Värme- och strömningsteknik

Thermal and flow engineering Refrigeration Kylteknik

Ron Zevenhoven Exam 16-2-2011
4 questions, max. points = 10 + 4 + 6 +10 = 30
All support material is allowed except for telecommunication devices.

Q23
225. In a vapour-compression
refrigeration process, CO2 is used
as the refrigerant. See the process
scheme: compressed superheated
gas at T1 = 10°C, p1 = 25 bar is
compressed with isentropic Q56
efficiency ηc isentrop = 0.7 to p2 = 90
bar. The compressed gas is then cooled with ambient air (Tair = 20°C) to T3 = 30°C,
followed by heat transfer (3→4), at constant pressure, with the low pressure stream
(1→6). The cooled pressurised gas is throttled to p5 = p6 = p1. At state 6, the CO2 is a
gas/liquid mixture with gas mass fraction (“quality”) x6 = 0.9, at T6 = T5 = -12°C, p6 =
25 bar. Use the table below for CO2 data.

a. Calculate the enthalpies at state 6, h6 , and at state 4, h4 . (2p.)

b. Calculate the compressor work needed per kg refrigerant (kJ/kg). (3 p.)

c. Calculate the mass fraction gas in the mixture at state 5, x5 (kg/kg). (2p.)

d. Calculate the COP of this refrigerator for cooling effect Q56 . (1½ p.)

e. Calculate the refrigerant mass flow ṁ (kg/s) for a 10 kW cooling effect (1½p.)

CO2
´ = saturated liquid
´´= saturated gas

Critical point data :

Tc = 31,0 C
pc = 7.38 MPa
ρc = 476.6 kg/m3
hc = 332.25 kJ/kg
sc = 1443.6 J/(kg·K)

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226. A 50 kg box of cherries at 10ºC having a water content of 77 %-wt is to be frozen to a
temperature of -20ºC. Assume respiration only until the temperature has dropped to
0ºC (use a value for heat of respiration for the average temperature 5ºC).

a. Neglecting respiration, calculate the amount of heat that must be removed (kJ). (2p.)

b. If the cooling from 10ºC to 0ºC is to be accomplished within 1 hour, calculate the
minimum cooling/freezing capacity of the refrigerator (W) and the time needed to
reach -20ºC (hours). (2p.)

227.

a. Calculate how much cooling (in W) can be achieved with a reversible absorption
refrigeration system driven by the sun. The heat from the sun is collected with a flat
plate solar collector (A = 5m2) on the 16 of February (day = 47), at the equator, at noon
so that the collector surface is perpendicular to the sun.
It is assumed that the output temperature from the collector is 90 °C. This heat is then
used in a single-effect absorption cooler. The temperature of the refrigerated space is
Tref = 10 °C and the temperature of the ambient is Tamb = 34 °C. (4 p).

b. Compare the result from a.) with an irreversible refrigeration case, where 50% of the
incident energy is collected by the solar panel and the COP of the single-effect
absorption cooler is 0.7. (2 p).

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228.

Ammonia (NH3) is stored in liquid form, in Liquid

surface
phase equilibrium with a small gas volume, ṁ
in a storage vessel at atmospheric pressure Qin
1
(plow = 1 bar).
The heat insulation is good but not perfect
P
and a heat flow Qin = 843 W enters the
storage from the surroundings. As a result,
a small mass amount ṁvap (kg/s) is 2 3 4
continuously vaporised.
A vapour-compression process is used to
Qout
liquefy the ammonia that has vaporised. A
stream ṁ (kg/s) of saturated ammonia
vapour (state 1) is continuously withdrawn from the vessel and is compressed with isentropic
efficiency ηc isentrop = 0.85 to phigh = 12 bar (state 2). After that the stream is cooled at constant
pressure to a saturated liquid (state 3) in a heat exchanger, extracting a hear flow Qout from
the stream. Finally the pressure of the stream is reduced to plow = 1 bar, giving a partially
liquefied stream (state 4) which is returned to the storage vessel.

a. See the log p, h diagram at the end of the exam: draw the process cycle in the diagram
and hand it in with your answers. (3p.)

b. Calculate the enthalpy difference (h1 – h4) and calculate the mass fraction γ (kg/kg) of
stream ṁ that is liquefied. (2p.)

c. Assuming steady-state operation, calculate the stream ṁ (kg/s) that is extracted from
the vessel, and the stream ṁvap (kg/s) of ammoniak that evaporates in the storage
vessel as a result of heat Qin. (2p.)

d. Calculate the enthalpy difference (h2-h1) (W) and calculate the electric power P (W)
needed for this compression if the total efficiency ηt of the compressor is 80 %. (3p.)

Please give your course evaluation for this course @ http://web.abo.fi/fak/ktf/vt/Eng/education_Evaluation.htm

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ÅA ChemEng Refrigeration exam 16-2-2011 228.

Name: Matriculate number:

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