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Histo Notes
Histo Notes
SERIES)
-You need to do all the Histology past-paper questions (2009-2016) and these points
only along with the diagrams from your practical copy and you are done.
-These points are extremely important to cover the 6-7 mcqs from the histology portion
that you normally skip .
- TONGUE
.The epithelium is of stratified squamous type, being non-keratinized on the ventral
(lower surface) and partially keratinized on the dorsal (upper) surface of the tongue .
.The dorsal surface of tongue divided into anterior 2/3rd & posterior 1/3rd by a V-
shaped sulcus terminalis .
.There are lingual papillae on the dorsal surface of tongue & of four types :
(a) Filiform
(b) Fungiform
(c) Circumvallate
(d) Foliate
.Filform papillae are the most numerous of lingual papillae .
.Fungiform papillae are the most abundant at the tip of the tongue .
.Numerous taste buds are present on circumvallate papillae .
.There are Von Ebner’s glands , anterior lingual glands & mucous glands present in the
tongue .
.Foliate papillae are less in number and present on the sides of the tongue .
.Tubular digestive tract wall has the following four concentric layers or coats :
(a) Mucosa
(b) Submucosa
(c) Muscularis externa
(d) Serosa
-ESOPHAGUS :
.Mucosa further divided into :
1) Epithelium : Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium .
2) Lamina Propria : CT and lymphatic nodules.
3) Muscularis mucosa :Smooth muscles running mainly in longitudinal direction.
- Submucosa : Has esophageal glands proper.
-Muscularis externa (V.IMP) : esophagus consists of inner circular & outer longitudinal
layers but differ in the way that it has both skeletal and smooth muscles in following
arrangement .
UPPER 1/3RD : ONLY SKELETAL
MIDDLE 1/3RD : MIXTURE OF SMOOTH & SKELETAL
LOWER 1/3RD : ONLY SMOOTH .
-Abdominal part of esophagus is serosa , whereas thoracic & cervical part is adventitia.
STOMACH : (IMP)
.Mucosa of empty stomach thrown into longitudinal folds called ‘rugae’
.No glands present in the submucosa of the stomach .
.Mucularis externa composed of three layers of smooth muscle :
(1) inner oblique
(2) middle circular (thickened at pylorus to form the pyloric sphincter)
(3) outer longitudinal .
Lamina propria consists of three types of glands :
-Fundic glands
-Cardiac glands
-Pyloric glands .
.Cells of the fundic gland :
(1) Mucous neck cells
(2) Parietal cells (most imp)
(3) Chief cells a.k.a (zymogenic cells or peptic cells) secretes pepsinogen.
(4) Endocrine cells
(5) Stem cells.
Parietal cells :
.Secrete HCL & intrinsic factor and are also called oxyntic cells .
.Large round to pyramidal cells.
.Centrally located nucleus, large Golgi apparatus , eosinophilic stain .
.EM study reveals presence of intracellular canaliculus .
.There are microtubules and vesicles .
SMALL INTESTINE :
-Several features that increase the surface area for absorption includes :
(1) Plicae Circularis (a.k.a) Valves of Kerckering .
.Most pronounced in jejunum and absent in the proximal part of duodenum and distal
half of ileum .
(2) Villi
.Ten-fold increase in surface area .
.Difference in the shape of villi in different parts of small intestine : mixture of leaf-
shaped & finger like villi in duodenum . Ileum entirely has finger shaped villi .
(3) Microvilli
. Enterocytes have microvilli on their apical surfaces .
.Increase surface area by a factor of 20 (MOST) .
(4) Crypts of leiberkuhn
CHAPTER 22 (EAR)
- Auricle is composed of ‘’ELASTIC CARTILAGE.’’
- The cartilaginous part of meatus contains ‘’ceruminous glands.’’
- Secretory product of sebaceous & ceruminous glands mix to form the ear wax.
- Auditory tube is lined by pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium.
- Membranous labyrinth is filled with fluid called ‘’endolymph.’’
- Osseous labyrinth consist of central cavity called ‘’vestibule.’’
- Cristae ampullaris are 3 in number whereas macula are two in number.
- Stereocilia of Hair cells are embedded in a thick glycoprotein material called ‘’cupula.’’
- Otoliths are composed of calcium carbonate.
- Tectorial membrane overlies the organ of corti.
CHAPTER-23 (EYE)
-Middle layer of eyeball is also called ‘’uveal region.’’
- Corneoscleral junction is called corneal limbus .
-Corneal epithelium = Stratified squamous non-keratinized.
-Bowmann’s membrane of cornea contains type-1 collagen fibers.
-Retina develops as invagination of forebrain called the ‘’optic vesicle.’’
-Dilated fibers radiating from the ciliary processes are called ‘’zonular fibers.’’
-Contraction of longitudinal fibers of ciliary muscles Facilitates the drainage of
Aqueous Humor.
- Contraction of radial fibers of ciliary muscle cause the lens to flatten for the distant
vision .
- Retinal pigment epithelium is a single layer of low columnar cells.
- Lens capsule contain collagen type IV.