Chapter 5

Vector Calculus

Lecture 2
™The Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals

™ Green’s Theorem

™Curl and Divergence

 1. Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals:
Motivation
Recall that the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus can be written as
b

∫ F '( x)dx = F (b) − F (a)

a

a b
C
A

∫ ∇f idr = f ( B) − f ( A)
C
Fundamental Theorem for Line
Integrals
Theorem : For smooth curve C :
r = r (t ) =< x(t ), y (t ), z (t ) >, a ≤ t ≤ b,

∫ ∇f idr = f (r(b)) − f (r(a))

C

∫
C
∇ f i dr = f ( B ) − f ( A)

A = r (a ), B = r (b)
Proof
b

∫
C
∇ f i dr = ∫ ∇
a
f (r (t )) ir '(t ) dt

∂f dx ∂f dy ∂f dz
b
d
= ∫( + + )dt
d
a
∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
b
d
= ∫ f (r (t ))dt = f (r (b)) − f (r (a ))
a
dt
 p
Example
‡ Evaluate line integral
g of vector field

∫ Fidr
C

F(( x, y ) =< 3 + 2 xyy, x − 3 y >

2 2

C : x = e sin t , y = e cos t , 0 ≤ t ≤ π
t t
 1st way
y

F(( x, y ) =< 3 + 2 xy, x − 3 y >

F 2 2

C : x = e sin t , y = e cos t , 0 ≤ t ≤ π
t t

F (r (t )) = 3 + 2e sin te cos t , (e sin t ) − 3((e cos t )

t t t 2 t 2

r'(t ) = et cos t + et sin t , −et sin t + et cos t

π

∫ Fidr = ∫ F(r(t )) • r'(t )dt

C 0
⇒ very complicated!
 2nd way
y
We need to find a function f such that
∇f ( x, y ) = F ( x, y ) ⇔< f x ( x, y ), f y ( x, y ) >=< 3 + 2 xy, x 2 − 3 y 2 >
f x ( x, y ) = 3 + 2 xy, and f y ( x, y ) = x 2 − 3 y 2 (1)

f ( x, y ) = ∫ ((3 + 2 xyy ) dx = 3 x + x 2 y + g ( y ) (2)

( )
f y ( x, y ) = x 2 + g '( y ) (3)
Comparing (1) and (3) gives us: g '(( y )= − 3 y 2

g ( y ) = − y 3 + C , C =const. (4)
f ( x, y ) = 3 x + x 2 y + g ( y ) =3x + x 2 y − y 3 + C
Solution…

F ( x, y ) =< 3 + 2 xy, x 2 − 3 y 2 >

C : x = et sin t , y = et cos t , 0 ≤ t ≤ π
A = ( x(0), y (0)) = (0,1), B = ( x(π ), y (π )) = (0, −e −π )

Apply Fundamental Theorem for Line Integral:

∫ Fidr = ∫ ∇f idr = f ( B) − f ( A)
C C

(0 −e −π ) − f (0,1)
= f (0, (0 1) = −e −3π + 1
Technique for finding potential function in R3 is the same
 p
Independence of Paths
g ∫ Fidr is independent
The line integral p of ppath if ∫ Fidr = ∫ Fidr for anyy
C C1 C2

two paths C 1 and C2 that have the same initial and terminal points

Region D is connected: any two points in D can be joined by a

path that lies in D
Closed curve: terminal
i l point
i coincides
i id with i h initial
i i i l point
i

Theorem: ∫ Fidr
C
is independent of path

in D if and onlyy if ∫ Fidr

C
= 0 for

every closed path C in D

 Conservative Field in Plane
Theorem 1. F : continuous vector field on open
p connected region
g D
If ∫ F.dr is independent of path in D, then F is a conservative vector field on D
C

Theorem 2. If F( x, y ) =< P( x, y ), Q( x, y ) > is a conservative vector field

∂P ∂Q
P and
d Q hhave continuous
ti fi
first-order
t d partial ti l derivatives
d i ti on D,
D then
th =
∂y ∂x
 py
Simply-connected g
regions
A simple curve is a curve that doesn
doesn’tt
intersect itself anywhere between its
endpoints

A simply
simply-connected
connected region in the
plane is a connected region such
that every simple closed curve in D
encloses only points that are in D
Theorem : F =< P, Q > on open simply-connected region D.
Suppose th
S thatt P andd Q hhave continuous
ti first-order
fi t d derivatives
d i ti
∂P ∂Q
and = throughout D. Then F is conservative
∂y ∂x
 2. Green’s Theorem
Positive
P iti orientation
i t ti off a simple
i l closed
l d curve C refers
f to t a single
i l
counterclockwise traversal of C.

C: positively oriented, piecewise-smooth, simple

Closed curve in the plane and let D be the region
bounded by C. Then
⎛ ∂Q ∂P ⎞
∫C Pdx + Qdy = ∫∫D ⎜⎝ ∂x − ∂y ⎟⎠dA
 ∫ dx + xydy, where C is the triangular curve connecting
4
Example: x
C

the
h points
i (0,0),
(0 0) (0,1),
(0 1) andd (0
(0,1)

Solution: P = x 4 , Q = xy
1 1− x
⎛ ∂Q ∂P ⎞
∫C x dx + xydy
y y = ∫∫ ⎜ − ⎟ dA = ∫ ∫ ( y − 0))dydx
4
y
D ⎝
∂x ∂y ⎠ 0 0
y =1− x
⎡1 2 ⎤ −1
1 1
1 1
= ∫⎢ y ⎥ dx = ∫ (1 − x) dx = (1 − x) =
2 31

0 ⎣
2 ⎦ y =0 20 6 0 6
3 Curl and Divergence
3.
Curl

F =< P, Q, R >: vector field

∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂P
curl F = − , − , −
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

Use determinant notations:

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = = ∇×F
∂x ∂y ∂z
P Q R
Example: F =< xz , xyz , − y 2 > . Find curl F

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∇ × F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
xz xyz − y 2

= −2 y − xy , −(0 − x ), ( yz − 0) = − y (2 + x ), x, yz
 THEOREM:

a) curl(∇f ) = 0
b) If F is defined on 3
, and curl F = 0, then F is conservative

Example: Show that F = y 2 z 3 , 2 xyz 3 ,3 xy 2 z 2 is conservative

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∇ × F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
y2 z3 2 xyz 3 3 xy 2 z 2
= 6 xyz 2 − 6 xyz 2 , −(3 y 2 z 2 − 3 y 2 z 2 ), 2 yz 3 − 2 yz 3 = 0

Domain F is R3, so F is a conservative vector field

 g
Divergence
Divergence
g of vector field F =< P, Q, R > is defined byy
∂P ∂Q ∂R
div F = + + = ∇ iF
∂x ∂y ∂z

Theorem: div (curl F) = 0

Example
E l : F =< xz , xyz , − y 2 >
div F = z + xz + 0 = z + zx