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How are Plasmids Shared Between Bacteria?

Plasmids are the genetic information, circular DNA strands to be precise, located in the cytoplasm of the cell with the potential to replicate
independently. These plasmids are DNA delivering vectors. However, the DNA transfer is not a true exchange, as DNA(a small strand of the
chromosome) is transferred to another cell and not exchanged. The role of prokaryotic plasmids is signi cant in the development of the bacterial
genome and metabolic activities of the host cell.
This transfer can take place through one of these processes:
Conjugation
Transfer of DNA through direct cell-to-cell contact which is brought about by plasmids. Plasmids encode a mechanism to communicate the
transfer from donor to recipient cell and are hence is unidirectional. Sex Pilus in gram-negative bacteria is a plasmid which attaches to the
recipient and through a conjugal bridge transfers DNA (https://byjus.com/biology/dna-structure/).
Transformation
Free fragments of DNA oating in a medium is picked up by the recipient cell for which the requisite is that recipient cells need to be competent.
Transduction
Transfer of DNA from one to another bacterium through a bacteriophage(bacteria-infecting virus). DNA thus shared is protected by the
bacteriophage, hence it is one of the most e cient means of transfer.
Transposable elements
One of the ways of plasmid transfer is when DNA ‘jump’ within a genome from one to another position, inserting copies of themselves in new
points, snipping and pasting themselves.
For more on information Plasmids, gene transfer and other related topics, please register at BYJU’S.
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