CHAPTER - II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 INTRODUCTION-
This chapter deals with review of recent and relevant literature.
Specifically there are hundreds of books, thesis and published articles dealing
with textile industry. But there are very little research work and articles
dealing specifically with female workers‟ of power loom industry. The review
of different articles published in various Periodicals, Books and M. Phil.
dissertations and Ph.D. thesis submitted to various universities are
undertaken. Few short and snappy reviews of them are presented in this
chapter.
2.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE-
Thakor D.V., Pawar Y.T., ArifAnjum Md. Saeed, (2010), expressed
the SWOT analysis of Indian Power loom Industry. They concluded that the
power loom sector came into existence because of conversion of handloom
into power loom industry. This industry is facing many problems such as
obsolete technology, no implementation of business ethics, traditional method
of marketing, lackk of trained human resource, high cost of production with
low quality etc. They also uttered that the power loom sector is the second
largest employment after agriculture.1
Manikandan S. and Thirunuvakkarsu S., (2010), studied the growth
and performance of Power loom industry and also analyzed SWOT analysis
of power loom cluster, further they stated the reason for the paradigm shift
from Handloom industry to Power loom industry and problems regarding
power loom sector. They concluded that the growth rate of power loom
industry in Tamilnadu is faster than Maharashtra and Gujarat. Modernization
strategy is used for achieving the target of $ 50 billion sets for the export in
the year 2010. To modernize the power loom sector, they adopt various ways
such as modernization of power loom service centre, power loom
modernization, skill up gradation, establishment of new power loom centers,

15
power loom complex and investment subsidy in automatic and semi automatic
power loom units etc.2
Dabade Tanaji Dinkar, Gawade Shivaji V., Khune Balaji Bhanudas,
(2012), concluded that majority of owners depends only on textile business;
Technological obsolescence is the crisis of textile industry. Due to low rate of
investment majority of textile products never generate enough economic
surpluses for continuous investment in technology, practices and research.
Further they concluded that many owners don't know what Government
policies, schemes of subsidies are? Effects of poor quality of machinery are
high production cost and fewer profit margins. Due to cut throat competition,
owners have to face financial problems. Majority of owners have less
knowledge about customers‟ needs, likes and dislikes.3
Vastrad Jyoti V. and Naik Shailaja D., (2008), concluded that customs
and traditions still remain constant in Indian culture. Weaving of white lungis
is the tradition of Brahmin culture. Such technology of weaving white lungi is
expressed by authors. They explained the Warping, Gaiting the loom, Pirn
Winding and weaving process. Demand for lungi is constant not only in
Karnataka but also in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. Such lungis are
woven on the throw shuttle pit loom. This lungi is locally recognized as
Ambasi phadiki dhadi panje, woven at the village, Lakkundi (Karnataka
State).4
Sacratee S. J., Sankar M. and Ayyanar A., (2011), stated the structure
of Indian textile industry. This industry can be broadly divided into the cotton
and the non- cotton industry. The cotton textile industry can be divided into
organized and unorganized sector. Organized sector consists of Spinning
Mills and Composite Mills. The decentralized (unorganized) sector consists of
handloom, power loom, khadi and knitting sector. Textile industry contributes
about 14 percent to industrial production, 4 percent to the GDP and 17 percent
to the country's export earnings. Such industry has largest employment
provider. It is one of the mainstays of national economy.5

16
 Saikia Jatindra Nath, (2010), stated types of garments and major
problems of textile industry such as shortage of skilled and expert weavers,
lack of capital and credit facilities, lack of processing and finishing facilities,
lack of efficient marketing facilities, no implementation of Government
Schemes etc. Especially Sualkuchi people of Assam are expert in weaving
culture. Assamese women earn better from weaving to sustain their families.6
Shaikh Mainuddin Shoukat Ali, Borhade S. N., Dhere Vaibhav, Mrs.
Shaikh Sabiha M., (2011), stated that about 35 million people are engaged in
this sector. Therefore Indian Textile Industry has very important place in the
economy of India. Better market is available for cloth production in
Maharastra as well as in other states and abroad. The Solapur textile industry
is not progressing as compare to other countries because it is unable to
produce quality textile product with competitive price. Authors concluded that
such industry is facing many problems such as lack of technologically skilled
labour, finance, modern machinery, price fluctuation in the raw material, low
profit margin etc. Further they concluded that due to globalization the textile
units are facing financial rivalry, marketing and technological problems.7
Mujawar R. F. and Burute P.Y., (in Marathi 2008), they stated the
importance of power loom in Textile Industry. According to them power loom
sector is the backbone of Textile Industry. Now a day's 80 lacks people are
working in power loom industry. First Indian power loom industry was
established in 1904. They professed that there is need of modernization in
Textile Industry. Due to modernization employment opportunities will be
reduced. Therefore trade unions can't accept modernization. Authors depicted
the problems of the textile industry such as old and outdated machinery, strike
of workers‟, fashion changes, insufficient electric supply etc.8
Manivannan L., Mangalam S. Chandrakumarand Suresh G., (2012),
concluded that Tamilnadu power loom industry occupies an important role in
the economy of India because of its contribution to industrial output and
generation of employment. 54 percent of the respondents depend on brokers
to sell their products. Most important production problem is the absence of

17
the modernization; some other problems are absence of innovative designs,
shortage of raw materials, shortage of power, accumulation of finished goods,
Govt. constraints and the absence of 24 hours of production.9
Gurumurthy P.S. and Iyer Vasanti C., (2012), notified that the
Maharashtra state is the pioneering in the power loom industry in India. They
delineated the growth of textile industry in India from the financial year 2002-
03 to 2006-07. They also expressed the growth of power loom sectors in India
from 2002-03 to 2010-11. They stated the problems and challenges faced by
unorganized power loom sector. Lots of power loom cluster are unaware
about Government Schemes for up gradation. For survival of the industry
state government would play a major role for the development of the
unorganized sector by reducing the Sales Tax and Octroi.10
Phukan Raju, (2012), stated that handloom sector provides direct
employment to over 65 lac people in India in the year 2009-10 among them
60.40 percent are women. Poor marketing and insufficient market linkage
outside the state distress the industry from growing and earning more revenue.
Most weavers do not know the most modern designs. Therefore, weavers are
producing fabrics of obsolete design. Government of Assam has introduced
number of schemes for the development of the handloom sector.11
Kumar A. Senthil, Bhaskaran V. Murali, (2012), studied the existing
pre-weaving level of technology in weaving and machinery set-up with a
view to identify the area-wise up gradation needs. Authors expressed the
process of warping and filling yarns. The warp yarn indicates the length of the
fabric. 12
Roy Tirthankar, (1999), expressed that the power loom industry was
good in India, in the end and especially during an export boom after trade
liberalization in the late 1980's. Author described the origin and present
conditions of the industry. He also expressed the growth of power looms in
Tamil Nadu from 1942 to 1997. Power looms are the main suppliers of fabrics
of garment industry.13

18
 Article in Daily Maharashtra Times (Marathi) dated 19-12-2012
"Ichalkaranji kamgaranche 'Jail Bharo'." The writer stated that all unorganised
workers‟ must be given salary of Rs.10,000/- p.m. and the person whose
annual income is less than Rs.5 lack should be given 35 kg. grain at Rs.2 per
kg. To fulfill this demand National conference of Trade Union struggled.14
M. Senthilkumar and R. Rajendran, (2013), concluded that cotton and
non-cotton cloth production of power loom sector in India increased but the
blended cloth production of power loom sector was decreased. Authors also
expressed that such industry exhibits large diversity in terms of products,
modes of production and production structure. Authors stated that growth of
India‟s Textile Industry in the last decade had been considerably larger than
the previous decades, because of liberalization policy initiated by Government
in the 1990s.15
Sreenivasan Kasthuri, (1984), did a comprehensive study on the Indian
Textile Industry. Author explained background which covered the growth of
the textile industry prior to the independence, profiles of the Indian Textile
Industry, industrial relations, sick industry, man-made fiber developments,
woolen industry's growth and textile machinery industry, supporting
organization deals with employees associations, research organizations such
as AITRA, BITRA, SITRA's role, the problems and prospects of the textile
industry etc.16
Thakkar N.H., (1949), wrote about Cotton Textile Industry. Author
gave the brief history of cotton spinning and weaving and growth of the
industry during the wars. He also expressed the labour conditions during the
First World War and the Second World War. He concluded that after a lapse
of 25 years, the labour conditions have not improved, as they should have,
though politically and economically labour is more conscious than it was
during and after the First World War.17
Ajganokar D.D. (Ed.), (1996), compiled the themes of papers on
various topics such as TQM, Experiences of ISO 9000, Leadership for
Technology management, HRD as Management Task in Modern Textile

19
Mills, Quality Circles, Environ- friendly Textiles, Processing of Export
Quality Fabrics, Energy saving and Automation, Modern Color Management
system, Auxiliaries and Finishes for textiles, quality evaluation using HVI
systems, Industrial Fabrics in the world of Globalization, Geo-textiles and
various modern technologies of yarn forming, fabric forming and wet
processing etc. The cost of raw material is increasing day by day but the
margin on the final product (cloth) is less. He further concluded that quality is
a race without a finish line. 18
Lord P.R. and Mohamed M.H., (1982), discussed the ancient history of
weaving. They covered all the important aspects of conversion of yarns into
fabrics, including weaving itself as well as winding and preparation, loom
design, noise, loom developments, fabric properties and design, interaction
between yarn and fabric, management and cost optimization. Detail
information is also given about drawing-in and pirn winding.19
Adanur Sabit, (2009), discussed the fabric manufacturing process.
Woven fabric construction and weave designs are shown. Preliminary process
such as winding, warp preparation, sizing, drawing in and tying in which are
essential for weaving is also denoted. Basic weave motions, shedding system,
shuttle weaving, air jet weaving, water-jet weaving, rapier weaving and
multiphase weaving process expressed in detail. He also explains the
manufacturing process of special fabrics such as denim, terry fabrics and
industrial fabrics etc. Finally writer has made an attempt to review the trends
for the future of weaving.20
Rajage A.B., (1988), expressed an analytical description of the
problems faced by the industry at Ichalkaranji. He noted that there was
tremendous growth of power looms during the past few years. Number of
power looms at Ichalkaranji has been increased. There are unauthorized
power connections resulting in heavy revenue losses to the Government.
Imperfect market structure, the problem of raw material, unchanged the
mechanical process, paucity of data are the major problems in Ichalkaranji.21

20
 Vernerker Sachin, (1998), mainly deals with Chaddar industry of
power loom sector. Researcher expressed the progress and hindrances of the
power loom sector. According to researcher there are thousands of power
looms in Solapur city which are unregistered. Majority power looms were
engaged in manufacturing of Deluxe and Mayurpankh Chaddars in Solapur.
Since 1985 the Chaddar industry was emerged as a new textile decentralized
sector. People are not willing to work because of low wages as a result the
industry is facing problems like less production, labour absenteeism. But
researcher's study has not recovered the socio-economic problems of the
textile workers‟ in decentralized sector i.e. handloom and power loom
industries.22
Arif Anjum and Thakor D.V., (2011), opined that the prices of yarn
and fabric fluctuate. Middlemen enjoy the benefit of profit. Self finance was
the main source of power loom industry. Majority of weavers belong to
Muslim Community. Working conditions are not favorable for worker.
Weavers are unaware about management skills in the area of marketing. So
they depend upon middleman. There is only one spinning mill therefore
shortage of raw material is hurdle for power loom industry. Further they
expressed that about 99% looms are out dated that result in low productivity,
high maintenance cost and production of low quality fabrics. Sufficient
infrastructural facilities are not developed. Only 4 projects were sanctioned
under TUFS from last ten years. Weavers are unaware the scheme of Central
and State Govt. regarding power loom industry. Power loom industry in
Malegaon region are facing problems like high rate of electricity and
shortage of electricity. In 1976 Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India established
power loom service centre in Malegaon, to provide facilities on pre-weaving
and weaving technology. It also provides testing facility to check the quality
parameter of the yarn. But majority of the weavers are unconscious about this
centre.23
N. Mohan and J. Ashok, (2011), studied the importance of quality of
work life on employees work performance in textile mills especially the

21
employees of weaving mills in Tamil Nadu. They concluded that for better
performance owner must introduce more innovative system and launch
frequent training for employee. Further, they stated that the mills must
concentrate on more welfare measures and grievances handling. Then they
conclude that more importance should be given to welfare facilities then
employee work performance will be satisfactory.24
Seenivasan V. and Rajendran S., (2011), opined that spinning mill is
traditionally labour intensive setup. Therefore human resource management is
very important part of industrial administration. For achieving the objectives
of the mills, worker‟s participation in management is very important positive
stimulus. At the same time trade unions and environment of the industrial
operations are necessary to safeguard the interests of the workers‟. They
concluded those workers‟ join trade unions mainly for increasing wages, job
security and developing the bargaining capacity.25
Hess Katharine Paddock, (1931), stated the importance of textiles in
the economic and cultural life of man. She denoted the characteristics of
textile fibers and fabrics, method of construction of fibers, yarns. Also she
expressed how to select suitable and durable clothing, household fabric and
how to take care of fabrics. Further, she stated how to use scientific methods
in the solution of problems pertaining to textiles.26
Singhal I.C., (1996), opined that efficiency of the workers‟ is directly
connected with his hours of work. Due to long hours of work there is a strain
on the workers‟. Effect of this is fatigue. Therefore workers‟ take drink and
increases accidents. According to him working conditions are not favourable
because these are accommodated in old buildings where workers are not
getting proper facilities such as light, ventilation etc.27
Reddy R. Jayaprakash, (2004), wrote about Maternity Benefit Act. The
International Labour Organization convention of 1919 prescribed maternity
leave period is of 12 weeks. Now a day this period is extended up to 6
months. As per Central Maternity Benefits Act 1961, woman can take benefit

22
voluntarily before childbirth and compulsorily thereafter, for abstains from
work in the interest not only of her own but also of child's health.28
Galab S. and Revathi E., (2009), expressed that working conditions of
workers‟ in Sircilla in Karimnagar district of Andhra Pradesh are poor
because of on oligopolistic market, fluctuating market conditions, inadequate
modernization and the subordinate status of hired workers‟ etc. Hired
workers‟ family has a loan of between Rs.30,000/- to Rs.50,000/- while job
workers‟ is around Rs.3,00,000/-. Authors also expressed the growth of the
power loom sector in Sircilla. Workers‟ work in two shifts, by 12 hours. But
July to December work is reduced by 30 percent which is considered "off
season".29
Sabarirajan, T. Meharajan, B. Arun, (2010), pointed out that majority
of workers are highly benefited and highly satisfied with the welfare
measures. Workers show positive attitude towards welfare measures. The
workers have 5 – 10 years‟ experience, are highly satisfied with the safety
measures, working conditions etc. Further, they concluded that each
organization provides statutory welfare facilities but some provides extra
facilities to workers. As a result, they may retain as a worker and hence the
quality of the work improves. Due to improvement in quality of work life of
workers, job involvement of workers increased and productivity of
organization is increased.30
P. Gurusamy, J. Princy, (2012), studied about the awareness of welfare
facilities to the textile workers. Majority of the respondents are satisfied about
storing, drying and clothing facility. Majority of workers‟ cannot receive
house accommodation facility. Further author states that there was close
relation between income and level of satisfaction on canteen facility. Whereas
there was no significant relation between sex of respondent and level of
satisfaction on washing facility.31
Mohapatra A.K., Giri D.V., Murthy B.S., (1992), discussed about
organizational climate. They wrote about labour welfare measures of mill.
There are three aspects of labour welfare measures i.e. 1) Intra-mural statutory

23
welfare measures, 2) Extra mural non-statutory welfare measures and 3)
social security measures.
Intra-mural statutory welfare measures includes washing facilities,
facilities for storing and drying clothing, facilities for sitting, first-aid
appliances, canteens, shelters, rest-rooms and lunch room, crèches etc.
Extra mural welfare facilities include medical education, housing,
recreation; leave, travel assistance, co-operative societies and transport. Social
security includes social insurance, social assistance and public service.32
Kumar Anil, (2003), described the labour laws, awareness,
implementation and utility of Labour Welfare and Social Security laws in the
industrial organizations. According to him, main provisions of welfare act are
cleanliness, ventilation and temperature, artificial humidification, lighting,
drinking water, first-aid appliances, canteens, shelters and rest room, safety
measures, holiday and leave with wages etc. He notified the objectives of
Minimum Wages Act 1948, scope and provisions of this act.33
Kapil Goel, Sartaj Ahmad, Pawan Parashar, Bansal Rahul, Pant
Bhavna, Goel Parul, (2013), concluded that power loom workers‟ suffer from
respiratory, muscular – disorder of skeletal system, physical injuries, mental
stress and skin disorders etc. Most of the workers‟ take allopathic treatment
for their illness. It is necessary to conduct intervention seminar to prohibit
workers from the tobacco chewing habit. There was lack of first aid kits and
safety devices like fire extinguishers, alarms at work place etc. Further
authors concluded that regular medical check – ups of workers‟ at regular
intervals at the work place should be held.34
Rao Macherla Mohan, (2012), expressed a pathetic story of handloom
weaver who was residing at Eethamukkala village, Prakasam Dist. of A.P.
before migration- In 1991 Central Govt. launched Economic Reform Policy
of import of Auto loom which threatened the power loom as well as
Handloom Industry. Handloom weaver and his wife both were earning
members but what they earn it was not sufficient to feed the entire family. For
getting better and good employment and wages, they migrated to Chirala, a

24
place known for production of export handloom, He shifted to Chirala in
2000, but no better changes made in his economic condition. His elder son
leaves school due to poor economic condition. Elder son employed in a
hardware shop as a daily labour, whose age is not more than 12 years. He
worked 12 hours in a day to earn just Rs.400/- p.m. Now his family has five
members. Due to poverty there was lack of protein food, as an effect they
suffered from serious health problem.35
Anjum Ayesha, Mann Ashfaq Ahmad and Anjum M. Aqeel, (2009),
investigated that there was high illiteracy in weaving industry. Facemask was
not provided to workers‟ during working hours. In weaving industry
infrastructure is highly unhygienic it badly affects on health of workers. There
was no proper ventilation system available. Majority of workers‟ have the
problem of continuous headache. Noise Pollution is serious and major
problem of such industry. Workers‟ are suffering from many diseases such as
Heart Attack, Asthma, Liver disease, Blood pressure, T.B., Cough, Joint pain,
Eye sight problem, Continuous fever etc.36
Jhabvala Renona and Sinha Shalini, (2012), highlighted the effect of
liberalization by examining the micro, rather than the macro picture. For that
purpose, they selected various sectors where women workers‟ are working.
They stated that childcare is the responsibility not only the woman worker but
also the family. Financial schemes should be provided regarding childbirth,
childcare and breast-feeding in the first few month of the child's life. Further,
they expressed that health insurance is a major need for the workers. Now a
day‟s women workers‟ in the unorganized sector have no access to any form
of health insurance such as the ESIS scheme.37
Jagatap Kishor N., (2011), concluded that 65% power loom workers‟
are migrated in search of employment. Uneducated peoples are getting job in
textile industry. The nature of employment in textile industry is temporary.
Textile workers‟ get wages on piece wage system. Workers‟ are separated
from management. There is conflict between owners and workers‟. All
workers‟ feel that shift timing, holidays and leave policy are inadequate.

25
Majority of workers‟ are unsatisfied with present policy of manpower,
planning, recruitment, safety and welfare activities.38
Lipare Dayanand, (Marathi) (2012), said that up to 1980 power loom
workers‟ received special allowance. However, later under the leadership of
K. L. Malabad (Labour Leader) they made struggle for receiving wages for 52
picks 80 paisa. From that incident, special allowance was counted in piece
rate. Salary has been increased as per contract. This contract was finished in
January 2013. Then for new contract, workers‟ demanded the salary
Rs.10,000/- p.m.39
Article in Daily Maharashtra Times (Marathi) (2012), insisted that all
unorganised workers‟ must receive salary of Rs.10,000/- p.m. and the person
whose annual income is less than Rs.5 lack should receive 35 kg. grain at
Rs.2 per kg. To fulfill their demand National Conference of Trade Union is
struggling.40
Paul Uttam, (2013), described about the socio economic status and
development of workers‟ who were engaged in power loom sector of West
Bengal. Low productivity due to lack of automatic looms, shortage of finance,
tax structure and poor organizational efficiencies are the problems of such
industry. Author expressed that until and unless these problems are solved,
improvement of industry and development in worker‟s living conditions can‟t
be possible. The writer further said that state and central Government can play
vital role to make it possible. 41
Gangurde Pradeep, (2014), expressed the sociological background of
power loom workers‟ of Bhiwandi, causes of migration, their working and
health conditions, industrial relations, wage structures, social security and
living conditions of power loom workers‟ in Bhiwandi. They stated that the
most workers‟ suffer from respiratory problem due to unhygienic working
conditions. They have addiction of tobacco, gutka and liquor because of long
working hours and nature of work. He concluded that according to Minimum
Wages Act 1948, Govt. Of Maharashtra fixed wages for power loom workers.
However, no worker gets wages as per Minimum Wages Act. They get wages

26
as per daily, weekly, fortnightly and on monthly basis (on piece rate). Most
workers‟ have debt and major part of wages expends to pay back his loan. It
badly affects on his family, their health and children‟s education. Due to new
technological auto looms the workers‟ do not have knowledge of operating
such looms, so they become jobless and they need to search a new job or
remains dependent on the old power looms. Migrant worker‟s standard of
living is high than native workers‟. Owners force workers‟ to vote a particular
party in election of Loksabha, Vidhansabha and Municipal Corporation.
Workers‟ have lack of knowledge and awareness about Government
Schemes.42
Kadam T.V., (1995), studied about female workers‟ who work on pirn
winding machine. She concluded that majority of female power loom
workers‟ in Ichalkaranji are illiterate. Though workers are illiterate, they have
small families‟ less than five members. Female workers‟ works 12 hours
daily. In delivery period females leave their work. In Ichalkaranji, there was
no facility of crèche, rest room, canteen, toilet and bathroom. Some females
dissatisfied with the internal and external atmosphere. Female workers‟ live in
bad condition at home. Females cannot receive wages according to Minimum
Wages Act. Due to such kind of work, they are losing their health.43
Chinee M. D., (2002), studied with past and present conditions of
textile workers‟ and also socio- economic conditions after displacement of
textile workers‟ of Ichalkarnji. He concluded that due to low wages system
workers‟ faces various problems. Textile workers‟ are separated from
management. There is always conflict between workers‟ and owners. Due to
low wages workers‟ standard of living is also low. In textile units there is
non-permanent nature of work. In Ichalkaranji's textile units even illiterate
people get employment. Textile workers‟ have to face many problems during
before and after employment.44
Rangaswamy Eshwari, (2011), mainly concerned with textile mills in
Dindigul district. She showed that Socio-Economic status of workers in
textile mills, various problems faced by the workers and the extent of

27
satisfaction derived and the factors influencing the satisfaction of the workers‟
on working conditions in the textile mills. Researcher stated that there was
inequality in per capita income. Permanent workers‟ per capita income is
higher than contract workers. Every year there was a big problem in fixation
of bonus. The middle aged and old aged respondent‟s socio-economic status
is higher than young aged respondents. Further, she stated that married
workers have more socio-economic status than unmarried workers.
Permanent workers socio-economic status is more than the contract workers.
High income group worker‟s socio-economic level is higher than the low and
middle income groups of workers. Respondents who are trade unions
member, socio-economic status are more than those of the non-trade union
members.45
Mashalwale N. S., (1990), threw the light on socio- economic profile
and present status as well as problems of power loom workers‟ in Solapur
City. He stated that majority of workers‟ are illiterate. Workers‟ family has
about 4 to 5 members. In Solapur up to 1971, Minimum Wages Act 1948 was
not applicable to power loom workers. Social security benefits such as P. F.,
Gratuity etc. need not be deprived to power loom workers‟. Adequate medical
facilities cannot be provided to workers‟. Further, he opined that housing
conditions of workers‟ are unsatisfactory. Due to new Textile Policy 1986, the
economic conditions of workers‟ become worse.46
Mangale V.S., (1987), focused on chronic absenteeism of the textile
workers‟. Due to social, religious and economic constituents, workers‟ remain
absent. This affects on their income and directly on standard of living. The
average monthly per family income of the textile workers‟ was Rs.772.55.
Majority workers‟ come from poor families. Many textile workers‟ resigned
their jobs for getting provident fund and gratuity money for setting their
debts.47
Gopinath P., (2011), describe the working conditions of weavers,
wages of weavers, Economic and social mobility of Artists etc. They
concluded that the wage rates of weavers are extremely low. Up to 1998

28
wages spent to spinners and weavers were not given separately. KVIC
industry has failed to improve the livelihood pattern of the artists. As
compared to home based weavers, shed-based weavers and spinners earn
higher daily wages. Training is essential for quality product of cloth. 57 per-
cent of the spinners and 59 percent of weavers have complained about the
health problems such as body pain, leg pain, eye-related and other problems,
KVIC institutions provides few social protection like incentives and welfare
fund.48
Bhagoliwal T.N., (1976), provided a comprehensive study of the
economics of labour and social welfare (with special reference to problems of
Indian Labour). Author wrote about problems of migration, labour
absenteeism and labour turnover, recruitment, trade unionism, industrial
relations, the wage problems, working conditions, problems of child and
woman labour, housing of industrial workers‟ in India, labour welfare and
social security etc. To keep labour stable there is need of better standard of
living, holidays with pay, security of employment, old age pension, sickness
insurance, provident fund scheme and other welfare activities. Author further
states women workers‟ require special protection and special measures should
be undertaken for education, health and welfare for raising their status as
equal with men workers‟.49
Shinde C.M., (1987), described mainly with various problems faced by
the power loom workers‟ in Vita such as wages, working conditions, trade
unionism, hours of work etc. They are not getting a holiday on Republic day.
Power loom workers‟ in Vita, can't get benefit of holidays and leaves. He
stated that there was no sufficient space between two looms in a unit. Most
workers‟ are dissatisfied with working conditions such as ventilation, light,
dust, dirt, noise, accident etc. There was no medical facility provided to
workers‟ regarding health, life and safety. As well as Factory Act is not
applicable therefore welfare facility is provided to workers‟. Further he stated
that there was absence of training facility, promotion and job security. Due to
poverty, majority of workers‟ are living in slum areas. Adverse areas have bad

29
impact on the quality of social life of power loom workers‟. He concluded
that most of the power loom workers‟ in Vita had addiction such as Wine,
Tobacco and Bidi adversely affecting their health. In Vita there is no powerful
labour organization.50
Deshpande S.V., (1993), has been studied deeply handloom and power
loom industry of Ichalkaranji. Researcher concluded that 51 percent workers‟
were between the age of 26 to 45 years and this can generally be termed as a
young worker. Old age group workers‟ were found only in handloom sector
literacy in power loom workers‟ were more than the handloom workers‟.
Female workers‟ are more illiterate than male workers‟. Due to weak
economic position majority of young workers‟ were deprived from the
education. Majority of workers‟ are migrated for getting job either in power
loom industry or in handloom industry; very few workers‟ were migrated for
their personal reasons. Power loom workers‟ earn better money than the
handloom workers‟. All respondents employment nature is temporary. 88% of
the respondents of handloom and power loom sector not satisfy with their
working conditions. More than 92 % respondents were not satisfy with their
welfare facilities.51
Bhintade V.R.,(1986) highlighted on textile worker's children
education. He stated that most workers‟ are neglecting towards the education
of their children because of shift wise work. Due to poverty workers‟ can't
provide educational means and instruments to their children. Workers‟
children have least interest in school going, even if they were going to school
their performance were also very poor. He further described the handloom
and power loom workers‟ economic position.52
Tarlekar Kiran, (in Marathi 2001), stated TUFS scheme of central
Govt. for power loom sector which is very much useful. Central Government
has launched the TUFS scheme 25,000 cror for power loom sector. But at that
time power loom owners were nervous due to go back situation in power
loom sector. Some power loom owners started their project by investing some
own capital and some by taking loan. However, they cannot become

30
successful. Under TUFS scheme, 5% interest subsidy is given to power loom
sector. 15% credit linked capital subsidy will be given to power loom sector.53
Chitte G.N., (2001), stated that GOI announced the National Textile
Policy 2000, in 2000, which takes place the previous Textile Policy of 1985.
The main object of this is to enable the textile industry to attain and sustain a
pre-eminent global standing in manufacture and export in clothing. Further,
he stated the strategic thrust such as technological up gradation, enhancement
of productivity, quality consciousness, strengthening of the raw material base,
product diversification, increase in exports and innovative marketing
strategies, financing arrangements, maximizing employment opportunities
and integrated human resource development etc.54
In Rajya Sabha, by Smt. Panabaaka Lakshmi [Minister of state for
Textile], (2012) notify that Government has announced the setting up of a
Power loom Mega Cluster in Icalkaranji with Rs.70 crore central assistance.
In the Budget of 2008-09 under Public Private Partnership [PPP] Government
had announced the setting up a power loom mega cluster in Bhiwandi with a
central assistance of Rs.70 crore.55
Textile Policy, (2012), stated that the aim of the policy is investing
INR 40,000 crore in the sector for adding value to 45 lakh surplus cotton
bales produced in the state. It is proposed that, in the state in next five years
11 lakh new jobs will be created in the sector. This policy emphasis on raising
processing units at various levels from cotton to manufacturing textiles for the
assured long term development in the cotton producing sector and expansion
of the textile industry as well as growth of employment in the state.56

2.3 RESEARCH GAP-

The above reviews describes the problems of power loom owners,
problems of male weavers, production and marketing problems, socio-
economic study of workers‟, but none of these studies covered the problem of
female workers‟ in power loom sector. Hence, the researcher has found that
this gap is more appropriate to tap in the current scenario. In this present

31
study, an attempt has made by the researcher to study the problems of female
workers‟ in power loom sector with special reference to Sangli District.

2.4 CONCLUSION-
After considering the review of literature, it is found that there is need
of study the problems of female workers in power loom sector at a micro
level. It is against this background that „problems of female workers in power
loom sector with special reference to Sangli District‟ has been undertaken.

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