Project Report (170001) entitled

“Design & Development of EINSTEIN Refrigerator”

Submitted by
Jivani Tushar K (Enrollment No. 120110119002)

Chodvadiya Ashish G (Enrollment No. 120110119008)

Vekariya Gopal V (Enrollment No. 120110119013)

Dobariya Gautam P (Enrollment No. 120110119014)

Academic Year 2014-15

(First Semester)
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for

Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering

Faculty Guide Head of the department

Prof. Sankalp K. Kulkarni Dr. Drashak A Desai

Department of Mechanical Engineering

G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology

Gujarat Technological University

1
 Acknowledgement

We are highly indebted to our college, G.H. Patel College of Engineering & Technology,
for providing us with this excellent learning opportunity which greatly helped us in honing
our skills.

We are thankful and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance
from Prof. Sankalp K. Kulkarni, Mechanical department G. H. Patel College of Engg. &
Tech.Vallabh Vidhyanagar, for guiding our project.

We owe our profound gratitude to our project head Dr. Hemant Thakkar, Mechanical
department as Project coordinator, and our Head of Department Dr. Darshak Desai.

We are also very much thankful to many people with the help of whom we are able to study
and complete our project.

Jivani Tushar K (Enrollment No. 120110119002)

Chodvadiya Ashish G (Enrollment No. 120110119008)

Vekariya Gopal V (Enrollment No. 120110119013)

Dobariya Gautam P (Enrollment No. 120110119014)

2
 G H Patel College of Engineering &
Technology
Charutar Vidya Mandal Institution
Vallabh Vidyanagar – 388 120

CERTIFICATE
Date:

This is to certify that the Project Report entitled, “Design & Development of EINSTEIN
Refrigerator”, submitted by Jivani Tushar (Enrollment No. 120110119002), Chodvadiya
Ashish (Enrollment No. 120110119008), Vekariya Gopal (Enrollment No. 120110119013),
Dobariya Gautam (Enrollment No. 120110119014) is original work and literature used from
other sources has been acknowledged in the report. The Project Work is part of curriculum of
the degree of Mechanical Engineering at Gujarat Technological University (GTU),
Ahmadabad pursued during the first semester of academic year 2015-16.

Place: V. V. NAGAR Tushar K (Enrollment No. 120110119002)

Date: Chodvadiya Ashish G (Enrollment No. 120110119008)
Vekariya Gopal V (Enrollment No. 120110119013)
Dobariya Gautam P (Enrollment No. 120110119014)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
This is to certify that the above mentioned “seminar” is studied and presented with our
coordination.

Faculty Guide Head of the department

Prof. Sankalp K. Kulkarni Dr. Drashak A. Desai

3
 Abstract

There are two conventional refrigeration cycles i.e. (1) Vapour compression cycle (2) Vapour
absorption cycle. Till date whichever Refrigerator or Air conditioner were made it always has
an either moving parts involved or consuming more energy to run. So Albert Einstein and
Leo Szilard has made one cycle called Einstein Refrigeration Cycle which is one type of
Vapour Absorption Cycle but unlike other cycle it is not involving any moving parts and it
consume very less energy compare to other cycles. Heat source used in cycle can be any
waste heat released during any industrial process in the Industry.

This Thermodynamic Cycle utilizes three fluids as iso-Butane (Refrigerant), Ammonia (

Pressure Equalizing Fluid ) , Water ( Absorbing Fluid ). Also one of the most unlike
phenomenon in this cycle is that it runs on constant pressure throughout the cycle. One of the
greatest advantages of this cycle is that it has zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and very
less global warming potential (GWP). In developing countries like India can utilize this
system in domestic application because it can also run without electricity.

Main drawback of this cycle is low COP (Co-efficient Of Performance) but for application
requiring cooling temperature up to 265 K has best performance for this system.

4
 NOMENCLATURE

SYMBOLS

A area (m^2)

COP Coefficient of Performance

d diameter (mm)

g gravity (m/s^2)

H enthalpy (kJ)

h height (m)

h specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)

L length (m)

m mass flow rate (g/s)

P Pressure (bar)

Pinch pinch point temperature difference (K)

Q Heat Transfer Rate (kJ/s) or (kJ/kg)

Re Reynolds’s Number

S entropy (kJ/K)

T Temperature (K)

V volume (m^3), or velocity (m/s)

W weight (N)

x liquid concentration, or quality

y vapour concentration

µ Viscosity (N-s/m^2)

5
 SUPERSCRIPTS

Liquid liquid State

Vapour vapour State

L liquid

V vapour

SUBSCRIPTS

f liquid

fg vaporization

g vapour

L liquid, low

m mixture

rev reversible

6
 INDEX
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..................................................................10

1.1: The Vapour Compression System..........................................................................10

1.2: The vapour Absorption System..............................................................................11

1.3: The Einstein refrigerator System...........................................................................13

CHAPTER 2: Component of the Einstein Refrigerator.............................15

2.1: The Evaporator.....................................................................................................15

2.2: The pre-cooler.......................................................................................................17

2.3: The condenser/absorber........................................................................................18

2.4: The Generator.......................................................................................................19

2.5: The bubble pump..................................................................................................20

CHAPTER 3: Case Study of Einstein Refrigerator.....................................21

3.1: Thermodynamic analysis of the Evaporator............................................................21

3.2: Thermodynamic analysis of the pre-cooler.............................................................24

3.3: Thermodynamic analysis of the condenser/absorber..............................................26

3.4: Thermodynamic analysis of the Generator.............................................................28

3.5: Thermodynamic analysis of the bubble pumps.......................................................30

3.6: COP of refrigeration system....................................................................................33

3.7: Results of case study...............................................................................................34

7
CHAPTER 4: Alternative working fluids performance...............................35

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1: The Vapour-Compression Cycle........................................................................10

Figure 1-2: The Vapour–Absorption System........................................................................12

Figure 1.3: The Einstein refrigerator System........................................................................14

Figure 2-1: The Evaporator...................................................................................................15

Figure 2-2: The Pre-Cooler...................................................................................................17

Figure 2-3: The Condenser/Absorber....................................................................................18

Figure 2-4: The Generator.....................................................................................................19

Figure 2-5: Bubble Pump.....................................................................................................20

Figure 3-1: Control volume for The Evaporator...................................................................21

Figure 3-2: Control volume for The Pre-Cooler...................................................................24

Figure 3-3: Control volume for The Condenser/Absorber...................................................26

Figure 3-4: Control volume for The Generator....................................................................28

LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 2-1: T-x-x-y Diagram for Ammonia-iso-Butane at 4 bar.......................................16

Graph 3-1: T-x-y Diagram for Ammonia-Water at P = 4 bar............................................24

Graph3-2: liquid mass flow rate Vs Heat input.................................................................30

Graph3-3: Liquid mass flow rate Vs Vapour mass flow rate.............................................31

Graph3-4: liquid mass flow rate Vs vapour mass flow rate...............................................32

Graph 4-1: Alternative Refrigerants ................................................................................. 34

Graph 4-2: Alternative Fluids Base Case COP ..............................................................................35

8
 TABLES
Table5-1: Steam table ………………………………………..……………………………38

Table5-2: Saturated water-pressure table….........................................................................39

Table-3: Property table of ammonia (R717)........................................................................41

Table 4: Property table of iso-butane (R600a).....................................................................43

Table 5: Enthalpy concentration diagram for ammonia & water........................................44

Conclusion……………………………….………………………………….....................37

References………………………………….……………………………….....................44

9
1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Vapour Compression Cycle

Electric motor driven vapour compression refrigeration cycles popularly use in

air conditioning, heat pump, and refrigeration applications. The vapour compression cycle's
principle of operation is relatively simple.

A working fluid (i.e. ammonia) is boiled in an evaporator at a pressure and hence

temperature, TL, low enough to provide cooling (Figure 1-1). A compressor then increases
the pressure of the working fluid vapour allowing it to condense and reject heat at a
temperature that of the surroundings, TM. Having rejected its heat of condensation and
condensed the working fluid liquid is then expanded via an expansion valve and back into the
evaporator where it can again provide cooling at a low temperature.

Figure 1-1: The Vapour-Compression Cycle

10
 1.2 The Vapour-Absorption System

In the vapour-absorption system, the function of the compressor is accomplished

in a three step process by use of absorber, pump and generator as follows

(1) Absorber:
Absorption of the refrigerant vapour by its weak solution in a suitable
absorption, forming a strong solution of the refrigerant in the absorbent.
(2) Pump:
Pumping of the rich solution raising its pressure to the condenser pressure.
(3) Generator:
Distillation of the vapour from the rich solution leaving the poor solution for
recycling.

A working fluid (the refrigerant, i.e. ammonia) is throttled from a high

temperature (TM) and high pressure condenser to an evaporator where it is boiled at a
pressure, and temperature, low enough to provide cooling, TL (Figure 1-2). However, the
vapour working fluid now enters an absorber where the absorbent (e.g. water) in its liquid
state absorbs the refrigerant vapour. The process of absorption creates heat, QM, absorber, which
must be removed from the absorber usually to a thermal energy reservoir that has the same
temperature, TM, as the condenser.

Now the liquid mixture of refrigerant and absorbent is pumped to the pressure
of the condenser into the generator. In the generator the thermal energy which drives the
cycle, QH, is transferred from at TH. This causes the refrigerant fluid to separate from the
liquid mixture as a nearly pure vapour where it can then be condensed and expanded into the
evaporator. The remaining absorbent, still in the generator but with much less absorbed
refrigerant, is expanded back into the absorber. While the cycle does require work for the
pump, the majority of the energy is supplied thermally to the generator.

11
Figure 1-2: The Vapour–Absorption System

12
1.3 The Einstein refrigerator System

The Einstein refrigerator system consists five main parts.

1. Evaporator
2. Pre-Cooler
3. Absorber/Condenser
4. Generator
5. Bubble pump

The Einstein refrigerator uses three fluids.

1. Refrigerant – Iso- butane

2. Pressure equalizing fluid- Ammonia
3. Absorbent- Water

Working

In the evaporator, liquid butane arrives from the condenser/absorber. In the

evaporator, the partial pressure above the butane is reduced by ammonia vapour flowing from
the generator. With its partial pressure reduced, the butane evaporates near the saturation
temperature of its partial pressure and cools itself, the ammonia, and the surroundings. The
ammonia-butane vapour mixture leaves the evaporator and enters the pre-cooler where it
cools the hot vapour ammonia counter flowing from the generator. The now superheated
ammonia-butane mixture flows out of the pre-cooler into the condenser/absorber which is
being continuously cooled by the environment.

Liquid water from the generator is entered into the condenser/absorber .With its
great affinity for ammonia vapour, this sprayed water absorbs the vapour ammonia from the
ammonia-butane mixture. This absorption of the ammonia vapour increases the partial
pressure on the butane vapour to nearly the total pressure, allowing it now to condense at
butane's saturation temperature for the total pressure (higher than butane's saturation
temperature at the partial pressure of the evaporator. The butane and the ammonia water
separate due to their respective density differences and the fact that ammonia-water is
immiscible with butane at the condenser/absorber's temperature and pressure. Since liquid
butane is less dense than liquid ammonia-water, it is the top liquid and is back to the
evaporator. Meanwhile, the ammonia-water mixture leaves from the bottom of the
condenser/absorber and enters the solution heat exchanger .Here the mixture is pre-heated
before entering the generator.

Inside the generator, heat is applied to the strong ammonia-water solution driving
off ammonia vapour where it rises under the influence of pressure created by the liquid head,
and is carried to the. The remaining weak ammonia-water solution is pumped up to a
reservoir via a bubble pump. In the reservoir, any residual ammonia vapour from the bubble

13
pump is sent to the condenser/absorber. The weak ammonia water solution falls to the
solution heat exchanger where it gives up its heat to the strong ammonia-water solution
leaving the condenser. Finally, the water is sprayed into the condenser/absorber

While the overall pressure of the cycle is constant, there are slight pressure
variations within the cycle necessary for fluid motion. These are due to height variations and
are not large enough to significantly affect property evaluation.

Figure 1.3: The Einstein refrigerator System

14
2. Component of the Einstein Refrigerator
2.1: The Evaporator

Figure 2-1: The Evaporator

In the evaporator, the refrigerant and pressure equalizing gas both arrive from the
pre-cooler in nearly pure form (Figure 2-1), state points 4 and 2). In the presence of the
pressure ammonia. It lowers partial pressure of the refrigerant (iso-butane).

First, nearly pure saturated liquid butane flows in from the condenser/absorber at
the condenser/absorber temperature (state 2 in Figure 2-1). Simultaneously, saturated vapour
ammonia (state 4 in Figure 2-1) is bubbled into the liquid butane. The presence of the
ammonia vapour reduces the partial pressure of the butane causing it to evaporate. As it
evaporates into the ammonia vapour, the butane cools itself, the ammonia vapour, and
produces external cooling. A small amount of ammonia vapour is also absorbed into the
liquid butane producing some heat of absorption which is also removed by the evaporating
butane.

The temperature in the evaporator is depending upon the relative butane-ammonia

flow rates. To prevent a temperature glide, which increases the evaporator temperature design
condition is taken to be at the azeotrope.

15
 Graph2-1: T-x-x-y Diagram for Ammonia-iso-Butane at 4 bar

This design condition produces a minimum temperature in the evaporator at the

three phase flash temperature at the system pressure and it is 266K as shown in above graph.

16
2.2: The Pre-Cooler

Vapour mixture leaving the evaporator at state 3 is not enough cold to provide
additional refrigeration; it is cold relative to the fluids coming to the evaporator. The pre-
cooler allows the cooling of the two streams entering the evaporator via the heating of the
stream leaving the evaporator.

Figure 2-2: The Pre-Cooler

The pre-cooler is assumed to operate under steady state conditions with no fluid
friction and is insulated so that the only heat transfer occurs between the entering streams and
exiting streams.

17
2.3: The Condenser/Absorber

In the Einstein refrigeration cycle, the condenser and absorber are combined into a
single component where both processes occur simultaneously as shown in Figure 3-4. When
the vapour mixture leaving the pre-cooler at state point 6 enters the condenser/absorber, it
encounters a large surface area created by a falling film of sub-cooled liquid water weak in
ammonia.

Figure 2-3: The Condenser/Absorber

The water which enters the condenser/absorber at state point 9 absorbs the
ammonia from the vapour mixture. This increases the concentration of butane in the vapour
and the partial pressure on the butane in the vapour. Now the butane can condense at its
saturation temperature for this system pressure which is well above the temperature at which
it evaporated earlier in the evaporator.

The liquid water, now rich in ammonia and butane descend the walls of the
condenser/absorber. Since the ammonia-water solution is immiscible with the butane, and is
denser, it sinks to the bottom of the condenser and flows out at point 7.Immiscible butane
floats atop the solution and exits at point 1. The condenser operates at steady state and the
liquids leaving the condenser assumed to be in thermal and vapour-liquid equilibrium at the
temperature of the condenser.

18
2.4: The Generator

In the generator, shown in Figure 2-4, ammonia rich water arriving from the
condenser is heated. This generates vapour ammonia (5) which then flows to the evaporator.
The remaining water, containing less ammonia, drops to the bottom of the generator where it
flows into the bubble pump and is returned to the condenser. Before it is returned to the
condenser, this hot ammonia-water solution (8f) transfers its heat to the cooler ammonia-
water solution (7) arriving from the condenser.

Figure 2-4: The Generator

19
2.5: The Bubble Pump

Bubble pump is use in the Einstein cycle. A bubble pump is a heated tube use
with two reservoirs, one higher than the other (Figure 2-6). The liquid in the lower reservoir
initially fills the tube to the same level (h). Heat is applied at the bottom of the tube at a rate
sufficient to evaporate some of the liquid in the tube. The resulting vapour bubbles rise in the
tube carrying the liquid above them to the higher reservoir. By creating overall buoyancy lift.

Figure 2-5: Bubble Pump

20
 4. Case Study of Einstein Refrigerator

Conditions:

 System pressure = 4 bar(constant throughout the cycle)

 Capacity = 1 Tonne = 3.51 kW
 Evaporator temperature = 266 K( Graph 2-1)
 Surrounding temperature = 303K

3.1: Evaporator

Figure 3.1 Control volume for Evaporator

As specific heat is function of temperature it’s relation with

temperature can be expressed as

Cp = a + bT + cT2 + dT3 (4-1)

Where a, b , c and d are constant which are dependent on substance

T = 266 K (Temperature)

𝑘𝑗
Cp = specific heat in 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾

21
 For iso-butane a = -7.913

b = 41.60 × 10-2

c = -23.01 × 10-5

d = 49.91 × 10-9

By calculating specific heat of iso-butane from equation (4-1)

kJ
Cp of iso-butane = 1.54 kg. K

kJ
Cp of Ammonia = 2.58 kg. K

Figure 4.1 shows evaporator with its inlet and outlet in which

m1=m2 = mass flow rate of saturated iso-butane liquid at temperature 30 ͦ C

m4 = mass flow rate of saturated ammonia vapour at temperature -2 ͦ C

m3 = mass flow rate of mixture coming out from the evaporator at -8 ͦ C

m3 = m4 + m2

P1 = Partial pressure of iso-butane = 1.18 bar

P2 = Partial pressure of ammonia = 3.16 bar

P = P1 + P2 = 1.18 + 3.16 = 4.2 bar ≈ 4 bar

From the first law of thermodynamics

m2hf1 + m4 hg2 + Qev = m3 hg3

In evaporator ammonia is works as pressure equalizing fluid so heat transfer

occurred by ammonia is very less. So we can neglect that heat transfer. Then above equation
becomes

m2hf1 + Qev = m3 hg3

m2 ( 272.37 ) + 3.517 = m2 ( 543.00 )

m2 = 0.0130 kg/s = 13 g/s

As dicussed earlier in chapter 3 minimum temperature in the evaporator is at the

three phase flash temperature at the system pressure. Figure 3.2 shows that ratio of mass flow
rate of butane to mass flow rate of ammonia at three phase flash is 4.

So mass flow rate of ammonia m4 = 4 m2 = 4 × 13 = 52 g/s

22
 Mass flow rate of Mixture outlet from evaporator m3 = m2 + m4

m3 = 13 + 52 = 65 g/s

Second Law analysis of Evaporator

From the second law of thermodynamics

Q
Sgen = m3 s3–m2s2 - m4 s4 -T ev
ev

3.51
Sgen = { 52 ( 5.6993 ) + 13 ( 2.305 ) } - 13 ( 1.2458 ) - 52 ( 5.6403 ) - 266

= 2.9089 j/k

23
3.2: Pre-cooler

Figure 3-2 Control volume for Pre-cooler

In pre cooler ammonia and butane gives their heat to the mixture which is
coming from evaporator. But heat released by butane is very less because in condenser most
of heat is released by butane so it is converted into liquid. So heat transfer by butane can be
neglected.

First law analysis of pre-cooler

[m4CpΔT]NH3 = [m3Cp ΔT] mixture

m4Cp (ΔT) NH3 = (m2Cp + m4Cp) ΔT

Dividing above equation by m1

𝑚
4 × 3.51 ( T5 – 270 ) = ( 1.54 + 4 ×2.58 ) ( T6 – 266 ) ( 𝑚 4 = 4 )
2

Graph 3-1: T-x-y Diagram for Ammonia-Water at P = 4 bar

24
 It is found out that mixture leaving the pre-cooler has temperature close to
condenser temperature. This fact is shown in graph: 3-1. Also it is the optimal condition for
refrigerator. So T6 = 315 K

Above equation becomes

1.183 × T5 = 315 + 53.4

T5 = 311.41 K

Second law analysis of Pre-cooler

Sgen= m3 s6 + m2 s2 + m4 s4 – m3 s3 – m2 s1 – m4 s5

= 52 (5.134) + 13 (2.329) + 13 (1.2458) + 52 (5.645)

=52 (5.699) – 13 (2.305)

= 23.53 J/K

25
3.3: The Condenser/Absorber

Figure 3-3: Control volume for Condenser/Absorber

From graph in fig 3-3,

𝑚𝑁𝐻3 45
=
𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 55

But mNH3= 52g/s

52∗55
So mwater= =63.55 g/s
45

First law analysis of condenser/Absorber

m1 + m7 = m9 + m3 + m8g

(Neglecting m8g because of small amount of NH3 contain)

13 + m7 = m9 + 65

13 + m7 = 63.55 + 65
m7 = 115.55 g/s

26
 Condenser= m1h1+ m7h7– m9h9 – m3h6 - m8g h8g

(Here effect of m8gh8g in heat transfer is very less so by neglecting it equation

becomes)

= 13 × 272.3 + 115.5 × 30 – 213.7 ×63.5 × 10-3 - 13× 614 .45

= 14.359 kW

Second law analysis of Condenser/Absorber

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛
Sgen =m1s1 + m7 s7 – m9 s9 – m3s6 - 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑛

14.53
= 13 (1.2458) + 115.5(0.38) – 63.5 (1.119) – [52 (5.134) + 13 (2.3294)] - 315

= 0.35 kJ/K

27
3.3: Generator

Figure 3-4: Control volume for Generator

28
First law analysis of generator

Qgen = - m7 h7 + m5 h5 + m8 h8
= -115.5 × 110 + 63.5 × 4.180 × 100 + 52 × 1684
= 101.48 kW
Now applying first law of thermodynamics to heat exchanger
m7( h8 – h7 ) = m9 Cp ΔT
115.5 (110 – 30) = 63.5 × 4.18 × (T2 – 50)
T2 = 84 ͦ C

Second law analysis of generator

𝑄𝑔𝑒𝑛 + 𝑄𝑏𝑢𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝

Sgen = m5 s5 + m9 s9 – m7 s7 – 𝑇𝑔𝑒𝑛

101.42+1
= 52 × 6.0981 + 63.5 × 1.119 – 115.5 × 0.38 - 375
= 71J/K

29
3.5: Bubble pump
The performance of the bubble pump is depends upon heat inputs, tube diameters,
and submergence ratios.

Consider heat input = 1000Watts

h/L= 0.2

Graph3-2: liquid mass flow rate Vs Heat input

Based on this two value and graph,

Liquid mass flow rate= 0.39 kg/min = 6.26*10-6 m3/s

30
 Graph3-3: Liquid mass flow rate Vs Vapour mass flow rate

From above graph,

Vapour mass flow rate= 0.015 Kg/min

31
 Graph3-4: liquid mass flow rate Vs vapour mass flow rate

From above graph,

Diameter of tube = 8.6 mm

Liquid mass flow rate = cross section area of pipe*velocity of liquid

𝜋
6.26*10-6 m3/s = 4 0.0086d2 ·velocity

Velocity of liquid = 0.1169 m/s

32
3.6: COP of refrigeration system
Second law for the control volume is given by,

Qevaporator + Qgenerator + Qcondenser = 0

Q
= SK
T
From above equation and avoid degradations of COP
T 𝒈𝒆𝒏 −T 𝒄𝒐𝒏
T gen
COPrev = T 𝒄𝒐𝒏 −T 𝒆𝒗𝒑
T evp

375 −315
375
= 315 −266
266

= 0.8685

33
3.7: Results

Parameter Value
COPrev 0.8685
Qevaporator 3.51kW
Qcondenser/absorber 14.35kW
Qgenerator 101.4kW
Qbubble pump 1kW
m1 13g/s
m3 65g/s
m4 52g/s
m7 115.5g/s
m9 63.5
mbp 0.39 kg/min
Tevaporator 266K
Tcondenser/absorber 315K
Tgenerator 375K

34
4: ALTERNATIVE WORKING FLUIDS
PERFORMANCE
Behaviour of different kind of alternatives at a fixed condenser temperature of 315
K with ammonia as the pressure equalizing fluid is shown in below graph

Graph 4-1: Alternative Refrigerants

The iso-butane ammonia mixture provides the smallest lift because its saturation
temperature is the closest to ammonia saturation temperature.

35
 Using different fluids in combination with ammonia-water system, variation in COP
is shown in below graph.

Graph 4-2: Alternative Fluids Base Case COP

From above graph its shows that using iso-butane with ammonia-water system gives
maximum COP compare to other fluids

36
 Conclusion

The thermally driven, triple working fluid, Einstein refrigeration cycle has been
analytically studied. Its COPs ranged from 0.02 to 0.2 with temperature lifts ranging from 40
K to 80 K.

Many conclusions can be derived from the cycle thermodynamic performance;

alternative working fluids performance and bubble pump performance results

 At a given system pressure, there is a minimum evaporator temperature and a

maximum condenser/absorber temperature.
 The maximum condenser/absorber temperature is the saturation temperature of the
refrigerant at the system pressure.
 The minimum evaporator temperature depends upon the choice of pressure equalizing
fluid and refrigerant fluid mixture.
 For the case of the ammonia-butane mixture, the minimum evaporator temperature
corresponds to the three phase flash temperature at the system pressure. The
maximum lift may be adjusted by changing either the refrigerant fluid or the pressure
equalizing fluid.

It was also determined that the system pressure should be chosen so as to

produce nearly pure refrigerant leaving the condenser/absorber. In other words, the system
pressure should be selected such that the condenser/absorber is operating at its maximum
possible temperature. This operating condition will produce the best COP.

37
 TABLES

Table 1: Superheated Steam table

38
Table 2: Saturated water-pressure table

39
Table 3: Property table of ammonia (R717)

40
41
Table 4: Property table of iso-butane (R600a)

42
Table 5: Enthalpy concentration diagram for ammonia & water

43
References
 Design analysis of the EINSTEIN refrigeration cycle by Sam V. Shelton , Andrew
Delano and Laura A. Schaefer.

 ASHRAE HANDBOOK 2009.

 Refrigerator and Air Conditioning by C.P. Arora .

 Heat and Mass Transfer by Dr. D.S. Kumar.

 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, IIT KHARAGPUR 2008

 Introduction to physical metallurgy by Sidney H Avner.

 Thermodynamics Engineering Approach by Yunus A. Cengel.

 Basic Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by P N Ananthanarayanan.

 A course in Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning by Domkundwar & Arora.

 Refrigeration and Air conditioning guide by AUDELS.

 Refrigeration and psychometric charts with property tables by Dr. R.K.SINGAL.

 Bubble Pump Design for Single Pressure Absorption Refrigeration Cycles by Sam V.
Shelton & Susan White Stewart.

 Single pressure Absorption Heat Pump Analysis by Laura Schaerfer.

 NPTEL videos on Refrigeration and Air conditioning.

 Einstein’s green refrigerator making a comeback by Lisa Zyga

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