Navigation 2 final Coverage

2nd sem. 2019-20

Prepared and Compiled by 2/M Joel J. Malaya-Faculty JBLFMU, Arevalo

7. Information from charts, list of lights and other publications- 10 hours

8. IALA Maritime buoyage system- 10 hours
9. Datum- 9 hours
10. Final Exam-1 hour
LO 7.1 Demonstrated basic knowledge and understanding of information from charts lists of lights and
other publications (Refer to chart symbols, abbreviations and terms and list of lights booklets)
LO 7.2 Recognized traffic lanes and traffic separation zones
provides this separation through "inshore traffic zones," defined as designated areas between the landward
boundary of a traffic separation scheme and the adjacent coast intended for coastal traffic.
When may a vessel enter a traffic separation zone? Rule 10 (e) A vessel other than a
crossing vessel or a vessel joining or leaving a lane shall not normally enter a separation zone or
cross a separation line except: (i) In cases of emergency to avoid immediate danger; (ii) To engage
in fishing within a separation zone. Nov 8, 2018

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LO 7.3 Explained the danger of placing implicit reliance upon floating navigational
aids

Reliance on one single means of navigation is not something that should be done.
There should where ever possible be a secondary means of checking your
position. To your question on the specifics of floating navigational aids. ie buoys.
they could move with the current or be dragged out of position in severe weather
conditions. They may be hit by passing traffic and be moved or set adrift. In certain
areas of the world where there are large tidal differences buoys marking a channel
could possibly be out of position due to changes in the height of tide. 
There was one major exception to this rule and that was the old floating manned
lightships, if they were out of position they would exhibit the necessary signals to
advise mariners that they were off station. 

LO 7.4 Explained the danger of approaching navigational aids too closely. Dangers in
passing a navigation mark too closely are that due to tidal sets you could well hit the
navigation mark. You could be out of position and hit the danger that the navigation
mark is warning you about. Does this happen, yes regretfully it does. One very
famous case in the 1960's resulted in three ships hitting a wreck and one of these
ships almost hitting the trinity House wreck tender that was laying emergency
navigation marks.

LO 7.5 Explained the use of clearing marks and horizontal and vertical danger marks.
What is the use of clearing marks in navigation? Answer: either of
a pair of landmarks or marks on
a mariner's chart lying upon a line (clearing line) along which a vessel can sail
to avoid navigational hazards. www.dictionary .com

What is meant by horizontal danger angles in navigation?

Answer: The maximum or minimum angle between two points on a chart, as observed from a vessel,
indicating the limit of safe approach to an off-lying danger.
What is meant by vertical danger angle? The maximum or minimum angle between the top and
bottom of an object of known height, as observed from a craft, indicating the limit of safe approach
to an off lying danger.
8. IALA Maritime Buoyage System
8.1 Demonstrate basic knowledge and understanding of IALA Maritime Buoyage system
A and B.
IALA stands for International Associations of Lighthouse Authority. The IALA Maritime Buoyage
system is being extended to countries throughout the world on a regional basis. The system uses
both lateral marks, whereby the port and starboard sides of a channel or route are indicated, and the
cardinal marks, whereby one or more buoys are laid out in the quadrant of the compass to indicate
where the danger lies in relation to the mark.

The world is considered to be divided into two regions using different versions of the buoyage system
for lateral buoys, these are known as Region A and Region B. In Region A, the color red is used to
mark the port hand of a channel. This region includes Europe, Africa, Australia, New Zealand and
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some Asian countries. In Region B, the color red is used to mark the starboard side of a channel.
Region B includes North, South and central America, Japan, Korea and the Philippines. Only the
lateral marks differ between the two regions, the other four types of marks are used in both.

LO 8.2 Recognized the lights and shapes of displayed on lateral and cardinal marks
Refer to Chart symbols, abbreviations and terms Appendix 1 For lateral Marks
LO 8.3 Recognized the lights and shapes displayed on other types of buoys in the system.
refer to Chart symbols, abbreviations and terms Appendix 1

9. Datum

LO 9.1 Explained the rotation of earth about its axis.

What is the Rotation of the Earth?
What if someone were to tell you that at any given moment, you were traveling at speeds well in
excess of the speed of sound? You might think they were crazy, given that – as best as you could tell
– you were standing on solid ground, and not in the cockpit of a supersonic jet. Nevertheless, the
statement is correct. At any given moment, we are all moving at a speed of about 1,674 kilometers
an hour, thanks to the Earth’s rotation,

By definition, the Earth’s rotation is the amount of time that it takes to rotate once on its axis. This is,
apparently, accomplished once a day – i.e. every 24 hours. However, there are actually two different
kinds of rotation that need to be considered here. For one, there’s the amount of time it take for the
Earth to turn once on its axis so that it returns to the same orientation compared to the rest of the
Universe. Then there’s how long it takes for the Earth to turn so that the Sun returns to the same
spot in the sky.

Solar vs. Sidereal Day:

As we all know, it takes exactly 24 hours for the Sun to return to the same spot in the sky, which
would seem obvious. 24 hours is what we think of as being a complete day, and the time it takes to
transition from day to night and back again. But in truth, it actually takes the Earth 23 hours, 56
minutes, and 4.09 seconds to turn rotate once on its axis compared to the background stars.
https://www.universetoday.com/47181/earths-rotation/

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LO 9.2 Described the direction on the earth surface. The most common way to describe
direction in relation to the Earth's surface is by using a compass. ... The geographic North Pole is the top of
the imaginary axis upon which the Earth's rotates, much like the spindle of a spinning top. The magnetic North
Pole shifts in location over time.

What is used to locate places on Earth's surface?

A reference grid that is made up of additional circles is used to locate places on Earth's surface.
One set of circles describes positions north and south of the equator. These circles are known as
parallels, and they express latitude. Latitude is measured in degrees, and the equator is 0° latitude.
https://www.google.com/search?
q=describe+the+direction+on+the+earth+surface&oq=describe+the+direction+on+the+earth+surface
&aqs=chrome..69i57j0.21938j1j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

What direction does the Earth rotate?

Earth rotates eastward, in pro grade motion. As viewed from the north pole star Polaris, Earth turns
counter clockwise. The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North
Pole, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface.

What is the latitude of both the North Pole and the South Pole?
The Equator is the line of 0 degrees latitude. Each parallel measures one degree north or south of the
Equator, with 90 degrees north of the Equator and 90 degrees south of the Equator. The latitude of
the North Pole is 90 degrees N, and the latitude of the South Pole is 90 degrees S. Nov 6, 2012
What would be the line of latitude for a place that is halfway between the equator and
North Pole?
The 45th parallel north is often called the halfway point between the Equator and the North Pole,
but the true halfway point is actually 16.2 km (10.1 mi) north of the 45th parallel because Earth is an
oblate spheroid; that is, it bulges at the equator and is flattened at the poles.

LO9.3 described the direction of ship’s head on gyro compass.

A Gyro compass is a form of gyroscope, used widely on ships employing an electrically powered,

fast-spinning gyroscope wheel and frictional forces among other factors utilizing the basic physical
laws, influences of gravity and the Earth's rotation to find the true north. Oct 9, 2017

Describe the direction of ship’s head by magnetic compass. Deviation: A ship is made of steel,
acquires a certain magnetism and so inherently has an effect on the magnetic compass. In other
words, the compass needle on board does not lie on the magnetic meridian but is deflected on
one side or the other because of the ship's magnetism.
Datum

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 Sailing Directions-publications best describes the facilities of a certain port you wish to avail.
Sailing directions- publications would you refer to obtain navigational information when
entering foreign ports.

Notices to mariners- is the official publication for the correction of charts, sailing directions and
light lists.
Distance is measured on a Mercator chart using the latitude scale.
In hydrographic office charts, soundings may be shown in meters.

Traffic lane-It is an area within defined limits in which one way traffic is established.

On the chart, outer compass roses are marked in degrees which represents true direction.
Harbor chart- charts are likely to show all aids to navigation.
The chart symbol SD means: soundings doubtful.
The length of any part of an extended meridian of a Mercator chart when expressed in units that
are the length of a minute of longitude is called Meridional parts.
Separation zone-Is a line separating the traffic lane in which ships are proceeding in opposite or
nearly opposite direction.
United States Coast Guard-agency publishes the light lists?
Graticule-The network of latitude and longitude lines laid out in accordance with the principles in
any projection.
Group very Quick-A very quick light in which a specified group of flashes, specified in number is
regularly repeated.
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 Very Quick-A light in which flashes are repeated at a rate of not less than 80 flashes per minute but
less than 160 flashes per minute.

Composite Group Flashing-A light similar to a group flashing light except that successive groups in a
period have different number of flashes.

Fixed light- It exhibit a continuous steady light?

The danger would you encounter when passing a navigational marks too closely is due to tidal
set and strong current may hit the navigational mark.

The danger of too much reliance upon floating navigational aids because it can be damaged or
drifted from original position.

Sector light-A light representing differing appearances over various parts of the horizon of interest to
marine navigation.
General Direction of buoyage- is a large open arrow symbol indicated on the chart and sailing
directions

The lights of a special mark indicates how many flashes in a group 4.

Red and spherical- is the color and shape of top marks of safe water marks.

Isolated Danger Marks- mark of IALA buoyage system is represented by this light character Fl
(2).

Red and can- Is the color and shape of the top mark of port hand region A lateral marks.

Quick and Flashing is the light character of starboard hand region A lateral mark.
Red with one horizontal band-is the color of preferred channel to starboard region A.

Fl (2+1)G- is the light character of preferred channel to port region A

You are entering port of Busan South Korea, Red and cone of lateral buoy would be
placed on your starboard hand.

Your ship is leaving Wellington harbor in New Zealand at night. Flashing red is the characteristics
of IALA light is visible on your starboard hand.

You have seen two cones both pointing down. Your action is to keep south of this.

You have seen two cones top one pointing down, bottom one pointing up. This tells you to keep
west of this.
In order to stay in the channel when you see a green cone 50 meters and one point on
your starboard bow You are in region A buoyage system you have to starboard.

VQ (6) + L Fl 15s is the light character of south cardinal marks

Red ,Cone is the top mark of preferred channel to port region B

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L Fl 10S is the characteristics of light being displayed by safe water marks.
Safe Water Marks-It exhibits any of isophase, occulting, or Morse Alfa?

Cyprus- is one of the countries observe IALA region A.

Belize is one of the country observes region B IALA system
Local Direction of Buoyage- is the direction taken by the mariner when approaching a harbor,
river or other waterways from seaward.

Special Marks- is used for traffic separation marks

Using a Compass is the most common way to describe direction in relation to the earth surface

Easterly direction is the rotation of the earth.

Coordinates is used to locate places on the earth surface?

Ninety degrees north is the latitude of north pole.

One hundred eighty degrees is the longitude at date line.

Which of the following is often called half way between the equator and the north pole? 45
degrees north.

earths rotation-is the amount of time that it takes to rotate one on its axis.
. Law of gravity- is the physical law that influenced the gyro compass its rotation.

A gyro course if it is plotted on the chart it indicates true heading.

Compass course -is the difference between compass north and ship’s heading.

True Course - is the difference between true north and ship’s heading.
6, 884 miles is the equatorial diameter of the earth.
21,626 miles is the circumference of the earth at the equator.

Gyro compass has the ability to detect the direction of true north

Spinning wheel-is the most essential part of gyro compass

Your ship is situated one mile south of latitude 15° north and long. 123° 40´ E. What is your
exact coordinates? . 14° 59´ N, 123° 40´ E

Your ship in position lat. 14° 50´ N, one mile west of longitude 125° 15´ E. Find your exact
coordinates. 14° 50´ N, 125° 14´ E
You are 15° 30´ west of prime meridian. What is your coordinates if your ship is 95 nautical miles
south of the equator? 01° 5´ S, 015° 30´ W

1,000 miles per hour is the speed of earth’s rotation.

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