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Anderson J. Scotland in Pagan Times Bronze and Stone Ages PDF
Anderson J. Scotland in Pagan Times Bronze and Stone Ages PDF
IN
T H E R H IN D L E C T U R E S I N A R C H E O L O G Y FO R 1882
B y JO SE PH A N D E R SO N , LL.D
KEEPER OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE
ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND
1886
A ll rights reserved.
FOR
DAVID DOUGLAS
14 G il l e s p ie C r e sc e n t , E d in b u r g h ,
21th February 1886.
CONTENTS.
T H E A G E OF B R O N Z E .
L E C T U E E I.
BKONZE AGE BURIALS.
L E C T U E E IT.
L E C T U E E III.
LECTURE I \
CHAMBERED CAIRNS OF CAITHN*ESS
L E C T U R E V.
L E C T U E E VI.
BRONZE IMPLEMENTS
4. Dagger-blade, CoUessie, 8
7. Dagger-blade, Linlathen, 12
8. Dagger-blade, Cleigh, . 13
9. Dagger-blade, Drumlanrick, 13
PAGE
GOLD ORNAMENTS.
5. Mounting of Bronze Dagger-hilt, Collessie, 9
69. Armlet, Banfi*, . . . . 62
70-72. Rings, small penannular, Banff, 62
74. Armlet, Alloa, 64
75. Ear-ring, Orton, . . . . 65
77. Mounting of Dagger-hilt, Monikie, 66
78. Discs, Huntiscarth, . . . . 68
142. Ring (hollow, penannular), Gogar, 144
226. Armlet (penannular). West Highlands, 209
227. Ring (hollow, penannular). West Highlands, 210
228,229. Armlets (penannular), Carmichael,^ . 211, 212
1 Lent by Mr. Jobn Evans.
2 Lent by the Archteological Association of Ayr and Wigtownshire.
® Lent by the Society of Antiquaries, London.
b
F ig . PAGE
BONE IMPLEMENTS.
51. Hollow Cylinder or Button, Dalmore, 50
270. Implement (use unknown), Quoyness, 287
T H E A G E OF B R O N Z E .
LECTUEE I.
BRONZE AGE BURIALS.
O A D
0 10 20 30 40 50 feet
-L
Fig. 1. Ground-Plan and Section of Cairn at Collessie.
(Section on the line cd.)
a
lines. With the urns there were found the fragments of a
thin triangular bronze blade, and an implement, in polished
stone (Fig. 11), thin and rectangular in form, with slightly
rounded corners, and pierced by a small hole in the
middle of its breadth close to each end. It measures 34I
inches in length by IJ inch in breadth, and is formed
of a hard greenstone, symmetrically shaped and carefully
polished.
1
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zags. Two slightly projecting mouldings encircle the plain \
J
the burnt bones which it protected, a small thin blade of
bronze (Fig. 16) was discovered. It is unfortunately broken,
but enough remains to show the special form and character
of the implement. In its tapering form, its thinness, and
the presence of a single rivet-hole at the base, it resembles
the blades which have been already described; but it
presents points of difference which are more characteristic
than these points of resemblance. Its outlines are oval
towards the base; it is not flat, but swells in the centre to a
distinct longitudinal midrib, and it terminates at the butt-
end in a flattened tang-like prolongation, pierced by a central
1. rivet-hole. These features are sug
gestive of a transition from a type
that is triangular, flat, and riveted
at the base, to a type that is oval in
outline, swelling in the middle, and
tanged at the base. Such a form
is not unfrequently found asso
ciated with similar interments.
For instance, a plain oval blade
of bronze of the form here shown
(Fig. 17), thinning to the point end
and to the edges (as indicated by
the cross-section), and showing the
2.
fracture of the tang which has been
¥is. 17. broken off the thicker extremity.
(1) Bronze Blade found in a was found among the incinerated
Tumulus at Lierabol,
Kildonan, Sutherland. bones under an inverted urn which
(•2 ) Section across the blade had been placed about 3 feet under
(actual size).
the surface, near the outer margin
of a tumulus at Lierabol, in the Strath of Kildonan, Suther-
landsliire. It measured about 2 inches in length by | inch
in its greatest breadth, and nowhere exceeds — inch in
thickness.
A small oval tanged blade of bronze, which has not been
preserved, measuring 2|- inches in length, by f inch in greatest
breadth, was found in
1862, in a grave-mound
of peculiar form at Bur-
reldales, in Aberdeen
shire. The form of the
grave-mound (as shown
in the accompanying
ground - plan. Fig. 18)
was that of a circular
eminence, of low eleva
Fig. 18.—Diagrammatic Ground-plan of
tion, about 30 feet in Tumulus at Burreldales (not to scale).
diameter, with a depres
sion in the centre, and surrounded at the distance of
about 12 feet from its base by a raised ring of lower
elevation, measuring altogether about 50 feet in diameter.
Two stones (marked 1 and 2 in the Plan) appeared in
the outer ring. One burial was found in the external ring
(marked 4), and two (marked 3 and 5) in the central mound.
The burials were of burnt bodies, the incinerated bones
deposited in urns. The blade was found with the burial
marked 5.
Sir John Clerk describes the excavation of a grave-
mound at ITewbigging, near Penicuik, previous to 1725.
It contained three urns with incinerated bones, and in one
of the urns was found a small oval tanged bronze blade,
ornamented in the centre by an oval filled with chequers
of lozenge-shaped spaces alternately plain and filled with
cross-hatched lines.^
A similarly ornamented blade of the same form and
1.
1. 2.
Fig. 19. Fig. 20.
( 1) Bronze Blade found in a ( 1) Bronze Blade found in a Cairn
Grave-mound at Bogart, at Balblair, Creich, Suther
Sutherland (actual size). land (actual size).
( 2) Section across the blade. ( 2) Section across the blade.
bones in the cist the blade (Fig. 19) was found. No urn
was observed by the persons who removed the cairn, and
the record does not state whether the bones were burnt or
4
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unburnt. The blade is fortunately preserved, and, though
imperfect, is an instructive example of this peculiar variety
of the rarest of all forms of these bronze implements. The
tang measures nearly an inch in length, and what remains
of the blade inches in length by IJ inch in greatest
breadth. A border of punctulations surrounds the central
oval, which is ornamented by lozenge-shaped spaces alter
nately plain and filled with fine lines crossing each other
obliquely.
About the year 1848, a crofter at Balblair, in the parish of
Creich, Sutherlandshire, removing stones from a cairn for
agricultural purposes, discovered a coarsely-made urn of
considerable size inverted over a deposit of burnt bones
upon a flat stone.^ He removed the urn, but as his wife
refused to admit the ‘‘ uncanny ” thing within the door of
their dwelling, it was set outside on an adjoining knoll, and
became a mark at which the passing schoolboys exercised
their skill in stone-throwing until it was smashed to pieces.
Among the bones covered by the urn there was found a
small bronze blade (Fig. 20), so thin that it suffered a good
deal from rouoh O handlin«;.^
O In its imperfect condition it
measures 4 | inches in length by 1;|- inch in greatest breadth.
It is, or rather has been, of an oval, pointed form, with a tang
at one end about an inch in length, for insertion in the handle.
The middle portion of the blade is raised, and ornamented in
the centre of the oval raised portion by lines crossing each
other diagonally. The marginal segments are broad, flat,
and thin, running to an edge of extreme tenuity and sharp
ness. From their oval shape, their wide thin margins, and
uniform sharpness of edge all round, these blades are
,. M *>
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As these blades are much broken, I place with them for
comparison a perfect blade (Fig. 22), of the same bifid form
and character, possessing a similar perforation, and bearing
on its raised midrib a triply repeated ornament of concentric
circles. It was found in Ireland in the bed of the Shannon.
burial.^
ThoughO numerous casual discoveries of single
O interments
of the character of those that have now been described may
have given rise to the opinion that they are usually found
as isolated examples, it requires the negative evidence of an
exhaustive examination of each separate site to warrant the
conclusion that the casually discovered grave is not one
of a group. Where such exhaustive investigations have
been made, it has usually been found that the site of the
casually discovered interment is really a cemetery. In
point of fact, the gregariousness of these cremation burials
is one of their most striking characteristics, implying the
use of the site as a family or tribal burying-ground over
a long period of time. These cremation cemeteries are
often unmarked by any external sign, but they are usually
placed on a natural knoll with an open gravelly subsoil, or
they are found spread over the summit of a hillock of sand.
Such a cemetery was discovered a few months ago in
excavating a sand-pit at Magdalen Bridge, Midlothian,
between Joppa and Musselburgh. The site was close to the
shore of the Firth of Forth, and the surface level of the
ground not more than 14 feet above high-water mark. Of
the nine or ten urns that were discovered, seven are now
reconstructed, and placed in the National Museum. The
typical interment had associated with it a thin bronze blade
1 Similar curved, disc-shaped or crescent-shaped blades have been
found in France, Sw itzerland, and Italy. T hey have been supposed to
be razors by some of the continental archaeologists. The continental
examples appear to belong to the later portion of the Bronze A ge, and, in
some instances at least, to the early Iron Age.
(Fig. 24), of the oval tanged form which has been already
described, the centre ornamented with a series of lozenge
shaped spaces alternately plain
and filled with parallel lines.
The blade was found anionsO the
burnt bones enclosed within the fv’''mi,
urn, but little care was taken
by the workmen, either to pre
serve such a fragile article from
rough handling, or to notice the
special circumstances of the sep
arate interments. The urn in
which the blade was found (Fig.
25) measures 12 inches in
height and 9J inches across
the mouth. The lower part is /
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flowerpot-shaped, and plain, m'M',
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The third urn (Fig. 27), wdiich is of the same peculiar form.
having the lower part flowerpot-shaped, and narrowing to
the brim from its greatest diameter upwards, is surrounded
by three mouldings, and the ornament consists of a simple
band of intercrossing zigzags. It resembles the two pre
viously described in having the interior of the rim orna
mented by oblique lines. It is also remarkable for its great
width in proportion to its height. It measures 13 inches
high, and 14 inches in its greatest diameter at the shoulder,
narrowing to 11 inches diameter across the mouth.
fragment
O of the metal with a O^reen stain,' characteristic of
the presence of bronze, upon the bones found in another urn,
establish the fact that the interments in this cemetery are
interments of the same age and condition of culture as those
that have been previously described. The phenomena are
not the same in every case, but there is a sufficient family
likeness between the groups to warrant us in concluding
that they cannot be far apart in time, or widely separated in
the scale of culture. The form of the urns is the same, their
ornamentation is of similar character, the burial customs are
similar, and the associated objects are identical in form and
character.
[
.
of twisted cord, arranged in opposing triangles with plain
lozenge-shaped spaces between. It also presents the featiu’e,
so common in these large cinerarv urns, of a double raised
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and differs from the Sutheiiandshire blades in having a
broad flat tang pierced by a central rivet-hole. With another
of the deposits a small quadrangular whetstone, similar to
that found at Stenton,^ was also discovered.
Looking to the fact that these bronze blades are so often
found associated with this typical form of urn, and consider
ing that out of so many instances of the occurrence of this
form of urn in the same cemetery, only one or two present
the distinctive feature of the associated blade which attri
butes them to the Bronze Age, it seems a fair inference that
tlie form of the urn alone, without the presence of the blade,
may be to a certain extent accepted as evidence of the period
to which the interment falls to be assigned. No such urn
has ever been found associated with implements of iron, or
with objects bearing the characteristic ornamentation of the
Iron Age. They are often associated with bronze, and if the
absence of bronze from the interment may in some cases be
taken to mean the presence among the living of a condition
of culture in which the use of metals was unknown, it would
obviously be unscientific to conclude that this must neces
sarily have been the case in every such instance. We know
that this form of urn belongs to the Bronze Age, and we shall
continue to speak of it as a Bronze Age form in describing
other instances of its occurrence in which no bronze has been
found with it.
In 1878, Mr. Bell, the tenant of the farm of Sheriff-flats,
near Thankerton, in Lanarkshire, discovered the remains of a
f
cremation cemetery on the summit of a gravelly knoll near
the bank of the Clyde. A large part of the knoll had been
previously removed, probably at the time when the neigh
bouring road was made, and what was left undisturbed w^as
merely a portion of its original area. Mr. Bell found three
urns, and a few days afterwards I visited the spot, when
1Q
See the ligure of the Stenton whetstone (Fig. 116), p. 98.
three more were found. The largest entire urn (Fig. 34)
Ma
Bridge (see Fig. 31), being widest at the mouth, and tapering
gradually to the bottom. Its decoration is also similarly
confined to a narrow band round the exterior of the rim, and
it presents the same feature of two mouldings encircling the
The fourth urn (Fig. 37) is of the same typical form, but
more rudely made. The upper part is encircled by a double
moulding^ o underneath
figured of the full size) is but 2 inches high, and the same
in diameter at the mouth.
It thus appears that this small variety of cup-shaped urn
differs from those larger urns with which it is associated
only in respect of the smallness of its size. The form of the
larger urn with which it is always found associated is the
cinerary form which accompanies burials after cremation.
It appears also that in all cases in which the position of the
small urn with respect to the larger urn has been ascer
tained, the smaller vessel is invariably found within the
1 (( Ancient
Urns found in the Cairns and Barrows of A yrshire,” by
.James Macdonald, L L .D .; published in the Arcliceological and H istorical
Collections o f the A y r and Wigtown Arcliceological Association, \o \. i. p. 43.
larger, and that where the contents of the smaller vessel
have been determined they have been found to be the
cremated bones of an infant.
f
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Figs. 55, 56, 57.—Urn, Flint Knife, and Bronze Pin from the Cist at
Balcalk. (Urn 5 i inches in height.)
Fiff. 58.—Necklace of Jet Beads and Plates loimd in the Cist at Balcalk.
plates are pierced for seven beads in the central space, and
four in the two side-spaces.
Another necklace of this character (Fig. 61), found in a
cist at Torish, near Helmsdale, in Sutherlandshire, exhibits
the same arrangement of the beads and plates, witli similar
ornamentation, but differing in the pattern, which in this
case consists of triangular instead of lozenge-shaped spaces,
alternately plain and punctulated. Ho trace of bones and
no fragments of an accompanying urn were found when the
contents of the cist (which had been thrown out by some
boys) were examined some days afterwards by Eev. Dr. Joass,
but fragments of charcoal, an arrow-head of chert, and part
of a spear-head of yellow flint, were found among the ejected
materials.^ This necklace is flgured, as restored, from a
drawing by Eev. J. Joass, LL.D., Golspie. The plates marked
a c and e were entire, portions of h and d only were found,
a n d /is restored from its corresponding plate a.
brittle from oxidation; but the other (Fig. 62) shows per
fectly the form and ornamentation of both.
In making a new road in the neighbourhood of Stobo
Castle in 1855, a cremated interment was discovered in what
seems to have been a small cairn. There was no urn
observed, but the deposit was not carefully examined, and
the only things that seem to have attracted attention were
the burnt bones which lay under a large boulder, and two
bronze rings (one of which is shown in Fig. 63), which lay
above it. The rings, which, bent to a circular shape, are well
adapted for being worn on a small wrist, are formed of a bar
of bronze flattened on the inside and ovally convex on the
outer side, the ends meeting together, but unjoined. The
Fig. 67.—Bronze Pung (one of a pair) found with the Urn at Kinneft
(3 inches in diameter).
J
the discovery, and the association may not have been due to
the original circumstances of the deposit.
I now proceed to notice a series of burials in which the
presence of massive and costly ornaments of gold is the most
prominent feature.^
Some time before 1828 a very remarkable burial was dis
covered on the estate of the Earl of Eife, near Duff House,
in Banffshire. There are no details of the phenomena of
the interment, but the articles found with it have been
preserved in the National Museum. They consist of an urn
of clay, five penannular rings of solid gold, and two fragments
of a thin blade of bronze.
apparently of the same
character as the thin flat
triangular blades described
in the first portion of this
Lecture. The urn (Fig.
68) is the form which is
widest at the mouth and
tapering to the base, and
it is specially remarkable
on this account, that,
although found associated
with such a deposit of
costly objects, it is itself as Fig. 68.—Urn found with Gold Orna
ments in Banffshire (6 inches in
rude and plain as can well height).
be imagined. Of the gold
rings, which are all penannular in form, two are apparently
bracelets (one of these is shown in Fig. 69); the other three
(Figs. 70, 71, and 72) are much smaller in size. They are
all said to have been found in the urn, with the fragments of
Fig. 69.—Gold Armlet (one of a pair) found in the Urn (Fig. 68)
(2 | inches diameter).
Figs. 70, 71, 72.—Three small Gold Kings found in the Urn (Fig. 68)
(actual size).
1 .1
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able resemblance.
At Huntiscarth, in the parish of Harray, Orkney, in 1858,
a grave-mound about 30 feet diameter at the base, and 11 or
12 feet high in the centre, was opened by the occupant of
the farm on which it is situated. Near the centre of the
mound, and about 7 or 8 feet under the surface, a cist was
found, about 2J feet in length by 20 inches in breadth, and
covered by a large flat stone. On either side of the cist two
upright stones, placed at right angles to the flags forming its
sides, rose to within 2 feet of the summit of the mound. In
the cist was a deposit of burnt bones, and at one corner on
a piece of flat stone lay four discs of thin gold, and a neck
lace of beads of amber. The gold discs (two of which are
shown with the beads in Fig. 78) are about 3 inches diameter,
pierced with a circular hole in the centre, and ornamented
with a rude pattern of concentric circles and bands of oblique
lines or zigzags in repouss6 work. The amber beads are rudely
formed, some globular, but mostly triangular, with one or two
fragments of rectangular plates similar to those of the jet
necklaces already described, and two curved pendants.^
Eeviewing the whole results of this portion of the
investigation, it becomes evident that we have been dealing
with a special class of burials, which are for the most part
characterised by the presence among their grave goods of
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Fig. 78.—Two Gold Discs and part of a Necklace of Amber Beads found in a Cist at Huntiscarth,
parish of Orphir, Orkney (Discs 3 inches diameter).
cutting instruments of bronze. We find this characteristic
feature associated alike with burnt and with unburnt inter
ments ; with burials in cairns, and with burials in natural
mounds, or hillocks of gravel and sand; with burials in
cists, and with uncisted interments, in which the urn con
taining the burnt bones, or inverted over them, is simply set
in a hole in the ground. But on comparing the varied
phenomena of these burials, and groups of burials, it also
becomes evident that they present other features, which are
equally constant and characteristic. They are usually accom
panied by urns, which exhibit peculiar varieties of form and
ornamentation. In the typical forms of the accompanying-
urns we have thus a series of characteristic features of no
less importance in the classification of the burials than the
associated instruments of bronze. For instance, it is evident
that if the thin bronze blade which accompanied any one of
the interments with which we have been dealing had been
overlooked by the investigators, or had utterly perished, the
burial might still have been rightly referred to the Age of
Bronze by the character of the urn associated with it, because
it would have appeared on comparison that it was of the
same typical form as other urns in which or with which
bronze has been commonly found. In other words, the
special forms of the urns that have been found associated with
instruments of bronze are of themselves typical of the Age
of Bronze, and their presence alone is sufficient to establish
/ the classification of the interment when bronze is not present.
Again, on comparing the circumstances of the burials that
have now been described, it is evident that the urns deposited
with them divide themselves by the circumstances of their
association into two groups:— (1) those found with burnt
burials ; and (2) those found with burials unburnt. It is
also apparent that they divide themselves by the charac
teristics of their forms into four typical varieties, of which
two are found associated with burnt burials, and two with
burials unburnt:—
F irst Cr^roup.— Cinerary urns, containing or covering the
burnt bones and ashes of cremated burials :—
Type 1. Large, coarsely-made urns, wide-mouthed,
narrow-based, often with a thick overhanging rim,
or with slightly raised mouldings round the sloping
part, the ornamentation usually confined to the upper
part of the vessel. (See Mgs. 79 to 82.)
Type 2. Very small cup-shaped urns, often pierced
with two or four small holes in the sides, the
exterior surface usually ornamented. When these
vessels occur, they are commonly found within the
larger variety of cinerary urn. (See Figs. 39 to 48.)
Second G^rouj).—Urns that are not cinerary, associated
with unburnt interments.
Type 1. Tall urns, with thin everted lip and bulging
sides, highly ornamented. (See Figs. 83 to 95.)
Type 2. Wide-mouthed, thick-lipped, narrow-based
urns, highly ornamented. (See Figs. 99 to 107.)
Applying these deductions to the classification of the
unclassified burials, of whose casual discovery in almost
every parish in Scotland there are more or less precise
records, we find that the results correspond, so far as the
record goes, with the results that have been already obtained.
For instance, there can be no hesitation in concluding that
the accidental discovery of two burials at Birsley, in the
parish of Tranent, in 1880, one of which was enclosed in a
cist, while the other was a deposit of burnt bones within an
urn of the form here represented (Fig. 7 9), was an indication
of the site of a Bronze Age cemetery of the character of
those which have been already described. Similarly, although
no instruments of bronze were found in association with the
six urns of which the fragments were discovered in a sandy
Fig. 79.—Urn found at Birsley, near Prestonpans (14 inches in height)
Fig. 82.—Urn found at Seamill, West Kilbride, Ayrshire (11 inches in height).
covered by a very large and heavy slab, there were also two
skeletons,— one of an adult male, and the other apparently
of a very young female. The presence of the matted covering
closely enveloping the bones was again observed, but in this
case its close resemblance to decaying tufts of coarse hair
was regarded as evidence of the presence of the hide of an
ox, in wdiich the bodies had been wrapped for burial. The
adult skeleton lay on its left side, with its head towards the
east end of the cist, the knees drawn up to the chin, and the
feet drawn close to the thighs. The arms were bent upwards
with the hands to the face. The infant skeleton, similarly
contracted, was placed in the north
west corner of the cist. In this
instance, as in the previous double
interment, there were also two urns
in the cist. The smaller of these
(Fig. 88) was placed behind the
smaller skeleton. It is of the
typical form usually found with un
burnt burials of the Bronze Age,
inches high, and 3 | inches wide at
the mouth, well-shaped, and highly
Fig. 88.—Urn from the same ornamented. The other urn (Fig. 89)
Cist as Fig. 89 (oA inches • « , • -i • i • w i i
in height). IS 6 J inches in height. It was placed
behind the larger skeleton, and
presents the remarkable association of a spoon or ladle of
horn, which was found projecting from it in the manner
, f : 111
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cist were two cinerary urns (Figs. 112, 113) filled with burnt
bones. One was inverted over the bones, the position of the
other was not ascertained. Both were simply set in the
gravel, at a depth of about 3 feet under the surface, and
slightly protected by a setting of small stones.^ They ai'e
^ The circum stances of these burials were com m unicated at the tim e to
the E«v. Canon G reenwell of Durham, w hose extensive experience en
title s him to speak w ith authority on th is question. H e says :— “ This
discovery is similar to m any th at have come under m y ow n observation,
an unburnt body w ith one or more burnt bodies overlying it. W ere
the tw o burials, th e burnt and the unburnt, contem poraneous? I am
inclined to th in k th ey were, and I have found so many cases where a burnt
and an unburnt body have been laid in the grave m ost unquestionably at
the same tim e, as to make such a proceeding by no means an unusual one.
It is difficult to say w h y one was burnt, w hile the other w as interred
w ithout having undergone the process of cremation. I have thought we
have in th e burnt bodies those of w ives or slaves k illed at the tim e of
th e funeral of the man ; still th at is mere conjecture, and men are
found burnt and laid alongside of unburnt women, if w e may judge of the
sex by the accom panying im plem ents or weapons, which seems a fair de
duction ; but I am certain that inhum ation and crem ation were practised.
of the large, wide-mouthed variety, ornamented only on the
upper part, which is invariably associated with burials after
cremation.
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Figs. 115, 116.—Flint Knife and small Whetstone, found with an unburnt
Burial at Stenton (each 3 inches in length).
from this is that the deposit was unburnt, for there is nothing
more indestructible than burnt bone. The cist was placed
in the centre of a circle 15 yards in diameter, around the
circumference of which there had been set at intervals seven
tall pillars or narrow slabs of sandstone. Of these, three
were still standing, two had fallen, and the others had been
removed. The tallest of those left standing was about 18
feet in height, feet in breadth, and 22 inches in thickness ;
the second "was 15 feet high, 3 feet broad, and 14 inches
thick ; and the tliird 12 feet high, 4 feet broad, and 11 inches
thick. This burial diflers from the first, inasmuch as it
presents no bronze. But every other feature is essentially
the same, and we only know that no bronze was detected in
it. Such a small pin-like fragment as that which gave a
distinctive character to the first interment mav have been
present without being detected. Indeed, the little fragment
found in the first instance, although detected and preserved
by the explorers, was not known to be of bronze until the
objects found ^vith the burials had been forwarded to the
]\Iuseum, and nothing was apparently further from their
minds than that such tilings as minute portions of pins or
awls of bronze were to be looked for in such interments.
But the absence of the e\ddence of bronze in this interment
does not afi’ect the obvious conclusion from the concuiTent
similaritv of all the other features in both. Thev are inter
ments with urns of similar character, similar in theii'
ornamentation, and placed in cists, in the centre of an
enclosed circular space defined on the surface by a circular
stone-settingo or circle of standing
o stones.
An interment with a similar urn and a few chips of flint
was found in a cist placed in the centre of another circle of
standing stones at no great distance from the last-mentioned
example. In this case, the circle had been about 13 yards in
diameter, and had five stones remaining in its circumference,
four of which were prostrate. The stone still remaining
erect was about 14 feet in height.
o A second interment,^ un-
burnt, was found in a cist placed at a distance of 3 feet from
the central cist. Here again we have a repetition of the
same features, but with tliis diflference, that there is more
than one interment within the space enclosed by the circular
lioundar}' of erect pHlar-stones.
In all these burials the phenomena are of the same
essential character as those of the burials described in the
last Lecture. They are burials associated with implements
of bronze, or with urns decorated with that peculiar ornamen
tation of straight and zigzag lines, which we have learned to
recognise as characteristic of the Age of Bronze. They differ
from those previously described in one respect only,— they
are marked above ground by the presence of a stone-setting
of peculiar character, which takes the form of a ring of
standing stones encompassing the area in which the inter
ments have been made.
I now proceed to describe a further series of interments
in which this overground characteristic is specially con
spicuous. For our knowledge of their phenomena we are
indebted to a series of investigations made by Mr. Charles
Elphinstone Dalrymple, F.S.A. Scot., which constitute one
of the most important contributions to the materials of
Scottish archaeology that has ever been made.^
At Tuack, near Kintore, in Aberdeenshire, Mr. Dalrymple
found a group of seven interments within the area enclosed
by a circle of six upright pillar-stones, the ground-plan of
which is shown in Fig. 119. Four of these burials w’ere
deposits of incinerated bones, placed in small round pits from
18 inches to 2 feet in depth; and three were also deposits of
incinerated bones, but placed in pits of somewhat larger
dimensions, and covered by inverted urns. The four first-
mentioned burials were arranged round the central space of
the circle, at nearly equal distances from the centre, and from
each other; the three last-mentioned burials were near the
two northern stones of the circle, their positions being shown
on the ground-plan by small dotted circles. The deposit
nearest the eastmost stone was covered by an inverted urn
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contined to a limited area of Scotland or of Britain, or even
of Europe. Burials associated with overground phenomena
that are in the main similar to those that have now been
described are found over a wide area of Northern and
Western Europe. But over this wide area of their known
occurrence, the nature and character of their underground
phenomena are by no means constant. For instance, although
stone circles occur in considerable numbers in Scandinavia,^
and although in that area they are also found enclosing
burials after cremation, yet the essential characteristics and
accompaniments of the interments assign them to the Early
Iron Age, while in Britain they are exclusively of the Age
of Bronze.
From these facts it appears, that while a certain uniformity
in the phenomena of the burials exists in smaller areas, there
^ lu Norw ay and Sweden stone circles are relatively of very much
rarer occurrence than grave mounds. The}’’ are not generally remarkable,
either for the size of the circles them selves, or for the m assiveness of th e
stones of w hich th ey are composed, and th ey do not present the
peculiarity which has been so often noted among the circles of the north
eastern districts of Scotland, of having the south-w est side of the circle
distinguished b y a great recumbent stone tilling the space between tw o up
rights. The common Scandinavian form is that of a simple circle composed
of from eight to thirteen s to n e s ; occasionally there are tw o concentric
circles, one w ithin the other, and som etim es, as in some of the Scottish
examples, the inner circle is composed of small flat stones set on their
edges, end to end, and scarcely showing them selves above the turf.
Som etim es also the w hole space w ithin the circle is paved wdth sm all
flat slabs. Occasionally there is a central stone w ithin th e circle, and
not unfrequently the form of the external stone-setting, instead of being
circular, is square or oblong, or even triangular. The circles of Scandi
navia are popularly imagined to have been dom-rings or thing-steads, and
but few of them have as y et been system atically explored. The results
of their investigation, how ever, have been similar to the results of the
investigation of the Scottish circles, w ith this difference, that where
burials have been found w ithin them , th ey have been invariably burials
of the Iron A g e .— See N icolaysen ’s Norske Fornlevninger, under the
word kreds ; and see also the Forenlngen for Norske Mindesmaerkers
Bevaring—Aarsheretning for 1868, p. 1 3 9 ; 1869, pp. 13, 119, and 120;
1872, p. 1 2 ; and 1877, p. 230.
is a wide diversity exhibited in more extended areas. As
our knowledeje o of the facts increases in its range and
specialty, as the nature of these variations is gradually
ascertained, and their limits defined with precision, the time
will come when their significance with relation to the areas
in which they are manifested may be determined. At
present we are unable to define with any degree of accuracy
the limits of the area over which stone circles are found,
and equally unable to say within what limits they are found
to contain burials assignable to the Ages of Bronze or Iron.
But this we are in a position to say, from existing evidence,
that, so far as they have yet been investigated in Scotland,
their nature and purpose has been clearly determined
to be sepulchral; and that in so determining their nature
and purpose, we draw this conclusion from the same
evidence and by the same process by which we determine
the nature and purpose of urns, or cists, or cairns, or any
unrecorded and uninscribed variety of sepulchral monu
ment.
The same conclusion appears to be deducible with
reference to another class of monumental stone-settings, con
sisting of groups of upright stones which are not arranged in
a circular form. These are much more rarely met with than
the circular groups; ^ and the available evidence regarding
their period and purpose is therefore drawn from a basis of
investigation which is less extensive, although, so far as it
goes, it is quite as definite and distinct in its indications of
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Fig. 136.—Stone-setting of twenty-two rows at the Hill of the Many Stanes,
Clyth, Caithness (150 feet in length).
ing stones, the lines averaging from 145 to 150 feet in length.
Like most of the other groups, the width across the lines is
gradually increased from one end to the other by a slight
divergence of the lines, so that, while the width across the
narrow end, looking towards the north, is 118 feet, the width
at the further end is 188 feet. The lines lie on the south
slope of the hill, and diverge from north to south down the
slope. The largest stones are about 3 feet high, 3 feet wide,
and 15 to 18 inches thick. There is now no trace of an
associated cairn or burial. The total number of stones now
standing in this group exceeds four hundred.^
A series of groups consisting in the aggregate of upwards
of 150 stones, arranged in irregular rows, and clusters of rows,
at Lierabol, in the parish of Kildonan, Sutherlandshire, is
associated with a group of cairns of the Bronze Age. One
of the cairns, which contained a central cist, 4 feet long,
in which was a burnt interment and some beads of jet, had
a circle of stones set at intervals around its base; and close
beside one of the stones in the circle was found an urn of
the cinerary type inverted upon a small flat slab, at a depth
of 2 feet under the surface, and covering a deposit of burnt
human bones, among which was a small oval tanged blade
of bronze.^
At Achkinloch, in the parish of Latheron, Caithness, there
is an example of a stone-setting of very peculiar form (Fig.
137), which I notice here because it is the only instance of
its kind known to me. It is in form a long oval, somewhat
irregular in outline, and wider at one end than at the other.
The two ends of the figure are also dissimilar in this respect,
that, while the oval outline is complete at the wider end, the
narrow end has been left incomplete and open. The stones
are set with their broader faces at right angles to the direc
tion of the lines, and not parallel to or in the plane of the
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Figs. 139 and 140.—Obverse and reverse of Bronze Mounting (actual size).
»• • •
Figs. 148, 149.—Bronze Spear-heads found at Torran, near Ford, Loch Awe
(12 inches and 10^ inches in length).
to exist. It is a socketed axe-head inches long by
inches broad, having a loop at one side of the socket and
a double moulding passing through the loop.
In digging a ferret out of a rabbit-hole at Torran, near
Ford, at the south end of Loch Awe, recently, a hoard of bronze
objects was found, consisting of two spear-heads and a
socketed gouge. The spear-heads (Figs. 148, 149) are of
different sizes, the largest measuring 12 inches in length, and
2 inches across the widest part of the blade, the socket,
which extends 3 inches beyond the base of the blade, pro
vided with rivet-holes in the plane of the blade, and cored
almost to the point of the weapon. The smaller of the two
spear-heads, which is similar to the other in every respect
but that of size, measures 1 inches in length and 2y^ inches
across the widest part of the blade, but has lost a portion of
the lower end of the socket. The gouge (Fig. 150) is not
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of the socket; another of the same
size has a single raised line round the collar; the other two
are smaller and unornamented. The cairn in which they
were found was probably sepulchral, but there is no
suggestion that the hoard was a burial deposit.
At Dalduff, near Crosshill, on the estate of Sir Charles
D. Ferguson of Kilkerran, Ayrshire, in 1846, a number of
socketed axe-heads and pieces of broken bronze swords were
found. There is no detailed record of the composition of
the hoard,^ which was exhibited at a meeting of the Society
of Antiquaries of Scotland in June 1846, but “ specimens”
of the articles found were then presented to the Museum,
and these consist of three socketed axe-heads (Fig. 159),
Fig. 166. Three of the four socketed Axes of Bronze found at Forfar
(Syj ^*'Dd 3 inches in length).
Fio- 166. One of these is an elongated, spud-like imple-
ment, like that found at Bell’s Mills, but provided with a
side-loop, and having a circular socket ornamented by an
encompassing band of four parallel incised lines round the
neck, which immediately under the loop passes from a circu
lar to a twelve-sided form. It measures 4f inches in lengtli,
by 1 inch in breadth at the cutting edge. Other two of the
axe-heads, which are 3 and inches in length, have wide
oval sockets and a semicircular cutting edge which extends
beyond the sides in recurved peaks, while the fourth,
which measures 3 inches in length,
has a squarish socket and flattened
sides. The spear-head (Fig. 167),
which is 6 i inches in length, with
a leaf-shaped blade, is ornamented with
two bands of three parallel lines en
circling the socket.
At Poolewe, in Eoss-shire, in 1877,
a larger hoard was found by a labourer
digging peats. They lay at a depth of
six feet under the surface, and all in
1)^'
one spot. The hoard consisted of
three socketed axes entire, the largest
measuring inches in length and the
Fig. 167.—Bronze Spear
head found at For smallest H inches in length, and
far (6 | inches in
length).
two of the same form, broken ; a hollow
ring of bronze, 2 inches diameter.
pierced through both sides; a caldron ring, 3J inches
diameter; and a penannular ring (Fig. 168) with expanding
and trumpet-shaped ends. This form of penannular ring
is rare in bronze, and this is the only specimen known to
have occurred in Scotland It measures inches across
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flat triangular
o blades with
rivets, thin oval or bifid
blades with tangs, small
pins, and large closed rings
of bronze, associated with
such non-metallic objects as
' y
beads and necklaces of jet
or cannel coal, flint knives
and arrow-heads, wrist-
guards and whetstones of
polished stone, and sepul
chral pottery of four
different forms. The hoards,
■> on the other hand, present
no admixture of non-metallic
objects, and they consist
mostlvt/ of bronze articles
of larger size than those
Fio- that are associated with
‘o ' 172.—The smallest of the four
^ ■
flat Axes of Bronze fouiul at burials. The forms found
Culzean, Ayrshire (3^ inches
in lengtli). in the hoards are axe-heads
of three varieties,—flat,
flanged, and socketed; gouges, spear-heads, broad heavy hal
berd or dagger blades, swords, shields, harness-rings, arm-rings
of penannular form, and long pins with disc-like or shield
like heads. Unless in one or two doubtful instances, there
is nothing on record which conclusively connects any one of
these last-mentioned forms with burial in Scotland. It is
impossible in the present state of our knowledge to assign a
reason for this. But the fact which is thus disclosed by the
collection and comparison of the phenomena of the burials
and of the hoards, though it may be contrary to our ex
pectation, is not contrary to the experience of archaeologists
in the neighbouring areas.^
The most probable suggestion, by way of explanation of
the absence from the burials of the forms of bronze imple
ments that are commonly found in the hoards, is based upon
the fact that these implements are all of types that evidently
belong to the most advanced period of the bronze industry,
such as the leaf-shaped swords, the broad heavy halberd
blades, the socketed axes, and the socketed spears. It is
only the plain flat axe, and the plain flat knife or dagger-
blade, and small tanged blade, that are found with burials ;
and these do not occur in the hoards, which, as a rule, yield
only swords and socketed implements and weapons. In
other words, the character of the one set of implements is
suggestive of the incipient stage, while the character of the
other set is suggestive of the advanced or fully-developed
stage of the Bronze Age industry. It follows from this that
the burials represent the earlier, and the hoards the later,
period of the Age of Bronze. So far as regards the burials
^ “ Socketed axes of bronze have rarely, if ever, been found with in
terments in barrows in Britain.” “ There is also this remarkable
circumstance attaching to the bronze swords, viz., that there is no well-
authenticated instance of their occurrence with any interments in
barrows.” “ Not only are spear-heads (of bronze) almost, if not quite,
absent from our barrows, but the skill involved in producing implements
so thin and so truly cored could only have been acquired after long
practice in casting.”—Evans’s Ancient Bronze Weapons, etc., of Britain,
pp. 134, 273, 342. In the same manner Canon Greenwell remarks that
he has been unable to find a single authentic instance of the occurrence of
a bronze sword with a burial in Britain; that he has only met with three
doubtful instances of socketed celts in connection with interments, and
that he has been unable to obtain a single case in which a socketed spear
head has been found in true association with a burial.— Barrows,
pp. 44, 45.
of this later period represented by the hoards we are at
present left entirely without evidenced
Having thus described a considerable number of the
deposits of the Bronze Age that are known to have occurred
in Scotland, whether associated with burials, or simply
deposited for the purpose of concealment in the soil, I now
proceed to the classification of the several varieties of these
objects as they are presented in the aggregate collection of
Bronze Age remains.
The aggregate of objects which has thus been presented
to us includes a number of varieties of arms, implements, and
personal ornaments; and each of these varieties exhibits a
the edges drawn down with the hammer, and planished with
a whetstone.
The dagger-blades are thick and heavy in proportion to
their length, and they differ from the thin flat blades of
smaller size found in the graves,^ not only in being very
much larger, heavier, and less triangular and flattened in
shape, but in being usually formed with a stout midrib, some
times a mere ridge, as in the case of the dagger from Gretna
(Fig. 178), at other times a central moulding, with lines on
^ See the descriptions of these thin knife-dagger blades in the first
Lecture, pp. 8, 12, 13.
either side following the outlines of the blade, as in the case
of the finely-shaped and ornamented dagger from Pitkaithley,
Perthshire (Pig. 17 9). The ornament, which forms a band
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Fio- 178.—Bronze Dagger, found Fig. 179. Bronze Dagger found
at Gretna, Duinfriessliire at Pitkaithley, Perthshire
(7 inches in length). (7 inches in length).
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Fig. 187.—Bronze Spear-head, Fig. 188.—Bronze Spear-head
Barhullion (Loj inche.s in found near Belhaven (15-|
length). inches in length).
of lar^e
0 size,^ exceedim:^
0 15 inches in lencrth,
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and their weight
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^ Two polished stone axe-heads were found at the same time, ap
parently in association with these moulds, for articles of bronze.—Proc.
Soc. Anthi. St'ot., vol. vi, p. 48.
cored throughout the whole length of the weapon, often
almost to within an inch of the point. In the case of a fine
Fig. 203.—Stone Moulds for Flat Bronze Axes (lOi inclies in length).
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Fig. 207.—Brouze Axe from Apple- Fig. 208.—Bronze Axe found at Dams,
garth (5i inches in length). Balbirnie (-if inches in length).
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Fig. 209.—Flanged Axe from Largs, Fig. 210.—Flanged Axe from West
Ayrshire (5^ inches in length). Glenbuck, Muirkirk, Ayrshire
(6 inches in length).
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Fig. 225.—Bronze Caldron from the West of Scotland (23 inches diameter).
I
made of thin gold plates fastened together by the edges, the
edge of one plate being rolled over the edge of the other
plate, which impinges upon
it, and the whole finished bv
the hammer. It measures
11 inch in diameter by
8 inch in depth at the
centre, the weight O beingO
11 dwts. This peculiarly
formed object is not known
in any other metal than
Fig. 227.—Gold Ornament found Ill gold. It has occurred occa
the West Highlands (1^ inch in sionally in England, and
diameter).
more frequently in Ireland,
but I know of no example on the continent of Europe.
A much more massive armlet, formed of a solid rod of
gold bent to a slightly elliptical form, and with very slight
expansions at the terminations, was found at Bonnyside, in
Stirlingshire, in 1852. The circumstances of the discovery
are unknown, but the armlet was recovered by the Ex
chequer, and is now in the National Museum. The armlet.
which is nearly circular, measures 2f inches across the
interior diameter, the thickness of the cylindrical rod of
which it is composed being | inch. Its weight is 6 ozs.
10 dwts. 6 grs.
Four similar armlets of solid rods of gold, bent to an
elliptical form with slightly expanded extremities, were
found in digging a drain at Ormidale, near Brodick, in the
island of Arran, in 1864. The circumstances of the dis
covery are not more fully known, but the armlets were
recovered by the Exchequer, and are now in the National
Museum. They vary in size from 24 inches to 3 inches across
the opening in their longest diameter, and their weights are
respectively 484 grs., 394 grs., 355 grs., and 210 grs.
Five similar armlets, found in or about the year 1845,
in di""in
oo 2
o a drain in the neighbourhood
o of an eminence
called the Gallow Hill, lying between Tarry Mills and
Mary well village, in the parish of St. Vigeans, Forfarshire,
were sold to a pedlar as “ old drawer-handles,” and probably
cut down and melted.
M
In 1780 a hoard of thirty-six gold penanmilar armlets
of this type was ploughed up on the farm of Coul, in the
island of Islay. The diameter of the solid cylindrical
rods of which they were composed was fully inch,
expanding to about J inch at the extremities. It is stated
in the letter communicating the information to the Society
of Antiquaries (which is accompanied by a sketch show
ing the form of the armlets), that they were all melted
except one, which was in the possession of a gentleman
in the island.
In 1784 there was presented to the Society a drawing of
an armlet of gold of this type, weighing fully 5 ounces,
which had been found by a labourer in Galloway.
A pair of gold armlets, also of this type, were found in
1871, in the neighbourhood of Kilmailie, Inverness-shire.
They passed into the possession of the proprietor of the
estate on which they were found, and are said to have been
subsequently lost.
Another pair of gold armlets of this type, found some
where in Argyllshire, are preserved at Inveraray Castle.
A single armlet of this type, found somewhere in the
Western Isles, and broken, was recently sold to a jeweller
in Edinburgh, and by him transferred to the National
Museum.
One of two gold armlets, apparently of this type, which
had been ploughed up at Shieldhill, in the parish of Muckart,
in Perthshire, was sold as bullion in Perth for £8.^
At a place called the Galla Law, on Gullane Links,
Haddingtonshire, one or more penannular gold armlets were
discovered about the beginning of the present century.^
Two small penannular rings of this description, scarcely
^ Paper by Eev. Mr. Goldie read to the Stirling Field Club, 13th
Dec. 1881.
^ Proceedings of the Berwichshire Naturalists' Chib, vol. x. p. 306.
larger than fin^er-rin^s, found in digging the foundations of
a house at Strond, Harris, were acquired for the Museum
from a jeweller, to whom they had been sold as bullion.
Occasionally these penannular rings or armlets of gold
have their expanded ends dilated into a hollow trumpet
shaped form, similar to that of the bronze armlet found at
Poolewe, Eoss-shire.i
Dr. Daniel AYilson has figured a very fine exampjle of
this form,^ which was found by a labourer digging peats, in
the parish of Cromdale, Inverness-shire. It has the interior
rim of its trumpet-shaped ends beautifully decorated with
the triangular pattern so characteristic of many of the
Bronze Age urns—a triangular space filled with straight
lines drawn parallel to one of its sides. Dr. Wilson also
notices two other bracelets of gold, apparently of this type,
described by Sir John Clerk as having been found in drain
ing a loch in GaUoway, on the estate of the Earl of Stair,
at some time previous to 1732. Another of the same form.
found in Ayrsliire, was in the possession of Mr. Thomas
Brown of Lanfine.^
Another variety of gold armlet or necklet is formed of a !
fiat band, tapering slightly from the middle to the ex
tremities, and twisted like the thread of a screw, passing at
the extremities into slender cylindrical hook-like termina
tions, with conical knobs, which interlock, and serve to fasten
the circlet when worn. These spirally twisted bands, as
well as the circlets of two or more strands of intertwisted
wires, are often described indiscriminately as tores, being so
named simply because they are twisted.
A. hoard, consisting of four of these armlets or necklets.
Fig. 230.—Gold Armlet found at Lower Largo, 11 inches in length (actual size).
Fig. 231.—Gold Armlet found at Lower Largo, H i inches in length (actual size).
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ing, and are capable of being fitted with cores. The hammered
work of the period was equally skilful. The large globular
caldrons formed of plates of bronze beaten almost as thin as
sheets of j)aper, riveted together, and ornamented with studs,
are really beautiful works of industrial art; and I venture to
say that nothing finer than the workmanship of these bronze
shields has ever been produced by the hammer. The people
who supplied themselves with implements and weapons in
this capable and cultured way, also used gold occasionally
in the mounting of their weapons, and most lavishly in
personal adornment. Although we know nothing what
ever of their household arrangements, or the manners and
customs of their domestic life, seeing that not a trace of a
dwelling or site of a settlement of the Bronze Age has been
discovered in Scotland, yet we are not without evidence
of an indirect nature to indicate that they could not have
been wholly destitute of the comforts and conveniences of
life. And not the least striking of all the characteristics of
their culture is exemplified in the fact that we know them
chiefly, not from the circumstances in which they maintained
themselves in life, but from circumstances which are the
direct result of their attitude of mind towards their dead.
If life with them was a struggle for existence, we look in
vain for its memorials; but there is no wide district of
country in which the memorials of their dead are not
prominent, picturesque, and familiar features. In this, no
less than in the varied phenomena of their burial customs,
the preparation of the funeral pile, the fabrication of the
finely ornamented urns, and the costly dedication of articles
of use or adornment, freely renounced by the survivors, and
set apart from the inheritance of the living as grave-goods
for the dead, we realise the intensity of their devotion to
filial memories and family ties, to hereditary honour and
ancestral tradition.
But we attain to this realisation only by patient in
vestigation, and after a long course of sustained and laborious
effort to gather and preserve the mutilated relics and
memorials of the piety and industry, the culture and
civilisation, of our Bronze Age ancestors. For in our iron-
shod progress we trample out the footmarks of those who
thus travelled before us. We demolish their monuments. 1
we plough their graves, we scatter their bones. We do this
as if it were a necessity of civilisation, and we do it with I
the less compunction that we call them savages.
(
THE AGE OF STONE.
LECTUEE I V.
CHAMBERED CAIRNS OF CAITHNESS.
\
found to differ widely from those with which we have now
become familiar as the characteristic accompaniments of the ◄
I
4
J
elongated in form; they lie across the crest of the hill from
east to w est; they diminish in breadth and height from east
to w est; and they have
at both ends curved
horn-like projections of
their structure, falling
gradually to the level of
the ground.
The larger of the
two cairns (of which
Fia 237 shows the
ground-plan after it was
excavated) was 240 feet
in length. The breadth
of the base of the cairn
at the eastern end was
66 feet, and at the
western end 36 feet,
but the curved projec
tions of the structure
which I have called
horns expanded so as
to make the line across
their tips at the eastern
end 92 feet, and at the
western end 53 feet.
The extreme height of
the cairn at the east
end did not exceed 12
feet, sloping gradually Fig. 237.—Ground-plan of Chambered Cairn
to less than 5 feet at at Yarhouse, Caithness (240 feet in length).
the west end.
The removal of the loose stones from the upper part of
the east or high end of the cairn disclosed the existence of
a chamber with a passage leading into it. The exterior
opening of the passage was in the middle of the curvature
of the end of the cairn
between the projecting
horns. Two flat stones
set on end, about 2J feet
high, form the door 11
M
Fig. 241. View and Ground-plan of Chambered Cairn at Canister, Caithness
(195 feet in length).
sequently could only be crawled into when fully cleared of
the stones and rubbish. It went nearly straight inwards for
about 17 feet, when it turned a little to the right, and
entered the chamber by an irregularly arched doorway.
The chamber was a small cell, the lower part of its side
walls composed of five slabs set on edge. These slabs were
irregular in shape and unequal in height, and the space
above them was levelled up and built upon with smaller
stones. The walls thus carried up were gradually brought
to an approximately circular form, and converged to a bee
hive roof, covered in by a single stone of about 9 inches
square, at a height of about 6 feet from the fioor. Had the
fioor been circular, it would have been no more than 6 feet
in diameter. Instead of being formed of earth, as was the
case in the chambers of the Yarhouse cairns, the floor of this
chamber was formed of two large flag-stones, which roughly
fitted the interior space. When these were raised, it was
found that they lay upon the undisturbed subsoil. The
chamber thus contained no trace of any sepulchral deposit
either on or underneath the floor. Its principal interest was
that its constructive features were complete from floor to roof.
Fifty feet along the south side of the cairn we found the
opening of another passage, leading into a chamber of the
same tripartite form which was characteristic of the cairns
at Yarhouse. This passage was remarkable for its unusual
height and width, and also because it was rudely arched
across with overlapping stones for a few feet at the outer end.
while further in it was lintelled over with stones laid flat
from side to side. The lintelled portion was 4 feet high and
feet wide, and where the roof of the passage merged into
that of the first compartment of the chamber, the lintels rose
successively, like the under side of a stair, from front to back
of the roof of the compartment. The whole length of the
passage was 10J feet. The tripartite chamber was similar
Ji
in plan and construction to those already described. The
walls remained entire to a height of 5 to 6 feet, and at that
height showed signs of convergence all round. The first pair
of divisional stones were 6 to 7 feet in height, the second
pair only 5 feet. It seemed as if the second and third com
partments had been covered by one bee-hive roof, the first
being lintelled over as has been already described. The
floor of the chamber was a compacted layer of clay and
ashes, of varying thickness, intermixed with quantities of
burnt hones, human and animal. In the loose layer which
lay on the surface of this compacted mass there were found
a few fragments of skulls and other hones of the human
skeleton, unburnt, and mingled with splintered bones of the
horse, ox, deer, and swine. No fragments of pottery, and no
chips or implements of flint were found.
If the investigation of these examples of a very peculiar
type of sepulchral structure has been singularly barren of
results, as regards the associated relics which are the usual
accompaniments of cairn burial, we have at least ascertained
a series of facts regarding the structure of the cairns them
selves, which are full of significance. That significance
becomes at once apparent when it is remembered that all
the sepulchres of the Bronze and Iron Ages with which we
have previously become familiar are absolutely structure
less,—mere heaps of earth and stones piled over the cists or
graves which contain the deposits. Here, on the contrary,
the deposits are placed in chambers, constructed within the
mass of the cairn, which thus presents an essential feature,
distinguishing it from the structureless cairns of the Ages of
Bronze and Iron, The cairns with which we are now dealing
are chambered cairns, furnished with a passage for access
to the interior apartments, and by this essential feature
of their character they are separated from all varieties of
sepulchral constructions that are unchambered. In addition
to this, they also present the equally characteristic and
typical feature of beinsj constructed on a definite ground-
plan, with a distinct individuality of form and outline.
which is defined externally by a double retaining wall.
■
hM
filled. The floor itself consisted of a layer of ashes
fully a foot thick. A pavement of slabs had been laid
in some parts of the chamber, and this layer of ashes
extended both over and under the pavement. The natural
subsoil beneath was in some places deeply pitted, the
Figs. 244, 245, 246.—Portion of Flint Knife, Arrow-head, and oval Knife of
Flint, from Chambered Cairn, Ormiegill (actual size).
Fig. 250.—Section along Passage and through the Chamber of Chambered Cairn
at Cainster, Caithness (75 feet in diameter).
1 For other exam ples of th is variety of flint knife, see the fragment
found in the cairn at Ormiegill, figured at page 246, and also those de
scribed in Lecture V I., p. 369.
The external form of this cairn was not ascertained
beyond the disclosing of the bounding wall for a few feet on
Fig. 251.—Flint Knife with ground edge from Chambered Cairn, Canister
(actual size).
O
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Fig. 253. Ground-plan of Chambered Cairn at Yarhouse, Caithness.
0
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Fig. 256. —Ground-plan of Chambered Cairn near Bruan, Caithness.
two great slabs in the middle of the side walls where the
second pair of dividing stones ought to have been, but instead
of projecting across the floor, they were set flush with the
face of the wall and the building carried over them. The
small side-chamber opening off the principal chamber on
the south side measured 4 feet by 3 feet, and was only
feet high. It was irregular in shape, one of its end
walls measuring 3J feet, and the other only 2 feet on the
floor. The roof was formed of a single flag, the floor of
another, and a third formed the partition between it and the
principal chamber. On raising the flag which formed the
floor of the side-chamber, another flag was found immediately
beneath it, and beneath both a laver of clay -4 inches in
depth, plentifully intermixed with charcoal, ashes, and
burnt bones. Beneath this layer of clay there was a third
flagstone, which lay upon the imdis curbed subsoil of the
hill. The whole floor of the principal chamber and the inner
part of the entrance passage consisted of an accumulation of
ashes and broken and burnt bones, about 12 inches in depth.
The bones were those of human beings and animals. The
human bones, though plentiful, were highly calcined, and so
much broken that it was impossible to determine the number
of skeletons they represented. The animal bones included
those of the horse, the ox, the red deer, the swine, and sheep
or goat, and a large-sized dog. Flint chips occurred in
cairns
cpiantity of broken pottery was yery great, amounting to
seyeral hundreds of fragments. Many of these were plainly
portions of round-bottomed yessels, mostly of a dark, hard-
baked paste, and occasionally ornamented with impressions
C)f the finger-tip and nail thrust obliquely into the clay.
The only other objects found were an oblong pebble with
smoothed ends and sides, and a flat piece of bone 3 inches
long with a smooth chisel-like edge—which may haye been
moulding tools for pottery.
At Ehina\de, near Skelpick, in Strathnayer, Sutherland-
shire, there is a group of three cairns ranged in line (Fig. 257),
which were examined by the late Mr. Mackay of Skelpick,
at the instance of the late Dr. John Stuart, shortly after the
excayation of the Caithness Cairns had drawn attention to
their peculiar features. They haye been recently described
by Eey. Eobert Munro, Old Kilpatrick,^ and I am indebted
^ Proc. Hoc. Antiq. Scot., vol. p. 2*28.
Fig. 257. —View and Ground-plan of Group of Chambered
Cairns at Rhinavie, Strathnavei’.
to him for the use of his drawings and plans, which show
their present appearance. They lie pretty nearly north and
south, the two long cairns having their higher and wider ends
to the north. The largest
o of the two longo cairns is 230 feet
longO and about 80 feet wide at the broad end,^narrowing O to
about 50 feet wide at the other end. It contains a tripartite
chamber in the north end, reached by a passage 17 feet in
length, and about 2h feet in width, and nearly the same in
height. The first compartment of the chamber opening
from the passage is at present inaccessible in consequence of
the walls coming towards each other; the second compart
ment is 5 feet in length, by about the same in width, and
originally about 6 feet 10 inches in height; the third com
partment is over 7 feet in diameter, and about 8 feet in
height. At the exterior extremity of the entrance passage
there is a semicircular arrangement
O of six upright
X o stones
(Fig. 258) varying in height from 3 feet to 7 feet 10 inches,
and placed at distances var\*ing from 10 feet to 16 feet apart.
^ S
)____ ^ e 12 /6 20 60
•artls
•'SOi
1____ L _ __ 1 - __ ^__ _ J ______________ --------------------- 1--------------------- 1
to
0O3
oH
f
O
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t?
d
03
S c a le io 070
i 'ko t 2 3 4 J 0 7 ^ 0 / 0 /J ^ /eet
cn I f !: r-~T—r ^ -T T" n
Fig. 260.—Section of Cairn at Achnacree, Argyllshire, with enlarged Ground-plan and Sections of its Chamber and Passa^'e.
baked paste, with little or no intermixture of grit. It
is a wide-mouthed, thick-lipped, round-bottomed vessel,
SCALE
10
- I - I i
20 F E E T
1 One inscription states that “ Thatir the Viking came here to weary.”
Another gives the whole letters of the Runic alphabet. Others consist
simply of a man’s name, with the formula, “ wrote this,” or “ carved
this,” as “ Hermund Hardaxe carved these Runes.” One tells us what
was thought of the origin of the mound itself by these scribblers. Their
tradition was that it was Lodbrok’s sorcery hall. Ragnar Lodbrok was
a mythical hero, who filled the place in Scandinavian legendary lore which
was given by the Celts in their popular tales to Fingal, and by the
English in their romantic poetry to King Arthur. The meaning of this
attribution of the mound to Lodbrok as a sorcery hall is therefore that
the people who ascribed to it this fabulous origin knew nothing of its
real history. Translations of the whole of these inscriptions will be found
in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries o f Scotland^ vol. v. p. 247,
and in Mr. Farrer’s privately printed work on Maeshowe, which gives
facsimiles of the inscriptions themselves.
Jerusalem—broke open the Orkahaug in the lifetime of the
blessed Earl, and that there was (supposed to be) much
treasure hidden in it, but that the treasure had been carried
away before the Jerusalem men broke into it. The name
“ Orkahaug ” occurs once in the O rkneyinga Saga in such a
connection as would fit this locality.^ It occurs nowhere
else unless in this inscription on the wall of the chamber,
and here it seems to be the name which was then applied to
the mound of Maeshowe. Earl Eognvald, the saint, who
died in 1158, and was canonised, is the “ blessed Earl ” of
the inscription. In 1153 he performed the pilgrimage to
Jerusalem. The Saga tells the names of the Orkneymen
who were to go with him, and that they occupied two winters
in making their preparations for the journey. In the spring
of 1152 Earl Eognvald went to Norway, and gathered a band
of his friends and their followers there, who came over with
him to Orkney. There they spent the winter of 1152-53,
until the expedition was ready. In the enforced idleness of
such a body of rough adventurers, the breaking open of such
a mound as Maeshowe would be a welcome pastime.^ Among
^ “ Earl Harold commenced his voyage (from Caithness) to the
Orkneys during Yule-tide. He had four ships and a hundred men. Two
nights he lay under Gareksay. They landed in Hafnarvag in Hrossey
(the mainland isle), and the thirteenth day of Yule-tide they walked to
Fiord (Firth). They sj^ent the Yule-Holiday at Orkahaug. There two
of their men were seized with madness, which retarded their journey.”—
The OrJcmyinya Saga (Edinburgh, 1873) p. 159.
- Barrows and cairns at a very early time attracted treasure-seekers.
The Anglo-Saxon poem of Beoioulf gives a vivid description of a chambered
tumulus, with its treasure of weapons and rich ornaments, and vessels of
heathen gold, watched over by a dragon. The “ breaking of a how ” had
always been a famous exploit in the estimation of the Northmen. The
earlier vSagas refer to such adventures as proofs of the greatest daring, for
the breaking of the tomb and spoiling of the treasure was never com
pleted without a personal encounter with the Haiighuie—the tenant of the
tomb,—who seized his weapons and started up to confront the despoilers
with his supernatural strength. The “ Hogboy ” of Maeshowe still lives
in the imagination and legends of the country people. The Annals o f
the names that are carved on the stones of its chamber are
those of Ino'ibiorp^, Inq;i"erd, Thorir, Helo'i, Inoi and Arnfinn.
All these are names of persons who are mentioned in the
Saga as living in Earl Eognvald’s time, and several of them
were closely connected with him.^
But this episode in the later history of the chambered
mound of Maeshowe has no bearing whatever upon the
Ulster record the breaking of the great tumulus at Dowth on the Boyne,
by the Northmen. Royal licences were sometimes granted for the digging
of barrows in England, and, so late as 1344, Thomas of Walsingham
records the slaying of the dragon that guarded a barrow, and the recovery
of a great treasure of gold by the retainers of the Earl of Warrenne.
^ There are other indications which point to this period as the
probable date of these inscriptions. The forms of the letters accord
with the style used in Norway in the first half of the twelfth century,
and the orthography almost exactly resembles that of the earlier Ice
landic mss. from about 1150. Two of the inscriptions are associated with
crosses. One, on the great buttress next the doorway on the north side of
the chamber, contains the name Thorir, and beneath it a Latin cross with
circular dots at the extremities. Another, on the corresponding buttress
at the south side of the chamber, has the words, “ Ofram Sigurdson
carved these Runes,” surrounded by six equal-armed crosses, and a
seventh in the centre of the inscription. On the edge of the same
buttress is the figure of a nondescript animal, carved with much spirit,
but in a purely conventional style. In form and attitude it somewhat
resembles the grififin of the West Highland crosses, but the style is more
archaic, and its characteristics are more akin to those of the later Celtic
manuscripts. It stands with its head thrown back, its tongue protruding,
and one fore-paw uplifted. Its body is covered with scale-like markings
similar to those which are characteristic of the nondescript animals
employed in the decoration of the Manx crosses of the twelfth century.
The tail of the animal is represented as curving under it, and passing
through the body upwards, to terminate in a complicated scroll-like
ending. This is a Celtic peculiarity, conspicuous in the later Irish
manuscripts. Lastly, it has the Celtic eye—backwardly pointed,
forwardly rounded. The eye of the Scandinavian conventional beast is
invariably the reverse of this—backwardly rounded, forwardly pointed.
This characteristic is constant in the examples of Scandinavian con
ventional beasts carved on the Rune-inscribed monuments of Norway and
Sweden. The general bearing of the whole of the indications aflForded
by the characteristics of the inscriptions, and the carvings which are
associated with them, is towards their attribution to a twelfth-century
date.
questions of its origin and purpose. As I have said, the indi
cations of that purpose, and the evidences of its earlier
history, in all probability lay hidden in its floor, and have not
been placed on record either by its earlier or later explorers.
But the character of the structure itself, its chamber and
passage, and the vaulting of its roof, link it with the class of
structures which I have been describing, and prevent its being
linked with any other typical class.^ I have therefore no
hesitation in concluding that the structure of Maeshowe is
closely allied by its essential characteristics to the type of
chambered cairn which we have traced on the mainland of
Scotland from Caithness to Argyll. But it belongs to a
variety of that type which is strongly differentiated. It has
the passage, the chamber, and the vaulted roof that are the
common features of the typ e; it has also the subdivision of
the interior, which is the prominent characteristic of the
majority of the examples that have been described; but it
differs most strikingly in the manner in which that sub
division is accomplished. In most of the Caithness cairns,
and in some of the Argyllshire examples, the subdivision is
accomplished within the area of the chamber itself, by slabs
set transversely across the floor. In one of the Caithness
cairns (Fig. 256), a small side cell is constructed, opening
off the chamber. This is the method adopted in Maeshowe.
The Caithness cairn has a subdivided chamber, with a cell off
one sid e; Maeshowe has an undivided chamber, with a cell
^ The class of sepulchral structures characterised by an internal
chamber constructed of stone, with a vaulted roof, and having a passage
leading into it from the outside, does not exist in Norway. It is not
uncommon in Ireland, where the largest examples are found. Chambered
sepulchral mounds or cairns, with j»assages leading into them, are found
111 Denmark and Brittany, but they differ from those in Scotland and
Ireland, in being roofed with flat stones of enormous size, and not vaulted.
But, whatever may be the differences in the construction of the chamber,
all the chambered cairns of the north-western area of Euroiie appear to
belong to the Stone Age.
off each of its three sides, the fourth giving access to the
j)assage. This development however has some title to be
classed as a local variety.
On the Holm of Papa Westray, a small uninhabited
island lying off* the west side of Papa, there is a very
peculiar structure on the highest part of the island, which
here rises to an elevation of about 60 feet. It is an oblong
cairn with rounded ends, 115 feet long, 55 feet broad, and
10 feet high. It is a chambered cairn, but in the form and
arrangements of the chamber (shown in the accompanying
ground-plan, Pig. 266) it presents certain remarkable
peculiarities. The entrance is on the east side, near the
middle of its length. It is a low and narrow passage, 1 foot
10 inches wide, 2 feet 8 inches high, and 18 feet in length.
It is lintelled over by large oblong flags, which are mostly
placed on edge for strength; the last lintel at the inner end
measures 4 feet in length, 2J feet in breadth, and about a
foot in thickness. The chamber to which the passage gives
access is long and narrow, measuring 67 feet in length, by
about 5 feet in width throughout. It is divided into three
compartments by two partition walls thrown across towards
the ends, the centre compartment being 45 feet in length,
the larger of the two end compartments 12 feet, and the
smaller 7 feet in length. Opening off the main chamber are
a series of small cells, irregularly formed, and roofed by
overlapping stones. Off* the central compartment there are,
on the one side, one double and two single cells; and on the
other side is the same arrangement, but in reverse order.
Off* each of the three sides of each of the end compartments
there is a single cell. The internal arrangements of this
cairn thus consist of a principal chamber divided into three
compartments, and surrounded by ten single and two double
cells opening off* the main chamber. The side cells average
between 4 and 5 feet in length, 3 feet in width, and from 3 to
oh feet in height. Their doorways are on the level of the
floor of the main chamber, thus differing from the side cells
in Maeshowe, which are elevated 3 feet above the floor. The
o
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Fig. 267.—Ground-plan of Chambered Cairn at Quoyness, near
Elsness, Sanday^ Orkney.
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Fig. 273.—Ground-plan of Chambered Cairn at Unstan, Orkney
(40 feet in diameter).
centre, the lip flat, and | inch in thickness, the vertical rim
2f inches high, ornamented like the first, except that it has
two horizontal lines carried round under the brim. A fourth
urn of the same character, but smaller (Fig. 277), measures
9f inches diameter, and 3f inches deep in the centre, the lip
flat, and J inch in thickness, the vertical rim Ij inch high
and ornamented as the. first, but with triangular spaces of
longer
o base. The rims of two other urns, of 1 0 _| and lOi
inches diameter, are extremely thin, and both ornamented
with triangular spaces similar to the second. A distinct
variety of this form, wdth the rim slanting outw’ards, is
indicated by several fragments with somewhat similar
ornamentation. The largest vessel (Fig. 278) is of a reddish
Figs. 281, 282.—Scraper and Knife of Flint from the Chambered Cairn of Unstan,
Orkney (actual size).
'
ments of flint.
Taking this Orkney group ItI
of chambered cairns as a ' ’9
and the borings from both sides have met pretty fairly near
the centre of the thickness of the implement. Another
variety, presenting almost the same side view as the Ballin-
briecli specimen, but more rounded in the butt, is represented
by an example (Fig. 292) from Fardenreoch, in the parish of
Colmonell, Ayrshire. It is almost the same size, inches
in length, and 2 | inches across the cutting face, but the
woodcut is drawn to a smaller scale. The shaft-hole is
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Fig. 297. Stone Axe found at Tor Fig. 298.—Stone Axe from Macher
houskie (9i inches in length). more (6 | inches in length).
Fig. 300.—Stone Axe from Eirkcowan Fig. 301.—Stone Axe from Balma-
(3 | inches in length). clellan (3J inches in length).
of the implement, is n
inch diameter at the surface,
narrowing to f inch at the centre. One more distinctly
triangular in shape, from Balmaclellan (Fig. 301), has the
shaft-hole in the centre. It measures 3f inches of a side,
and 1 J inch in thickness, the shaft-hole being I f inch
diameter at the surface, and narrowing to 1 inch at the
centre.
The third variety of these perforated implements, hammer
shaped at both ends, is simply a war-hammer. A specimen
of granite, narrower at one end than the other, has already
been described as found in the chamber of the horned cairn
at Ormiegill, Ulbster.^ One somewhat larger, and with both
ends equal (Fig. 302), was found with a cremated burial,
1 The third axe may be one in the collection of Mr. John Evans, which
came from 'Da.viot.—Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain, pp. 121,
135.
Fie. 309. Stone Axe, one of three found together at Daviot,
Inverness-shire (12i inches in length).
almost equally sharp, the section across the middle of the
implement being an elongated oval. The smaller of the two
axes measures 9^ inches in length, and 2 | inches across the
cutting edge, is oval in the cross-section in the middle of its
length, and tapers to a conically pointed butt.
At Tingwall in Shetland a group of three stone axes of
dark porphyritic stone were recently discovered lying together
in the soil. The smallest of the three (Fig. 310), which is
Fig. 314. Finely polished Axe of White Flint, found near Fochabers
(10 inches in length).
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Fig. 317.—Axe of Flint found at Fordoun, Fig. 318.—Axe of Flint found near Dundee
Kincardineshire (8 inches in length). (51 inches in length).
Fig. 324.—Stone Axe from Caithness Fig. 325.—Stone Axe from Berwickshire
(3f inches in lengtli). (lOJ inches in length).
exhibit modifications of this form. One (shown in Fig. 326)
is of greyish porphyritic stone, 10 inches in length, and
3 inches across the centre where it is widest, oval in section,
tapering both ways from the middle, upwards to a pointed
butt, and downwards to an oval cutting edge. It was found
under six feet of peat on the hill above Grimaster, called
Mount Bran, about two miles from Lerwick. The other axe
(Fig. 327), which comes from Cunningsburgh, is formed of a
highly indurated shale, and is less regularly formed, slightly
broken at the butt, and the cutting edge more rounded. It
measures 10 J inches in length. Other two specimens from
Shetland exhibit different varieties of form. One, of por-
phyritic stone (Fig. 328), is of a more cylindrical body,
slightly oval in the cross-section in the middle of its length.
t:
Fig. 333.—Adze of Greenstone found Fig. 334. -Stone Adze foiind at Little
near Glenluce, Wigtownshire Barras, Kincardineshire (5j inches
(81 inches in length). in length).
Fig. 343.—Stone Axe handled in a looped withe, from the Murray Eiver,
South Ai;stralia.
Fig. 344,—Stone Axe, with its handle, found in the Solway Moss.
composed surface.
There are other varieties of
stone implements and weapons
' ' I<
•* $
Figs. 353, 354, 355.—Serrated Arrow-heads of Flint, with barbs and stem
(actual size).
Figs. 356, 357, 358.—Flint Arrow-heads, ^^ith barbs and stem (actual size).
Figs. 359, 360, 361.—Flint Arrow-heads, with barbs and stem (actual size).
Figs. 362. 363, 364.—Fliat Arrow-heads, with harbs and stem (actual size).
and the stem slightly tapering. Fig. 364, from Torrs, Old
Wi
symmetrical. In Fig. 365, from the Culbin Sands, Elginshire,
we have an example of an almost leaf-shaped outline with
the base hollowed to a pointed stem. Fig. 366, also from
the Culbin Sands, is another example of a similar form, but
Figs. 365, 366, 367. —Flint ArroAv-heads, with barbs and stem
(actual size).
i i
%
was its insertion in the cleft end of the shaft, which would
then be bound with, sinews, as is the case with the modern
stone arrow-heads of some of
the Californian Indian tribes
(see ri<^ 374). But we have
the actual evidence of a single
specimen of the leaf-shcvped
arrow-head, found in 1875, in a
moss at Byvie, Aberdeenshire,
and fortunately preserved. When
found, the shaft was entire to
the length of about 9 inches.
The workmen who found it un
fortunately reduced its length to
3 inches by breaking pieces off
it. It is also probable that the Fig. 374.—Arrow-head of Chert,
rough handling to W’hich it was attached to the shaft by
sinews, from California.
thus subjected may have caused
the flint arrow-head to slip further into the cleft end of the
ft
shaft (which was then quite wet and soft), seeing that the
split ends of the shaft now reach quite to the point of the
arrow-head (Fig. 375). This, however, is the form invari
ably assumed by the socketed
midrib of the spear-heads of
bronze. The arrow-head is a
very thin and finely made one,
of pale yellow flint. The shaft
is of a hard tough wood which
I have been unable to identify.
It has shrunk considerably in
the drying. In all probability it
would have been bound imme
diately behind the head by
sinews, as shown in an example
of a triangular
o arrow-head found
in the moss of Geisboden, in
Fio* Z15.—Arrow-head of Flint,
still in the shaft, found in
Switzerland (Fig. 376). The in
a moss at Fyvie, Aberdeen spection of this Fyvie arrow-
shire (actual size).
shaft suggested to me the desira-
bility of the investigation of the process by which such
shafts might be produced with
tools of flint. Accordingly, I
selected a series of the most
likely implements, consisting of
( 1) a large thick-backed knife
shaped flake, with a rough edge,
to be used as a cross-cut saw;
( 2 ) a ridged triangular flake
(Fig. 337), about 3 inches in
length,
O ^ having
O a considerable
Fig. 376.—Art-ow-head of Flint,
in the shaft, found in the curve in the direction of its
moss of Geisboden, Switzer length; (3) a small finely
land (actual size).
worked knife-like implement
(Fig. 378), of beautifully transparent flint, with a keen and
delicate edge; (4) a thin lancet-shaped flake (Fig. 379), to
cut the cleft for the arrow-head, and (5) a curiously formed
IriTr
•*' , 1 I »
w
W> ■W wood to make it more effective as
>' i •a' ' I
\U'
M f]
'V
;\
• .1 A \
m
a considerable variety of forms,
T frequently less suggestive of
:ii:
the
‘VA S ^i
ill
f'J
VVv
purpose, and apparently less
' O ’ ,I
A
adapted to insure the efficiency
k« >
i«l I
Figs. 382, 383.—Flint Flakes, trimmed for cutting or scraping (actual size).
small size, they are not smaller than the rough chips of
obsidian which the New Zealanders formerly used as cutting
instruments. Tig. 388 represents a single-edged scraper
shaped knife of agate, found in a cairn at Hatton, in the
lu
m
•n
Ot
^ Proc. Soc. Antvi. Scot., vol. xix. p. 352. For similar instances in
England, see Evans’s Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain, pp. 282,
286, and Greenwell’s British Barrows, p. 41.
may have been employed as a means of producing fire with
a nodule of pyrites of iron, in the same manner as the flint
and steel were used before the introduction of the easier
method of modern times, there can be no doubt that many
of these implements were used for scraping purposes in
'('I 1 .
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t5. The F orty D ays after the R esurrection. E ig h th E d itio n .
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ill th e U n iv e r s ity o f E d in b u r g h . F ifth E d itio n . C row n Svo, 3 s. 6d.
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S a tu r d a y R e v ie w .
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c h a n n o f h is t a lk s h in e s o u t o f t h o s e p a g e s . ”— TTie S co tsm a n .
S k e t c h e s : P erso n a l an d P en siv e.
B y W illiam H odgson. F c a p . Svo, 2 s. 6d.
U
Q u asi C ursores.” P o rtra its o f th e H igh O fficers an d
P r o fe sso r s o f th e U n iv e r s it y o f E d in b u r g h . D ra w n an d E tc h e d b y William
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b u rg h , b o th as a se a t o f le a r n in g , an d as a c e n tr e o f lite r a r y p r o d u c tio n on i t s
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E d w a rd I ., a n d o f th e B a r o n s, C lerg y , an d o th e r s w h o sw o re F e a lt y to E n g la n d
in 1291-6. B y t h e la te A ndrew J ervise , F .S .A . S c o t. R e w r itte n an d c o r r e c te d
b y th e R e v . J ames Gammack, M.A. I llu s t r a t e d w ith E tc h in g s b y W. H ole,
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for th e m . B y J ohn K ennedy , M .A ., D .D ., L o n d o n . C row n S vo, 3s. bd.
S erm o n s b y th e R ev. J o h n K er, D.D., G la sg o w .
T liir te e n tli E d itio n . C row n Svo, 6s.
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t h e y o c c u p y a h ig h c la s s — w e w ere a b o u t t o s a y t h e h ig h e s t c la s s — w h e th e r v ie w e d
in p o in t o f c o m p o sitio n , or t h o u g h t , or t r e a t m e n t .’*— B . a n d F . E v a n g e lic a l R e v ie w .
E c c le sio lo g ic a l N o te s on so m e o f th e Isla n d s o f S c o t-
la n d , w ith o th e r P ajicrs r e la tin g to E c c le s io lo g ic a l R e m a in s o n th e S c o t t is h M ain
la n d a n d I s la n d s . B y Thomas S. Muir , A u th o r o f ‘‘ C h a r a c te r istic s o f C h u rch
A r c h ite c tu r e ,” e t c . D e m y S v o , w itli n u m e r o u s I llu s t r a t io n s , 21s.
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in g s in th e w a y o f s e c u r in g rare b ir d s . ”— T h e L it e r a r y W o r l d .
N o te s an d S k e tc h e s from th e W ild C o a s ts o f N ip on .
W ith C h a p ters o n C r u isin g a fte r P ir a te s in C h in e se W aters. B y H enry C. S t .
J ohn, C a p ta in R .X . S m a ll D e m y 8 v o , w ith M ap s a n d I llu s t r a t io n s , 12s.
“ O ne o f t h e m o s t c h a r m in g b o o k s o f tr a v e l t h a t h a s b een p u b lis h e d fo r so m e
t im e ." — S c o tsm a n .
• — w w . ^ s . w m ^ w
“ T h ere is a g r e a t d e a l m ore in t h e b o o k th a n X a tu r a l H is to r y . . . , H is
p ic tu r e s o f life a n d m a n n e r s are q u a in t an d e ffe c tiv e , a n d th e m ore so fro m tlie
w r itin g b e in g n a tu r a l a n d free from e ffo r t." — A th e n o m m .
“ H e w r ite s w ith a s im p lic it y a n d d ir e c tn e s s , a n d n o t se ld o m w ith a d eg re e o f
g r a p h ic p o w er, w h ic h , e v e n a p a r t from th e fr e sh n e ss o f t h e m a tte r , re n d er s h is
b o o k d e lig h tfu l rea d in g . X o th in g c o u ld b e b e tte r o f it s k in d th a n th e d e s c r ip tio n
o f th e In la n d S e a ." — D a i l y N e w s.
N o te s on th e N a tu r a l H is to r y o f th e P r o v in c e o f M oray.
B y th e la te Charles St. J ohn, A u th o r o f “ W ild S p o r ts in th e H ig h la n d s ."
S e c o n d E d itio n . In 1 v o l. R o y a l 8 v o , w ith 40 p age I llu s t r a t io n s o f S c e n e r y a n d
A n im a l L ife, e n g r a v e d b y A. D urand a fte r s k e tc h e s m a d e b y George B eId ,
R .S .A ., an d J . Wycliffe Taylor ; a lso , 30 P e n -a n d -in k D r a w in g s b y th e A u th o r
in h ic s im ile . 50s.
“ T h is is a n e w e d itio n o f th e w o rk b r o u g h t o u t b y th e fr ie n d s o f th e la te Mr. S t.
J o h n in 1863 ; b u t it is so lia n d so m e ly an d n o b ly i)r in te d , an d e n r ic h e d w ith su c h
c h a r m in g illu s t r a t io n s , t h a t w e m a y c o n sid e r it a n e w b o o k ." —67. J a m e s's G a zette.
“ C h a rles S t. J o h n w as n o t an a r tis t, b u t h e h a d th e h a b it o f r o u g h ly s k e tc h in g
a n im a ls in i^ osition s w h ic h in te r e s te d h im , a n d th e p r e se n t r e p r in t is a d o rn ed b y
a g r e a t n u m b e r o f t h e s e , fa c s im ile d from th e a u th o r 's o rig in a l p e n an d in k . S o m e
o f th e s e , a s for in s ta n c e th e s tu d ie s <d' th e g o ld e n e a g le s w o o p in g on it s p rey , a n d
t h a t o f th e o t t e r s w im m in g w ith a sa lm o n in its m o u th , are v e r y in te r e s tin g , a n d
fu ll o f t h a t ch a rm t h a t c o n ie s fro m th e e x a c t tr a n s c r ip tio n o f u n u s u a l o b se r v a
tio n "— P a ll M a ll G azette.
A Tour in S u th erla n d sh ire, w ith E x tr a c ts from th e
F ie ld -B o o k s o f a S p o r tsm a n a n d X a tu r a lis t. B y th e la te Charles St. J ohn ,
A u th o r o f “ W ild S p o r ts a n d X a tu r a l H is to r y in th e H ig h la n d s ." S e c o n d E d itio n ,
w ith an A p p e n d ix on t h e F a u n a o f S u th e r la n d , b y J. A . H arvie -B rown an d
T. E . B uckley. I llu s t r a t e d w ith t h e o r ig in a l W ood E n g r a v in g s, a n d a d d itio n a l
V ig n e tte s fro m th e A u th o r 's s k e tc h -b o o k s . In 2 v o ls. S m a ll D e m y Svo, 21s.
“ jE v ery p age is fu ll o f in t e r e s t ." — 77ie F ie ld .
“ T h ere is n o t a w ild c r e a tu r e in th e H ig h la n d s , from th e g r e a t s ta g t o t h e t in y
fir e -c r e ste d w ren , o f w h ic h h e lia s n o t s o m e th in g p le a s a n t to s a y ." — P a l l M a ll
G a zette.
L ife o f J a m e s H epburn, E arl o f B o th w ell.
B y P r o fe sso r S chierx , C o p e n h a g e n . T r a n sla te d from th e D a n ish by t h e R e v .
D avid B erry , F .S .A . S c o t. D e m y Svo, 16s.
S c o tc h Folk.
I llu s t r a t e d . F o u r th E d itio n e n la r g e d . E x . fe a p . 8 v o , Is.
“ T h ey are s to r ie s o f t h e b e s t t y p e , q u ite eq u a l in th e m a in t o t h e a v e r a g e o f
D ea n R a m sa y 's w e ll-k n o w n c o lle c t io n ." — A b e r d e e n F ree P r e s s .
S tu d ie s in P o e tr y a n d P h ilo so p h y .
B y J . C. S hairp , L L .D ., P r in c ip a l o f t h e U n ite d C o lle g e o f S t. S a lv a to r a n d S t.
L eo n a rd , S t. A n d r e w s. T h ird E d itio n . C row n 8v o ,
“ I n th e ‘ M oral D y n a m ic ,' Mr. S h a irp s e e k s fo r s o m e th in g w h ic h sh a ll p e r
su a d e u s o f th e v it a l a n d c lo s e b e a r in g o n ea ch o th e r o f m o ra l tlio u g h t a n d s p ir itu a l
e n e r g y . I t is t h is c o n v ic t io n w h ic h h a s a n im a te d Mr. S h a ir p in e v e r y p a g e o f th e
v o lu m e b e fo r e u s. I t is b e c a u s e h e a p p r e c ia te s s o j u s t ly a n d fo r c ib ly th e j^owers
o f p h ilo s o p h ic d o c tr in e o v e r a ll th e field o f h u m a n life , t h a t h e le a n s w ith s u c h
s tr e n u o u s t r u s t u p o n th o s e id e a s w h ic h W o r d sw o r th u n s y s t e m a t ic a lly , a n d C o le
rid g e m o r e s y s t e m a t ic a lly , m a d e p o p u la r a n d fe r tile a m o n g u s." — S a t u r d a y
R e v ie w .
“ T h e fin e st e s sa y in th e v o lu m e , p a r tly b e c a u se it is u p o n t h e g r e a t e s t a n d m o s t
d e fin ite s u b je c t, is t h e fir st, o n W o r d s w o r th . . . . W e h a v e sa id so m u c h u p o n t h is
e s s a y t h a t w e c a n o n ly sa y o f th e o th e r th r e e t h a t t h e y are f u lly w o r th y t o s ta n d
b e s id e it ." — S j^ ectator.
C u ltu re a n d R elig io n .
B y P rincipal S hairp . S e v e n t h E d itio n . F c a p . 8 v o , 3 s. fkl.
“ A w is e b o o k , a n d u n lik e a g r e a t m a n y o th e r w is e b o o k s , h a s t h a t c a r e fu lly
sh a d e d t h o u g h t a n d e x p r e s s io n w h ic h fits P r o fe s s o r S h a iri) t o sp e a k fo r C u ltu re
n o le s s th a n for R e lig io n ." — S p e c ta to r .
‘‘ T h o se w h o re m e m b e r a fo rm er w o r k o f P r in c ip a l S h a ir p 's, ‘ S t u d ie s in P o e tr y
a n d P h ilo s o p h y ,' w ill fe e l se c u r e t h a t a ll w h ic h c o m e s from h is j^en w ill b ear th e
m a r k s o f th o u g h t, a t o n c e c a r e fu l, lib e r a l, a n d a c c u r a te . N o r w ill t h e y b e d is
a p p o in te d in t h e p r e s e n t w o r k . . . . W e can r e c o m m e n d t h is b o o k to o u r rea d ers."
— A th e n a m m .
“ W e c a n n o t c lo s e w it h o u t e a r n e s tly r e c o m m e n d in g t h e b o o k to t h o u g h t fu l
y o u n g m e n . I t c o m b in e s t h e lo f t ie s t in t e lle c t u a l p o w e r w ith a s im p le a n d c h ild
lik e fa ith in C h r ist, a n d e x e r ts an in flu e n c e w h ic h m u s t b e s t im u la t in g a n d
h e a lth fu l." — F r e e m a n .
K ilm ah oe, a H ig h la n d P a sto ra l,
A m i o th e r P o e m s. B y P rincipal S hairp . F c a p . 8 v o , 6 s.
S h a k esp ea r e on Golf. W ith sp e c ia l R eferen ce t o S t.
A n d r e w s L in k s . 3d.
The D iv in e C o m ed y o f D a n te A ligh ieri, The In fern o.
A T r a n s la tio n in T erza R im a , w ith N o t e s a n d I n tr o d u c to r y E s s a y . B y J ames
R omanes S ibbald. W ith a n E n g r a v in g a fte r G io tto ’s P o r tr a it. S m a ll D e m y
8 v o , 12s.
“ M r. S ib b a ld is c e r ta in ly t o b e c o n g r a tu la te d o n h a v in g p r o d u c e d a tra n .sla tio n
w h ic h w o u ld p r o b a b ly g iv e a n E n g lis h re a d e r a b e tte r c o n c e p tio n o f th e n a tu r e o f
t h e o r ig in a l p o e m , h a v in g regard b o th t o it s m a tte r a n d it s fo rm in c o m b in a tio n ,
th a n a n y o th e r E n g lis h tr a n s la t io n y e t p u b lis h e d .”— A c a d e m y .
The U s e o f w h a t is ca lled E vil.
A D is c o u r s e b y S implicius. E x tr a c te d from h is C o m m e n ta r y o n th e E n c h ir id io n
o f E p ic t e t u s . C row n 8 v o , I s .
The N ea r an d th e P ar V iew ,
A n d o th e r S e r m o n s. B y R e v . A . L. S impson, D .D ., D e r b y . E x . fc a p . 8 v o , 5s.
“ V ery fresh a n d t h o u g h t fu l are t h e s e se r m o n s." — L i t e r a r y W o r ld .
“ D r. S im p so n 's se r m o n s m a y fa ir ly c la im d is t in c t iv e p ow er. H e lo o k s a t t h in g s
w ith h is o w n e y e s , a n d o ften s h o w s u s w h a t w ith o r d in a r y v is io n w e h ad fa ile d to
p e r c e iv e . . . . T h e se rm o n s are d is t in c t iv e ly g o o d ." — B r i t i s h Q u a r te r ly R e v ie w .
A rch aeological E s s a y s .
B y th e la t e S ir J ames S impson, B a r t. E d ite d b y t h e la t e J ohn Stuart, L L .D .
2 v o ls . 4 to , 21s.
1. Archj^eology. 6. L e p r o s y
a n d L e p e r H o s p ita ls .
2. I n c h c o lm . 7. G reek M ed ica l V a se s.
3. T h e C at S ta n e . 8 . W a s th e R o m a n A r m y lu ’o v id e d
4. M agical C h a rm -S to n es. w ith M e d ic a l O fficers ?
5. P y r a m id o f G izeh . 9. R o m a n M e d ic in e S ta m p s, e t c . e tc .
The F ou r A n c ie n t B o o k s o f W a les,
C o n ta in in g th e C y m ric P o e m s a ttr ib u te d to th e B a r d s o f th e s ix th c e n tu r y . B y
William F . ISkene , D .C .L ., H isto r io g r a p h e r -R o y a l for S c o tla n d . W ith M ap s and
F a c s im ile s . 2 v o ls . 8 v o , 3(3s.
S c o ttis h W o o d w o r k o f th e S ix te e n th an d S e v e n te e n th
C e n tu r ie s. M ea su red , DraAAii, an d L ith o g r a p h e d b y J . W . S mall, A r c h ite c t.
In o n e fo lio v o lu m e , Avith 130 P la te s , F o u r G u in ea s.
M adeira M e te o r o lo g ic :
B e in g a P a p er o n th e a b o v e s u b j e c t read b efo re th e R o y a l S o c ie ty , E d in b u r g h , on
t h e 1 s t o f A lay 1882. B y C. P iazzi Smyth , A s tr o n o m e r -R o y a l for S c o tla n d .
S m a ll 4 to , 6s.
S a s k a tc h e w a n an d th e R o c k y M ou n tain s.
D ia r y a n d N a r r a tiv e o f T ra v el, S p o r t, a n d A d v e n tu r e , d u r in g a J o u r n e y th r o u g h
lia r t of th e H u d s o n ’s B a y C o m p a n y ’s T errito ries in 1859 and 1860. B y tlie E arl
OF SouTHESK, K .T ., F .R G .S . 1 v o l. D e m y 8 v o , w itli I llu s t r a t io n s o n W ood by
Whymper , 18s .
B y th e sa m e A u th o r .
H e r m in iu s :
A R om ance. F c a p . 8 v o , 6s.
J o n a s F ish er:
A P o e m in BroAvn a n d W h ite. C h eap E d itio n . Is.
Darroll, a n d o th er P oem s.
By Walter Cook S pens, Advocate. Crown 8vo, 5s.
R udder G-range.
By F rank R. S tockton. 1 vol. 32mo, Is. ; and c lo th , 2s.
‘‘ I t m a y b e s a fe ly r e c o m m e n d e d as a v e r y a m u s in g l i t t l e hooVi.''— A th e n a m m .
“ A lto g e th e r ‘ R u d d e r G r a n g e r s a s c h e e r y , a s h u m o r o u s, an d a s w h o le s o m e
a l it t l e s to r y a s w e h a v e read for m an y a day.*’— S t. J a m e s's G a ze tte ,
“ T lie m in u t e s t in c id e n ts are n a rra ted w ith su c h g e n u in e h u m o u r a n d g a ie ty ,
th a t a t th e c lo s e o f th e v o lu m e th e rea d er is so r ry to ta k e le a v e o f th e m erry
in n o c e n t p a r t y .”— W e s tm in s te r R e v ie w ,
S k e tc h o f T h erm od yn am ics.
B y P . G. T a i t , P r o fe ss o r o f N a tu r a l P h ilo s o p h y in th e U n iv e r s ity o f E d in b u r g h .
S e c o n d E d itio n , r e v ise d a n d e x te n d e d . C row n Svo, 5s.
W a ld e n ; or, L ife in th e W o o d s.
B y H . D . Thoreau. C row n S vo, (5s.
T om m ie B row n a n d th e Q u een o f th e F a ir ie s ; a n e w
C h ild ’s B o o k , in fca p , Svo. W ith I llu s t r a t io n s , 4 s. 6d.
L e t p a i n he p le a s u r e a n d p le a s u r e he p a i n .
“ T h ere is n o w o n d e r t h a t c h ild r e n lik e d t h e sto r y . I t is t o ld n e a tly a n d w e ll,
and is fu ll o f g r e a t c le v e r n e s s , w h ile i t h a s t h a t p e c u lia r c h a r a c te r th e a b s e n c e o f
w h ic h fro m m a n y lik e s to r ie s d e p r iv e s th e m o f a n y real in te r e s t for c h ild r e n .”—
S co tsm a n ,