ART APPRECIATION REVIEWER

Art
- is a product of man’s creativity.
- An artist invents his own forms and patterns due to what he perceives as
beautiful and incorporates them in creating his masterpiece.
Nature
- is not considered as a form of art.
- Sketches or photographs of nature are not a form of art either, instead are
recordings of beauty in nature
ART APPRECIATION AS A WAY OF LIFE
Jean-Paul Sartre (French Philosopher in the 20 th century)
– Art as a creative work that depicts the world in a different
perspective and source of human freedom. (Greene, 1995)
– Each artwork beholds beauty of its own kind, the kind that the artist
sees and wants the viewers to perceive.
– refining one's ability to appreciate art allows him to deeply
understand the purpose of an artwork and recognize the beauty it
possesses. (Collins & Riley, 1931)
– Exercise and develop his taste for things that are fine and beautiful
– Make intelligent choices and decisions in acquiring necessities and
luxuries
– Learning to appreciate art, no matter what vocation or profession
you have, will lead to a fuller and more meaningful life (Collins &
Riley, 1931).
ART APPRECIATION: CREATIVITY
The Role of Creativity in Art Making
- Creativity requires thinking outside the box.
- Creativity is what sets apart one artwork from another.
- He embraces originality, puts his own flavor into his work, and calls it his own
creative piece
ART APPRECIATION: IMAGINATION
Art as a product of Imagination
Albert Einstein (German physicist)
 – knowledge is derived from imagination.
– "Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is
limited to all we now know and understand, while imagination
embraces the entire world, and all there ever will be to know and
understand. “
• Crafting of something bold, something new, and something better in the
hopes of creating something that will stimulate change.
• An artwork does not need to be a real thing, but can be imaginary
(Collingwood, 1938).
• Artists use their imagination that gives birth to reality through creation.
Imagination as a Product of Art
- Art also inspires imagination.
- Creative pieces were made not only because they were functional to men,
but also because beauty gave them joy
ART APPRECIATION: EXPRESSION
Art as Expression
- An emotion will remain unknown to a man until he expresses it.
- Robin George Collingwood, an English philosopher who is best known for
his work in aesthetics explicated in his publication The Principle of Art
(1938) that what an artist does to an emotion is not to include it, but
express it.
Visual Arts
- Kind of art form that the population is most likely more exposed to, but its
variations are so diverse — they range from sculptures that you see in art
galleries.
- Some mediums of visual arts include paintings, drawings, lettering,
printing, sculptures, digital imaging, and more
Film
- Refers to the art of putting together successions of still images in order to
create an illusion movement
Performance art
- Is a live art and the artist medium is mainly the human body which he or
she used to perform but also employs other kind of art such as visual art,
props, or sound
Poetry Performance
- Is an art where the artist expresses his emotions not by using paint,
charcoal, or camera but expresses them through words.
Architecture
- Making of beautiful buildings
- Some buildings only embody the functionality, but the structure, lines,
forms, and colors are not beautifully expressed.
- Buildings should embody these three important elements—plan,
construction, and design.

Literary Art
- Uses words to express themselves and communicate emotions to the
readers.
- Literary art goes beyond the usual professional, academic, journalistic, and
other technical forms of writing. It focuses on writing using a unique style,
not following a specific format or norm.
- novels, biographies, and poems
Theater
- Uses live performers to present accounts or imaginary events before a live
audience.
- Follows a script, considers several elements such as acting, gesture,
lighting, sound effects, musical score, scenery, and props.
- Participation of the viewer is an important element in theater arts.
Applied arts
- Incorporating elements of style and design to everyday items with the aim
of increasing their aesthetical value.
- Industrial design, interior design, fashion design, and graphic design are
considered applied arts.
- Artists can combine functionality and style.
ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART
ELEMENTS OF ART
VISUAL
- Elements of art are akin to the atoms that are defined as the units or
“building blocks of matter
AUDITORY
- Together with literature, music as an art form is classified as auditory art.
Either way, music, much like the visual arts, has its own building blocks or
elements.
ELEMENTS OF ART; VISUAL
LINE
- A line refers to a point moving an identifiable path– it has length and
direction. It is one dimensional, however it has the capacity to either define
perimeters of the artwork (edges) become a substantial component of the
composition.
- HORIZONTAL and VERTICAL LINES- refers to the orientation of the line.
Horizontal lines are normally associated with rest or calm. Landscapes
often contain these elements as works like these connote a visual sense of
being parallel to the ground. Vertical lines on the other hand, connote
elevation or height, which taken to mean exaltation or aspiration for action.

KEITH HARING
- The creator of “TODOS JUNTOS PODEMOS PARAR EL SIDA” which means
TOGETHER WE CAN STOP AIDS
DIAGONAL AND CROOKED LINES
- Diagonal lines convey movement and instability, although the progression
can be seen. Crooked or jagged lines, on the other hand, are reminiscent of
violence, conflict or struggle.
CURVED LINES
- These are lines that bend or coil. They allude to softness, grace, flexibility,
or even sensuality.
PORQUE ESCONDERLOS
- Created by Francisco de Goya
THE RAFT OF MEDUSA
- Created by Theodore Gericault
SHAPE AND FORM
 - These two are related to each other in the sense that they define the space
occupied of art. Shape refers to two dimensions: height and width, while
form refers to three dimensions: height, width, and depth.
GEOMETRIC
- These shapes find origin in mathematical propositions. As such, its
translation and use are often man-made. These shapes such as squares,
triangles, cubes, circles, spheres, cones, among others.
COMPOSITION WITH COLOR PLANES AND GRAY LINES
- Created by Piet Mondrian
ORGANIC
- Organic shapes are those readily occurring in nature, often irregular and
asymmetrical.
THE MADONNA OF THE MEADOWS
- Created by Raphael
SPACE
- Related to shape and form is space. It is usually inferred from a sense of
depth, whether it is real or simulated. Real space is three-dimensional. Like
what has been previously mentioned, sculptures are perfect examples of
artworks that bear this element. However, this can be manifested in two-
dimensional artworks through the use of different techniques, or the use of
area around a drawing or picture
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SPACE
- Usually identified with the white space is negative space. The positive
space, on the other hand, is the space where shadow is heavily used,
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE
- Can be simulated through a variety of techniques such as shading. An
illusion of three- dimensionality can be achieved in two-dimensional work.
COLOR
- Color is perhaps one of the elements that enhances the appeal of an
artwork. Its effect has range, allowing the viewer to make responses based
on memory, emotion, and intrinsic among others. The element is a
property of light, as it is reflected off the object.
HUE
 - this dimension of color gives its name. It can be subdivided into:
o Primary colors- red, yellow, and blue
o Secondary colors- green, orange and violet
o Tertiary colors- six in total, these hues are achieved when primary
and secondary colors are mixed
VALUE
- This refers to the brightness or darkness of color. Often, used by artist to
create illusion of depth and solidity, a particular mood, communicate a
feeling, or in establishing a scene. (e.g., day and night).
o Light colors- taken as the source of light in the composition
o Dark colors- the lack or even the absence of light
o Tint- this is a lighter color than the normal value
o Shade- this is a darker color than the normal value

INTENSITY
- This is the color’s brightness or dullness. It is identified as the strength of
color, whether it is vivid or muted. To achieve a specific intensity of a color,
one may add either gray or its complementary color.
o Bright or warm colors- positive energy
o Dull or cool colors- sedate/ soothing, serious or calm.

MONOCHROMATIC HARMONIES
- Use the variations of a hue.
COMPLEMENTARY HARMONIES
- Involve two colors opposite each other in the color wheel. Since they are at
contrary positions, the reaction is most intense.
ANALOGOUS HARMONIES
- Make use of two colors beside each other in color wheel
TEXTURE
- Like space, texture can be either real or implied. This element in an artwork
is experienced through the sense of touch (and sight). This element
renders the art object tactile.
“Margherita Gonzaga, Princess of Mantua”
- Created by Frans Pourbus the Younger
TEXTURES IN THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL PLANE
 - Texture can be implied using one techniques or a combination of other
elements of arts. By creating the visual quality in the artwork, one can
imagine how the surface will have if it was to be touched.
- Surface Texture
o Refers to the texture of the three-dimensional art object

PLANES AND PERSPECTIVE

- PICTURE PLANE is the actual surface of the painting or drawing, where no
illusion of a third dimension exists. Here, the elements lay flat, as if one
was looking through a window into what lies on the side of glass.
- LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
o As forms and objects recede, the smaller they become.
o We were taught that parallel lines never meet. However, when they,
too seem to converge when they recede into a distance, at a point,
they both disappear. This point of disappearance is called the
vanishing point.
THREE TYPES OF PERSPECTIVE
ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE
- Often used in depicting roads, tracks, hallways, or rows of trees; this type
of perspective shows parallel lines that seem to converge at a specific and
lone vanishing point, along the horizon line.
TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE
- Pertains to a painting or drawing that makes use of two-vanishing points,
which can be placed anywhere along the horizon line. It is often used in
depicting structures such as houses or buildings in the landscape that are
viewed from a specific corner.

THREE-POINT PERSPECTIVE
- In this type of perspective, the viewer is looking at a scene from above or
below. As the name suggest, it makes use of the three-vanishing point,
each corresponding to each axis of the scene.
ELEMENTS OF ART; AUDITORY
RHYTHM
 - Often associated to the term beat, meter, and tempo, rhythm is the element
of music that situates it in time. It is the pulse of the music. Beat is the
basic unit of music while tempo refers to its speed. Beats can be organized
into a recognizable recurrent pattern, which is called the meter.
o Largo- slowly and broadly
o Andante- Walking pace
o Moderato- at moderate speed
o Allegro- fast
o Vivace- lively
o Accelerando- gradually speeding up
o Rallentado- gradually slowing down
o Allargando- getting slower, broadening
o Rubato- literally “robbed time”, rhythm is played freely for
expressive effect.
DYNAMICS
- The element of music that refers to the loudness or quietness of music is
dynamics. Classical terms are used to refer to the different levels
pertaining to this:
o Pianissimo (pp)- very quite
o Piano (p)- quite
o Mezzo-piano (mp)- moderately quite
o Mezzo- forta (mf)- moderately loud
o Forte (f)- loud
o Fortissimo (ff)- very loud

MELODY
- Melody refers to the linear presentation (horizontal) pitch. By horizontal, it
means that in musical notation, it is read in succession form left to right.
Pitch is the highness or lowness of musical sound.
HARMONY
- If melody is horizontal, harmony is vertical. It arises when pitches are
combined to form chords. When several notes are simultaneously played,
this refer to a chord.
- Harmony can be described in terms of its ‘harshness”: dissonance is the
harsh- sounding combination while consonance is the smooth-sounding
combination.

TIMBRE
 - Timbre is often likened to the color of music. It is a quality that
distinguishes a voice or an instrument form another. Dependent on the
technique, the timbre may give a certain tone of impressions onto the
canvas.
TEXTURE
- The number of melodies, the type of layers, and their relatedness in a
composition is the texture of music. It may be:
o Monophonic- single melodic line
o Polyphonic- two or more melodic lines
o Homophonic- main melody accompanied by chords

PRINCIPLES OF ART;
BALANCE
- This principle refers to the distribution of the visual elements in view of
their placement in relation to each other.
SYMMETRICAL
- The elements used on one side are reflected to the others. This offers the
most stable visual sense to any artwork.
ASYMMETRICAL
- The elements are not the same (or of the same weight) on each side,
putting the heaviness on one side
RADIAL
- There is a central point in the composition, around which elements and
objects are distributed
SCALE AND PROPORTION
- Scale pertains to the size in relation to what is normal for the figure or
object in question.
PORPORTION
- Is the size of the components, or of objects in relation to one another when
taken as a composition or a unit. This can also refer to values such as
amounts or number of elements or objects in the composition.
Proportions can be:
- Natural- relates to the realistic size of visual elements in the artwork,
especially for figurative artworks. When it is the accuracy in relation to the
 real world that the artist is after, this is now referred to as the principle of
scale.
- Exaggerated- refers to the unusual size of relations of visual elements,
deliberately exaggerating the immensity or minuteness of an object
- Idealized- most common to those that follow canons of perfection, the
sized-relations of elements or objects, which achieve the most ideal size-
relations
EMPHASIS AND CONTRAST
- EMPHASIS allows the attention of the viewer to a focal point accentuating
or drawing attention to these elements or through the assistance of other
principles, especially that of contrast.
- CONTRAST is the disparity between the elements that figure into the
composition. One object may be made stronger compared to other objects
(hence, emphasis). This can be done in many ways using the elements of
art.
UNITY AND VARIETY
- Unless intended to be otherwise, compositions are intended to imbue a
sense of accord or completeness from the artwork. This is unity.
- Variety, on the other hand, is the principle that aims to retain the interest by
allowing patches or areas that both excite and allow the eye to rest
HARMONY
- Like what is hinted above, unity and variety is related to the principle of
harmony, in which the elements or objects achieve a sense of flow and
interconnectedness
MOVEMENT
- This refers to the direction of the viewing eye as it goes through the
artwork, often guided or elements that are emphasized. These focal points
can be lines, edges, shape and color within the work of art among others.
RHYTHM
- This created when an element is repeated, creating implied movement.
Variety of repetition helps invigorate rhythm as depicted in the artwork
REPETITION AND PATTERN
- Lines, shapes, colors, and other elements may appear in an artwork in a
recurring manner. This is called repetition. In addition, the image created
out of repetition is called pattern. With repetition, there is a sense of
 predictability that is conveyed, which in turn imbues the feelings of
security and calmness.

FUNCTION OF ARTS:
PERSONAL, SOCIAL, HISTORICAL, PHYSICAL, RELIGIOUS, AND AESTHETICS
FUNCTIONS AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ART
Greek Philosopher Aristotle
- claimed that particular substance in the world had an end, or telos in
Greek, which translates into purpose. This telos, according to Aristotle, is
intricately linked with function. For a thing to reach its purpose it also has
to fulfill its function.
PERSONAL FUNCTIONS OF ART
- Arts are vehicles for the artists’ expression of their feelings and ideas . The
arts also serve as means of expression for us.
- An art may also be therapeutic. In some orphanages and home for
abandoned elders, art is used to help residents process their emotions.
SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF ART
- It seeks or tends to influence the collective behavior of a people.
- It is created to be seen or used primarily in public situations.
- It expresses or describes social or collective aspects of existence as
opposed to individual and personal kinds of experiences.
PHYSICAL FUNCTIONS OF ART
- The function of an object is generally determined in the basic form that it
takes. Example: bag, plate, bottle, etc.
ARCHITECTURE
o The design of the building is determined primarily by its operational
function. What is the building for? Who are going to use it? How
many are they?
RELIGIOUS FUNCTIONS OF ART
- Fundamental function of most religious art is as religious pedagogy to
illustrate bodily postures and gestures or a story or dogma of a religious
tradition, as do visual symbols and representational imagery. Example:
music and sculpture
AESTHETIC FUNCTIONS OF ART
- Any artwork means beauty. It is visual spice for gracefully adorned
interiors and can bring out the most elegant features of different decor
elements. It reasonably reproduced visual images which communicate
through fantastic persuasions and meaningful words.

SUBJECT, CONTENT, TECHNIQUE, AND MEDIUM IN ART:

DAVID BAILLY
- Painted the “Selbsrbilnis mit Vanitassymbolen” (Self-portrait with Vanitas
Symbols).
TYPES OF SUBJECT:
REPRESENTATIONAL ART
- often know as figurative art. This type of art has subjects that refer to
objects or events occurring in the real world.
NON – REPRESENTATIONAL
- often termed as non – figurative art, these type of art does not make a
reference to the real world, whether it is a person, place, thing, or even a
particular event. It is stripped down to visual elements such as shape,
lines, and colors that translate a particular feeling, emotion, and even
concept.
ABSTRACT ART
- Abstract is in itself a departure from reality, but the extent of that departure
determine whether it has reached the end of the spectrum.
SOURCES AND KINDS OF SUBJECT:
For non-representation art, a higher level of perceptiveness and insight might be
required to fully grasp the feeling, emotion, or concept behind the work. It is
perhaps easier to infer where the subject matter comes from if the artwork is an
example of representational art. From the figure(s) depicted in the artwork, there
is already a suggestion as to its inspiration.
However, in discussing the sources and kinds of subject in artworks, it is
important to note that these two are often inextricably related. Often, even a
singular source of inspiration can yield multiple translations. A good starting
point is, of course, the nature.
There is nothing more rudimentary than human interaction with the physical
world around the artist. Early childhood often revolves around getting to know
not just the body and what it can do, but also in getting accustomed to a
multitude of sensory prompts around the artist especially those situated in his
environment.
Artists throughout history have explored diverse ways of representing nature:
from plants to animals: the qualities of bodies of water and the terrain of
landmasses; and even the perceivable cycles and changing of seasons. Often,
these depictions are seen as expressions of the sacred or the profane, sired by
reality or supplemented by the artist's imagination.
One artist who was attuned with nature was VINCENT VAN GOGH. He saw art and
nature as inseparable. often finding solace and happiness in painting in it
(working in the middle of unspoiled fields) and painting from it (landscapes) In a
letter to his brother Theo, he wrote “...if I felt no love for nature and my work, then
I would be unhappy.” (Van Gogh Museum, 1882)
Other artists with considerable number of landscapes are Claude Monet, Camille
Pissarro, Paul Cezanne, and JMW Turner. In Philippines, National Artists for
painting Fernando Amorsolo, and Fabian de la Rosa gained prominence from
their painted rural scenes such as women in the fields gathering harvest.
Breaking nature into smaller parts is Jan Van Kessel the elder who did numerous
still lives and small-scale, highly detailed studies, and scientific illustrattions of
flower, insects, shells, fruits, garlands and bouquet.
MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUE:
Medium is the mode of expression in which the concept. idea or message is
conveyed. It may be concrete or tangible such as paintings, sculptures,
monuments, and structures: or it may be ephemeral or something transient, such
as a track (recording of sound), a film, or a performance.
The technique of the artwork shows the level of familiarity with the medium being
manipulated. It alludes to the necessity of additional tools or implements (e.g..
hammer and chisel may come in handy for sculptors), or consideration of time
(e.g., behavior of different kinds of paint especially in drying time requirements),
and the specificity of the site of creation (e.g., indoor or outdoor production
requirements).
AWARDS AND CITATIONS
The two major awards given to artists in the Philippines are the Orden ng
Pambansang Alagad ng Sining (Order of NationaI Artists) and Gawad sa
Manlilikha ng Bayan (National Living Treasures Award).
The order is jointly administered by the National Commission for Culture and the
Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and conferred by
the President of the Philippines upon recommendation by both institutions'
(NCCA, 2015). The very first recipient of this award was painter Fernando
Amorsolo, who was touted as the "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art.” He was the
sole awardee in the year 1972, a National Artist for Visual Arts.
At present, there are 66 awardees of this prestigious honor across different an
forms Some of them were given the award posthumously, while others were
fortunate enough to receive the award themselves.
The Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan or the National Living Treasures Award was
created in 1992 under the Republic Act No. 7355. Also under the jurisdiction of
the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). the NCCA (2015)
"through the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Committee and an Ad Hoc Panel of
Experts. conducts the search for the finest traditional artists of the land, adopts a
program that will ensure the transfer of their skills to others and undertakes
measures to promote a genuine appreciation of and instill pride among our
people about the genius of the Manlilikha ng Bayan."
It was first conferred to three outstanding artists in music and poetry back in
1993. They are Ginaw Bilog, a master of the Ambahan poetry; Masino Intaray, a
master of various traditional musical instruments of the Palawan.people; and
Samaon Sulaiman, a master of the kutyapi and other instruments.
I. ART IN EARLY CIVILIZATIONS: PRE-HISTORIC & EGYPTIAN
PRE-HISTORIC ART
Stone Age
- A term used to describe a period of history when stones were used to make
tools for survival.
- THREE PERIODS OF STONE AGE:
o Paleolithic (Late Years of Old Stone Age)
o Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)
o Neolithic (New Stone Age)
- Has witnessed how humans were able to lead more stable lives and eventually
come up with permanent shelters and tools for survival.
Paleolithic Art
- Is a product of climate change
- Halls of Bulls (Lascaux, France), one example of Paleolithic Art.
Venus of Willendorf
- A symbol of life and Fertility.
Neolithic Art
- Developed especially when life for the early humans has become more stable.
- They have learned to cultivate the land and domesticated animals.
Stonehenge
- One of the products in the Neolithic Age.
EGYPTIAN ART
The fertile ribbon starts from the banks of the Nile River, which flows north to Africa and
ventures into the Mediterranean. It is in this very ribbon where early Egyptians
recognized the integral role of the Nile River to their daily lives.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATIONS IN THREE PERIODS:
- Old Kingdom
- Middle Kingdom
- New Kingdom
Egyptians believe that art should be something religious and spiritual.
During the Old Kingdom, it was evident that religion was bound to the afterlife.
Example: Tombs that are not just for keeping dead bodies but also serves as a shelter
for the next journey.

Narmer Palette
- also known as the Great Hierakonpolis Palette or the Palette of Narmer, is a
significant Egyptian archeological find, dating from about the 31st century BC,
belonging, at least nominally, to the category of Cosmetic palettes. It contains
some of the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions ever found
Great Pyramid of Giza
 - is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex
bordering present-day Giza in Greater Cairo, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven
Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact
One of the key features of Middle Kingdom is a shift in the political hierarchy. There is
an emergence of powerful groups of landlords that threatened the authority and rule of
the Pharaoh.
“ART HAS TAKEN A BACK SEAT DURING MIDDLE KINGDOM.”
When the foreign invaders were overthrown, the Egyptians formed the New Kingdom.
It was a time of expansionism through territorial acquisition.
The art of New Kingdom had references from both of preceding kingdoms. Monuments
and sculptures were still linked with death and for deceased.
After New Kingdom, Egyptians witnessed Amama Revolution led by King Akhenaton
(name after God of Sun, Aton) and Queen Nefertiti.
Most sculptures had curving lines and full-bodied forms.
Artworks that are natural and seemingly real.
Queen Nefertiti
- a painted stucco-coated limestone bust of Nefertiti, the Great Royal Wife of
Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten. The work is believed to have been crafted in 1345
B.C. by Thutmose because it was found in his workshop in Amarna, Egypt. It is
one of the most copied works of ancient Egypt
King Tutankhamun
- When King Akhenaton died, his successors returned to more rigid and
conventional styles.
II. ART OF EMERGING EUROPE
ANCIENT GREECE
Humanism
- Man is at the center of the society and how they trained their minds could be very
foundation of how they live their lives.

Greeks were notably passionate about the natural phenomenon and believed that
nature should be in perfect order.
ART INVOLVED IN ANCIENT GREECE:
- Painting
 - Sculpture
- Architecture
THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK ART
- Geometric Period
- Archaic Period
- Classical Period
- Hellenistic Period
Geometric Period
- Time when Greece starting to get back from the onslaught of what seemed to be
their Dark Ages.
- A period when geometric shapes and patterns have taken spotlight in most of the
artworks.
- Examples are:
o AMPHORA
o KRATER

Archaic Period
- The period placed importance in human figures.
- This was primarily a result of Greece’s trading activities with other civilizations.
Kroisos Kouros
-  is a marble kouros from Anavyssos in Attica which functioned as a grave
marker for a fallen young warrior named Kroisos
Classical Period
- The peak of Greek sculpture and architecture
- The time when the Greeks found themselves rebuilding their temples and
focusing creating artworks.
EXAMPLES ARE:
- Temple of Zeus at Olympia
- Parthenon
- Centauromachy

Hellenistic Period
- Time of Alexander the Great
 - Art was primarily focused on showcasing emotions and depicting reality.
EXAMPLES ARE:
- Laocoon And His Two Sons
- Dying Gaul
- Nike Of Samothrace
ANCIENT ROME
Roman Civilization
- Came of Age during the Hellenistic Period
Ancient Greece
- Had a huge impact in the formation of the Roman Culture.
Principle of Realism
- Refers to a mid-19th century artistic movement characterized by subjects painted
from everyday life in a naturalistic matter.
- Highlights features of human being
Commodus, The Hero Hercules
- The bust is one of the most famous masterpieces of Roman portraiture and
depicts the emperor in the guise of Hercules.
- Attributes: the lion's skin over his head, the club in this right hand, and the golden
apples of Hesperides in his left hand as a reminder of the Greek hero's feats.
- Placed on a complex allegorical composition: two kneeling Amazons (only one is
well-preserved) besige a globe decorated with the signs of the zodiac hold aloft a
cornucopia, which is entwined with a pelta, the Amazons' characteristic shield
The Romans are known to be “MASTER BUILDERS” which earned their reputation for
grand monuments and architectural infrastructures.
Colosseum
- Known as the Flavian Amphitheatre and main symbol of Rome
- Construction of the Colosseum was begun between 70 and 72 CE during the
reign of Vespasian. 
- It could hold an estimated 50,000 to 80,000 spectators during phases of its
various renovations over the centuries, having an average audience of some
65,000
- used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea
battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas
based on Classical mythology.
MEDIEVAL TO MODERN EUROPEAN ART
Middle Ages
- Gothic and Romanesque
- In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or medieval period) lasted from the 5th
to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and
merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. 
- It was a period that is characterized by ignorance and darkness. 
- Much of the art in Europe during the Middle Ages was religious art with Catholic
subjects and themes. Most important products during this period would have to
be the Christian Scriptures. 
TWO PERIODS:
- ROMANESQUE (1050-1200), inspired by the old Roman Empire
- GOTHIC (1200-1500), which had a more northern flavor from the Goths- Vulgar
and Barbarian. 
Renaissance Art
- The origins of Renaissance art can be traced to Italy in the late 13th and early
14th centuries.
- During this period, artists valued the “individual” as a subject of arts. The
influence of humanism shifted the focus of some artworks during the
Renaissance Period to empower the individual. 
- Artworks emphasized Naturalism and also added a perspective of depth wherein
spaces were explored in different artworks. 
- Renaissance artists also gave importance to non-religious themes or subjects.
This was also brought by the privatizations of art during the renaissance period,
however most artworks remained religious in its focus and theme.
- During this period, there was a revival of Roman theatrical plays. The plays were
done in such a way that showcased grand and lavish entertainment for the
audience.
Michelangelo, “David”
- is a sculpture that is an example of how humanism was a dominant belief system
during the renaissance. There is emphasis on the details of the body of the
human being. 
Mannerism (The Art of Late Renaissance)
- Mannerism, also known as Late Renaissance, is a style in European art that
emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520,
 spreading by about 1530 and lasting until about the end of the 16th century in
Italy, when the Baroque style largely replaced it.
- As the Renaissance ended, artists starter directly copying subjects from existing
works of art. 
Baroque and the Rococo
- The term “baroque” is derived from the Portuguese term barocco which us
translated as “irregular shaped peral”.
- This period roughly spanned from 1600 to 1750
- Expansion was the central theme of this period.
- Aside from art, music also flourished during the Baroque Period.
Neoclassicism
- It was a movement in Europe that transpired during the late 18 th and early 19th
centuries.
- It was the dominant art movement that time which basically aimed to revive and
rekindle the influences of Greek and Roman into art and architecture.
- Some historian would say that this movement was a reaction to the artworks
produced during the Baroque Period.
MODERN EUROPEAN ART
Romanticism
- Used the central themes of Neoclassicist artwork as a springboard.
- It highlights heroic element in every work
- Most works promoted justice, equality and social order.
- Artists also emphasized emotions and feelings of man.
Realism
- A style of work focuses on the accuracy of details that depicts and somehow
mirrors reality.
- It was heavily influenced by Hellenistic Greek culture.
- It revolutionized themes and techniques in paintings. It widened the existing
notions of what can be considered as art.
- Idealistic concept and images were replaced by real manifestations of society.
Impressionism
- This movement started in France, which led to a break from the traditions in
European painting.
- Impressionist artists incorporated scientific principles to achieve a more distinct
representation of colors.
 - The distinctive characteristic of this style allows the artists emphasize the
immediate impression he has of particular event. It can be seen through the
brushstrokes, distinction of colors, lights and shadows used.
Post-Impressionism
- Result of both the influence and rejection of impressionism.
- This eventually led to the development of individual style that gave emphasis to
defining with the use of broken colors and short brush stroke.
- The works of the artists during this period became the framework of
contemporary techniques and trends during 20 th century.
Neo-Impressionism
- Imperical realism of impressionism
- Systematic and scientific
Art Nouveu
- Ornamental Art
Fauvism
- Pure and Vibrant Colors.
Cubism
- Fractured forms and tapsy-turvy composition.
Futurism
- Artistic and Social Movement.
CHAPTER 9: MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY ART
CONTEMPORARY
- Simple and Straightforward
- Assumption: doen't need to be asked; rather, must be understood
- “Present” “Today” “Now” --------- ART
There are Museums that include the Name of the Artists, Art forms, or Artworks in the
name of their Institutions. Example of these are......
- Institute of Contemporary Art
- Museum of Contemporary Art
- New Museum of Contemporary Art
SOCIAL CONTEXT: IN BETWEEN MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY ART
• Beginning of 20th centuries; social, political, and cultural context continued to
provoke artists to create.
• “Art may be spoilt for choice. And so arts today can be seen as responding to a
number of issues, some from within their own structures of means and
techniques, some more widely understood as issues within society. Typically,
none is resolved.” (Tamplin, 1991)
• Contemporary art was heavily driven by ideas and theories, and the even the
blurring of notions of what is and can be considered as art.
• Reeling after the war, one of the early movements was abstract expressionism
(early 1940s – mid 1960s).
Abstract Expressionism
 - It is often affiliated with New York painters; Clyfford Still, Jackson Pollock, Willem
de Kooning, Barnett Newman, and Mark Rothko.
- Two major styles: Action Painting and Color Fields.
Optical Art/OpArt
- Early 1960s onward.
- Relied on creating an illusion to inform the experience of an artwork using color,
pattern, and other perspective tricks.
Kinetic Art
- Early 1950s onward.
- Components of the artwork was predominantly sculptural.
- Most were mobiles and even motor-driven machines.

Termed Gutai
- Means embodiment or concreteness.
- The founder of Gutai Art Association is Yoshihara Jiro in 1952.
- the goal was not only to explore the materiality of the implements used in the
performance but also to hold a deeper desire to make sense of the relationship.
Minimalism
- Early 1960s.
- Testing the boundaries of various media.
- Seen as an extreme type of abstraction that favored geometric shapes, color
fields, and the use of objects and materials that had “industrial” the sparse.
Pop Art
- Emerged in the 1950s but found its footing in the 1960s.
- Drew inspiration and even sources from commercial culture making it one of the
most identifiable and relatable movements in art history.
Post Modernism
- The most pertinent movement that solidified the move to contemporary art was
this.
- It was a nudge to formalize the critique toward modernism and its claim over art
of the 20th century.
Contemporary Arts
- Film
- Photography
 - Video
- Performance
- Installations
- Site specific works
- Earthworks
Other Contemporary Arts
Neo Pop Art
- Renewed interest in pop art.
- Appropriated some of the first ideas of Dada, which ready-made materials were
used for the artwork.
- Dada was a movement that was very much against the values of the bourgeois,
the colonial and even the national.

Neo Pop Artist

- KATHARINA FRITSCH
- DANIEL EDWARDS
- JEFF KOONS
- KEITH HARING
- MARK KOSTABI
- DAMIEN HIRST
Photorealism
- Resurgence of figurative art, where depictions is a choice, is a proof how varied
and fragmented postmodernism is.
- Drawings and paintings are so immaculate in their precision that it starts to look
like it is a photo without direct reference to the artist who created it.
Photorealist Artist
- Chuck Close
- Gerhard Richter
Street Art
- This art movement is related to graffiti art
- A by-product of the rise of graffiti in the 1980s
- Murals, stenciled images, stickers, installations or sculptural objects
- Most commonly found in the public sphere
- Street arts are unsanctioned and do not enjoy the invigilated environments of
museums and galleries
 - Street artists: Michel Basquiat, Keith Haring, Shepard Fairey and Banksy.
Multimedia Arts
- An innovative discipline which seeks to unify a large range of art forms.
- This is created by combining the ff:
o Film
o Literature
o Music
o Drama
o Visuals
o Design

Conceptualism
- Opposed to celebrating commodities as reference to real life
- Commodity in tagalog is KALAKAL or RECYCLE

Performance Art
- An art form that combines visual art with dramatic performance.
- Planned or spontaneous and done live or recorded
Installation Art
- The term installation art is used to describe large-scale, mixed-media
constructions, often designed for a specific place or for a temporary period of
time
- Installation art emerged out of environments which artists such as Allan Kaprow,
made from about 1957 onward, though there were important precursors, such as
Kurt Schwitters’s Merzbau 1933, an environment of several rooms created in the
artist’s own house in Hanover
Earth Art
- The ethos of Earth art, for example, shared certain characteristics with
Minimalism, including its concerns with how objects occupied their space; the
interaction of humans with works of art; and, especially, simplicity of form.
However, although the adoption of the pared down Minimalist aesthetic was often
central to Earth art, the artists were typically hands-on with the documentation
and process of production, at times even including a performative element
CHAPTER 10: APPROPRIATION
◦ Twentieth Century
 ◦ Promote the idea that the authorship relies on the viewer.
◦ This is the common practice throughout history.
◦ In the past, apprentice painter needs to hone his skills he can copy his master’s
work.
◦ Some artist eschew the responsibility for putting up the details of other works and
integrating them into their own.
Forgery
- Two forms:
o Outright copies of existing works
o Pastiches
 Which are works that bring together elements from a work and
infusing them to a new work.
o In Contemporary Times
 forgery can be in the form of creating an approximate of what an
artist do by prediction.
 The appropriation would bring about a new context to the original
work.
Appropriate
Adjective
- suitable or proper in the circumstances.
Similar: relevant, connected, applicable, opportune
Verb
- take (something) for one's own use, typically without the owner's permission.
Similar: lay claim to, assume, seize, copy, abstract
Appropriation in Art
- is the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied
to them.
- the taking over, into a work of art, of a real object or even an existing work of art.
- In the visual arts, to appropriate means to properly adopt, borrow, recycle or
sample aspects (or the entire form) of human-made visual culture.
Andy Warhol
- An American artist, film director, and producer who was a leading figure in
the visual art movement known as pop art.
Soul Making, Appropriation, and Improvisation
Soulmaking
Important elements to consider to make sense of language and derive meanings from
words:
 Semantics
 Grammatical Rules
To interpret and analyze either verbal or written works:
 Context
 Symbolisms
In order to make sense of the work, one should have an understanding about the
principles of the design, and must have a certain level of awareness to the style, form,
and content of the said work.

STYLE
– distinctive handling of elements and media associated with the work of an individual
artist, a school, a movement, or a specific culture or time period. (Fichner-Rathus, 2013)
Artworks have a certain form.
FORM
1. what audience sees (a finished product put harmoniously (or not) according to the
different principles of design).
2. in essence, it is the totality of the artwork which includes the textures, colors, and
shapes utilized by artist.
IMPROVISATION
- Doing something without prior preparation.
- A decision to act upon something that may not necessarily be planned.
- Reaction against the stiffness in the arts during the 20th century.
- Infusing spontaneity and improvisation adds up to the totality of the work of art.
- The unexpectedness of the changes brought about by improvisation makes the
artwork to have a distinctive quality that creates its individuality and identity.
- Some artists subscribe to the idea of allowing chances.
- When an artist makes his work, he has already an idea of the elements that will
be included in his work.
- Deviating from original plan.
1960’s
- Art improvisation has taken form in the galleries around New York City. –
- Performance arts, dance, and visual arts combined to create new forms of artwork
using a new medium.
- “Happenings” – paved the way for modern body art and performance art.
Georges Mathieu
- One of the central figures in the improvisation movement
- Started the “action painting” wherein the process is seen real time.
- Process is more important than the finished product.