CN-5-Section 5 Introduction To The Teletest Software Rev0.1

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SECTION 5

INTRODUCTION TO THE TELETEST SOFTWARE

© 2017 Plant Integrity Limited


Guided Wave Pipe Inspection

CONTENTS

5 INTRODUCTION TO THE TELETEST FOCUS SOFTWARE. 4


5.1 Start-Up Screen. 4
5.1.1 Main Screen Areas. 5
5.1.2 Main Options. 5
5.1.3 Information Panel. 6
5.1.4 Recent Projects. 6

5.2 Menus. 7
5.2.1 File Menu. 7
5.2.2 Tools Menu. 8
5.2.3 Help Menu. 8

5.3 Commencing an inspection. 9


5.3.1 Job setup Screen. 9
5.3.2 Tool Set-up Screen. 12
5.3.3 Unbalanced Tooling Screen. 13

5.4 Data Collection and Analysis. 15


5.4.1 Analysis Screen Components. 15
5.4.2 Current Test Set Title. 16
5.4.3 The View Navigator. 16
5.4.4 The Analysis Single View. 17
5.4.5 Scaling. 17
5.4.6 Scale All Axis. 17
5.4.7 Adjust Axis With Respect to Tool or Datum. 18
5.4.8 Toolbar. 19
5.4.8.1 Automatic DAC curve setting. 20
5.4.8.2 Show diagnostic length curtains. 21
5.4.8.3 Set features menu. 21
5.4.8.4 Features display menu. 23
5.4.8.5 View/Edit A-scan comments. 23
5.4.8.6 Show / hide measurement tool. 24
5.4.8.7 Investigate mirror signals 24
5.4.9 Collecting Focus Data 26
5.5 Navigate the Data Sets. 26
5.6 The Analysis Multi View. 27
5.7 Overall View. 28
5.8 Grouping Features on the Cluster Plot 30

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5.9 Tools (User preferences). 31


5.9.1 Tools Settings. 31
5.9.2 Dimensions. 31
5.9.3 Collection Settings. 31
5.9.4 Tools types. 32
5.9.5 General Settings. 32
5.9.6 Advanced. 32
5.9.7 Pump Control. 32
5.9.8 Dispersion Curve Review. 33

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5 INTRODUCTION TO THE TELETEST FOCUS SOFTWARE.


The Teletest Wavescan software has been developed to ease data collection and
interpretation by removing many of the decisions and actions that were required in the
Teletest v1.x software which was more of a research tool. This has been achieved by
applying various rules to determine wave propagation conditions.

5.1 Start-Up Screen.


The start-up screen is displayed once the program has loaded. It will only be displayed when
there is no data file open.

Figure 5.1 - Start-up screen

The start-up screen comprises of 4 general areas.

1. Main options (on the left)


2. Teletest program information and helpful hyperlinks (in the middle)
3. Recently opened file list (on the right)
4. Standard Windows menu (on top left of screen)
Across the bottom is the status bar which is used to indicate progress, system information
and the current actions being performed by the program.

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5.1.1 Main Screen Areas.


The main screen has 3 main areas:

Option Action
Main options (on the left side) Use this area to create new files and
open existing tests
Information panel (in the middle) Displays the contact details for further
information or assistance with the
program
Recent Projects (on the right side) A list of your recent Teletest tests for
easy access.

Table 5.1

5.1.2 Main Options.


The left hand panel ‘Main options’ allows:

Option Action
Create a new inspection Create a new inspection with no defaults
or options filled in
Create a new test from an existing test Create a new test using an existing test
parameters (avoids filling in the same
information)
Analyse a previous test results Open a previously run test to the
analysis section of the program.
Create a Teletest report Leads directly to the Teletest report
generator

Table 5.2

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5.1.3 Information Panel.

Figure 5.2 - Information panel

The information panel contains clickable links to the software providers and a help email
address. Your software version number is displayed in the start menu, title bar and in the
start-up panel.

5.1.4 Recent Projects.


The recent projects list displays your most recently used tests. Click on the file name to open
the data file. If the test data in this list has been archived to another folder since it was last
viewed the file name will be greyed out as shown below. Only names shown in bold text can
be accessed via this list.

Figure 5.3 – Recent projects list

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5.2 Menus.
Note the menu options will only work when appropriate.

5.2.1 File Menu.


The file menu is used to create new and open existing test files. This is also the menu for
exiting the program.

Figure 5.4 - File menu

Option Action
New Create a blank new test
Open Open a completed or saved test
New test from Existing file… Create a new test using an existing test as a
template
Go to start screen Close existing test file and go to the start screen
Save Save the existing test or analysis session
Save as… Save the existing test or analysis with a different
name (the existing named file will remain).
Print… Not currently active
Print Preview… Not currently active
Close Close the current test (and return to the front
screen)
Exit Close the Teletest program (you will be prompted to
save any changes)

Table 5.3

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5.2.2 Tools Menu.


The tools menu allows the user to configure the system to their requirements, and set up
defaults for using the Teletest system.

Figure 5.5 - Tools menu

Option Action
Settings Configure the Teletest program dimensions,
collection settings, tool configurations and text
sizes
Cancel current test schedule Allows the user to stop a currently running test
before the test schedule is complete
Pump control Operate pump via software (pressure still need
to be set at unit)
Save log files Generates a log for software troubleshooting
General dispersion curves Review the dispersion curves

Table 5.4

5.2.3 Help Menu.


Use the help menu to view the tutorials and get help on various aspects of the system.

Figure 5.6 - Help menu

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Option Action
Collar size/info Information on collar sizes.
Teletest Wavescan Under construction – Not yet available
TM software
Introduction
Ethernet set up Opens user guide QAS-UG-0113
Tutorials View the on screen video tutorials (for Mini report and
report manager) and Teletest software introduction
Fault finding guides Provides a list of self help topics
About… Display the program version details.

Table 5.5

5.3 Commencing an inspection.


Select either ‘File, New’ from the menus, or click ‘Create a new inspection’ from the main
options. The job setup screen is then displayed.

5.3.1 Job setup Screen.

Figure 5.7 - Job set-up screen

The job setup screen is there to allow the user to configure details pertinent to the
inspection. It is important that these details are accurate as they are imported into the
automatically generated inspection report. This also applies to the ‘Other’ field where free
text regarding the inspection may be recorded.

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To assist the operator the software remembers previous entries for the following fields.
These can be accessed from the drop down box.
1. Client
2. Operator
3. Location
4. Pipe identification
5. Test Procedure
Other preconfigured dropdowns (filled with standard related information) are:
1. Material
2. Standard (ANSI/ASME, EN, JIS, Other(used for non-standard pipework))
3. Pipe Size
4. Wall thickness

Nominal wall thicknesses for the chosen standard appear in the drop down list. However, it
is recommended that the actual thicknesses are obtained using conventional UT. These
details can be entered by ticking the ‘Enter Actual Pipe Thickness’ checkbox as show below
(the software averages the thicknesses you are able to enter, ignoring zero values).

Figure 5.8 - Entering actual pipe thickness

The default inspection parameters can be tuned automatically within the software if there are
any particular pipe conditions by checking the relevant pipe condition checkbox
(Note: the test may be adjusted manually at a later stage)

Figure 5.9 - Pipe condition checkboxes

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Depending on your selection of pipe diameter, the Teletest tool selection drop down (on the
right) will be configured with the appropriate tools, e.g. Mini-test for 4” and below

Figure 5.10 - A fully configured tool

When a tool has been configured, the number of transducers being used in the ring should
be checked (or changed if you are using a custom configuration).

The test modules button in the centre of the screen will conduct a test firing of the tool. This
test firing will highlight any potential issues with the tool and cabling.

A feature of the software is that you click the ‘Confirm’ button when you are happy with your
current screen and are ready to continue (note, if essential information is left blank, then the
system will inform you of this).
If you select the incorrect longitudinal ring spacing for the wall thickness you have chosen
cancelation of L(0,1) may not be optimised and the following error will be displayed.

Figure 5.11 – L(,01) cancelation error

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5.3.2 Tool Set-up Screen.


The tool set-up screen allows you to enter the test configuration information about pipe
orientation, location, tool position with respect to a chosen datum point and distances over
which data is to be collected. By selecting ‘In Front’ or ‘Behind’ the tool a distance field will
be displayed. The distance to the chosen datum should be entered here. It is not necessary
to enter to a positive or negative symbol. The software requires the operator to enter a
description of the chosen datum and position of the tool before data can be collected. On
occasions where a suitable pipe feature cannot be identified for a datum then the tool
position can be used by highlighting the ‘At tool’ option.
In some scenarios it may not be possible to attach the tool in the standard configuration. In
these cases it is possible to offset the tools angular position and insert this information into
the angular position field. The software will make an adjustment based on this information.
The ‘flow direction’ is a notebook parameter which is used if a client wishes the forwards or
backwards test direction to be aligned with product flow. It has no effect on the test.
On the right hand side of the screen the automatically generated test schedule details are
displayed.

Figure 5.12 - Tool set-up screen

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The previous button returns to the Job Setup Screen and the ‘Confirm’ button starts the test
normalisation process. If no tool is connected, then the following message will be shown:

Figure 5.13 - Warning message

You will need to connect a Teletest Focus +system (the system will be looking to see if a unit
has been connected). Once a unit has been connected the collection process will be
available.
Prior to data collection commencing the user will be prompted for a file name and storage
location. The software suggests a file name based upon details entered by the user in the
job set up screen. The storage location will default to the Teletest data folder, however, the
user may wish to create a sub folder for each job.

5.3.3 Unbalanced Tooling Screen.


The software will carry out a short test to normalise (balance) the transducer rings, for
example to compensate for any differences in coupling efficiency caused by the pipe
surface. If the system identifies some out of range values, then the unbalanced tooling
screen will be displayed. Here the operator can either use the current values or retry the
normalisation process after reseating the tool. It is also possible to continue a test without
normalising the tooling by choosing the full amplitude option. This option is not
recommended but may be necessary if an axi-symmetric pipe feature cannot be clearly
identified.

Figure 5.14 – Unbalanced Tooling Screen

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If the system is able to normalise within range, then you will not see the screen displayed in
Fig 5.14, if the screen is displayed you should release the collar pressure, re-seat the tool
and re inflate.
The test should then be repeated in most cases this action will improve the coupling enough
to adequately balance the tool.

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5.4 Data Collection and Analysis.

5.4.1 Analysis Screen Components.


The test analysis is completed from the analysis screen:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

8.

9.
11.
10.
Figure 5.15 - Analysis screen with marked components

The analysis screen has the following components:


1. The menu bar
2. The tool bar
3. The current test set title
4. The view navigator
5. The analysis screen toolbar
6. The main data view screen
7. The data collection navigation panel
8. The Feature list
9. The analysis / cluster plot / recollection panel selection
10. The collection status bar
11. The Confirm button to move onto the reporting screens
The Menu bar (1), Tool bar (2), and Confirm button (11) have already been covered.

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5.4.2 Current Test Set Title.


This is description of the current Teletest test set. It details the test mode, frequency and
cycles.

5.4.3 The View Navigator.


Allows you to view the data in any one of the following views:

Single View

Single and Multi plot


views are disabled until
selected in the
advanced tab of the
settings menu
Multi View (See below)

Overall View

Cluster Plot View

Figure 5.16 – Different views offered by the view navigator

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The last 2 options (tabs) are provided to allow you review the job and pipe details
information.

5.4.4 The Analysis Single View.

Figure 5.17 – The single view

When the data is shown in the analysis screen, the program automatically attempts to fit the
DAC curves to assist the user in identify features.

5.4.5 Scaling.
You can scale the graph by:
1. Clicking on the last scale number on the axis and enter a new number
2. Drag the graph around by clicking on the graph background
3. Zoom an area by using Shift + Left mouse
4. Un-zoom by Shift + Right click
5. Adjust the scales by using Ctl + Shift:
o Ctl+Shift+Left - increases the X scale.
o Ctl+Shift+Right - decreases the X scale.
o Ctl+Shift+Down – increases the Y scale.
o Ctl+Shift+Up – increases the Y scale.
6. Use the tool bar options reset the scales (x1, y1)

5.4.6 Scale All Axis.


To adjust all graphs to use the current graphs scaling:
1. Right click on the graph axis
2. Select which axis you wish to set all graphs to

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Figure 5.18 – Scaling the Axis

5.4.7 Adjust Axis With Respect to Tool or Datum.


If the datum is not in same location as the Tool then you can toggle between the two settings
by clicking the WRT Datum / WRT Tool button on the tool bar.
Note: the Feature list column feature positions will change depending on which reference
position you are using:

With respect to tool: With respect to Datum:

Figure 5.19 – Feature list with respect to different reference positions.

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5.4.8 Toolbar.
Work on the Analysis Screen using the toolbar options:

Figure 5.20 – Toolbar options (From Right to left)

1. Show the Previous dataset


2. Show the Next dataset
3. Show / Hide Test Dead Zone
4. Toggle display of horizontal flexural data
5. Toggle display of vertical flexural data
6. Toggle display of combined flexural data
7. Toggle display of symmetric data
8. Toggle between Log / linear display modes
9. Automatic DAC curve setting
10. Remove the DAC curves The toolbar options displayed in
11. Show Diagnostic Length curtains italics are discussed in more
detail in this section.
12. Lock DAC curves
13. Set Features menu
14. Feature display menu
15. View / Edit A scan comments
16. Show / Hide measurement cursor
17. Display backwards raw data
18. Display forwards raw data
19. Reset the X axis
20. Reset the Y axis
21. Show X axis with respect to tool or datum
22. Show / Hide the A-Scan legend (removed from software)
23. View normalisation values
24. Show / Hide A-Map presentation
25. Investigate ‘Mirror’ signals

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5.4.8.1 Automatic DAC curve setting.

In normal operation the Teletest software will attempt to identify signals from girth welds. If
two girth welds or more are identified in one test direction the software will automatically set
the DAC curves. In cases were the software does not automatically set the DAC curves
these can be set using two alternative methods. The first method is two manually drag the
DAC curves into place by clicking on the -14dB curve (Blue DAC curve). Alternatively the
DAC can be automatically set to the girth welds once they have been annotated.

The A-scan on the left has been


annotated but the DAC curve has
not been set.

Once the Automatic DAC curve


button has been clicked the
software will display the following
window. Ensure that the weld
feature is selected (default) and
click ‘ok’

The DAC curve has now been set


across the peaks of the girth weld
signals.

Figure 5.21 – Automatic DAC curve setting

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5.4.8.2 Show diagnostic length curtains.

It is vital when submitting reports that there is no confusion regarding the actual length of
pipe that has been inspected from each test location. The Teletest software features curtains
that can be dragged into position along the X axis of the A-scan to display the actual
diagnostic length. The distance between these curtains will also be imported into the report.

Figure 5.22 – Diagnostic length curtains

Once the ‘show diagnostic length curtains’ button has been selected the grey cutains will
appear on the A-scan display. They will automatically appear at approx 90% of the X axis
range distance display. Once the curtains are visible they can be dragged into the required
position.

5.4.8.3 Set features menu.

Manual Feature Marking.


To mark a feature on the analysis dataset:
Press the toolbar button (13) Fig 5.20, or right click on the A-scan and select ‘Add
Feature’
Right click and select the colour of trace required (default is black)
Move the red cursor to the point on the curve you wish to mark

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Double click the cursor and the feature can be selected from the drop down menu.

To change the feature type:


Right click on the text of the marked feature and select a different feature type

Figure 5.23 – Selecting different feature type

Click in the Feature List diagnosis column and new feature type

Figure 5.24 – Feature list diagnosis column

When annotating a pipe feature they may be some occasions where the default descriptions
are not suitable. In these situations the description ‘see info’ should be selected. Once the
feature has been annotated with this description it is advisable to manually add one’s own
description by entering text into the extra info box on the right hand side of the feature list.
Once the test has been enter click the ok button then click on the A-scan, the manual entry
will now be visible. This feature is also useful for adding extra info to standard pipe
descriptions such as adding a weld or pipe support number.

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5.4.8.4 Features display menu.

Before any feature annotation is displayed its style of display needs to be set in the feature
display menu. There are the following options available in this menu.

Figure 5.25 – Feature display menu

 Show peak position – This feature should always be ticked when wanting to display
an annotation on the A-scan screen regardless of format.
 Show leading edge – This feature will display the leading edge of the annotated
signal.
 Show ID – This feature will display the annotation as a number rather than text. (The
numbering system will be linked to a feature list in the final report)
 Show details – This feature will display the annotation as text
 Show extra info – This feature will also display any extra info that has been added.
 Show features from all data sets – This feature will display all annotations from all
frequencies on each A-scan display. This feature is an aid to data interpretation, as it
will display the position of any annotated anomalies at all other collected frequencies.

5.4.8.5 View/Edit A-scan comments.

Figure 5.26 – A-scan comments


Once the analysis has been complete for a given test location the operator should always
write a short paragraph summarising the findings. When selecting the View / edit A-scan
comments button a text box will appear which can be used for this purpose. Any comments
that are inserted into this window will be automatically added to the report.

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5.4.8.6 Show / hide measurement tool.

Figure 5.27 – Measurement tool

The measurement tool can be used to determine the distance between two features on the
A-scan display. To increase or decrease the size of the tool, grab either one of the end
cursors. Once the required distance has been set the tool can be moved around the A-scan
display by dragging the centre cursor. This feature is helpful when identifying responses
from pipe supports and girth welds having a fixed separation.

5.4.8.7 Investigate mirror signals


These may result from a combination of placing the transducer tool too close to a large
symmetrical reflector, and/or poor cancelation of unwanted wave modes. This may cause a
mirror image of an indication in the opposite scan direction to which it actually occurs. The
best way to avoid this situation is to select the tool location with the above in mind.
When using the Torsional wave mode if cancelation has not been optimised a mirror signal
of an indication may be visible in the opposite scan direction. As the T(0,1) wave mode is
non-dispersive the mirror signal will appear at the exact opposite distance of that of the real
feature. (I.e. a flange at -3m would appear in the +3m position when viewing A-scan WRT
Tool).
When using the Longitudinal wave mode extra care must be taken as in some cases it may
be possible to receive Ghost/mirror signals from the dispersive L(0,1) wave mode. In most
cases the L(0,1) wave mode is destroyed before leaving the transducer tool, however, at non
optimum frequencies small amounts of this wave mode may propagate along the pipe.
Detection of this type of Ghost/mirror signals can be more complicated as the group velocity
(Vg) of the L(0,1) wave mode is approximately half that of L(0,2). Remember an un-
cancelled L(0,1) signal will usually have a broader base due to its dispersive nature.
As this system calculates the time of flight of the wave modes it is assumed when using
Longitudinal that the received signals will be travelling at the group velocity (Vg) of that of
L(0,2) which is approximately 5900m/s
In cases where we receive signals from the L(0,1) wave mode the signals will appear at
approximately twice the distance of the real feature due to the fact that the wave is travelling
at approximately half the speed therefore taking twice the time to cover the same distance.

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Figure 5.28 Mirror signal icon

The mirrored signal identifier can be activated by clicking the mirror signals icon above the
A-scan display.

The wave mode required can be selected by clicking the downward facing arrow.

Figure 5.29 Mirror signal wave modes options

When using the Torsional wave mode the L(0,2) and L(0,1) options will not be visible.

B A
C

The pink traces on the A-scan on the previous page are displaying the position of mirrored
signal from the L(0,2) wave mode.
A= Mirror signal from Flange.
B= Mirror signal from Weld in backward direction.
C= Mirror signal from weld in forward direction.

Figure 5.30 A-scan displaying Mirror signal function

The pink traces in Fig 5.30 above are displaying mirrored signals from the L(0,2) wave mode
from Flange and Weld signals.

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5.4.9 Collecting Focus Data


Once an anomalous indication has been identified it is possible to gain circumferential
information by using the focus option.
To focus on a feature:
Press the toolbar button (13) Fig 5.20 or right click on the A-scan window.
Move the red cursor to the point on the curve you wish to focus at
Double click on the cursor and annotate the feature.
Left click on the annotation and select ‘focus here’ Note: the background colour (Red,
Orange & Green) will indicate the favourability of the test conditions.
Click on the Recollection tab at the bottom right of the screen
Make sure the focus box is ticked and hit button ‘Collect specified Tests’
You can review the focusing selection by clicking on the Recollection option of Feature list
area (in the right corner)

Once the collection is complete the focus data can be view in the analysis option tab.

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5.5 Navigate the Data Sets.


To navigate between the various data sets, use any of the following methods:
1. Click the dataset you wish to view from the collection details panel

Italic font is data still to be collected


Bold underlined is data that has been
collected and has not been viewed
Bold is data that has been collected and
viewed

B
Figure 5.31 – Selecting the data set you wish to view

2. Use the arrows on the tool bar ( ) to scroll through the datasets marked in the
collection details panel. This will only scroll through frequencies that are ticked.

3. Animate viewing the datasets from the toolbar Play button :


(Any un-ticked data sets will not be displayed when using methods 2 and 3)

5.6 The Analysis Multi View.


The analysis multi view is useful to compare the results from the various tests and to see if
certain features line up to indicate a common anomaly.

Figure 5.32 – The multi view

To view a data set in single view mode, double click the data set graph you are interested in.

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5.7 Overall View.


Used to get an overview and compare the various datasets.

Figure 5.33 – The overall view

Again, to view a selected dataset, double click the dataset you are interested in.

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5.4.12 The Cluster Plot.

The cluster plot is a feature in the Teletest software. It is a stylised A-scan display of
indications called over multiple selected test frequencies. This presentation can be exported
into a report as a display of all collected information over multiple frequencies.

The Cluster plot can be accessed from the main analysis screen by selecting the Cluster plot
tab. Fig 5.34

Figure 5.34 – The cluster plot tab

Figure 5.35 – The cluster plot toolbar

The cluster plot toolbar contains the following commands Fig 5.35

1. Log/ Linear plot display


2. Group Features
3. Set Follow up area
4. Clear Feature groupings
5. Show / Hide all Features
6. Select DAC lines to display
7. Show / Hide features
8. Toggle X distance display with respect to tool and datum

To build the cluster plot display the required individual frequencies need to be ticked in the
collection details section of the analysis screen. It is also important that any frequency
required for the cluster plot should be correctly annotated with the DAC curves set.
The software will then process this information into the cluster plot display.
Once all required information is displayed in the cluster plot corresponding features should
be grouped together. The group features button can be found on the tool bar (2) Fig 5.35.
Corresponding features can then be grouped together by dragging the box around the
required features. These features will then be displayed as one feature with a distance and
amplitude average.
As the features in the cluster plot are grouped together the software will generate a pipe
image according to the features identified Fig 5.36.
The ends of the diagnostic lengths will be displayed as dotted blue lines on the pipe
schematic. The tool location is displayed as a green solid line.

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Figure 5.36 – The cluster plot pipe schematic

If a large area of unexplained indications are to be reported a follow up area can be added to
the cluster plot by selecting (3) Fig 5.35. This area will also be visible on the pipe image as a
Tan coloured vertical bar.

The cluster plot display and the pipe image can be used for reporting by selecting one of the
following report templates – Basic report/Comprehensive report/multi location report.

5.8 Grouping Features on the Cluster Plot


To group a set of features to consolidate into a single feature:
Click the group features tool button
Click and drag over the features you wish to group notice that the Clustered features display
will group the features under a single heading; you can change this if you wish to change the
type of feature you think it is, e.g. A before and after clustering.

Figure 5.37 – Before and after clustering

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5.9 Tools (User preferences).

5.9.1 Tools Settings.


The tools / settings menu has the following features to customise the software for user
preferences:
1. Dimensions
2. Collection Settings
3. Tools types
4. Feature names
5. General Settings
6. Advanced
The options will only be updated when the ‘OK’ button is pressed. Pressing ‘Cancel’ will
ignore any changes made.

5.9.2 Dimensions.
Adjusts the units in which the dimensions are displayed in the software.

Figure 5.38 – Dimension settings

5.9.3 Collection Settings.


Adjusts the collection configuration:

Figure 5.39 – Collection settings

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Guided Wave Pipe Inspection

5.9.4 Tools types.


Configure which tools you want the software to work with:

Figure 5.40 – Tool types

5.9.5 General Settings.


Currently this allows the user to configure the font size / type for the display, default data
directory, animation interval and file name format.

Figure 5.41 – General settings

5.9.6 Advanced.

Allows the operator to configure the advanced settings

Figure 5.42 – Advanced settings

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Guided Wave Pipe Inspection

5.9.7 Pump Control.

The pump can be controlled from the software in a test mode from the ‘Tools’, ‘Pump Control
Menu’.

Figure 5.43 – Pump control

5.9.8 Dispersion Curve Review.


This section is included in these course notes only for background information. Details on
the usage of this feature is given in the Level 2 programme.
The user is able to review the dispersion curves from the ‘Tools, Dispersion Curve’ option.
To view the Dispersion curves select the configuration you require and then press the
‘calculate’ button.

Figure 5.44 – Dispersion Curve Review

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