ATAR Mathematics Applications Units 1 & 2

Exam Notes for Western Australian Year 11 Students

Created by Anthony Bochrinis

Version 2.0 (Updated 23/02/19)
ATAR Mathematics Applications
Units 1 & 2 Exam Notes
Created by Anthony Bochrinis
Version 2.0 (Updated 23/02/19)
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 GOODS AND SERVICES T AX BUDGETING EXCHANG E RAT ES
FI N AN C E
Goods and Services Tax ( GST ) Fixed and Discretionary Spending Exchange Rate Definition
• Sales tax of 10% that’s added onto the price • Fixed: spending on necessities for daily life • Price of country’s currency in terms of another
T IME AND DAT E of most goods and services in Australia. (e.g. rent, electricity bills or insurance). currency for the purpose of conversion.
Time Conversions ( 24 Hour Time ) Find GST Inclusive Price • Discretionary: spending on non-essential Exchange Rate Examples
× 1.1 items that can be removed (e.g. dining out).
0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 0000 (i.e. 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 + 𝐺𝑆𝑇) (Q1a) 1 Aus. Dollar (AUD) buys 3.25 Malaysian
AM (12 HRS) PM (12 HRS) Find GST Amount 𝑺𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 = 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆 − 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 Ringgit (RM). How much AUD is 450 RM?
÷ 11 450 𝑅𝑀 = 450 ÷ 3.25 = $𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟔 𝑨𝑼𝑫
(i.e. 𝐺𝑆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 – 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒) Budgeting Example
12:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 (Q1b) Convert a price of $55 AUD to RM:
Date Conversions Find GST Exclusive Price (Q1) Make a weekly budget for the following:
÷ 1.1 $55 𝐴𝑈𝐷 = 55 × 3.25 = $𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 𝑹𝑴
(i.e. 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 – 𝐺𝑆𝑇) • Income from job: $114,400 per year.
• Frequency of time periods per year: (Q1c) Conversion rate increases to 1:3.5. How
Goods and Services Tax Example • Investment income: $950 per week.
Yearly/Annual 1 Monthly 12 much more RM can be made from $10 AUD?
• Rent for apartment: $380 per week.
(Q1) A TV was bought for $550 GST inclusive. $10𝐴𝑈𝐷 = 35 𝑅𝑀 → 35 − 32.50 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 more.
Six-Monthly 2 Fortnightly 26 • Utilities (i.e. gas and electricity): $5 per day.
(Q1a) Find how much GST included in price.
Quarterly 4 Weekly 52 • Entertainment/dining: $200 per week.
550 ÷ 11 = $𝟓𝟎 was total amount of GST. • Car and health insurance: $45 per fortnight.
• Days in each month of the year: SHARE MARKET
(Q1b) Find original price before adding GST.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Income Expenditure
550 ÷ 1.1 = $𝟓𝟎𝟎 was amount before GST. Share Market Terminology
Investments $950 Rent $380
31 28/29 31 30 31 30 • Shares: a small part of a company, entitling
Income $2200 Utilities $35 the holder to a proportion of company profits.
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
UNIT COST MET HOD Total $3150 Entertainment $200 • Share Portfolio: collection of different shares.
31 31 30 31 30 31
Unit Cost Method ( Best Buy ) Total Savings Insurance $22.50 • Purchase Price: how much an investor spent
$2491.50 Total $658.50 to initially purchase shares in a company.
• Finds cost of an item per lowest single unit.
• Market Value: most recent price for a share.
PERCENT AG ES • Used to compare multiple sizes of the same
• Earnings Per Share: profit after tax that is
item to find best value for money.
Percentage and Decimal Conversions SIMPLE INTEREST available to be distributed to shareholders.
÷ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (i.e. move decimal point 2 places left)
𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 ÷ 𝑨𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 • Dividends Per Share: profit after tax that is
Simple Interest Formula actually paid to shareholders for each share
Unit Cost Method Examples
Percentage Decimal 𝑰= 𝑷×𝑹×𝑻 𝑨 =𝑰+𝑷 held (normally on a bi-annual or annual basis).
(Q1) Rank each of the following:
• Price-to-Earnings Ratio (PE): how much an
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (i.e. move decimal point 2 places right) • Option One: $5.20 for 2000 mL of water • 𝑨 : total amount (principal plus interest). investor expects to invest in order to receive
Percentage of Quantities • Option Two: $1.75 for 600 ml of water • 𝑷 : principal (starting amount). one dollar of company earnings.
• Finding the percentage of a quantity: • Option Three: $0.95 for 0.45 litres of water • 𝑰 : total interest earned/ owed.
▪ The lower the PE ratio, the more attractive
▪ e.g. what is 𝐴% of 𝐵? Option One: 5.2/2 = $2.60/𝐿 *Convert • 𝑹 : interest rate (as a decimal).
the company is to investors to buy shares.
Option Two: 1.75/0.6 = $2.92/𝐿 • 𝑻 : time (must be converted to years).
% Method of Finding Percentage
to cost per • Brokerage: fee paid to a stockbroking firm to
Option Three: 0.95/0.45 = $2.11/𝐿 one litre Graphing Simple Interest buy and sell shares of your choice for you.
50% Find half of the number (i.e. ÷ by 2). Rank: 3, 1, 2 is order from best buy to worst. • Amount of interest earned in Share Market Formulae

Interest
10% Move decimal point 1 place left.
simple interest is linear (i.e.
5% Find 10% and then halve it. amount of interest earned is 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝑷𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒆
𝑷/𝑬 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
1% Move decimal point 2 places left. WAGES / SALARY / COMMISSION constant over time). 𝑬𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 𝑷𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒆
0.5% Find 1% and then halve it. Time
Wages, Salary and Commission Simple Interest Examples 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕
• Finding percentage between two quantities: • Wages: being paid for work by the hour (Q1) Find simple interest on investment of 𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝑷𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒆 =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔
▪ e.g. what percentage is 𝐴 out of 𝐵? ▪ Multipliers: employees can be paid more $1500 for 3 years 6 months at a rate of 0.8%?
Share Market Application Examples
than base rate depending on day/hours: 𝐼 = 𝑃 × 𝑅 × 𝑇 = 1500 × 0.008 × 3.5 = $𝟒𝟐. 𝟎𝟎
(𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑨 ÷ 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑩) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (Q1) A share portfolio is shown below:
×1 Double Time × 2 (Q2) Ellie purchased a mobile phone worth
• 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑨 : typically smaller amount. Standard Rate
Company CBA RIO NMC
$600 using her credit card that charges 19.8%
• 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑩 : typically larger amount. Time and a Half × 1.5 Triple Time × 3 p.a. simple interest on the 30th of March. She Number of Shares 85 120 220
Percentage Change • Annual Salary: set amount earned per year. paid the account on the 11th of April. Market Value per Share $8.00 $5.60 $9.65
• Percentage increase (i.e. markups): • Commission: paid depending on how much (Q2a) What was the total interest charged? Earnings per Share $2.50 $0.80 $3.40
▪ Markup: amount added to cost price. revenue an employee earns for a business. 𝐼 = 600 × 0.198 × (13/365) = $𝟒. 𝟐𝟑 Annual Dividend $0.12 6% Nil
(Q2b) Find the total amount that Ellie paid:
(𝟏 + (% ÷ 𝟏𝟎𝟎)) × 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 Wage, Salary & Commission Examples (Q1a) Find the total market value of portfolio:
𝐴 = 𝐼 + 𝑃 = 4.23 + 600 = $𝟔𝟎𝟒. 𝟐𝟑
• Percentage decrease (i.e. discounts): (Q1) Mark earns $8 for every shirt and $6 for (85 × 8) + (120 × 5.6) + (220 × 9.65) = $𝟑𝟒𝟕𝟓
▪ Discount: amount taken from cost price. every pair of pants he sells at a store.
(Q1b) Find the total dividend of the portfolio:
(Q1a) How much is Mark paid for selling 20 COMPOUND INTEREST
(𝟏 − (% ÷ 𝟏𝟎𝟎)) × 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 (85 × 0.12) + (120 × 0.06) = $𝟏𝟕. 𝟒𝟎
shirts and 12 pairs of pants in a day?
• Percentage change (i.e. profit and loss): (20 × 8) + (12 × 6) = $𝟐𝟑𝟐 Compound Interest Formula (Q1c) Find the price to earnings ratio of all 3
▪ Profit: a positive difference between the 𝒓 𝒏𝒕 companies and recommend an investment:
(Q1b) Mark earned $1166 this week and sold 𝑰=𝑨−𝑷
𝑨 = 𝑷( 𝟏 + ) 𝐶𝐵𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑃/𝐸 = 8 ÷ 2.5 = 3.2 NMC is the best
total amount earned and amount spent. 112 shirts, how many pairs of pants did he sell? 𝒏
▪ Loss: a negative difference between the 1166 − (112 × 8) = 270 → 270 ÷ 6 = 𝟒𝟓 𝑅𝐼𝑂′𝑠 𝑃/𝐸 = 5.6 ÷ 0.8 = 7 choice as it has
• 𝑨 : total amount (principal plus interest).
total amount earned and amount spent. 𝑁𝑀𝐶′𝑠 𝑃/𝐸 = 9.65 ÷ 3.4 = 2.8 the lowest P/E.
(Q2) Find Lisa’s weekly pay if her salary is • 𝑷 : principal (initial/starting amount).
% 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = (𝑵𝒆𝒘 − 𝑶𝒍𝒅) ÷ 𝑶𝒍𝒅 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 $90,000 p.a.? 90000 ÷ 52 = $𝟏, 𝟕𝟑𝟎. 𝟕𝟕 • 𝑰 : total amount of interest earned/owed.
(Q3) Ben earns $20 p/h working these times: • 𝒓 : annual interest rate (as a decimal).
% 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒔 % 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒔 SPREADSHEET S
• 𝒏 : number of times in which interest is
𝑵𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 = 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 = 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒕 Mon 0600 – 1300 with 30 min unpaid break compounded per year. Spreadsheeting Cell References
• 𝑵𝒆𝒘 : most recent price of good/service. Tue 0800 – 1700 with 30 min unpaid break • 𝒕 : time (must be converted to years).
Equation Description
• 𝑶𝒍𝒅 : price before the change occurred. Wed 0900 – 1600 with no break
Graphing Compound Interest =A1+A2 Adds value of two cells.
• Reverse a percentage increase/decrease: Thu 0600 – 1900 with 90 min unpaid break
• Amount of interest earned in =A1 – A2Subtracts value of two cells.
▪ Finds the original price before a change. 0530 – 1715 with 15 min unpaid break
Interest

Fri simple interest is exponential

▪ Mistake to “undo” a % increase with the =A1*A2 Multiplies value of two cells.
• If Ben works more than 8 hours a day, then (i.e. interest amount earned
same % as a decrease. e.g. increasing =A1 / A2Divides value of two cells.
the next 2 hours are paid “time and a half” increases over time).
100 by 10% = 110 and decreasing 110 Adds the values of all cells
and next 2 hours after are paid “double time”. Compound Interest Examples Time =SUM(A1:A5)
by 10% = 99 (i.e. not original number). together between A1 and A5.
• Any Friday hours paid at “double time”. (Q1) $50,000 is invested into a bank with a rate Absolute cell reference (cell
Reverse a 𝒙% Increase 𝑥 (Q3a) Breakdown the hours worked per week:
÷ (1 + ) of 7.67% p.a., compounding half-yearly over =$A1 reference does not change
i.e. divide new amount by: 100
Day Normal Time & Half Double Total 3 years. How much interest does it accrue? when copied across cells).
Reverse a 𝒙% Decrease 𝑥 0.0767 2×3
÷ (1 − ) Mon 6.5 0 0 6.5 𝑨 = 50000 (1 + ) = $62666.09 Spreadsheeting Example
i.e. divide new amount by: 100 2
Tue 8 0.5 0 8.5
𝑰 = 𝐴 − 𝑃 = 62666.09 − 50000 = $𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟗 A B C D E
Percentage Application Examples Wed 7 0 0 7
(Q2) Invest $25,000 using choice of schemes: 1 Food Cost Price # Sold Profit
(Q1) Determine the value of 96% of 500km: Thu 8 2 1.5 11.5
• X: 6.22% p.a. compounding monthly 2 Burger $3.40 $7.00 88 $316.80
10% 𝑜𝑓 500 = 50 and 1% 𝑜𝑓 500 = 5 Fri 0 0 11.5 11.5
• Y: 6.25% p.a. compounding quarterly
96% = 90% + 6% = (9 × 10%) + (6 × 1%) Total 29.5 2.5 13 45 3 Panini $3.10 $8.50 72 $388.80
Which would pay more after 3 years?
= (9 × 50) + (6 × 5) = 450 + 30 = 𝟒𝟖𝟎𝒌𝒎 0.0622 12×3 4 Fries $1.10 $3.50 125 $300.00
(Q3b) What is Ben’s weekly pay? 𝑿 = 25000 (1 + ) − 1 = $30,114.11
(Q2) Find the percentage of 42 out of 50: (29.5 × 20) + (2.5 × 20 × 1.5) + (13 × 20 × 2) 12 5 Salad $4.20 $9.00 45 $216.00
42 42 100 42 2 0.0625 4×3
× 100 = 50 × = × 1 = 𝟖𝟒% = 590 + 75 + 520 = $𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟓 𝒀 = 25000 (1 + ) − 1 = $30,112.07 6 Total $1211.60
50 1 1 4
(Q3) I bought a calculator for $150 and sold it ∴ Scheme X pays more interest than Y. (Q1a) What is the formula that calculates the
for $120. What is the percentage profit/loss? total cost of selling fries today?
GOVERNMENT ALLO WANCES
𝑁𝑒𝑤 = $120 (120 − 150) INFL AT IO N (i.e. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 × 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦): = 𝑪𝟒 × 𝑫𝟒
× 100 = −20% Government Allowance Example
𝑂𝑙𝑑 = $150 150 (Q1b) What is formula that calculates cell E3?
As the % is negative, result is a 20% loss (Q1) A person qualifies for youth allowance of Inflation Definition and Formula Cell E3 finds profit for paninis (i.e. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 =
(Q4) A $75 item is discounted by 40% and $420 per fortnight if doesn’t earn more than • Consistent rise in level of wages and prices. 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡): = (𝑪𝟑 − 𝑩𝟑) × 𝑫𝟑
then discounted a further 60%. What single $427 in that time. Allowance is reduced by 50c
in the dollar for each dollar over $427. 𝑵𝒆𝒘 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 = 𝑷(𝟏 + 𝒓)𝒏 (Q1c) What is formula that calculates cell E6?
discount is equivalent to this discount?
(Q1a) Find monthly payment for youth • 𝑷 : cost or wage of current item/person. Cell E6 finds total profit for all foods items (i.e.
▪ 1st discount: 75 × (1 − (40 ÷ 100)) = 45 • 𝒓 : annual inflation rate (as a decimal). add individual profits): = 𝑺𝑼𝑴(𝑬𝟐: 𝑬𝟓)
allowance of Joshua who earns $0 per week.
▪ 2nd discount: 45 × (1 − (60 ÷ 100)) = 18 • 𝒏 : time (must be converted to years).
No deductions ∴ (420 × 26) ÷ 12 = $𝟗𝟏𝟎
Cost is $18 which is 75 − 18 = $57 discount,
(Q1b) Find weekly payment of Sarah who Inflation Examples
(1 − 0.4) × (1 − 0.6) = 0.24 which means an
earns $18 per hour working 15 hours a week. (Q1) Inflation is 2.1% p.a. What would be the ATAR Math Applications
overall discount of 100% − 24% = 𝟕𝟔%
(Q5) What was the original price on a $12,500 18 × 19 = $270 𝑝/𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘 = $540 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑛𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 price of an $2010 TV 10 years from now and Units 1 & 2 Exam Notes
540 − 427 = $113 → 50% × 113 = $56.50 how much has inflation added to the price?
car before a 6% discount was applied?
$420 − $56.50 = $363.50 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑛𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 2010(1 + 0.021)10 = $𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟒. 𝟑𝟏 is new price. Created by Anthony Bochrinis Page: 1 / 4
6
12500 ÷ (1 − 100) = $𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟕. 𝟖𝟕 original price. = $363.50 ÷ 2 = $𝟏𝟖𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘 $2474.31 − $2010 = $𝟒𝟔𝟒. 𝟑𝟏 due to inflation. Sharpened® CC BY-ND-NC 4.0 Version: 2.0
 PERIMET ER / AREA EXAMPLES
M E AS U REM EN T
Perimeter and Area Examples
(Q1) Find the perimeter
CONVERSIONS
and area of the shaded
SURF ACE / VOLUME EXAMPL ES RIGHT ANGLE T RIANGL ES
Surface Area and volume Examples Right Angle Triangle Examples
4𝑚 (Q1) Find surface area and (Q3a) Draw diagram to show a 2𝑚
6𝑚 2𝑚 (O)
volume of the cone: 3.8m ladder leaning against a 𝜃

5𝑚
1-D / 2-D / 3-D Distance Conversions region of the following 𝑎 ▪ Finding surface area: wall that reaches height of 2m. 𝑥 (A)
composite shape: 𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋(2)(6.32) + 𝜋(2)2 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟐𝟖 𝒎𝟐 (Q3b) Find the angle of elevation that the ladder
• 1-D Conversions (i.e. distance): 𝑏
÷ 𝟏𝟎 ÷ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ÷ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ▪ Finding perimeter: 7𝑚 ▪ Finding volume (𝑟 = 2, 𝑠 = 6, ℎ = 6.32): has between the ground and the wall:
𝑂 2 2
Radius of the quarter circle: 7 − 4 = 3𝑚 𝑉 = 1/3 × 𝜋(2)2 (6) = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟑 𝒎𝟑 25𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) = = → 𝜃 = sin−1 ( ) = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟔°
𝐻 3.8 3.8
mm cm m km Length of curve 𝑎: 𝑎 = 2𝜋(3) ÷ 4 = 4.71𝑚 (Q2) A lap pool is 25m long (Q4) Find length of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 in the diagram:

2𝑚
1𝑚
Length of line 𝑏: 𝑎 = 5 − 3 = 2𝑚 and 5m wide. At the shallow ▪ Find angle size of 𝑥:
× 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 Shape perimeter: 5 + 4 + 7 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟏𝒎 end it is 1m deep and then 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (5/6) = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟒𝟒°

5𝑚
• 2-D Conversions (i.e. area/surface area): ▪ Finding area of the shaded region: evenly gets deeper to 2m on other side.
𝟐 𝟐 ▪ Find length of 𝑦: 𝑥
÷ 𝟏𝟎 ÷ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ÷ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑊ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 (Q2a) Find the volume of the pool: 𝑦 = √62 − 52 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝒎 𝑦 2𝑚
Area of whole rectangle: 5 × 7 = 35 𝑚2 Pool is a prism with trapezium as the base:
mm2 cm2 m2 km2 ▪ Find length of 𝑧: 𝑦+2
Area of quarter circle: 𝜋(3)2 ÷ 4 = 7.07 𝑚2 Trapezium area: 1/2 × (1 + 2) × 25 = 37.5 𝑚2
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 Shaded Area: 35 − 7.07 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟗𝟑 𝒎𝟐 𝑧 = √52 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = √52 + 5.322 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝒎
× 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 Volume: 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ = 37.5 × 5 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎𝟑
• 3-D Conversions (i.e. volume): (Q2) Find perimeter and area of the sector: (Q2b) Find the capacity of the pool in litres:
÷ 𝟏𝟎 𝟑
÷ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟑
÷ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑 ▪ Finding perimeter of sector: 1 𝑚3 = 1 𝑘𝐿 → 187.5 𝑚3 = 187.5 𝑘𝐿 *× 1000
80 NON- RIGHT ANGLE T RIANGL ES
𝑃 = 360 × 2𝜋(2) + 2(2) = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟗 𝒄𝒎 1 𝑘𝐿 = 1000 𝐿 → 187.5 𝑘𝐿 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑳
mm3 cm3 m3 km3 80°
▪ Finding area of sector: (Q2c) Find the surface area of the pool to find Triangle Notation and Rules
80 how many tiles to buy (i.e. don’t include top): • Angles are capitalized. 𝑩
× 𝟏𝟎𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝐴 = 360 × 𝜋(2)2 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟗 𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝜃 = 80°, 𝑟 = 2 𝑐𝑚 𝒂 𝒄
Capacity Conversions 𝑆𝐴 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 • Sides are in lower case. ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪
(Q3) Find the perimeter
÷ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ÷ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐴 = 0.5 × (1 + 2) × 25 = 37.5 𝐴 𝐵 • Opposing angles and 𝑪 𝑨
and area of the shaded

3𝑚

6𝑚
9𝑚 𝐵 = 5 × 2 = 10 𝑚2 𝐷 sides have same letter.
region of the following 𝒃
mL L kL 𝐶 = 25.02 × 5 = 125.1 𝑚 2 𝐶 • Sum of angles in any triangle rule:
composite shape: *𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐷 = 5 × 1 = 5 𝑚2
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ▪ Finding perimeter of shape: 𝑑 = 6, 𝑟 = 3 𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝑆𝐴 = 2(37.5) + 10 + 125.1 + 5 = 𝟐𝟏𝟓. 𝟏 𝒎𝟐
Perimeter of semi-circle: 2𝜋(3) ÷ 2 = 9.42𝑚
𝟏𝒎𝑳 = 𝟏𝒄𝒎 𝟑
𝟏𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒎 𝟑
𝟏𝒌𝑳 = 𝟏𝒎 𝟑
(Q2d) How many tiles need to be purchased if Sine Rule ( Finding Angles or Sides )
Perimeter: 3 + 2(9.12) + 9.42 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝒎
each tile has dimensions 15 𝑐𝑚 × 15 𝑐𝑚? • Use when two pairs of opposite angles and
▪ Finding area of the shaded region:
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑢𝑚 + 𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 Area of one tile: 15 × 15 = 225 𝑐𝑚2 sides are given and one element (i.e. one of
PERIMETER / AREA 1 Convert pool 𝑆𝐴: 215.1 𝑚2 = 2,151,000 𝑐𝑚2 the angles or sides in either pair) is missing.
Area of trapezium: 2 × (3 + 6) × 9 = 40.5 𝑚2
# of tiles: 2,151,000 ÷ 225 = 𝟗, 𝟓𝟔𝟎 tiles. Finding Sides: Finding Angles:
Circle Terminology Area of semi-circle: 𝜋(3)2 ÷ 2 = 14.14 𝑚2
(Q3) Find surface area and 𝒂 𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩
• Circumference (𝐶): the perimeter of a circle. Shaded Area: 40.5 + 14.14 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟔𝟒 𝒎𝟐 = =
volume of the composite 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 𝒂 𝒃
• Radius (𝑟): distance from circle centre to (Q4) Find perimeter and area: shape of a hemisphere
10𝑚

4𝑐𝑚
the edge (i.e. radius is half of the diameter). ▪ Finding perimeter of shape: 3𝑐𝑚 𝑩 𝒄 𝑩 𝒄
on top of a cylinder: 𝒂 𝒂
8.7𝑚

• Diameter (𝑑): distance across a circle that Semi-circle: 2𝜋(5) ÷ 2 = 15.71𝑚 ▪ Finding surface area: 𝑪 𝑨 𝑪 𝑨
goes through the centre of the circle. Perimeter: 3(15.71) = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟏𝟑𝒎 Top of hemisphere: 4𝜋(3)2 ÷ 2 = 56.55 𝑐𝑚2 𝒃 𝒃
Part of the circumference ▪ Finding area of shaded region: Cylinder side: 2𝜋𝑟ℎ = 2𝜋(3)(4) = 75.40 𝑐𝑚2
𝜃 𝑑 = 10
Arc of a circle (arc length 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 3 × 𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 + 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 Cylinder bottom (circle): 𝜋(3)2 = 28.27 𝑐𝑚2 Cosine Rule ( Finding Angles or Sides )
𝑟 𝑟=5
depends on angle 𝜃). 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 3 × (𝜋𝑟 2 ) + (1/2 × 𝑏 × ℎ) 𝑆𝐴 = 56.55 + 75.40 + 28.27 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟐 • Use when three sides and one angle is given
Area between arc and = 3 × (𝜋 × 52 ) + (1/2 × 5 × 8.7) = 𝟐𝟓𝟕. 𝟔𝟕 𝒎𝟐 ▪ Finding volume (ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 + 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟): and one element (i.e. angle or side) is missing.
𝜃
Sector centre of circle (sector Hemisphere: 4/3 × 𝜋(3)3 ÷ 2 = 56.55 𝑐𝑚2
𝑟 𝑩 𝒄
depends on angle 𝜃). Cylinder: 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋(3)2 (4) = 113.10 𝑐𝑚2 Finding a Side: 𝒂
SURFACE AREA / VOLUME
𝑉 = 56.55 + 113.10 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟔𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃 × 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝑪) 𝑪 𝑨
Perimeter Formulae
Definition of a 3-D Prism 𝒃
Circumference Arc • A prism is a series of the same 2-D shape
𝜽 Finding an angle: 𝑩 𝒄
𝑪 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 or 𝑪 = 𝝅𝒅 𝑷 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 × 𝟐𝝅𝒓 (i.e. base) that has been stacked on top of RIGHT ANGLE T RIANGL ES 𝒂
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐
each other to obtain a certain height ℎ. 𝑪 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 ( ) 𝑪 𝑨
Pythagoras’ Theorem ( 2-D and 3-D ) 𝟐×𝒂×𝒃
𝜃 *For any 𝒃
𝑟 𝑟 • Can only be used on right angle triangles.
𝑑 angle 𝜃 Area of Non-Right Triangles
• Pythagoras’ theorem in 2-Dimensions:
Base Stacked multiple times Forms prism ▪ Hypotenuse (𝑐): longest • Trigonometric formula: 𝒂 𝑩 𝒄
Sector Semi-Circle 𝑐
𝜽 (Circle) on top of each other (Cylinder) side of right triangle and 𝑏 ▪ Use when have two sides 𝑪 𝑨
𝑷 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 × 𝟐𝝅𝒓 + 𝟐𝒓 𝑷 = 𝝅𝒓 + 𝟐𝒓
Surface Area Formulae is opposite the right angle. and an included angle. 𝒃
𝑎
𝑟 *For any • Finding the surface area of any 3-D shape: 𝟏
𝜃 Longest Side Shorter Side 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 = × 𝒂 × 𝒃 × 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝑪)
𝑟 angle 𝜃 (hypotenuse) (triangle leg) 𝟐
𝑟 𝑟 𝑑 Step Break down the 3-D shape into a
1 separate 2-D shape for every side. 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 • Heron’s rule for finding area:
Area Formulae ▪ Use when all three 𝒂 𝑩 𝒄
Step Find area of each side separately
Circle Square Rectangle • Pythagoras’ theorem in 3-Dimensions: sides of the non-right 𝑪 𝑨
2 and then add them together.
𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝑨 = 𝒍𝟐 𝑨=𝒍×𝒘 Length of Diagonal angle triangle are known. 𝒃
• Surface area formulae:
𝒅𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝑏 𝑑 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 = √𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)
𝑙 𝑤 Rectangular Prism Cylinder 𝑐
𝑟 𝑺𝑨 = 𝟐𝑨 + 𝟐𝑩 + 𝟐𝑪 𝑺𝑨 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒉 + 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐 Trigonometric Ratios 𝑎 • 𝒔 = (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)/𝟐 : half of the perimeter.
𝑙 𝑙
𝐵 • Can only be used on right angle triangles. Non-Right Angle Triangle Examples
Triangle 𝑟
Parallelogram
𝟏 𝐶 • Labelling right angle triangles: 𝐻 (Q1) Find side length 𝑏 in the following triangle:
𝑨 =𝒃×𝒉 𝑨 = 𝟐×𝒃×𝒉 𝐴 ℎ 𝑂
▪ Opposite (𝑂): opposite 𝜃. 𝜃 ▪ Two pairs of angle and side: sine rule
▪ Adjacent (𝐴): next to 𝜃. 𝐴 7 𝑏
Side rule: 𝑠𝑖𝑛(40) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(70)
Sphere Cone 40° 70°
ℎ or ▪ Hypotenuse (𝐻): opposite right angle.
ℎ ℎ 𝑺𝑨 = 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝑺𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝒔 + 𝝅𝒓𝟐 7
𝑏 = 𝑠𝑖 𝑛(70) × 𝑠𝑖𝑛(40) = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟑 7
Sin Cos Tan 𝑏
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 (Q2) Find angle 𝐴 in the following triangle:
𝑟 𝑂 𝐴 𝑂
𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ▪ Three sides and one angle: cosine rule
Trapezium Sector ℎ
𝟏 𝜽 𝑠 𝐻 𝐻 𝐴 172 +62 −132
𝑨 = 𝟐 × (𝒂 + 𝒃) × 𝒉 𝑨 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 × 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) 13
𝑂 𝐴 𝑂 2×17×13
𝑎 𝑎 Volume Formulae 𝜃 = sin−1 ( ) 𝜃 = cos −1 ( ) 𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (156/442)
𝑟 𝐻 𝐻 𝐴 17
ℎ or ℎ 𝜃
*For any • Finding the volume of any prism: 𝐴 = cos −1 (0.3529) = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟑𝟑° 𝐴 6
angle 𝜃 Angles of Elevation and Depression
𝑏 𝑏 𝑟 Step Identify which side of the prism is (Q3) Find area of the following triangle:
• Elevation (𝑎): Elevation ▪ Three sides: Heron’s rule
Observer

Semi-Circle Quarter Circle 1 the base (i.e. stackable 2-D shape). angle of looking 𝑎 𝑠 = (3 + 4 + 5)/2 = 6 4
𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 ÷ 𝟐 𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 ÷ 𝟒 Step Find area of the 2-D base and up at an object. 𝑏
Eye-level 3
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = √6(6 − 3)(6 − 4)(6 − 5)
2 multiply it by height of the prism. • Depression (𝑏):
𝑟 Depression 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = √36 = 6 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2 5
• Volume formulae: angle of looking
𝑟 (Q4) Find area of quadrilateral: 𝐵
down at an object. 𝜃
Prism 𝑽 = 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 × 𝒉 *Angles are ▪ Find side length 𝐵𝐷:
Area of Composite Shapes • Alternate angles equal (𝑧-rule)
𝜃 Two sides with the
• Composite shape: complex shape made up (𝑧-rule): if there are 𝐴 𝐶
*For any included angle are
of two or more simpler and smaller shapes. 2 parallel lines, alternating angles are equal.
𝐵 𝐵 2-D base given; use cosine rule.
Method 1: Adding Shapes ℎ ℎ Right Angle Triangle Examples 𝐷
𝐵𝐷2 = 72 + 112 − 2(7)(11)(cos(45))
Rectangular Prism Cylinder (Q1) Find the length of 𝑥: 𝑥
Step Break down composite shape into 𝐵𝐷 = √61.11 = 7.82 𝑚
4𝑚

1 small shapes that can be added. 𝑽 = 𝒍×𝒘×𝒉 𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 × 𝒉 Pythagoras: 𝑦 2 = 52 − 42 ▪ Find angle 𝐶 using the sine angle rule:
Step Find area of each smaller shape 𝑦 = √52 − 42 = √25 − 16 12𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛(35)
ℎ 𝑟 𝑦 = → 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 = 0.561 → 𝐶 = 34.1°
2 separately and then add them. 𝑦 = 3, 𝑥 = 12 − 3 = 𝟗𝒎 7.82 8
𝑤 ℎ 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 ∠𝐵𝐷𝐶 = 180 − 35 − 34.1 = 110.9°
Method 2: Subtracting Shapes 𝑙 (Q2) Will a rod that is 1.7m
1.7 ▪ Finding area of quadrilateral using trig rule:
Step Break down composite shape into long fit in a rectangular
Sphere Cone
1 shapes that can be subtracted. 𝟒 𝟏 prism that’s 1.5m wide, 0.5 𝑥 1
∆𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 0.5 × 7 × 11 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛(45) = 27.22 𝑚2
𝑽 = 𝟑 × 𝝅𝒓𝟑 𝑽 = 𝟑 × 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉 ∆𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 0.5 × 8 × 7.82 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛(110.9) = 29.22 𝑚2
1m deep and 0.5m high? 1.5
Step Find area of smaller shapes and 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 = ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷 + ∆𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝟐
▪ Method 1: Using 2-D Pythagoras formula:
2 subtract them from larger shape. 𝑟
𝑟 Find 𝑥 on the bottom: Use 𝑥 to find rod length:
Method 1: Add Method 2: Subtract ℎ
𝑥 = √12 + 1.52 𝑟𝑜𝑑 = √1.82 + 0.52
𝐵 𝟏
Pyramid 𝑽 = 𝟑 × 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 × 𝒉
𝑥 = √3.25 = 1.8 𝑥 = √3.5 = 1.87 𝑚, Yes. ATAR Math Applications
𝐴 𝐴 ▪ Method 2: Using 3-D Pythagoras formula: Units 1 & 2 Exam Notes
𝐶 𝐵 𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 0.5 + 1 + 1.52 𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 1.87 𝑚 > 1.7 𝑚
2 2 2
*For any
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝑨 − 𝑩 ℎ ℎ ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑑 = √0.25 + 1 + 2.25 Yes, the rod will fit.
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 2-D base Created by Anthony Bochrinis Page: 2 / 4
*3 different shapes *𝐴 is whole rectangle ► Topic Is Continued In Next Column ◄ Sharpened® CC BY-ND-NC 4.0 Version: 2.0
 BEARINGS
Bearing Notation and Rules
𝑵
• True bearing (°𝑇): angle 𝑵𝑾 0° 𝑵𝑬
between 0 and 360 that 315° 45°
is measured clockwise 𝑾 𝑬 Statistical Investigation Process
around the compass 270° 90°
starting from true north. 𝑺𝑾
𝑺𝑬
• Finding the bearing from 225° 𝑺 135°
one point to another: 180°
𝑨 1
𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝑨 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑩 𝑩 Freq. *Broken axis *Centre the bars on the
= 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝑩 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈𝒐 𝒕𝒐 𝑨
Using Bearings Examples
(Q1) Find true bearing of point 𝐴 from 𝐵 of:
𝐴 20
𝐴 Interpret the results by relating to
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
𝐴 (Q1b) Describe the distribution for the costs:
𝐴 Step Return to step 1 if additional
0 + 60 360 − 10 90 + 50 180 + 60
= 𝟔𝟎°𝑻 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎°𝑻 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎°𝑻 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎°𝑻
(Q2) The diagram below has three locations:
𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐. Angle 𝑥 is 40°, 𝑦 is 20° and
𝑧 is 70°. Find the bearing of point:
𝑥 𝑦
(Q2a) B from A? 𝟒𝟎°𝑻
𝐴 𝑧
(Q2b) B from C? If 𝑦 = 20°
then blue angle at point 𝐶 = 20° *50° *20°
(using alternate angles). 𝟐𝟎°𝑻 𝐶 Quantitative Data
(Q2c) A from C? If blue angle at point 𝐶 = 20°
and 𝑧 = 70° then red angle is 70 − 20 = 50°.
Then the bearing is equal to 360 − 50 = 𝟑𝟏𝟎°𝑻
(Q3) A small plane travels 𝐴
20km at 160° from point A 70°
to point B. Then plane travels 15𝑘𝑚
15km at 230° to point C.
70°
(Q3a) Find distance A to C:
40°
𝐴𝐶 2 = 202 + 152 − 2 × 20 ×
15 × cos(110) , 𝐴𝐶 = 28.81 𝜃 20𝑘𝑚
40°
(Q3b) Bearing A from C:
202 +28.812 −152 𝐶
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 2×20×28.81 ) *Subtract from 90°
𝜃 = 29.30°, bearing = 90 − 40 − 29.3 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟕°𝑻
SIMIL AR F IGURES
Similar Figures and Scale Factors
• Similar figures: two shapes with identical
internal angles but are different in size.
• Scale factor: a ratio that compares matching
side lengths of two similar figures.
𝒚 = 𝒌𝒙
• 𝒌 : scale factor between shapes.
• 𝒚 : length of a side of a shape 𝑦.
• 𝒙 : length of a side of another shape 𝑥.
Scale Factors and Length/Area/Volume
• Find scale factor “𝑘” between side lengths
of the small shape to the larger shape:
1-Dimension: Shape Side Lengths
First Shape → ×𝑘 → Second Shape
2-Dimension: Area and Surface Area
First Shape → × 𝑘 2 → Second Shape
3-Dimension: Volume and Capacity
3
First Shape → × 𝑘 → Second Shape
Similar Figure Examples
5 • Upper and Lower Quartile (a.k.a. Q1 / Q3):
(Q1) Find the length of 𝑥 and 𝑦 in
following pair of similar triangles: 𝑦 3 1
▪ Finding scale factor 𝑘:
𝑘 = 9 ÷ 3 = 12 ÷ 4 = 3 12
9 Lower
▪ Finding side 𝑥 and 𝑦:
𝑥 = 𝑘 × 5 = 3 × 5 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝑥 Upper
𝑦 = 12 ÷ 𝑘 = 12 ÷ 3 = 𝟒 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
(Q2) A drawing of a plan for a pool is shown
below. Each square on grid is 2𝑚𝑚 × 2𝑚𝑚
and represents 1𝑚 × 1𝑚 in real life.
𝐴
𝐷 𝐵
𝐶 • Value too large/small compared to data set:
(Q2a) How much longer is 𝐴 than 𝐶 in real life?
Scale factor is 2𝑚𝑚 ∶ 1000𝑚𝑚 = 1: 500
𝐴 − 𝐶 = (17 × 500) − (14 × 500) = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
(Q2b) Find area of the top of the real pool:
Plan drawing has 46.5 squares (removing half
squares for triangle) = 46.5 × 2 × 2 = 186𝑚𝑚2
186 × 5002 = 46,500,000𝑚𝑚2 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟓𝒎𝟐
(Q3) A cylindrical water tank has a height of
12m. A model water tank is built that is 3m tall.
(Q3a) What is the scale factor of the model
HISTOGRAMS NORMAL DIST RIBUT ION
U NIV AR I ATE D AT A
Histogram Example Z-Scores ( Standardised Scores )
(Q1) Costs of customers buying petrol are: • Simplifies all normal distributions to a mean of
ST AT IST ICAL INVEST IG AT IONS 0 and a standard deviation of 1.
Cost ($) Freq. Cost ($) Freq.
• Shows how many standard deviations above
15 ≤ 𝑥 < 25 9 45 ≤ 𝑥 < 55 30
• A cyclical (i.e. repeated) process that reflects or below the mean that each score (i.e. 𝑥) is.
25 ≤ 𝑥 < 35 85 55 ≤ 𝑥 < 65 20 𝒙−𝝁
how statisticians solve real-world problems:
35 ≤ 𝑥 < 45 62 65 ≤ 𝑥 < 75 15 𝒁~𝑵(𝟎, 𝟏𝟐 ) 𝒛=
𝝈
Step Analyse the problem and create
relevant questions to be answered. (Q1a) Create a histogram of this data: Distribution Quantiles/Percentiles
• 𝑎% of data lies below the 𝑎𝑡ℎ quantile.
Step Design and implement a plan to
100 and no gaps. midpoints of intervals
2 collect or obtain the data.
80 𝑷(𝑿 < 𝒌) = 𝒂 • 𝒂 : quantile 0 < 𝑎 < 1
(i.e. multiples of 10).
Step Calculate statistics and plot graphs 60
ClassPad Main App Normal Distribution
3 to analyse the collected data. 40
𝑷(𝑨 ≤ 𝑿 ≤ 𝑩) 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝐶𝐷𝐹(𝐴, 𝐵, 𝜎, 𝜇)
Cost
Step 0 Find 𝒌 given 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝐶𝐷𝐹
the initial question and then
4 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 𝑷(𝑿 ≤ 𝒌) (𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑘), 𝜎, 𝜇)
communicate the findings.
▪ Location: Estimated mean cost of petrol is
5 problems are identified in findings.
$40.54. Modal class cost is $25 to $35 and Left Tail Centered Right Tail
the median class cost is $35 to $45.
Finding Probabilities
𝐵 ▪ Spread: range of the costs is $60 ($75 -
TYPES OF VARIABLES $15) and the estimated standard deviation 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑎) cannot be calculated
Types of Statistical Variables of the petrol costs is $12.86.
𝑃(𝑋 < 𝑎) = 𝑃(𝑋 > 𝑎) =
• Two primary types of data: ▪ Shape: distribution is skewed to the right, 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑎) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 𝑎)
is unimodal and contains no gaps/outliers.
Numerical or Categorical or Normal Distribution Examples
Qualitative Data
(Q1) X is normal distributed with a mean of 10
Discrete or Ordinal or BOXPLOTS and a standard deviation of 2. Determine:
Continuous Nominal
Five Number Summary *Create bell
• Numerical or Quantitative: have values that • To draw a boxplot, collect and calculate the curve with
describe a measurable quantity as a five statistics: min, Q1, median, Q3 and max. 𝜇 and 𝜎.
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
number, like ‘how many’ or ‘how much’. ▪ Outliers are separated from a boxplot and
(Q1a) 𝑃(𝑥 = 10) = 𝟎 (Q1b) 𝑃(𝑥 < 10)
▪ Discrete: can take whole values (e.g. represented by an asterisk symbol (i.e. *).
Cannot determine. 𝑃(𝑥 < 𝜇) = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝐵 number of children or number of cars).
25% of 25% of 25% of 25% of
▪ Continuous: can take any value including data data data data (Q1c) 𝑃(8 < 𝑥 < 12) (Q1d) 𝑃(4 < 𝑥 < 16)
decimals (e.g. height, weight or time). 𝑃(−1𝜎 < 𝑥 < +1𝜎) 𝑃(−3𝜎 < 𝑥 < +3𝜎)
• Categorical or Qualitative: have values that = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟕
describe a ‘quality’ or ‘characteristic’ of data. (Q1e) 𝑃(6 < 𝑥 < 10) (Q1f) 𝑃(8 < 𝑥 < ∞)
▪ Ordinal: observations that can logically Min Q1 Median Q3 Max 𝑃(−2𝜎 < 𝑥 < 𝜇) 𝑃(𝑥 > 8) = 𝑃(𝑥 > −1𝜎)
ordered or ranked (e.g. academic grades IQR: 50% of data 0.135 + 0.34 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟓 0.34 + 0.5 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒
such as A, B, C, D, E or clothing sizes (Q2) Cost of weekly food shopping at a grocery
Shape and Spread of Boxplots
such as small, medium, large, extra large). store is normal distributed with 𝑋~𝑁(200, 502 )
▪ Nominal: observations that cannot be Skewed Right (Q2a) Find the probability that a customer will
ordered logically (e.g. eye colour, brands, (Positive) spend between $175 and $225 at the store:
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 > 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
gender, religion, car models). 𝑋~𝑁(200, 502 ) and finding 𝑃(175 < 𝑥 < 225)
Symmetrical = 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝐶𝐷𝐹(175,225,50,200) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟗
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 (Q2b) Find cost that sits in the 30% quantile:
DESCRIBING DAT A SET S 𝑃(𝑥 < 𝑘) = 0.30 and 30%
Measures of Location and Spread Skewed Left finding the value of 𝑘 gives
(Negative) 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝐶𝐷𝐹(𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡, 0.3,50,200)
• Mean (a.k.a. average): 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 < 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 173.8
𝑘 = 30% 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟖
Step Add together all the data values in
1 the entire set.
Analysing Boxplot Examples (Q3) Maria scored 65% & 70% in her english &
(Q1) Exam scores from classes 𝐴 and 𝐵 are: maths exam respectively. English exam 𝜇 = 60
Step Divide the sum from step 1 by the
𝐴 & 𝜎 = 3 and maths exam 𝜇 = 65 & 𝜎 = 2.5. Use
2 total amount of numbers in the set.
z-scores to find which was her best result.
• Median (a.k.a. middle number and Q2): 𝐵 65−60 70−65
English: 𝑧 = = 1.67 Maths: 𝑧 = =2
3 2.5
Step Order all numbers in ascending
1 order (i.e. from smallest to largest). Therefore, maths was her best result.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
If there’s an odd number of values, (Q1a) Which class performed better?
Step median is the middle number. If Class A had higher scores as it had a higher
2 there’s an even number of values, Q2, Q3 and max. However, Class B was more ALGEBRA
median average of two numbers. consistent as it had a lower IQR than Class A.
• Mode: the most common data value. (Q1b) Which class may have an outlier? Verify.
SUBST IT UT ION
▪ There can be more than one mode. Class A has a score well below score for Q1.
▪ If all data values appear once, no mode. 10 < 50 − (1.5 × (80 − 50)) → 10 < 5 Order of Operations ( BIMDAS )
• Range: largest value subtract the smallest. Therefore, not an outlier, however, quite close.
B Brackets • If there is × and ÷ or + and –
(Q2) Create a boxplot for the following data: in the same question, work
I Indices
▪ If there’s no number halfway, find the through it from left to right.
3 5 5 6 7 8 9 15
average of two central numbers instead. M Multiply • Indices multiply a number by
Q1 Data value halfway between the D Divide itself: (−2)2 = −2 × −2 = 4
𝑄1 = 4 𝑄2 = 6 𝑄3 = 8.5
numbers before the value of Q2. • Find which number multiplied
▪ Using formula to test if 15 is upper outlier: A Addition
Q3 Data value halfway between the by itself to give the number
15 > 8 + (1.5 × (8.5 − 4)) → 15 > 14.75 → 𝑌𝑒𝑠
numbers after the value of Q2. S Subtract under a square root: √16 = 4
• Interquartile Range (a.k.a. IQR): Substitution Examples
𝑰𝑸𝑹 = 𝑸𝟑 − 𝑸𝟏 (Q1) 𝑢 = −3, 𝑎 = 0.5, 𝑠 = 16 find 𝑣 = √𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 𝑣 = √(−3 × −3) + (2 × 0.5 × 16) = √25 = 𝟓
• Standard Deviation: measure of how far the
1
data set is away from the mean (average). (Q2) 𝐴 = 5.8, 𝑎 = 4.2, 𝑠 = 5 find 𝑥 = 2 (𝐴 − 𝐵)𝑇
Outliers in a Data Set NORMAL DIST RIBUT ION 1 1
𝑥 = 2 (5.8 − 4.2) × 5 = 2 × 1.6 × 5 = 0.8 × 5 = 𝟒
Normal Distribution ( Bell Curve )
Lower Lower outlier if a data value is • Has greater probability closer to the mean.
Outlier less than 𝑄1 − (1.5 × 𝐼𝑄𝑅). • As standard deviation (i.e. 𝜎) increases, the SOLVING L INEAR EQUAT IO NS
Upper Upper outlier if a data value is bell curve becomes more spread out and flat. Solving Linear Equations Examples
Outlier greater than 𝑄3 + (1.5 × 𝐼𝑄𝑅).
• 𝝁 : mean (Q1) Solve the following linear equations for 𝑥:
𝑿~𝑵(𝝁, 𝝈𝟐 )
Modality and Shape of Distributions • 𝝈 : standard deviation (Q1a) 15 = 6𝑥 − 3 (Q1b) −3(𝑥 − 5) = 6
• Modality of a distribution: 15 + 3 = 6𝑥 𝑥 − 5 = 6 ÷ −3
Bell Curve Shape and 68/95/99.7 Rule
Unimodal Bimodal 18 = 6𝑥 𝑥 − 5 = −2
99.7% 𝑥 = 18 ÷ 6 = 𝟑 𝑥 = −2 + 5 = 𝟑
One Mode Two Modes
95% (Q1c) 3(2𝑥 − 7) − 5(4 − 2𝑥) = 7(𝑥 + 1) + 6
6𝑥 − 21 − 20 + 10𝑥 = 7𝑥 + 7 + 6
68% 16𝑥 − 41 = 7𝑥 + 13 → 9𝑥 = 54 → 𝑥 = 𝟔
13.5%

0.15%
13.5%
0.15%

water tank compared to the real water tank?

• Shape (a.k.a. skewness) of a distribution: (Q1d) −4(−3 + 𝑥) = 7𝑥 − 10
𝑘 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 ÷ 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 12 ÷ 3 = 𝟒 12 − 4𝑥 = 7𝑥 − 10 → 22 = 11𝑥 → 𝑥 = 𝟐
34%
34%

(Q3b) If the radius of the top of the model 1m, Skewed Right
► Topic Is Continued On Next Page ◄
what is the radius of the real water tank? (Positive)
= 1 × 𝑘 = 1 × 4 = 𝟒𝒎 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 > 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 −𝟑𝝈 −𝟐𝝈 −𝟏𝝈 𝝁 +𝟏𝝈 +𝟐𝝈 +𝟑𝝈
(Q3b) If the surface area of the model is 14m2, • Symmetrical: 50% of scores are above the
Symmetrical mean and 50% of scores are below mean. ATAR Math Applications
what is surface area of the real water tank? 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
= 14 × 𝑘 2 = 14 × 42 = 14 × 16 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒𝒎𝟐 • 68% of scores lie within 1 S.D. of the mean. Units 1 & 2 Exam Notes
Skewed Left • 95% of scores lie within 2 S.D. of the mean.
(Q3b) If the volume of the real tank is 1800m3,
(Negative) • 99.7% of scores lie within 3 S.D. of the mean.
what is the volume of the model water tank? Created by Anthony Bochrinis Page: 3 / 4
= 1800 ÷ 𝑘 3 = 1800 ÷ 43 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒎𝟑 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 < 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 ► Topic Is Continued In Next Column ◄ Sharpened® CC BY-ND-NC 4.0 Version: 2.0
 SOLVING L INEAR EQUAT IO NS SIMULT ANEOUS EQ UAT IO NS PIECEWISE AND STEP GRAPHS APPLYING MAT RICES
Solving Linear Equations Examples Solving Equations by Substitution Piecewise and Step Graphs Examples Applying Matrices Examples
(Q1) Solve the following linear equations for 𝑥: Step Substitute one equation into the (Q1) Graph the step graph based on the table: (Q1) Given the following matrices, determine:
5 1] 2 0 6
(Q1e) 3𝑥 1 5
− =
6(15𝑥 − 2) = 12(5) 1 other. Place it inside brackets. 𝒙 0<𝑥≤2 2<𝑥≤4 4<𝑥≤9 𝐴=[ 𝐵=[ ] 𝐶=[ ] 𝐷 = [3 5 2]
2 5 6 90𝑥 − 12 = 60 −1 7 5 2 2 104
Step Expand the brackets and simplify by 𝒚 2 6 9
5(3𝑥) − 2(1) 5 90𝑥 = 60 + 12 2 collecting like terms. (Q1a) −2𝐵 (Q1b) 5𝑎21 − 𝑐22 × 𝑑12
= 90𝑥 = 72 𝑦 2 −𝟒 (5 × −1) − 2 × 5
2×6 6 Step Solve the equation found in step 2 *Empty dot means line doesn’t −2𝐵 = −2 [ ] = [ ]
𝑥 = 72 ÷ 90 = 𝟒/𝟓 10 5 −𝟏𝟎 = −5 − 2 × 5 = −𝟏𝟓
15𝑥 − 2 5 3 for the first variable. include point
= 8 (Q1c) 𝐴 + 𝐶 (Q1d) 𝐵𝐷 impossible
12 6
Substitute answer from step 3 back 6 5+0 1+6
(Q1f) 2𝑥 − 3 3 − 4𝑥 4𝑥 − 6 = 15 − 20𝑥 Step [ ] = [𝟓 𝟕] (2 × 1)(2 × 3) is not
= into one of the original equations 4 *Filled dot means −1 + 2 7 + 2 𝟏 𝟗 compatible (as 1 ≠ 2)
5 2 24𝑥 = 21 4 2
and solve for second variable. line includes point (Q1d) 𝐴𝐷 (2 × 2)(2 × 3) is compatible and will
2(2𝑥 − 3) = 5(3 − 4𝑥) 𝑥 = 21 ÷ 24 = 𝟕/𝟖 0
Step Present both answers (i.e. display 𝑥 produce a 2 × 3 matrix as the answer:
1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9
5 the values of both 𝑥 and 𝑦).
(Q2) Graph the piecewise function below: [ 5 1] × [3 5 2] = [𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟒] working out:
−1 7 1 0 4 𝟒 −𝟓 𝟐𝟔
L I N E A R E Q U AT I O N S Solving Equations by Elimination −2 𝑥 < −1 *Graph all three 5×3+1×1 5×5+1×0 5×2+1×4
[ ]
Step Stack the two equations on top of 𝑦 = { 𝑥 + 1 −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 lines and trim as −1 × 3 + 7 × 1 −1 × 5 + 7 × 0 −1 × 2 + 7 × 4
Forms of Linear Equations
1 each other (i.e. in a single column). −𝑥 + 4 𝑥≥4 per inequalities. (Q1e) Find matrix 𝑋 given that 𝐶 + 𝑋 = 𝐼2
• Standard form of a linear equation: 𝑦 0 6 10 0 6 10 −𝟏 𝟔
+, −, × and/or ÷ the two equations [ ]+𝑋 =[ ]→ 𝑋 =[ ]−[ ]=[ ]
𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 2 2 01 2 2 01 𝟐 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒎= = Step so that one of the two variables (Q2) Matrix 𝑌 shows burgers sold at a canteen
𝒓𝒖𝒏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 2 (either 𝑥 or 𝑦) are eliminated to for recess (row 1) & lunch (row 2) over a
• 𝒎 : gradient (i.e. slope of the line). solve for the first variable. 𝑥
▪ 𝒎 > 𝟎 : positive gradient (i.e. line Monday and Tuesday this week: 𝑌 = [14 20]
Substitute this answer back into 63 98
Step
travels from bottom left to top right).
3
either of the original equations and (Q2a) Find matrix 𝑍 = 𝑌 × [1] and explain it.
▪ 𝒎 < 𝟎 : negative gradient (i.e. line 1
solve for the second variable.
travels from top left to bottom right). 𝑍 = [14 20] × [1] = [ 𝟑𝟒 ] and shows the total
Step Present both answers (i.e. display 63 98 1 𝟏𝟔𝟏
• 𝒄 : 𝑦 – intercept (i.e. where the equation amount of burgers sold at recess and lunch.
crosses the 𝑦 – axis at the point (0, 𝑐)). 4 the values of both 𝑥 and 𝑦).
M ATR I CES (Q2b) Find profit if profit matrix 𝑃 = [2.5 3.5]
▪ Standard form link with table of values: Solving Equations Graphically
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = [ 34 ] × [2.5 3.5] = [648.5] which
Step Graph both lines on the same set of 161
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 means that profit is equal to $648.50.
1 axes using plotting techniques. MAT RIX ARIT HMET IC
𝒙 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Find the co-ordinates of where the Matrix Terminology
𝒚 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 Step
two lines intercept, this is the • A matrix (the plural is matrices) is an array
2 ROUT E MAT RICES
𝒎: +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 solution for both variables 𝑥 and 𝑦.
(a.k.a. a grid) of numbers of a certain size.
𝒄: value of 𝑦 when 𝑥 is 0 is 𝑦-intercept • Where the two equations represent cost and • Matrix order/size: the number of rows and Properties of an Adjacency Matrix
▪ Standard form link with the graph: revenue functions, the break-even point (i.e. columns that are in a matrix. • Matrix that shows how many times each
where profit = $0) is the intercept co-ords). ▪ When writing a matrix, the number of rows vertex is connected (adjacent) to another
*1 right 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
always goes first then number of columns. vertex by a single edge.
2 up 𝒎 : For every 1 to the right, Simultaneous Equations Examples
• From vertices on left, To vertices are above.
move 𝑚 up (if 𝑚 is positive) (Q1) Solve these equations by substitution: 𝒏 × 𝒎 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙
• Loops only count once in adjacency matrices.
or down (if 𝑚 is negative). 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 10 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2. • 𝒎 : number of rows in a matrix. • Adjacency matrix for an undirected graph:
𝒄 : 𝑦 co-ord of 𝑦-intercept. ▪ Substitute one equation into the other: • 𝒏 : number of columns in a matrix.
𝑩 𝑻𝒐
• Intercept form of a linear equation: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 10 3𝑥 + 4 = 10 𝑪 Adjacency 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
• Matrix elements/entries (𝑎𝑖𝑗 ): represents the Matrix 𝑨 0 1 1
𝑥 + 2(𝑥 + 2) = 10 3𝑥 = 6
𝒄 𝒄 element 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row and 𝑗𝑡ℎ column in matrix 𝐴. 𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑩 ൥ 1 0 2 ൩
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 = 𝒄 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4 = 10 𝑥=2
𝒂 𝒃 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝑨 𝑪 1 2 0
▪ Substitute 𝑥 back into original equation:
𝟑 × 𝟐 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑨 = [𝒂 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟐 ] • Adjacency matrix for a directed graph:
• 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕 : 𝑥-intercept of the line (𝑥, 0). 𝑦=𝑥+2 Solution for equations: 𝟐𝟏
𝑻𝒐
• 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕 : 𝑦-intercept of the line (0, 𝑦). 𝑦 =2+2 =4 𝒙 = 𝟐 and 𝒚 = 𝟒 Common Types of Matrices
𝑩
𝑪 Adjacency 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
(Q2) Solve these equations by elimination: Matrix 𝑨 0 0 0
Finding Linear Equations Row Matrix: consists of only
5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 11 and 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6. [𝟏 𝟒 𝟏] 𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑩 ൥ 1 0 1 ൩
• Determine formula given two random one row. 𝑨 𝑪 1 1 0
co-ordinates (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) on the line. ▪ Stack equations and eliminate a row:
[𝟓]
Column Matrix: consists of Properties of a Route Matrix
R1: 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 11 2R1: 10𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 22
𝟗 only one column.
Step Calculate gradient 𝑚 = 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 𝑦2 −𝑦1 R2: 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 3R2: 9𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 18 • Any entries in an adjacency matrix raised to
1 𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑥2−𝑥1
2𝑅1 − 3𝑅2 eliminates 𝑦 3R1 - 2R2: 𝑥 = 4 Square Matrix: a matrix of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ power indicates how many ways it is
𝟐 𝟔
Using 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, substitute either [ ] any size with a condition that
Step ▪ Substitute 𝑥 back into either equation: 𝟓 𝟑 possible to move to and from the points
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) or (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) into 𝑥 and 𝑦, sub # 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠 = # 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠
2 R1: 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 11 3𝑦 = −9 → 𝑦 = −3 corresponding to that entry in 𝑛 steps.
in 𝑚 and rearrange to solve for 𝑐. 5(4) + 3𝑦 = 11 Solution for equations: 𝟎 𝟎 Zero Matrix (𝟎): a matrix of
[ ] 1-Step = 𝑴 2-Step = 𝑴𝟐
• Find rule given (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and line gradient 𝑚. 20 + 3𝑦 = 11 𝒙 = 𝟒 and 𝒚 = −𝟑 𝟎 𝟎 any size with 0 as all entries.
𝟏 𝟎 Identity Matrix (𝑰𝒏 ): square 1-Step or 2-Step = 𝑴 + 𝑴𝟐
Using 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, sub (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) into (Q3) Solve these equations graphically: 𝑰𝟐 = [ ]
Step 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 and 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 4. 𝟎 𝟏 matrix with all elements in • 𝑴 : adjacency matrix.
𝑥 and 𝑦, sub in 𝑚 and then 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 the leading diagonal (goes
1 ▪ Graph both equations and find intercept: • 𝑴𝟐 : adjacency matrix squared.
rearrange to solve for 𝑐. 𝑰𝟑 = ൥𝟎 𝟏 𝟎൩ from top left to bottom right) • 1-Step : a matrix showing number of ways
Linear Equations Examples 𝑦 =𝑥−2 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 4 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 as 1 and all other entries as 0. to travel between vertices in 1 step.
(Q1) Determine the equations of the following: The two lines intersect at the Matrix Arithmetic • 2-Step : a matrix showing number of ways
point (2,0), therefore the to travel between vertices in 2 steps.
𝒙 5 4 3 2 𝒙 0 2 4 6 • Adding and subtracting matrices: can only
solution for both equations is • 1 or 2-Step : a matrix showing number of
𝒚 8 6 4 2 𝒚 9 6 3 0 𝒙 = 𝟐 and 𝒚 = 𝟎. be possible if both matrices have same size.
ways to travel between vertices in 1 or 2
(Q4) A lemonade stand sells a glass (𝑛) for $5 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 + 𝒃𝒊𝒋 𝑨 − 𝑩 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 − 𝒃𝒊𝒋 steps (i.e. combines 1-Step and 2-Step).
+2 +2 +2 −3 −3 −3
to each customer. To run the stand, it costs • 𝒂𝒊𝒋 ± 𝒃𝒊𝒋 : add/subtract matching entries. Transition Matrix Examples
Jump (𝑚) is +2 as 𝑥 Jump (𝑚) is −1.5 as
$30 plus $1.50 per glass of lemonade sold. (Q1) A connected graph and related transition
goes backwards. 𝑥 skips 2 values 𝑒 𝑓 𝑎±𝑒 𝑏±𝑓
Continuing pattern each time (÷ by 2). (Q4a) Find the equation for revenue and cost: [𝑎 𝑏 ] ± [ ]=[ ] matrices 𝑀, 𝑀2 and 𝑀 + 𝑀2 are shown below:
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ 𝑐±𝑔 𝑑±ℎ
gives 𝑦 = −2 when y-intercept is (0,9) Revenue: 𝑹 = 𝟓𝒏 Cost: 𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝒏 + 𝟑𝟎 𝑴
• Scalar multiplication: can use on any size. 𝑨
𝑥 = 0 giving 𝑐 = −2. which gives 𝑐 = 9. (Q4b) Plot both lines and determine how 0 2 1 0 0
𝑩 ‫ ۍ‬2 0
many glasses need to be sold to break-even: 𝒌𝑨 = 𝒌𝒂𝒊𝒋
‫ێ‬ 1 0 0 ‫ۑې‬
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒚 = −𝟏. 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟗
$ 𝑅=𝐶 • 𝒌 : scalar multiplier (i.e. a number). ‫ ێ‬1 1 0 1 0 ‫ۑ‬
(Q2) Graph the following linear equations: 𝑪 ‫ ێ‬0 0 1 0 1 ‫ۑ‬
100 𝑅 𝐶 5𝑛 = 1.5𝑛 + 30 • 𝒌𝒂𝒊𝒋 : multiply all entries in matrix by 𝑘. 𝑫
1 80 𝑬 ‫ ۏ‬0 0 0 1 0 ‫ے‬
𝑦= 𝑥+1 5𝑛 − 1.5𝑛 = 30
2 60 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑘×𝑎 𝑘×𝑏 𝑘×𝑐 𝑴 𝟐
𝑴 + 𝑴𝟐
3.5𝑛 = 30 𝑘×[ ]=[ ]
40 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑘×𝑑 𝑘×𝑒 𝑘×𝑓 5 1 2 1 0 5 3 3 1 0
𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 3 20 𝑛 = 30 ÷ 3.5 = 8.6 ‫ ۍ‬1 5 ‫ې‬ ‫ ۍ‬3 5 ‫ې‬
• Multiplying matrices: multiply each element ‫ێ‬ 2 1 0 ‫ۑ‬ ‫ێ‬ 3 1 0 ‫ۑ‬
0 Break-even at 9
𝑦 = −2 𝑛 glasses sold. in row of 1st matrix with matching element ‫ ێ‬2 2 3 0 1 ‫ۑ‬ ‫ ێ‬3 3 3 1 1 ‫ۑ‬
5 10 15 20 ‫ ێ‬1 1 0 2 0 ‫ۑ‬ ‫ ێ‬1 1 1 2 1 ‫ۑ‬
𝑥=4 from each column of 2nd matrix and add. ‫ ۏ‬0 0 1 0 1 ‫ے‬ ‫ ۏ‬0 0 1 1 1 ‫ے‬
(Q4c) Find the profit/loss at 15 glasses sold.
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4 At 𝑛 = 15, it is clear that 𝑅 > 𝐶 → Profit made. 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑨 = 𝒎 × 𝒏 & 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑩 = 𝒑 × 𝒒 (Q1a) Explain how the highlighted entry “2”
(Q3) Does (2, −14) lie on 𝑦 = −𝑥 − 10? 𝑨 × 𝑩 only possible if 𝒏 = 𝒑 is calculated in transition matrix 𝑀.
When 𝑛 = 15, 𝑅 = 5𝑛 = 5 × 15 = $75
Matrix of size 𝒎 × 𝒒 is created ▪ Matrix 𝑀 shows 1-Step transitions.
𝑦 = −2 − 10 → 𝑦 = −12 ≠ −14, No it doesn’t. When 𝑛 = 15, 𝐶 = 1.5 × 15 + 30 = $52.50
(Q4) What is the equation of the line that 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑅 − 𝐶 = 75 − 52.5 = $𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 ▪ E.g. 1: (1 × 3)(3 × 1) = 1 × 1 Matrix The highlighted entry in matrix shows that there
passes through the points (1,2) and (−3,10)? 𝑑 are 2 ways of going from A to B in 1 step.
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 10 − 2 8 [ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 ] × [ 𝑒 ] = [ 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑒 + 𝑐𝑓 ]
𝑚= = = = − = −4 𝑓 (Q1b) Explain how the highlighted entry “0”
𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −3 − 1 2 PIECEWISE AND STEP GRAPHS ▪ E.g. 2: (1 × 3)(3 × 2) = 1 × 2 Matrix is calculated in transition matrix 𝑀2 .
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 → 2 = 4(1) + 𝑐 → 𝑐 = −2 𝑑𝑒 ▪ Matrix 𝑀2 shows 2-Step transitions.
Graph Inequality Notation
Therefore, the equation is 𝒚 = −𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐 [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 ] × ൥𝑓 𝑔൩ = [𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑓 + 𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑒 + 𝑏𝑔 + 𝑐𝑗] The highlighted entry shows that it is
(Q5) Mark’s current age is multiplied by three Empty Less than (<) or ℎ𝑗 impossible to go from E to D in 2 steps.
Dot Greater than (>)
and two is subtracted from answer, result is ▪ E.g. 3: (2 × 2)(2 × 2) = 2 × 2 Matrix (Q1c) Explain how the highlighted entry “3”
equal to his Dad’s age. In 10 years the ages Filled Less than or equal to (≤) or 𝑒 𝑓 𝑎𝑒 + 𝑏𝑔 𝑎𝑓 + 𝑏ℎ
Dot Greater than or equal to (≥) [𝑎 𝑏 ]×[ ]=[ ] is calculated in transition matrix 𝑀 + 𝑀2 .
show that Mark’s Dad is twice as old as Mark. 𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ 𝑐𝑒 + 𝑑𝑔 𝑐𝑓 + 𝑑ℎ ▪ 𝑀 + 𝑀 2 shows 1- or 2-Step transitions.
How old is Mark and his Dad currently? Step Graphs
Common Rules of Matrix Arithmetic The highlighted entry in matrix shows that there
▪ Create expression for Mark and his Dad: • Series of non-overlapping horizontal lines
Multiplying matrix by identity are 3 ways of going from C to A in 1 or 2 steps.
Let 𝑥 = Mark currently, 3𝑥 − 2 = Dad currently. plotted on same axes in form 𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟. 𝑨𝑰 = 𝑨
▪ Find expressions after 10 years: matrix returns original matrix.
Piecewise Graphs
𝑥 + 10 = Mark in 10 yrs, 3𝑥 + 8 = Dad in 10 yrs Multiplying matrix by zero
• Series of different linear equations with only 𝟎𝑨 = 𝟎
▪ Equate expression and solve for Mark (𝑥): matrix returns zero matrix. ATAR Math Applications
small parts are plotted together on axes.
Double Mark’s age equals Dad’s age in 10 yrs: Matrix multiplication is not Units 1 & 2 Exam Notes
𝑨𝑩 ≠ 𝑩𝑨
2(𝑥 + 10) = 3𝑥 + 8 Now 10 yrs 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 commutative; order matters.
{
2𝑥 + 20 = 3𝑥 + 8 Mark 12 22 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑨(𝑩 ± 𝑪) Matrix addition/subtraction is
Created by Anthony Bochrinis Page: 4 / 4
𝑥 = 𝟏𝟐 years Dad 34 44 ► Topic Is Continued In Next Column ◄ = 𝑨𝑩 ± 𝑨𝑪 associative; can expand.
Sharpened® CC BY-ND-NC 4.0 Version: 2.0