5 4073 3 9932 . 009 1 53 0
5920 21 06 3880 8 1 59 1 840 4 21 2 9 80 0 0365 45
5867 2 1 75 3801 8263 1 734 4 350 9668 0438 30
581 4 2244 3721 8367 1 628 44 89 0611 15
5760 23 1 3 3 640 8 4 70 1520 4 626 9 40 0 0783 52 0
5 70 6 24 82 3 560 8 573 1 413 4 764 9 266 0 955 45
5652 2 450 3478 8675 1 304 4 901 9 1 30 1 1 26 30
5 59 8 251 8 339 7 8 778 1 1 95 5037 8994 1 29 6 15
5 54 3 258 6 33 14 8 8 80 1 086 51 73 8 857 1 466 51 0
5488 2654 3 23 2 898 1 0976 530 8 8 720 1 635 45
5432 2722 3 1 49 9082 0865 5443 8 581 1 80 4 30
5377 2789 3065 9 1 83 0754 5578 8442 1 972 15
'
9 780
4 979 3252 2469 9 879 9 958 65 05 744 8 3131 30
4 9 21 3 31 8 23 82 99 76 9 842 6 635 7303 3294 15
4 863 3 383 229 4 0074 9 726 6 765 7 157 3 457 48 0
4 8 04 34 47 2207 01 7 1 9 60 9 6895 70 11 3 61 8 45
474 6 35 12 21 1 8 0268 9 49 1 7024 68 64 3 78 0 30
4686 3576 2030 0364 9373 7 1 52 67 1 6 3940 15
4 627 3640 1 941 04 6 0 9 254 7280 6568 4 100 47 0
4 567 3704 1 851 0555 9 135 74 07 64 1 9 4 259 45
4 507 3767 1 76 1 0 65 1 9015 7534 6 26 8 44 18 30
4 44 7 3830 1 671 0745 8895 76 61 6 1 18 4576 15
4 38 7 38 93 1 580 0 84 0 8 774 7786 59 67 4 733 4 6 0
4 32 6 3956 1 4 89 0934 8 652 79 1 2 581 5 4 890 45
4 265 40 1 8 1 3 98 1 027 853 0 8 036 5663 5045 30
420 4 4080 1 306 1 1 20 840 7 8 1 61 5509 520 1 15
41 42 4 1 42 1213 8 284 8284 535 5 5355 4 5 0
2 1 21 3
De p L at . De p . L at .
Di t s . 4 Di t s . 5
TR A VE R S E T ABL E 2 19
Di t s . 6 Di t s . 7 Di t s . 8 Di t s . 9 Di t s . 10
6ours e
L at . De p . L at . De p . L at . De p . Lat . De p . L at . De p .
— n
O I O I
30 1 5 4 5340 59 45
30 1 69 8 0452 031 4 55 28 8 930 0 603 754 7 5678 61 63 0754 30
45 1564 0 678 0 1 58 579 1 8753 0 903 7347 60 1 6 594 1 1 1 29 15
31 0 1 430 090 2 0002 60 53 85 73 1 203 7 145 6353 5 71 7 1 504 59 0
15 1 29 5 1 12 6 6314 8393 1502 6942 6690 549 1 1 877 45
30 1 1 58 1 350 9 685 6575 821 1 1 80 0 6 738 7025 5264 2250 30
45 1 02 1 1 573 9525 6835 8028 209 7 653 2 7359 5035 2621 15
32 0 0 883 1 795 9 363 7094 7844 2394 63 24 7 69 3 4 805 2992 58 0
15 0 744 2017 9 201 7353 7658 2689 61 1 6 8025 45 73 3361 45
30 0603 2238 9037 7 61 1 74 71 2984 5905 8 357 4339 3730 30
45 . 0462 2458 7868 7283 3278 5694 8 688 41 04 4097 15
33 0 0320 2678 8707 8 1 25 7094 71 54 80 90 1 8 38 67 44 64 57 0
15 0 1 77 28 98 8540 838 1 690 3 3863 5266 9 346 3629 48 29 45
30 00 33 31 1 6 8372 8 636 671 1 4 1 55 50 50 9674 3389 5 194 30
45. . 98 88 3334 8203 88 90 65 1 8 4446 4 832 000 1 3147 5557 15
34 0 9742 3552 8033 9 144 6323 4 735 4 61 3 0327 2904 59 1 9 56 0
15 9595 3768 7861 9 39 6 61 27 5024 4 393 0652 2659 6280 45
30 944 8 3984 7 6 89 9 64 8 59 30 53 1 2 4 1 71 0977 241 3 6641 30
45 9 29 9 4 200 7515 9900 5732 5600 3 94 8 1 300 2 1 65 7000 15
35 0 9 149 44 1 5 734 1 0 150 5 532 5 886 3724 1 622 1 91 5 7358 55 0
15 . 8998 4 629 71 65 04 00 533 1 61 72 3498 194 3 1 664 45
30 8 847 4 842 69 8 8 064 9 5129 64 56 3270 2263 1 412 8070 30
45 8694 5055 681 0 0897 4 926 6 740 304 2 2582 1 1 57 8425 15
36 0 8541 5267 6631 1 14 5 4721 7023 2 81 2 2901 0902 8 779 54 0
15 8387 54 79 6451 1392 4516 7305 258 0 321 8 0644 9 1 31 45
30 8 231 5689 6270 1 638 4 30 9 7586 2 34 7 3534 0386 94 82 30
45 8 075 589 9 60 88 1 88 3 4 100 7 8 66 21 1 3 3849 01 25 9832 15
37 0 79 1 8 61 09 5 904 21 27 389 1 8 145 1 87 7 419 3 9 864 53 0
15 7760 631 8 5720 237 1 3680 8424 1 640 44 76 9 600 0529 45
30 7 60 1 65 26 5535 2 61 3 34 68 8 701 1 402 4789 9 335 0876 30
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T ABL E S RE LAT IN G To PAR T S III AN D IV 24 7
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2 48 A M A N UAL F O R NO R T H E R N WO O D SM E N
ABL E S LA T IN G PAR T S A ND
Q
T RE To 111 IV 24 9
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N fi O N H N ~a ~ N N N N NN N N N N N M
25 0. A M AN UAL FO R NO R T H E R N W O O DS M E N
P R O VI NCE O F QUE B E C
Ta b le of C f S w L g
o nt en t s o a B m n d Dim
o s, oo a e n sio n Timb e r in
F t B d M
ee o ar ea s u r e
D AMI E TE R IN I NCH ES
1 0 15 20 28 37 42 50 62 75 8 3 1 0 0 1 1 7 1 33
1 1 1 6 22 31 40 46 55 69 82 9 2 1 1 0 1 28 1 47
1 2 1 8 24 34 44 50 60 75 9 0 1 00 1 2 0 1 4 0 1 6 0
1 3 19 26 37 48 54 65 81 9 7 1 0 8 1 30 1 5 2 1 73
1 4 2 1 28 40 51 58 70 8 7 1 05 1 1 7 1 4 0 1 6 3 1 8 7
1 5 2 2 30 42 55 62 75 9 4 1 1 2 1 2 5 1 5 0 1 75 2 00
1 6 24 32 45 59 67 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 33 1 6 0 1 8 7 2 1 3
1 7 25 3 4 48 62 71 8 5 1 06 1 2 7 1 4 2 1 7 0 1 9 8 2 2 7
1 8 27 36 51 66 75 9 0 1 1 2 1 35 1 50 1 8 0 2 1 0 240
1 9 2 8 38 54 70 79 9 5 1 1 9 1 4 2 1 5 8 1 9 0 22 2 2 5 3
2 0 30 4 0 57 73 8 3 1 00 1 2 5 1 5 0 1 67 2 0 0 2 33 2 67
21 31 4 2 59 77 8 7 1 05 1 3 1 1 5 7 1 75 2 1 0 2 4 5 2 8 0
2 2 33 4 4 62 81 9 2 1 1 0 1 37 1 65 1 8 3 2 2 0 2 5 7 2 9 3
23 34 46 65 84 9 6 1 1 5 1 4 4 1 7 2 1 9 2 2 3 0 2 68 3 0 7
2 4 36 4 8 68 8 8 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 50 1 8 0 2 00 2 4 0 2 80 3 2 0
2 5 37 5 0 71 9 2 1 0 4 1 2 5 1 5 6 1 8 7 2 0 8 2 5 0 2 9 2 33 3
2 6 39 5 2 74 9 5 1 0 8 1 3 0 1 6 2 1 9 5 2 1 7 2 6 0 30 3 34 7
27 40 54 76 9 9 1 1 2 1 3 5 1 69 2 0 2 22 5 2 7 0 3 1 5 3 60
28 4 2 5 6 7 9 1 0 3 1 1 7 1 4 0 1 75 2 1 0 2 33 2 8 0 3 2 7 373 4 3 2
29 43 58 8 2 1 0 6 1 2 1 1 4 5 1 8 1 2 1 7 24 2 2 9 0 3 38 38 7 4 4 7 5 0 7
30 45 60 8 5 1 1 0 1 2 5 1 5 0 1 8 7 22 5 2 50 3 0 0 350 4 00 4 6 2 5 2 5
31 4 6 6 2 8 8 1 1 4 1 2 9 1 5 5 1 9 4 2 3 2 2 5 8 3 1 0 3 6 2 4 1 3 4 78 5 4 2
32 4 8 6 4 9 1 1 1 7 1 33 1 6 0 2 0 0 2 4 0 2 6 7 32 0 3 73 4 2 7 4 9 3 5 6 0
33 4 9 6 6 9 3 1 2 1 1 3 7 1 6 5 2 0 6 2 4 7 2 75 3 3 0 3 8 5 4 4 0 50 9 5 77
3 4 5 1 68 9 6 1 2 5 1 4 2 1 7 0 2 1 2 22 5 2 8 3 3 4 0 3 9 7 4 53 5 2 4 5 9 5
35 5 2 7 0 9 9 1 2 8 1 4 6 1 75 2 1 9 2 6 2 2 9 2 350 4 08 4 6 7 5 4 0 6 1 2
3 6 5 4 72 1 0 2 1 3 2 1 5 0 1 8 0 22 5 2 7 0 3 00 3 6 0 4 2 0 4 8 0 5 55 6 3 0
37 55 74 1 0 5 1 3 6 1 5 4 1 8 5 2 3 1 2 77 3 0 8 37 0 4 3 2 4 9 3 5 7 0 6 4 7
.
38 5 6 7 6 1 08 1 39 1 5 8 1 9 0 2 3 7 2 8 5 3 1 7 3 8 0 4 4 3 50 7 5 8 6 6 6 5
39 5 7 78 1 1 1 1 4 3 1 6 2 1 9 5 24 4 2 9 2 3 2 5 39 0 4 55 5 2 0 6 0 1 6 82
4 0 6 0 8 0 1 1 4 1 4 7 1 6 7 2 0 0 2 50 3 00 3 33 4 0 0 4 67 533 6 1 7 700
T ABL E S RE LA T ING To PAR T S III A ND IV 25 1
P R O VINCE O F QUE B E C
Ta b le of C ont ents of S w L ga B m n d D im
o s, oo a e ns io n Tim b e r in
F t B d M ee oar eas u r e
D AM
I E TE R IN I NC H ES
ft .
4 53 5 07 5 33 58 0 627 6 73 72 0 76 0 1 6
482 5 38 567 616 6 66 71 5 76 5 8 07 17
51 0 5 70 6 00 652 7 05 75 7 810 8 55 1 8
5 38 6 02 6 33 689 74 4 8 00 8 55 9 02 1 9
567 6 33 6 67 72 5 78 3 8 42 9 00 9 50 2 0
59 5 6 65 7 00 76 1 822 884 9 45 9 97 21
6 23 69 7 73 3 79 7 862 9 26 9 9 0 1 0 4 5 22
652 7 28 7 67 8 34 9 01 9 6 8 1 0 3 5 1 09 2 2 3
680 76 0 8 00 8 70 9 4 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 8 0 1 1 4 0 24
708 79 2 8 33 9 06 9 79 1 0 5 2 1 1 2 5 1 1 8 7 2 5
737 8 23 867 9 4 2 1 0 1 8 1 09 4 1 1 7 0 1 2 3 5 2 6
76 5 8 55 9 00 9 79 1 05 7 1 1 3 6 1 2 1 5 1 2 8 2 2 7
79 3 887 9 33 1 0 1 5 1 0 9 7 1 1 7 8 1 2 6 0 1 3 3 0 2 8
8 22 918 9 6 7 1 05 1 1 1 36 1 2 2 0 1 3 0 5 1 3 7 7 29
8 50 9 5 0 1 0 00 1 0 8 7 1 1 75 1 2 6 2 1 3 50 1 4 2 5 30
8 78 9 8 2 1 0 3 3 1 1 2 4 1 2 1 4 1 3 05 1 3 9 5 1 4 7 2 3 1
9 0 7 1 0 1 3 1 0 6 7 1 1 6 0 1 2 5 3 1 3 4 7 1 4 4 0 1 5 2 0 32
9 3 5 1 0 4 5 1 1 0 0 1 1 9 6 1 2 9 2 1 38 9 1 4 8 5 1 5 67 33
9 6 3 1 0 77 1 1 33 1 2 3 2 1 3 3 2 1 4 3 1 1 5 3 0 1 6 1 5 3 4
9 9 2 1 1 0 8 1 1 6 7 1 2 6 9 1 3 7 1 1 4 73 1 5 75 1 66 2 3 5
1 0 2 0 1 1 4 0 1 2 0 0 1 305 1 4 1 0 1 5 1 5 1 6 2 0 1 7 1 0 36
1 0 4 8 1 1 7 2 1 2 33 1 3 4 1 1 4 4 9 1 5 5 7 1 6 6 5 1 7 5 7 37
1 0 7 7 1 2 0 3 1 2 6 7 1 3 7 7 1 4 8 8 1 5 9 9 1 7 1 0 1 8 05 3 8
1 1 0 5 1 2 3 5 1 30 0 1 4 1 4 1 5 2 7 1 6 4 1 1 755 1 8 5 2 3 9
1 1 3 3 1 2 67 1 3 3 3 1 4 50 1 5 67 1 68 3 1 8 0 0 1 9 00 4 0
25 2 A MANUAL FO R NO R THE R N WO O D S M E N
P R O VI NCE O F QUE B E C
Tab le of C f S w L g B m n d D im l fimb e r in
'
o nt ent s o a o s, oo a e n sio n
F t B d M
ee oar ea s u re
D IA M E T E R IN I NC H ES
16 8 40 867 9 07 9 47 9 8 7 1 0 4 0 1 1 07 1 1 7 3 1 2 1 3 1 2 6 7 1 3 3 3
17 892 921 9 6 3 1 0 0 6 1 0 4 8 1 1 0 5 1 1 76 1 2 4 7 1 2 8 9 1 3 4 6 1 4 1 7
18 9 45 9 75 1 0 2 0 1 0 6 5 1 1 1 0 1 1 7 0 1 2 4 5 1 3 2 0 1 3 6 5 1 4 2 5 1 5 0 0
19 9 9 7 1 0 2 9 1 0 7 7 1 1 2 4 1 1 7 2 1 2 35 1 3 1 4 1 3 9 3 1 4 4 1 1 5 0 4 1 5 8 3
2 0 1 05 0 1 0 8 3 1 1 33 1 1 8 3 1 2 3 3 1 3 0 0 1 3 8 3 1 4 6 7 1 5 1 7 1 58 3 1 6 6 7
2 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 3 7 1 1 9 0 1 2 4 2 1 2 9 5 1 3 6 5 1 4 5 2 1 5 4 0 1 5 9 2 1 6 6 2 1 7 50
2 2 1 1 5 5 1 1 9 2 1 2 4 7 1 3 0 2 1 3 5 7 1 4 3 0 1 5 2 2 1 6 1 3 1 6 6 8 1 74 2 1 8 3 3
2 3 1 2 0 7 1 2 4 6 1 303 1 36 1 1 4 1 8 1 4 9 5 1 59 1 1 6 8 7 1 74 4 1 8 2 1 1 9 1 7
24 1 2 6 0 1 300 1 3 6 0 1 4 20 1 4 8 0 1 5 5 0 1 6 6 0 1 76 0 1 8 2 0 1 9 0 0 2 00 0
25 1 3 1 2 1 3 5 4 1 4 1 7 1 4 7 9 1 5 4 2 1 6 2 5 1 7 2 8 1 8 3 3 1 8 9 6 1 9 7 9 2 0 8 3
2 6 1 3 6 5 1 4 0 8 1 4 7 3 1 5 38 1 6 0 3 1 6 9 0 1 7 9 6 1 9 0 7 1 9 7 2 2 05 8 2 1 6 7
2 7 1 4 1 7 1 4 6 2 1 5 3 0 1 5 9 7 1 6 6 5 1 7 5 5 1 8 6 7 1 9 8 0 2 0 4 7 2 1 3 7 2 2 50
2 8 1 4 7 0 1 5 1 7 1 5 8 7 1 65 7 1 7 2 7 1 8 2 0 1 9 3 7 2 05 3 2 1 2 3 2 2 1 7 2 3 33
29 1 5 2 2 1 5 7 1 1 6 4 3 1 7 1 6 1 78 8 1 8 8 5 2 0 0 6 2 1 2 7 2 1 9 9 2 2 9 6 2 4 1 7
3 0 1 5 7 5 1 6 2 5 1 70 0 1 7 7 5 1 8 5 0 1 9 5 0 2 0 7 5 2 2 0 0 2 2 75 2 37 5 2 5 0 0
3 1 1 6 2 7 1 6 7 9 1 7 5 7 1 8 3 4 1 9 1 2 2 0 1 5 2 1 4 4 2 2 7 3 2 3 5 1 2 4 5 4 2 58 3
3 2 1 6 8 0 1 7 3 3 1 8 1 3 1 8 9 3 1 9 73 2 0 8 0 2 2 1 3 2 3 4 7 2 4 2 7 25 3 3 2 6 6 7
3 3 1 7 3 2 1 78 7 1 8 7 0 1 9 5 2 2 0 3 5 2 1 4 5 2 2 8 2 2 4 2 0 2 5 0 2 2 6 1 2 2 7 50
3 4 1 78 5 1 8 4 2 1 9 2 7 2 0 1 2 2 0 9 7 2 2 1 0 2 3 5 2 2 4 9 3 2 5 78 2 6 9 2 2 8 3 3
35 1 8 37 1 8 9 6 1 9 8 3 2 07 1 2 1 58 2 2 75 2 4 2 1 2 5 6 7 2 6 5 4 2 77 1 29 1 7
36 1 8 9 0 1 9 5 0 2 0 4 0 2 1 3 0 2 2 2 0 2 3 4 0 2 4 9 0 2 6 4 0 2 7 3 0 2 8 5 0 3 0 0 0
3 7 1 9 4 2 2 0 0 4 2 0 9 7 2 1 8 9 2 2 8 2 2 4 0 5 2 55 9 2 7 1 3 2 8 0 6 29 2 9 3 08 3
3 8 1 9 9 5 2 05 8 2 1 5 3 2 2 4 8 2 3 4 3 2 4 70 2 6 2 8 2 78 7 2 8 8 2 3 0 0 8 3 1 6 7
3 9 2 0 4 7 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 0 2 30 7 2 4 0 5 2 5 35 26 9 7 2 8 6 0 2 9 5 7 3 08 7 3 2 5 0
4 0 2 1 00 2 1 6 7 2 2 67 2 3 6 7 2 4 6 7 2 600 2 7 6 7 2 9 33 3 03 3 3 1 6 7 3 3 3 3
T ABL E S RE LAT I NG TO PAR T S III A ND IV 2 53
NE W B R UNSWIC K LO G R ULE
UND E R S I ZE D LO G S
g 7 in h t t h t
A l o g m ea s u rin c es a e o p c o n t ains t wice as man y su pe l
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4
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254 A M AN UAL FO R NO R T H E R N W O O D S ME N
L ng t h
e Fee t
V l
o u me B o ar d Fe e t
10 10 15 15 15 20 20
15 15 20 20 25 25 30
20 25 25 30 35 35 40
30 30 35 40 45 50 50
35 40 45 50 55 60 65
45 50 55 65 70 75 80
55 65 70 75 85 90 100
65 75 85 90 100 1 10 1 20
80 90 1 00 1 10 1 20 1 30 1 40
90 105 1 15 1 25 1 40 1 50 1 60
105 1 20 1 30 1 45 1 60 1 70 185
1 20 1 35 1 50 1 65 1 80 1 95 2 10
1 35 1 55 1 70 18 5 20 5 220 2 40
1 55 1 75 1 90 2 10 23 0 2 50 2 70
1 70 195 2 15 23 5 2 55 2 75 3 00
1 90 215 235 2 60 28 5 3 05 3 30
2 10 23 5 2 60 28 5 3 15 3 40 36 5
2 30 2 60 28 5 3 15 3 45 3 70 4 00
2 55 285 3 15 345 3 75 40 5 4 40
2 75 3 10 345 375 4 10 445 4 75
3 00 33 5 3 70 40 5 4 45 4 80 5 20
3 25 3 65 40 5 4 40 4 80 52 0 5 60
3 50 395 4 35 4 75 5 20 560 6 05
3 80 4 25 4 70 5 10 560 60 5 6 50
40 5 4 55 500 5 50 6 00 6 45 695
4 35 48 5 5 40 590 6 40 695 74 5
4 65 5 20 575 6 30 68 5 7 40 '
79 5
495 555 6 10 6 70 7 30 79 0 8 50
5 30 5 90 6 50 715 77 5 8 40 90 0
560 6 25 6 90 75 5 8 25 8 90 9 55 1
59 5 66 5 73 5 8 00 8 75 9 45 10 1 5 1
6 30 70 5 7 75 8 50 9 25 1 000 10 75 1
665 745 8 20 8 95 9 75 1 0 55 1 1 35 1
70 5 78 5 86 5 9 45 1 0 30 1 1 10 1 195 1
7 40 8 25 9 10 9 95 108 5 1 1 70 1 26 0 1
78 0 8 70 960 1 0 50 1 1 40 1 2 30 1 325 1
8 20 9 15 10 10 1 1 00 1 200 1 29 5 1 3 90 1
8 60 9 60 1 0 60 1 1 55 1 260 1 36 0 1 4 60 1
9 00 10 0 5 1 1 10 1 215 1 3 20 1 4 25 1 5 30 1
9 45 10 55 1 1 60 1 2 70 1 380 1 490 1 6 00 1
9 90 1 1 00 1215 1 33 0 1 44 5 1 56 0 1 6 75 1
035 1 1 50 1 2 70 1 390 1 5 10 1 6 30 1 750 1
0 80 1 20 5 1325 1 4 50 1 575 1 700 1 8 30 1
T AB LE S RE LA T ING To PAR T S III A ND I V 2 55
D AM ETE
I R IN I NC HES
12 38 47 58 71 86 1 03 12 1 14 1 162 1 84 2 07 23 1 2 56
14 55 67 82 1 00 12 0 14 1 1 64 189 2 14 24 1 269 29 8
16 50 63 77 94 1 14 1 37 16 1 18 8 2 16 24 5 2 76 3 08 34 1
18 57 70 87 1 06 129 1 54 18 1 2 11 24 3 27 6 310 34 6 3 84
20 63 78 96 1 18 14 3 171 2 01 235 2 70 306 34 5 38 5 4 26
22 69 86 1 06 130 1 57 1 88 22 1 2 58 29 7 3 37 3 79 4 23 4 69
24 76 1 16 14 2 1 72 2 06 24 2 2 82 324 368 4 14 4 62 5 12
26 82 10 1 125 1 53 18 6 22 3 2 62 305 35 1 398 448 500 5 54
28 1 09 13 4 1 64 2 00 24 0 28 2 32 8 3 78 4 28 482 5 38 59 6
30 94 1 17 14 4 1 76 2 14 2 57 302 3 52 4 05 4 59 5 17 577 6 39
32 10 1 12 5 1 54 1 88 22 8 2 74 32 2 3 76 4 32 490 552 6 16 6 82
34 1 07 1 32 1 64 2 00 24 3 29 1 34 2 39 9 4 59 52 1 58 6 654 72 5
36 1 13 140 1 74 2 12 2 58 308 36 2 4 22 486 5 52 62 0 6 92 7 68
38 12 0 14 8 183 22 4 2 72 32 5 38 2 446 5 13 582 6 55 73 1 8 10
126 1 56 1 92 2 36 28 6 342 4 02 4 70 54 0 6 12 69 0 7 70 8 52
1 32 1 64 2 02 24 8 3 00 3 59 4 22 4 93 5 67 64 3 724 8 08 89 5
1 38 1 72 2 12 2 60 3 14 376 442 5 16 59 4 6 74 75 8 84 6 9 38
4 6 14 5 1 79 2 22 2 72 32 9 3 94 4 63 54 0 62 1 7 05 79 3 885 98 1
151 18 7 2 32 2 84 3 44 4 12 4 84 5 64 64 8 73 6 8 28 9 24 1024
50 1 57 19 5 24 1 2 95 3 58 4 29 5 04 5 87 6 75 7 66 8 62 9 62 106 6
4 59 4 92 52 6 56 1 59 7
5 35 574 6 13 6 54 6 96
6 12 6 56 70 1 74 8 79 6
688 738 78 9 84 1 8 95
7 65 8 20 8 76 9 35 995
84 1 9 02 9 64 1 0 28 1 09 4
9 18 9 84 1 052 1 1 22 1 1 94
9 9 4 1 06 6 1 139 12 1 5 1 29 3
1 07 0 1 1 4 8 1 22 6 1308 1 39 2
1 1 4 7 12 3 0 1 3 14 1 4 02 14 92
1 224 13 12 1 4 02 1 4 9 6 1 59 2
1 300 13 9 4 14 9 0 1 58 9 1 6 9 1
1 376 1 4 7 6 1 578 1 6 8 2 179 0
1 4 53 1 558 1 66 5 1 7 76 1 8 90
1 5 30 1 64 0 1 7 52 1 8 70 1 9 90
SPAULDI NG LO G R UL E — co n fi r med
D AM
I E TE R IN INC H ES
2 3 54 24 9 5 2 64 2 2 79 3 2 950 3 1 10 32 76 34 44 3 6 14 38 0 1 3969 4 1 50
24 6 6 26 14 2 7 68 292 6 3 09 0 3 2 58 3 4 32 3 6 08 3 78 6 3 98 2 4 15 8 4 3 48
25 7 9 2 73 3 28 94 3 0 59 32 3 1 3 4 07 3 58 8 3 7 72 3 9 59 4 1 63 4 34 7 4 54 6
2 69 2 2 8 52 3 02 0 3 19 2 3372 3 556 3 74 4 39 36 4 132 4 344 4 53 6 4 74 4
2 8 04 2 9 70 3 14 5 332 5 35 1 2 37 04 39 0 0 4 1 00 4 304 4 525 4 72 5 4 94 1
4 33 6 4 52 5 4 7 16 4 9 14 5 1 13 5 3 15 5523 5 73 3 594 9 6 1 70 6 39 4
44 4 54 2 4 74 0 4 94 0 5 14 8 53 56 55 6 8 5 78 6 6 006 6 2 32 64 6 4 6698
4 6 4 74 9 4 9 56 5 1 66 53 8 2 56 0 0 58 2 2 6 04 9 6 2 79 6 5 16 6 758 7 00 3
4 9 56 5 1 72 53 9 2 56 1 6 584 4 6 0 76 63 12 6 552 6 8 00 7 0 52 7304
50 5 1 6 2 5 3 87 56 1 6 58 5 0 6 08 7 6 32 9 6 57 5 6825 7 08 3 7 34 5 76 1 2
AB LE S
T RE LA T IN G To PAR TS III A ND IV 25 7
SPAULDI NG LO G R UL E — cont in u ed
D AM
I ET E R IN INC H ES
ft
12 1960 2 02 8 2 09 8 2 169 2 24 1 23 15 2 39 0 24 6 7 254 5 262 5 2 7 06 2 78 9
14 2 28 6 2 36 6 24 4 7 2 53 0 2 6 14 27 00 2 78 9 2 8 78 2 96 9 3 06 2 3 1 57 3 25 3
16 26 1 3 2 7 04 279 7 28 92 2988 3 08 6 3 18 6 3 28 9 3 39 3 3 5 00 36 0 8 3 7 18
18 294 0 3 04 2 3 14 7 32 53 3 36 1 3 4 72 3 58 5 3 7 00 38 1 7 3 9 37 4 0 59 4 18 3
20 3 2 66 3 38 0 34 9 6 36 1 5 3 73 5 3 8 58 3 9 83 4111 4 24 1 4 3 75 4 5 10 4 64 8
22 3 5 92 37 1 8 3 84 6 3 9 76 4 1 08 4 24 4 4 38 1 4 522 4 66 5 4 8 12 49 6 1 5 1 13
24 3 9 2 0 4 0 56 4 19 6 4 3 38 4 4 82 4 63 0 4 78 0 4 9 34 509 0 52 50 54 12 55 78
2 6 4 24 6 4 3 94 4 54 5 4 6 9 9 4 8 55 50 1 5 5 1 79 5 34 5 55 1 4 5 68 7 58 6 3 6 04 2
4 57 2 4 73 2 4 8 9 4 5 06 0 5 2 28 5 4 00 5 578 5756 5 9 38 6 1 24 6 3 14 6 5 06
30 4 8 9 9 5 070 524 4 54 2 2 56 02 5 78 6 5 9 75 6 167 6 362 6 56 2 6 7 65 69 7 1
D I A M E TE R IN I NC H ES
ft
1 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 13 15 16 18 2 0 22 24 26
10 34 43 53 63 74 8 7 1 0 0 1 1 4 1 30 14 6 1 63 1 8 1 2 00 22 0 2 4 1 2 6 3
22 76 94 115 1 38 1 64 19 1 2 2 0 252 2 8 5 32 1 35 8 39 8 44 0 4 84 5 30 5 78
24 8 3 103 1 2 6 151 1 78 2 08 2 4 0 2 74 3 1 1 3 50 39 1 4 34 480 52 8 5 78 631
26 8 9 1 12 1 3 6 164 19 3 226 2 6 0 2 9 7 33 7 379 4 24 471 52 0 5 72 62 6 6 83
28 9 6 12 0 1 4 7 1 76 2 08 24 3 2 8 0 32 0 3 63 4 08 4 56 507 5 60 6 16 675 73 6
30 1 03 1 29 1 57 1 89 22 3 2 60 3 00 3 4 3 38 9 4 37 489 54 3 6 00 6 60 72 3 78 9
B R I T IS H C O L UM BIA LO G SCAL E co nfi h u e d
D AM
I ETER IN I NC H ES
36 39 41 44 47 50 53 57 60
360 38 7 4 14 443 4 72 5 03 5 34 5 67 600
4 32 4 64 4 97 53 1 56 7 6 0 3 64 1 6 80 72 0
50 4 54 1 5 80 62 0 661 7 04 74 8 79 3 840
576 6 19 6 63 70 8 7 56 8 04 8 55 9 06 960
64 8 696 74 6 797 8 50 905 96 1 1 02 0 1 08 0
72 0 7 73 82 8 8 86 9 4 5 1 00 5 1 068 1 1 33 1 2 00
79 1 8 50 9 11 9 74 1 03 9 1 106 1 1 75 1 2 46 1 32 0
8 64 928 9 94 1 0 63 1 1 33 1 2 07 1 282 1 3 60 144 0
9 3 6 1 00 5 1 0 7 7 1 1 51 1 22 8 1 307 1 38 9 14 73 1 560
1 0 0 8 1 08 2 1 1 6 0 124 0 1 3 22 1 4 08 1 4 9 6 1 58 6 1 679
1 08 0 1 16 0 1 2 4 3 1 32 8 14 17 1 50 8 1 6 02 1 7 0 0 179 9
1 1 52 1 2 37 1 32 5 1 4 1 7 1 5 1 1 1 6 09 1 70 9 1 8 13 19 1 9
1 2 24 1 3 14 1 4 08 1 50 5 1 6 0 6 1 7 0 9 18 16 1 92 6 20 3 9
1296 1 3 92 14 9 1 1 5 94 1 70 0 1 8 1 0 1 92 3 2 0 39 2 159
1 36 8 14 69 1 574 1 6 8 2 17 9 5 1 9 1 0 2 03 0 2 1 53 2 2 79
1 44 0 1 54 6 1 657 1 7 7 1 1 88 9 2 0 1 1 2 1 37 2 2 66 239 9
1 63 67 71 74 78 82 86 90 94 99 1 03 1 07
10 63 4 6 69 7 05 74 3 78 1 8 20 860 90 1 94 3 98 5 1 02 9 1 074
12 76 1 8 03 84 7 891 93 7 9 84 1 0 32 1 08 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 82 1 2 35 1 28 9
14 888 9 37 98 8 1 04 0 1 09 3 1 1 48 1 2 04 1 2 6 1 1 32 0 1 3 79 14 4 1 1 50 3
1 6 1 0 1 5 1 07 1 1 1 2 9 1 18 8 1 24 9 1 3 12 1 376 14 4 1 1 5 0 8 1 57 7 1 64 7 1 718
1 8 1 1 4 1 1 2 0 5 1 27 0 1 337 14 05 14 75 1 54 7 1 62 1 1 6 9 7 1 7 74 1 8 52 19 3 3
2 0 1 2 6 8 1 3 39 1 4 1 1 1 4 85 1 56 1 1 639 17 19 18 0 1 1 8 8 5 19 7 1 2 058 2 14 8
22 1 39 5 1 4 72 1 5 5 2 1 634 1 7 1 7 1 8 03 1 8 9 1 19 8 1 2 074 2 1 68 22 64 2 36 2
24 1 522 1 6 06 1 6 9 3 1 7 8 2 1 8 74 1 9 6 7 2 06 3 2 16 1 22 6 2 236 5 2 4 70 2 577
26 1 6 4 9 1 74 0 1 8 34 1 9 3 1 2 0 3 0 2 1 3 1 22 3 5 2 34 2 24 5 1 2 56 2 2 676 2 79 2
28 1 775 1 874 1 975 2 0 7 9 2 1 8 6 22 9 5 24 0 7 2 52 2 2639 2 75 9 28 8 2 3007
30 1 9 02 2 008 2 1 1 6 2 22 8 23 4 2 2 4 5 9 2 5 79 2 702 2 8 28 2 9 56 308 7 3 222
D AM
I E TE R IN I NC H ES
ft
1 1 12 117 12 1 12 6 131 1 36 14 7 1 52 1 57 1 63
10 1 1 2 0 1 1 66 12 14 1 2 6 2 13 1 2 1 362 1 4 66 1 5 1 9 1 574 1629 1
20 22 39 2 3 32 2 4 28 2 52 5 2 62 4 2 72 5 2 9 32 3039 3 14 7 32 5 8
O
O
22 24 6 3 2 6 70 2 777
e
2 5 66 2 886 29 9 7 32 2 5 3 34 3 34 6 2 3 58 3
24 2 68 7 2 79 9 2 9 13 3 030 3 1 4 8 326 9 35 1 9 36 4 6 3 77 7 39 0 9
26 29 11 30 3 2 3 1 56 32 8 2 3 4 1 1 3 54 2 38 1 2 39 5 0 4 09 1 4 23 5 5 41
28 3 13 5 32 6 5 3 39 9 3 535 3 6 7 3 3 8 1 4 39 5 8 4 10 5 4 2 54 4 4 06 4 56 1 5 0
30 33 59 3 4 99 36 4 1 378 7 3 9 3 6 4 0 8 7 4 24 1 4 39 8
1
4 558 4 72 1 4 886 0
1 74 18 0 186 192 19 8 2 04 2 10 2 17 22 3 23 0 2 3 7 24 3
10 1 74 2 1 8 0 0 1 8 59 19 1 9 1 98 0 2 04 2 2 1 0 5 2 1 69 22 33 2 2 9 9 2 36 6 2 4 33
32 5 5 75 5 76 1 59 4 9 6 1 4 1 6 3 36 6 53 4 6 73 5 6 9 39 7 14 6 7357 7570 7 7 87
3 4 59 2 3 6 12 1 6 32 1 6 52 5 6 7 3 2 6 9 4 3 7 1 56 73 7 3 7 59 3 78 1 6 8 04 3 8 2 73
36 64 8 1 6 69 3 6 9 09 7 128 73 5 1 7 5 77 78 07 8 04 0 8 2 76 8516 8 76 0
38 684 1 70 6 5 7 29 3 752 4 775 9 79 9 8 8 24 0 848 6 8 7 36 8 98 9 9 24 7
40 72 0 1 74 3 7 7677 7 92 0 8 1 68 84 19 8 6 74 8933 9 196 9 4 62 9 73 4
T ABL E S RE LA T I NG TO PAR T S III A ND I V 26 1
I J
I IL
To t a l H ight
e of T re e F eet
80 90 1 00 1 10 1 20 1 30 1 40 1 50
2 1 70
decay O riginal
. .
26 2 A MANUAL FO R NO R TH E R N W O O D S ME N
VO LUME TABLE NO 2 R E D PI NE I N B O AR D
. .
, FE E T B Y
, THE
MI NNE S O TA SC R IB NE R R UL E
( Tr e e s un d er 13 0 Y e a rs O ld )
To t a l H e igh t in Fee t
In h c es
V O LU ME TABLE No 3 R E D PI NE I N B O AR D
. .
, FE E T BY
, T HE
MI NNE S O TA SC R IB NE R R ULE
( Tre e s ov e r 2 00 Y e a rs O ld )
T ABL E S RE LA T ING To PAR T S III AND IV 26 3
C ha p man .
VO LU M E T ABLE NO 4 . WH I TE PI NE IN FE E T — B O AR D
M E ASUR E
( Fr om St at e Fo res t e r o f M as sac h us e t t s)
To t a l He igh t of Tre e Fe e t
In h
c es
V O LU ME T ABLE No . 5 . W H I TE PI NE IN C O R DS
( F m St
ro at e F t
o re s e r o f M h a s sa c u se t ts )
To t a l H ighte of T re e F e et
In h c es
To t a l H e igh t of Tre e Fe e t
In h
c es 55 60 65 75 80 90
T ABL E S RE LA T IN G TO PA R T S III A ND I V 265
ME ASU R E
To t a l H e ight of T r ee F ee t
In h
c es 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 90
mill practice .
2 66 A M AN UAL FO R NO R T H E R N WO O DS M E N
To t a l H e ight of Tree F ee t
In cheS 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
th e preceding page .
T AB L E S RE LA T IN G To PAR T S III A ND W 26 7
YIELD OF HE MLOC K B AR K
VO LU ME TAB LE No . 9 HE M LO C K BY
.
, T HE SC R IB NE R R ULE
( Fr om Bul l e t in No . 1 52 , U S D pt Ag i l t
. . e . r cu ur e , by E . H . H o t hing ham)
Ba
sed on 5 34 trees cut in t h e Lake S ta tes and scaled
from a 2 foot stum p to diameter g iven in
- foot lo g
len g ths C rook breaka g e and defect not al lowed for
. , ,
.
268 A M A N UAL FO R NO R T H E R N WO O D SM E N
VO LU ME ABLET No 1 0 H E ML O C K I N B O AR D FE E T
. .
(F m R p t
ro e or N H Fo res t C o m mis s io n f o r 1 90 6 7 )
. .
—
V O LU ME T ABLE NO . 11 .PAPE R BI R C H IN C O R DS
( Ad p t d f
a e ro mR p e o rt of N . H F t C mmi i
. o res o ss o n f o r 1 9 0 6— 7 )
VO LUME AB LE T No. 12 . RE D O A K IN B O AR D FE E T
(F m R p t
ro e or of N . H F
. o r es t C o mmis s io n fo r 1 9 0 6— 7 )
inch plank .
VO LU ME TABLE N o . 13 . PE E LE D P O PLAR I N C O R DS
( Ad p t d f m R p t
a e ro e or of N . H F
. t C mmi i n f
o res o 1 90 6 7 )
ss o or -
To t a l H eight of Tr e e Fe e t
In h
c es
TABLE 14 . SE C O ND G R O WT H H AR D WO O DS IN C O R DS
To t a l H eight of Tre e Fe et
Nu m b e r T re e s per C d or
FO R M H E I G HT FAC TO R S FO R SE CO ND G R OWT H
HAR D WOO DS IN C O R DS
( Ut ili e d t o 1 inc h in diame t e ; 8 0 u b i fe e t o lid w o o d p e c ord )
z r c c s r
11 5 Are a B re as t H igh X F H F
.
C o ds o f 1 28 C ub ic Feet
$ 5
. . . r of
0
T ot a l He ight in Fe e t
Di m a et er
B re as t High
. 660
SAM E FO R C HE ST NUT E X T R AC T WO O D
( Small e r t r e es u s e d to 5 in h ; 9 0
c bi f t
es l id w d p
cu d) c ee so oo er c o r Sec
t H igh X F H F
.
t io na l A re a B re as C d f 12 8 C b i F
. . . or s o u c eet of
factor) 1 9 cord ; or 1
. 19 number of suc h .
VO LUM E T ABL
E No HAR D WO O DS IN BOAR D
. 16 .
.
FE ET , BY SC R IB NE R R ULE
T HE
(h orn R . A B th t n N g n
. ro er oMi h )
, e au ee , c .
Nu mb er of Si t x e e n- Fo o t L ogs
In hc es
VO LU M E TABLE N 1 7 NO R T HE R N HAR D WO O DS ( BI R C Ho . .
,
B E E C H A ND M APLE ) BY T HE SC R IB NE R R ULE
(Ad ap t e d fro m B ul l e t in NoU S F
. 2 8 5, . . orest S e rv ice ,
by E . H Fr t hingh m)
. o a
Nu mb e r of 1 6— f oo t Lg o s
In h c es Vb l um
'
e B o ar d Fe et In hc es
t imber .
N T O C mp i n b t w n t h l in t hi t b l nd t h p ding
E o ar s o e ee e v a u es s a e a e re ce
h w t ik ng diff n h w th f m dif
.
s o s s r i nd t h t t indi t
ere ces , a e ex ca es o e s e ar os e , ro
fere n n t
ces I f m n d n dn l mb ing p t i nd m t h d f
ree or a sou es s , u er ra c ce , a e o s o t e
c or ding n d mp t ing T h
a co i i
u nd g t n b f h ppli
b lig e c ru s er s u er o a io e o re e a es
it h t nd t h p int n d h wil l d w ll t h k
.
e n
er I ti t nd
r ac ce o u e rs a ese o s, a e o e o c ec
t h t bl
e a e wit h l l p t i nd n l l t imb
e u se s o ca Th t d n h w
r ac ce a o o ca er a o e, o
will p p l y t h gh t t h di t ib t i n f t he pe i
.
e v e r,t h t bl e a es a r ou ou e s r u o o s c es .
2 74 A M A NUAL FO R NO R T H E R N WO O DS ME N
SC R IB NE R R ULE
( Ashe in B ll
u e t in No . 24 N C G l gi l n d E n mi Su ey )
. . . eo o ca a co o c rv
T ot a l H eig ht of Tre e — Fe et
In h
c es C o n t e nt s B o ar d Fee t In h c es
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
OOOO OOOO
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 30 14 0 1 50
160 1 70 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
200 2 20 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
310 3 50 380 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
360 4 00 440 1
4 10 4 60 500 53 0
4 70 52 0 5 70 6 10
5 30 59 0 64 0 69 0
600 6 60 72 0 78 0
660 74 0 8 10 8 70
73 0 820 9 00 9 60 1 02 0
8 10 9 10 990 1 06 0 1 130
890 990 1 09 0 1 1 70 1 24 0
9 70 1 09 0 1 19 0 1 28 0 1 350
1 06 0 1 180 1 29 0 1 39 0 1 4 70
1 1 50 12 8 0 14 0 0 1 5 00 1 59 0
1 24 0 138 0 1 510 1 620 1 710
1 50 0 1 6 30 1 75 0 1 860
16 10 1 75 0 1 88 0 1 98 0
172 0 1 8 70 2 0 10 2 130
1 84 0 20 00 2 14 0 22 50
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 30 2 270 23 8 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 70 2 4 00 251 0
tables for W ashin gton h eml ock and for y ell ow p ine of
t h e S out hwest i l lustrate t h ese two t yp es
, .
scored a lo g t oo lon g .
( F m B ll t in N 36 U S F
ro u e t S i )
o .
, . . o re s e r v ce
( F m B ul l t in N 36 U S F
ro e t Se i )
o .
, . . o re s rv c e
VO LU M E T ABLE NO . 22 WE S TE R N Y E LLO W PI NE B Y
.
,
T HE SC R IB NE R R UL E
S me
a t re e s cl ifi d b y 1 6 f oo t l og l ngt hs
ass e - e
Numb e r of 1 6- f oo t L g
o s
b re a s t B asis
In hc es V l um
o e B o ar dF e et
VO LUM E ABLE
T LO D G E PO LE PI NE IN B OAR D
NO . 23 .
,
FE E T BY T HE SC R IB NE R R ULE
,
( F m B ll t in N 36 U S F
ro u e t S i )
o .
, . . o res e r v ce
Tot a l H ight
e of Tr e e Fe et
YI E LD O F L O DG E PO LE PI NE IN R AILROAD T IE S
( F m S t dy b y S t d n t
ro u f Uni it y f W hing t n)
u e s o v e rs o as o
A g N mb Ob t in d p Tv e ra e u er a e er re e
H e wn T ie s S aw e d T ies
In h
c es M e dium Sh ort
—
60 80
’
un de r 60
'
BY THE SC R IB NE R R UL E
( F m B ul l t in No 36 U S Fo
ro e t Se
. i ) , . . re s rv ce
Numb e r of 1 6— F o ot L g o s
In hc es In h
c es T re e s
1 94 5
( F o m B u ll t in N 36 U S F
r e o t S
. i )
, . . o re s e rv ce
Di m
a eter
Numb e r of T hirt y -t wo- Foo t Lo gs
In hc es V l o u me B o ar dF e et in T e ns
838 9 2 6 1 9
8 86 9 8 5 1 2
9 53 1 06 6 1 l
10 30 1 1 4 7 1 1
1 1 1 8 1 22 5 1 5
1 1 98 13 12 1 0
128 5 13 90 1 6
1 364 1 4 6 5 1 6
VO LUM E ABLE N 2 7 D O UG L AS FI R O F T HE I NT E R IO R
T o . .
I N B O AR D FE E T BY T HE SC R IB NE R R ULE
,
( F m B u ll t in N 3 6 U S F
ro e ot S. i ) , . . o re s e rv ce
VO LU ME T ABLE No . WAS H I NG T O N HE M LO C K BY
28 . T HE
SC R IB NE R D E CI MAL R ULE
( B y E J H anzlik o f U S F
. . s t S r i e)
. . o re e v c
Numb er of h
T irt y -t wo- Foo t Lo gs
In h
c es V l o u me B o ar d Fee t in T e ns
39 47 55
43 52 61
47 58 68 78
52 64 76 87
57 71 84 96
62 77 91 104
67 84 1 00 1 12 140
73 90 1 08 1 22 14 8
80 96 1 16 1 30 1 56
86 104 1 24 1 39 1 65
92 1 12 1 33 148 1 74
00 1 20 14 1 1 58 1 84
06 128 14 9 1 67 19 3
13 13 9 1 58 1 77 2 04
21 14 7 1 68 18 6 2 14
1 56 1 77 1 97 22 6
1 65 186 2 08 2 38
1 73 1 95 2 19 2 50
18 1 2 04 22 9 2 63
1 90 2 13 242 2 78
222 253 29 3
231 2 66 3 10
24 0 2 80 33 0
2 50 2 94 35 1
259 30 8 3 78
The tru e firs are formed V ery nearl y like h eml ock .
290 A M AN UAL FO R NO R T H E R N W O O DSM E N
BY T HE SC R IB NE R D E CI MAL R ULE
T ALL T I M B E R
larg el y sub j ect to swell butt rot and breaka ge that tables
, ,
SHO R TE R T I MBE R
Dia m First ’
32 L o g S d 32 '
L og
fi)
35
e co n 0
q 223 g
3
T3 fi5 E3
S l 56 56
Di a m .
ca e
Tot a l Tot a l
1 830
12 6 ) 2 1 10
cut 5 2 inches lon g and the lar g er p ieces s plit ; they are
then p iled and measured in the cord 8 X 4 feet In .
BY T HE SC R IBNE R D E CI M AL R ULE
(U S F t S i ) . . o re s erv c e
Nu mb er of Si xt e e n- Foo t Logs
In h
c es Vl o u me B o ar d Fe e t in T e ns In h
c es
79
89
1 00 122
1 13 13 6
12 8 1 52
1 44 1 70 1 89
1 63 1 92 2 18
18 7 2 17 24 7
2 13 24 6 2 79 3 10
24 5 2 78 3 13 34 6
2 80 3 13 34 9 38 6
3 19 3 54 39 0 4 27 4 63
359 39 8 4 35 4 73 5 15
40 1 44 5 482 52 3 567
446 4 93 532 575 62 3
493 54 4 58 6 630 68 1 74 9
54 4 59 8 64 2 6 86 74 0 8 18
5 97 6 53 6 98 74 2 80 1 8 85
652 71 1 75 6 8 00 8 62 9 53
709 76 9 8 14 8 60 923 1 02 2
7 64 829 8 72 921 987 1 090
82 0 8 86 9 30 983 105 1 1 15 9
0 0 0 0 0 0 8 76 943 990 104 6 1 1 16 122 7
0 0 0 0 0 0 9 33 1 0 00 10 5 3 1 1 09 1 18 1 1 29 7
0 0 0 0 0 0 989 1 0 58 1 1 15 1 1 73 12 50 1 366
0 0 0 0 0 0 04 8 1 1 17 1 1 77 1 2 39 13 19 1 4 34
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 76 1 24 0 1 30 5 138 8 1 50 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 23 5 1 30 3 13 70 1 4 56 1 570
0 0 0 0 0 0 12 9 6 1 368 1 4 35 1 52 3 16 3 9
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 358 14 3 1 1 5 00 1 59 0 170 7
14 2 0 14 9 7 1 5 65 1 6 59 1 778
A g t mp h ight
v e ra e s u e s to f ee t
Lg l l ng t hs as c u t
.
o l d in mm
s sca e co er cia e .
SECT IO N III
T ABLE O F W GE S A T GI VE N R TE S PE R
A A M O NTH
THE B I LTM O R E S TI C K
R ULE S FO R AR E A AND VO L UME O F D IFFERENT
FI GURE S
or as is said
, square it
, .
FI GU R E A FI GU R E B FI GU R E C
A re a of Para l l e l ogr am
( Figure A ) M ultipl.
y base a b .
be bd X s ine of a ngl e at d .
Area of Trian g l e .
( Figur e B .
) M ultiply base a b by
altitude c d and divide by 2 .
sum and the remainders all together and take the square
root T he formula is
.
C ircumference equals d ia me t e r X
Cir c l e .
Right - A n g l e d T riang l e . T he
square of the hypothenus e of a
right a ngled triangle equals the
-
AB ’
AG Z
BC Z
,
O N= M .
V o l ume of C y lind e r ( g
Fi ure E ) M ul tipl y t.h e area .
FI GU R E E F I GU R E F F I GU R E G FI GU R E H
(Figure
G ). M ultipl y ar e a of b a se b y the vertical height .
W EI GHT O F MA TERIALS
A c u b ic f oot wa t e r w e i s
of gh
A c u b ic f o o t o f c a s t I ro n w e i s gh ab o u t
A cu b ic f o o t o f w ro u gh
t Iro n o r st ee l w ei
0
gh s ab o u t
c e, w hit or a e, ac s ru c e , e
Whit b i h d m p l t am
e rc k w hit , h re a e, a ra c , e as , ye ll o w bi c hr ,
d k re oa
B c h g map l
ee su ar e
Whit k bl ck bi c h
,
e oa , a r
strengt h by 5 0 to 1 00 p e r cent .
M ISC E LLANE O US T ABL E S A ND IN FO R MA T I O N 29 7
of a quart .
’
In C al ifornia 5 0 miner s inches e qual 1 cubic foot p er
second e q ual
, acre feet p er d a y nearly an inch an ,
NO . OFPLANTS PE R AC RE W ITH
DI FFE R E NT SPACI NG
Sp a c in g
J
3 X O
4 X Q
I
5 X J
C
6 X Q
7 X Q
8 X W
9 X D
C
29 8 A M AN UAL FO R NO R T H E R N WO O D S ME N
T I ME IN W H IC H A SUM WILL D O UB LE
Simp l I n te e re s t C o mp o u n d I nt e res t
50 y e ars 35 y e a rs
40 y e a rs 28 y ea rs 1 mo n t h
33 y ea rs 4 mo n t hs 23 y ea rs 54 m o n t s h
28 y ea rs 7 m o n t hs 20 y ea rs 25 mont s h
25 y e a rs 17 y e a rs 8 mo n t s h
22 y e a rs 24 m o n t hs 15 y ea rs 9 mont s h
20 y ea rs 14 y e a rs 2 4 mo n t s h
18 y ea rs 7 m o n t hs 12 y e a rs 1 1 5» m o n t s h
16 y e a rs 8 m o n t hs 11 y ea rs 1 1 } mo n t s h
b e re ro b l e ms In co Int e re s t ca n b e so v e l d me nt a l y l .
M IS C E LLA NE O US T ABL E S A ND I NF O R M A T I O N 2 99
T ABLE OF WAGE S AT GI
VE N R ATE S PE R MO NT H
Y
O F T W E NT — S IX DAYS co n tin u e d
THE B ILTMO R E S T IC K 30 1
B C t h e p ro p er stick g raduation
, .
A TX D
’
A T(A T + D)
inc h es
25 D
X/25 ( 25 D)
25 0 25 0
or for D
,
10 inc h es in ch es .
o p ed t h e followin g :
( )
a T iltin g the stick and holdin g it other than vertical
’
to the line of si g ht to t h e trees center are p ractices to be
guarded a g ainst but if reasonable care is used in mani p ula
,
t h e e yé level .
1
B ruc e at p revi ous referenc e .