 Course code: FHSC1114

 Course name: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

 Programme of study: Foundation in Science

 Academic Staff:
Consultation hours, email add. and office room no. can be
obtained from wble.
Web link:
https://wble-sl.utar.edu.my/cfs-sl
http://wble-pk.utar.edu.my/cfs-pk

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 Credit Hour: 4 credit hours

 Notional Hours:
Lecture: 2 hours per week for the
duration of 14 weeks.
Tutorial: 1 hour per week for the duration
of 12 weeks.
Practical: 2 hours per week for the
duration of 10 weeks.

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 Mode of delivery:
Lecture, tutorial & practical

 Attendance for lectures, tutorials and

practicals are compulsory for every
student.

 Main Text:
Kotz, J. C., Treichel, P. M., & Townsend, J. R.
(2014). Chemistry & chemical reactivity (9th
ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.

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5
 Lecture
 Lecture notes are available on
http://wble.utar.edu.my for downloading.
You should download a copy of these and
bring them to the lecture classes.

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 Tutorial
 Tutorial questions will be posted on
http://wble.utar.edu.my
 You should attempt to answer all the
tutorial questions before attending the
tutorial classes.

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 Practical
 Print out the lab manual from WBLE.
 You must read the lab manual prior to
every lab session.
 Proper dress code: long pants and
covered shoes.

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 Method of Assessment
No. Method of Assessment Total
1. Continuous Assessment 50%
a) Test 1 15%
b) Test 2 15%
c) Lab Report 8%
d) Practical Skills Evaluation 12%
2. Final Examination 50%

Total 100%
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Self-Assessment
Quiz

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 Self-assessment Quiz
1. The density of liquid mercury is 13.5 g cm-3. Determine
the mass of mercury required to fill a 3.0 L container.
A 4.5 g C 4.05 x 10-2 g
B 4.05 x 104 g D 4.50 x 10-4 g

2. The structural formula of 5-chloro-2,2-dimethylhexane

is
3. A 2.00 L flask containing 2.35 g of helium gas at 1.974
atm. By using ideal gas law (PV = nRT), calculate the
temperature of the gas.
(Given that the molar mass of helium = 4.003 g mol-1
gas constant, R = 0.082057 L atm K-1 mol-1)
A 98 K C 81.9 K
B 315 K D 28.3 K

4. Which element below contains the largest number of

neutrons per atom?
A 210Bi C 210 At
83 85

B 210 D 211
84 Po 85 At
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5. Which one of the following is NOT referring to
intramolecular bond?
A ionic bond C covalent bond
B hydrogen bond D metallic bond

6. How many atoms are there in 2.7 g of water?

(H: 1, O:16, NA: 6 ×1023)
( _____________ atoms)

7. Calculate the number of moles present in 210 g of

HC2H3O2.
(Given molar mass of HC2H3O2 is 60.052 g mol-1)
(________________ mol)

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8. (_____________ ______________) refers to the
temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid.

9. An (__________________) reaction is the reaction

which releases heat energy to the surrounding.
This results in the increase of surrounding’s
temperature.

10. When going across a period in the periodic table,

atomic size (________________).

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 Answer
1. B 6. 2.7 x 1023
2. C 7. 3.5 mol
3. C 8. Melting point
4. A 9. exothermic
5. B 10. decreases

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 TOPIC 1
Principle of Chemistry

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 Topic Scopes
 Relative Atomic Masses of atoms &
molecules
 Mass number & atomic number
 Atomic structure (neutrons, protons &
electrons)
 Mole concept & conversion
 Avogadro’s concept
 Empirical & molecular formulae
 Isotopes

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 Atomic Composition
3 subatomic particles made up all atoms:
 Electrically positive protons
 Electrically neutral neutrons
 Electrically negative electrons

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Structure of An Atom

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Table: Properties & Location of Protons,
Neutrons & Electrons In Atom
Subatomic Symbol Relative Mass Mass Location
Particle electrical (g) (amu)
charge
Proton p+ +1 1.6726 1 In the
x 10-24 nucleus
Electron e- -1 9.1094 0.0005 Outside
x 10-28 the
nucleus
Neutron n0 0 1.6749 1 In the
x 10-24 nucleus
1 atomic mass unit (amu) = 1.6605 x 10-24 g 20
 ATOMIC NUMBER (Z)
 Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
 Atomic number (Z) = Number of protons

MASS NUMBER (A)

 Sum of the number of protons and neutrons
in the nucleus of an atom
 Mass number (A)
= Number of protons + Number of neutrons
= Atomic Number (Z) + Number of neutrons
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 A Mass number
X Element symbol
Z Atomic number

Example :
What is the atomic number and the mass
number of the element FLUORINE that
contains 9 protons and 10 neutrons ? Write
the element symbol.
 Atomic number = 9

 Mass number = 9 + 10 = 19


19F
9 22
 Isotopes
 Atoms of an element with the same atomic
number but different mass numbers (with
different number of neutrons)
 e.g. Hydrogen-1, Hydrogen-2, Hydrogen-3

1 2 3
1 H 1 H 1 H
Protium Deuterium (D) Tritium (T)
1p&0n 1p&1n 1p&2n
radioactive
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 Exercise
How many neutrons are in each isotope of
oxygen? Write the symbol of each isotope.
Oxygen (atomic no.) = 8
a) Oxygen-16 b) Oxygen-17 c) Oxygen-18

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 Relative Atomic Masses
 Masses of fundamental atomic particles
often expressed in atomic mass units
(amu)
 The mass of an atom is measured relative
to the mass of an atomic standard, Carbon-
12
 1 carbon atom has a mass of 12.000 amu
 Atomic mass of an element − the average
relative mass of the isotopes of that
element compared to atomic mass of
carbon-12 (12 amu) 25
 1 amu  1/12 of the mass of an atom of
carbon with 6 protons and 6 neutrons (a
carbon-12 atom)
 1 amu = 1.66054 × 10 -24 g
 Average atomic mass  a weighted
average of the masses of all the isotopes
present in the sample

 Average atomic mass =

[(% abundance isotope 1)/100] (Isotopic mass 1) +
[(% abundance isotope 2)/100] (Isotopic mass 2) +
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……….
Example :
Isotope Isotope mass (amu) Abundance
(%)
63
29Cu 62.9298 69.09
65
29Cu 64.9278 30.91

Average atomic mass for Cu

= (69.09/100) x 62.9298 + (30.91/100) x
64.9278
= 43.48 amu + 20.07 amu
= 63.55 amu 27
28
 Relative Molecular Masses
 The mass of one MOLECULE of the
substance compared to 1/12 the mass of
one ATOM of carbon-12 isotope. Its
symbol is Mr.
 Mr is calculated by adding together the
relative atomic masses of all the atoms
present in the molecular formula of the
substance.

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 Mole Concept
 Mole is a chemical unit used in
quantitative measurement of particles
involved in chemical reactions
 A mole is the amount of a substance that
contains as many elementary entities
(atoms, molecules, ions or other particles)
as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of the
carbon-12 isotope.

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 Avogadro’s Number
 One mole always contains the same
number of particles, no matter what the
substance is.
 1 mole = 6.0221415 x 1023 particles
 This value is known as Avogadro’s
number in honour of Amedeo Avogadro,
an Italian lawyer and physicist (1776-
1856)

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 mass
Mole 
total molar mass

1 mole = 6.0221415 x 1023 particles

 Empirical Formula
 Simplest formula
 Gives the smallest whole-number ratio of
atoms present in a compound

Molecular Formula
 True formula
 Total number of atoms of each element
present in one molecule of a compound
 Knowing the relative numbers of atoms of
each element in a molecule 33
 Molecular Formula
 Molecular formula = [Empirical formula]n
where n should be integers (n = 1, 2, 3…)
 To determine molecular formula from
empirical formula, the molar mass must
be obtained from experiment

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Empirical Formula from % Composition
For a compound composed of atoms of A & B,
Divide with total molar mass
Convert weight Ratio gives
Convert mass (g)
% to mass (g) formula
to moles (mol)

%A gA x mol A x mol A
AxBy
x mol B
y mol B
%B gB
Find mole ratio
Divide with Smaller ratio 35
 Example 1:
Finding Empirical Formula
25.00g of orange compound, contains 6.64g
of potassium, 8.84g of chromium and 9.52g
of oxygen
K, Cr, O
Given the molar mass
K = 39.40 g/mol
Cr = 52.00 g/mol
O = 16.00 g/mol
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 Atom K Cr O
Mass (g) 6.64 8.84 9.52
Amount 6.64 g 8.84 g 9.52 g
(mole) 39.40 g/mol 52.00 g/mol 16.00 g/mol
= 0.170 = 0.170 = 0.595
Mol Ratio 0.170 0.170 0.595
0.170 0.170 0.170
=1 =1  3.5
Whole-
number 1x2=2 1x2=2 3.5 x 2 = 7
Mol Ratio
Empirical K2Cr2O7
formula 37
 Example 2 : Finding Empirical
formula & Molecular formula
Eugenol is the major component in oil of cloves.
It has a molar mass of 164.2 g/mol and is 73.14
% C and 7.37 % H, the remainder is oxygen.
What are the empirical and molecular formulas of
eugenol? (Given the molar mass of C = 12.011
g/mol; H = 1.008 g/mol; O = 15.999 g/mol)
[ Assumption : Mass %  mass (g)]
The mass of O in a 100.0 g sample :
73.14 g C + 7.37 g H + mass of O = 100.00 g
 Mass of O = 19.49 g O 38
 Atom C H O
Mass (%) 73.14 7.37 19.49
Mass (g) 73.14 7.37 19.49

Amount 73.14 g 7.37 g 19.49 g

(mole) 12.011 g/mol 1.008 g/mol 15.999 g/mol
= 6.089 = 7.312 = 1.218
Mol Ratio 6.089 mol 7.312 mol 1.218 mol
1.218 mol 1.218 mol 1.218 mol
= 4.999  5 = 6.003  6 =1
Empirical C5H6O
formula
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The molecular mass of eugenol
= 164.2 g/mol

 [C5H6O]n = 164.2 g/mol

 [(5x12.011 g/mol) + (6x1.008 g/mol) +
(1x15.999 g/mol)] n = 164.2 g/mol
 (60.055 + 6.048 + 15.999) n = 164.2
  n = 164.2 / 82.102 = 1.99995  2
  Molecular formula = [C5H6O]2
= C10H12O2
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 Learning Outcomes
 Apply principles governing properties of
chemical compounds, chemical bonds and
stoichiometry.
 Demonstrate laboratory skills by conducting
and analysing the results of physical
chemistry experiments.

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