KLE Technological University

Hubballi

A Minor Project Report On

TOY HELICOPTER
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
School of Mechanical Engineering

Submitted By

S.Gowtham 01FE15BME151
Sachin Chandannavar 01FE15BME153
Nikhil Uday Shetty 01FE15BME114
Prakash Naik 01FE15BME124
Prashant Bidare 01FE15BME125

Guided by
Prof. U.P.Hosamani

School of Mechanical Engineering

KLE Technological University, Hubballi - 580031
2017-2018

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 K.L.E SOCIETY’S
KLE Technological University,
HUBBALLI - 580031

2017 - 18

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this minor project report entitled “TOY HELICOPTER”
submitted by S.Gowtham (01FE15BME151), Sachin Chandannavar (01FE15BME153),

Nikhil Uday Shetty (01FE15BME114), Prakash Naik (01FE15BME124), Prashant

Bidare (01FE15BME125) in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of the KLE Technological University,
Hubballi, during the academic year 2018-19, is a bonafide record of work carried out under
my guidance and supervision.

Guide H.O.D
Prof. U.P.Hosamani Dr. B. B. Kotturshettar

Name of the Examiners Signature with date

1.

2.

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 KLE Technological University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubli

CONTENT
SL.NO TITLE PAGE NO.
1 Details of product chosen. 2
2 Tools used for measuring the tools. 5
3 Sketch of parts 7
4 Workbenches and its function 11
5 Details of Assembly drafting 13
6 Bill of materials with material properties 14
7 Detailed Part drawing of all parts. 15
8 Comparison of original components with Catia parts 23
9 Innovation 27
10 Modified Parts 29
11 Experience 30

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 KLE Technological University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubli

INTRODUCTION
A helicopter is an aircraft that is lifted and propelled by one
or more horizontal rotors, each rotor consisting of two or more rotor blades.
Helicopters are classified as rotorcraft or rotary-wing aircraft to distinguish
them from fixed-wing aircraft because the helicopter derives its source of lift
from the rotor blades rotating around a mast. The word “helicopter” is adapted
from the French helicopter, coined by Gustave de Ponton d’Amécourt in 1861.
It is linked to the Greek words helix/helikos (“spiral” or “turning”) and pteron
(“wing”).

As an aircraft, the primary advantages of the helicopter are due to the

rotor blades that revolve through the air, providing lift without requiring the
aircraft to move forward. This creates the ability of the helicopter to take off
and land vertically without the need for runways. For this reason, helicopters are
often used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft are not able
to take off or land. The lift from the rotor also allows the helicopter to hover in
one area and to do so more efficiently than other forms of vertical take off and
landing aircraft, allowing it to accomplish tasks that fixed wing aircraft are
unable to perform.

WORKING PRINCIPLE
GENERAL
Helicopter, Lift is obtained by means of one or more power driven
horizontal propellers which called Main Rotor. When the main rotor of
helicopter turns it produces lift and reaction torque. Reaction torque tends to
make helicopter spin. On most helicopters, a small rotor near the tail which
called tail rotor compensates for this torque. On twin rotor helicopter the rotors
rotate in opposite directions, their reactions cancel each other.

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 KLE Technological University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubli

Main Rotor
The lifting force is produced by the main rotor. As they
spin in the air and produced the lift. Each blade produces an equal share of the
lifting force. The weight of a helicopter is divided evenly between the rotor
blades on the main rotor system. If a helicopter weight 4000 lbs. and it has two
blades, then each blade must be able to support 2000 lbs. In addition to the
static weight of helicopter ,each blade must be accept dynamic load as well . For
example, if a helicopter pull up in a 1.5 g manouver (1.5 time the gravity force),
then the effective weight of helicopter will be 1.5 times of static helicopter
weight or 6000 lbs. due to gravitational pull.
Tail Rotor
The tail rotor is very important. If you spin a rotor with
an engine, the rotor will rotate, but the engine and helicopter body will tend to
rotate in opposite direction to the rotor. This is called Torque reaction. Newton's
third law of motion states, “to every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction”. The tail rotor is used to compensate for this torque and hold the
helicopter straight. On twin-rotors helicopter, the rotors spin in opposite
directions, so their reactions cancel each other.

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HELICOPTER

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 KLE Technological University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubli

Tools used for measuring the parts

1. Measuring scale

 It is used to measure the length of tail, gear shafts, balancing rod etc.
 It is also used to measure the length of the blade, height and length of
face cover.

2. Vernier scale

 Used to measure the thickness of gear.

 To measure the dimensions of small parts like blade holders.

3. Micrometre screw gauge

 Used to measure the diameter and thickness of small parts.

 To measure the diameter of gear shafts.
 It is also used to measure the diameter of balancing rod.
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 KLE Technological University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubli

4. Pitch gauge

 This instrument which is used to measure pitch of screw threads. And

gear

5. protractor

This is used to measure the angles and slant edges..

6. Profile projector

This instrument is used to measure corner radius and chamfers of different

parts.

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 KLE Technological University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubli

Sketch of parts (Dimensional)

1. Body

2. Balancing rod

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3. Face cover

4. Blade holder

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5. Blades

6. Connecting rod

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7. Gear shaft

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WORKBENCHES

1. MECHANICAL PART DESIGN

This workbench is used to design the parts like
 Body
 Blade holders.
 Balancing rod.
 Connecting rod.
 Gear
 Gear shafts
 Fastners

By using tools like pad, pocket, revolve, rib, sweep, multisection, pattern
etc.

2. GENERATIVE SHAPE DESIGN (GSD)

This workbench is used to design the parts like
 Blades.
 Face cover.

Why GSD ?

  GSD tools used for creating and modifying mechanical surfaces

used in the design of complex shapes. This workbench includes elements
like point, line, angle, plane, curves, circle, (bi-tangent, tri-tangent,
through and trimmed), spline, parallel curves, corner on plane, connect
3D, spiral sphere, intersection and projection.

3. MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY.
This workbench used to assemble all the parts.
4. RENDERING TOOL.
Rendering used to make the product realistic and to edit the
background.
5. DRAFTING.
So no matter how great Model you build, but in the end , you
wanna prepare drawing to communicate to other departments(eg:
Manufacturing, quality , production, fabrication e, Tool Room etc).
because not every one can check the design on 3D models..

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 KLE Technological University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubli

Drawing is the way Engineering communicates and provides

specification, dimensions, tolerances , GD&T etc .
6. BILL OF MATERIALS.
A bill of materials (also known as a BOM or bill of material) is a
comprehensive list of parts, items, assemblies and other materials
required to create a product, as well as instructions required for
gathering and using the required materials.

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Assembly drawing

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 KLE Technological University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubli

Bill of materials

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
1.CAST STEEL
• Yield strength- 275 TO 290 Mpa
• Tensile strength – 560 to 755 Mpa
• Young’s modulus- 200x10^9 Gpa
• Density – 8.05 g/cm^3

2.PLASTIC
• Yield strength – 52 Mpa
• Poisson’s ratio – 0.4
• Density- 1.4 kg/m^3
• Young’s modulus- 2.48x 10^9 to 3.3x10^9

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PART DRAWINGS
1. BODY

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2.GEAR SHAFT

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3. GEAR

4. GEAR SHAFT2

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5.UPPER PART

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6. BALANCING ROD

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7. BLADE HOLDER 1

8. BLADE HOLDER 2

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9. BLADE HOLDER 3

10. BLADE HOLDER 4

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11. BLADE A

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12. BLADE B

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13. CONNECTING ROD

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14. BOTTOM PLATE

15. FASTNER

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16. FACE COVER

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Comparison of original and part model of parts.

1. BODY

2. COVER

3. BALANCING ROD

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4. BLADE HOLDER 1

5. BLADE HOLDER 2

6. BLADE HOLDER 3

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7. BOTTOM PLATE

8. CONNECTING ROD

9. GEAR

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10. UPPER PART

11. Fastner

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INNOVATION

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Primarily number of rotor blades is chosen through careful study of how

much power one can extract by having what kind of...

 Rotor blades
 Solidity ratio (how much of the rotor disc area is actually one that
creates lift)
 Weight and complexity of having many blades
 Vibration characteristics of the rotor system and its interaction with
rest of the airframe

The number of blades can affect the amount a helicopter can lift. Since
the rotating blades are what actually produces lift on a helicopter by increasing
the number of blades you increase the amount that the aircraft can lift provided
that the length, width (chord), and air foil shape stay the same.

Each blade produces lift, thus having more blades means more lift given
the same rpm

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 KLE Technological University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubli

Modified parts
1. Blade assembly

2. Blade holder 4

3. Blade holder 3

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 KLE Technological University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubli

EXPERIENCE:
CATIA stands for Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive
Application. It's commercial CAD software used for physical modelling in
various industries including Mechanical and Aerospace. It was developed
by Dassault Systèmes.

You can draw whatever you can imagine even in 3D. Surface designing is
very easy and interesting. Design different parts and assemble them. Animate
the natural motion for body parts including drive and passenger. The software
also helps in high end engineering, analysis and motion simulation. We had
used the product in designing my projects which required high end analysis and
simulation and really liked the features and a lot of commands makes the design
very descriptive. The software also helps in high end engineering, analysis and
motion simulation. We had used the product in designing my projects which
required high end analysis and simulation and we find that CATIAs Part Design
workbench is superior over other similar modeling solid modeling software’s
because of its utilization of parametric modeling. Being able to work inside of a
history tree really makes CATIA a step above the rest. In addition, CATIAs
Imagine and Shape workbench is the most manageable and intuitive freeform
modeling software we have ever used

As of the feature called GSD “Generative shape design”. We were able to

design thing which is really common in our day to day life but really
complicated as far as our project is concerned we used it design parts like the
main body of the helicopter which holds the passengers as well the blades.
CATIA has plenty of options and features as far as we know it we used the best
out of it and fell it the most users friendly as well advanced as compared to any
other design software we learnt.

CATIA is very vast and must be practiced on daily basis to nurture our
skills in it as of to the know the full utilization of this software. In this semester
of our engineering we felt that this one software was very important and had
learnt it thoroughly feeling so. To no disappointment this software was really
helpful and useful as we mechanical engineers must attain basic knowledge in
design software.

Overall we found this software a very good utilization of time and money
as well and we are thankful to the management and our professors who helped
us learn this wonderful software.

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