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One Way Slab Design
One Way Slab Design
Reinforcement layout:
Reinforcement shall be placed at where tensile stress exist.
ACI 318-99
U = 1.4D
U = 1.4D+1.7L
U = 1.2D
U = 1.2D+1.6L
2. Spans are approximately equal. The two adjacent spans shall not be more than 20 percent
difference in length.
Factored Moments:
Negative moments:
Negative moments at interior face of exterior support by spandrel beam: Mu = Wu ln2/24
Two spans
Positive moment:
Negative moments:
Factored Shear:
Shear in end members at face of first interior support: V u = 1.15 Wu ln/2
Design assumption:
Therefore, the stress distribution across the section of the beam is as shown below.
At an ultimate strain of 0.003, the stress at extreme fiber of the beam reaches ultimate strength of
concrete fc’. The distribution of the compressive stresses is a complex curve. For calculation
purpose, a stress block of 0.85fc’ spread over a depth, a, is used. Therefore, the total compressive
stress in a rectangular beam is
C = 0.85fc’ab
T = Asfy = C = 0.85f’c ab
where fy is the yield strength of reinforcing steel and As is the area of steel. Therefore,
a = Asfy/(0.85f’c b), or a = Asfyd/(0.85f’c bd),
a = fyd/0.85f’c
Let m = fy/0.85f’c , then, a = d m The nominal moment strength of the section,
Mu Mn
Where, = 0.9, is the strength reduction factor for beam design. Let M u = Mn , We have
Mu = (Asfy d- Asfy dm/2)
Divide both side by bd2, we have Mu/bd = (As/bd)fy -(As/bd) fy m/2) = fy - fy 2m/2)
= (1/m)(1-2mRn/fy)1/2
Ductile and brittle failures, Balance condition, Maximum and minimum reinforcement ratio
There are two situations when a reinforced concrete beam fails due to bending. One is when the
reinforcing steel reaches its yield stress, fy. The other is when the concrete reach it maximum
compressive stress, f’c. When a reinforced concrete beam fails in yielding of steel, the failure is
ductile because the steel can stretch for a long period of time before it actually breaks. When it
fails in concrete, the failure is brittle because concrete breaks when it reach maximum strain.
When concrete reaches its maximum strain at the same time as the steel reach is yielding stress, it is
called a balance condition. Using a maximum strain, 0.003 of concrete and assume a linear
distribution of strain across beam section, one can determine the reinforcement ratio at balanced
condition. The reinforcement ratio based on ACI code is
Where 1 = 0.85 for 4000 psi (30 Mpa) concrete, and reduce 0.05 for each 1000 psi of f’ c in excess
of 4000 psi.
To ensure a ductile failure of beam, ACI code limits the maximum reinforcement ratio to
0.75b. On the other hand, when the amount of steel is too small, the beam will fail when concrete
reach its tensile strength. It needs to have a minimum amount of steel to ensure a ductile failure
mode. The minimum reinforcement ratio in ACI code is min = 200/fy (psi).
Minimum flexural reinforcement in slab shall be the same as minimum temperature reinforcement:
(ACI 318-05 Sec. 10.5.4)
Temperature reinforcement:
Corner reinforcement:
Although the major reinforcement in one way slab span is in the short direction, yet at the corner,
the moment is actual supported by beams at both directions. If the slab is supported in the short
direction only, the slab may crack in the long direction until the reinforcement in the short direction
pick up the strength. The corner reinforcement can be arrange in two way as shown below.
The elastic modulus of concrete, Ec (lb/in2) is (ACI 318-05 Sec 8.5)
Ec = wc (33) fc’ lb/in
1.5 2
Ec = wc (0.043) fc’ MPa
1.5
where wc is unit weight of concrete between 90 to 155 lb/ft 3. fc’ is compression strength of
concrete in lb/in2.
For normal weight concrete Ec = 57000 fc’
4. Moment of inertia
The deflection shall be calculated using effective moment of intertia, I e instead of gross moment of
inertia, Ig.
Ie = (Mcr/Ma)3 Ig + [1-(Mcr/Ma)3] Icr
where Icr is moment of inertia of crack section, Ma is apply moment, and the cracking moment (in-
lbs)
Mcr = fr Ig / yt
and the modulus of rapture, fr = 7.5 fc’ (lb/in ), yt is the distance from neutral axis to top of slab
2
For continuous member, Ie can be taken as the average value of calculated from critical positive
and negative moment sections.
For prismatic members, Ie can be taken at mid-span for simple and continuous spans, and at support
for contilevers.
For light weight concrete, if slitting tensile strength, f ct is specified, use fct/6.7 to substitute fc’ but
not greater than fc’ . If fct is not specified, fcr shall be multiplied by 0.75 for all light weight
concrete, 0.85 for sand light weight concrete.