Keynotes For UTP

URBAN & TOWN PLANNING
KEYNOTE FOR PRACTICAL EXAM RUBRICS
Particular’s in Rubrics (5 Marks Each)

1) Elements of City Planning- system of spatial planning
2) Zoning and land use,
3) Housing, -spatial development project for a building complex with greenery and selected urban
facilities
4) Spatial policy –laws, acts, guidelines & planning agencies
5) landscape architectural planning- Master plan, Town Centre, Civic centres, Shopping Centre, Town
Planning Schemes, Central business district (CBD)
A central business district (CBD) is the commercial and business centre of a city. In larger cities, it
is often synonymous with the city's "financial district".
1-ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN

A. Urban Design involves the design and coordination of all that
makes up cities and towns:
Buildings
Buildings are the most pronounced elements of urban design - they shape and articulate space
by forming the streetwalls of the city. Well designed buildings and groups of buildings work
together to create a sense of place.
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Mr. D. K. Chaudhari, Asst. Prof., MITAOE, Alandi Page 1 of 27
Public Space
Great public spaces are the living room of the city - the place where people come together to
enjoy the city and each other. Public spaces make high quality life in the city possible - they
form the stage and backdrop to the drama of life. Public spaces range from grand central
plazas and squares, to small, local neighbourhood parks.
Streets
Streets are the connections between spaces and places, as well as being spaces
themselves. They are defined by their physical dimension and character as well as the size,
scale, and character of the buildings that line them. Streets range from grand avenues such as
the Champs-Elysees in Paris to small, intimate pedestrian streets. The pattern of the street
network is part of what defines a city and what makes each city unique.
Transport
Transport systems connect the parts of cities and help shape them, and enable movement
throughout the city. They include road, rail, bicycle, and pedestrian networks, and together
form the total movement system of a city. The balance of these various transport systems is
what helps define the quality and character of cities, and makes them either friendly or hostile
to pedestrians. The best cities are the ones that elevate the experience of the pedestrian while
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Landscape
The landscape is the green part of the city that weaves throughout - in the form of urban parks,
street trees, plants, flowers, and water in many forms. The landscape helps define the character
and beauty of a city and creates soft, contrasting spaces and elements. Green spaces in cities
range from grand parks such as Central Park in New York City and the Washington DC Mall,
to small intimate pocket parks
Urban Design weaves together these elements into a coherent, organized

design structure
The creative articulation of space is the most prominent aspect of urban design. The following artistic
principles are an integral part of creating form and spatial definition
 Order
 Unity
 Balance
 Proportion
 Scale
 Hierarchy
 Symmetry
 Rhythm
 Contrast
 Context
 Detail
 Texture
 Harmony
 Beauty
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Architectural Elements of Neighborhood Character
1. A pleasing degree of consistency in urban design and architectural character strikes a
balance between repetition and monotony in design elements on a block or in a district.
By design element, we mean general building heights, mass (an architectural term that is
similar in meaning to volume in math), setbacks from the street or property line, architectural
period, materials, and patterns of doors, windows, rooflines, and building ornamentation.
If your area shows a high degree of consistency, but homeowners are starting to make
modifications, the neighborhood may be a candidate for some city-enforced design
guidelines. This option should be considered in handsome districts, whether modest or
opulent.
2. Layers of complexity amplify and enhance character. When it looks as though every
building in town was built in exactly the same year, that is usually not a good thing.
Even local historic districts of outstanding merit (and some nationally significant ones)
actually were constructed in different decades, but new buildings were designed in sympathy
with the older buildings until the slight innovations on a basic theme introduced with each era
result in a splendid harmony.
3. Attention to scale is critical. In matters of scale, it is difficult to overcome poor judgments

on the part of architects or builders. Use zoning to establish some limits. Buildings of many
sizes--but not all sizes--actually will work within any town. For example, a large house in a
very small town doesn't look odd to us, but a huge discount store in a very small town would
be jarring. On a very urban street, we find all sizes of shops intriguing, but if we find a train
station that's about 12 feet square in a major city, something's wrong.
Also consider which scale is most important. Is it scale in relation to the pedestrian, driver, or
even the aerial view? Check out our page on urban design theory if you need more help.
We've written a special page on small town character, but most almost everything in the 13
principles applies to villages as well.
4. Vistas and pleasing perspectives are important to the feel of a neighborhood. Think of a
vista as what you see from a certain point on the ground. Pleasant vistas are tough to re-create
if they have not been considered when placing existing buildings. Vistas in a town or an urban
area need termination points, or end points. As new urbanist theory points out, termination
points of a view are ideal locations for important public and civic uses.
Of course Mother Nature provides the termination points of its own in the forms of mountains,
horizons, or the ocean or other large body of water. By the way, we all think we have an innate
right to view the horizon, so that's one reason for the brouhaha when development intrudes on
a former view of the horizon.
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Aspects Of Neighborhood Character That Can Be Improved Rather Easily
In contrast, a reasonable amount of capital improvement funding or private property

improvement can impact some elements of neighborhood character without demolishing
buildings or completely altering their exterior elevations.
Relatively low-pain, low-cost components of your neighborhood image include the following.
5. Some creative zing is necessary. Think of "neighborhood character" as close to the concept
of "personality." When everything is predictable, even if attractive, it's a little boring. Get
inventive.
6. Thoughtful little touches make the difference between boring and spectacular. Your motto
should be, "A little thoughtfulness goes a long way," but not to the point that the setting looks
artificially perfect. When most small things are right, neighborhood character receives a boost.
This means the street signs are in place, litter has been picked up, trash cans are emptied,
sidewalks are present and in good repair, and there are healthy-looking flower tubs in the
commercial district. But don't make it look so "arranged" it seems like an intrusion to enter.
7. Buildings must be in good repair. That doesn't mean that you need to start stripping off
50-year-old stucco so you can apply vinyl siding. It doesn't mean that you replace the aging
wood that adds character.
But it does mean using good judgment about which imperfections are charming and which ones
only indicate a lack of investment. It also means that if you are in a community dominated by
poverty, you're making the right attempts to shake off fatalism, lift spirits, and find ways to
help residents make basic repairs.
8. You need attention to detail in the public realm, which consists of the street, sidewalk, and
street lighting, trees, and street furniture. Collectively this is called streetscape when it
parallels the street. When the public realm is well-coordinated and unifying, consistency in
urban design can be achieved.
Then when the private realm is a trifle quirky, we find it charming rather than obnoxious. It's
also worth pointing out that there must be a public realm other than a hardscape (streets or other
hard surfaces) to create a welcoming neighborhood character. Plantings of some type soften
the rectangular blocks of the other features and provide a bit of unpredictability, change of
seasons, and shade and micro-climate improvements.
Just to add nuance, some of the most delightful places in the world blur the line between public
and private space in an intriguing fashion; an example is the courtyards of New Orleans. In
such neighborhoods, of course you should encourage homeowners to make their private spaces
beautiful.
9. "Readability" of the landscape and wayfinding need to be superb. While it can be fun to
wonder what's around the next corner or curve, it's only a little bit of fun for most people. We
want a vaguely familiar set of neighborhood circumstances, a block pattern we can decipher,
and a general and somewhat predictable progression from larger to smaller buildings or vice
versa.
We enjoy a neighborhood where we can find our way either intuitively or because of attractive
wayfinding signs, pavement markings, or art follies with a terrific graphic theme.
10. The visual impacts of pavement and hard surfaces need to be mitigated by softening
elements. As noted above, usually this means landscaping. However, street banners have
become popular in part because they provide some slight movement and a softer texture.
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11. Pleasant colour combinations should predominate. Think through a limited colour
palette or theme in the public realm and stay with it. If you have mostly grey pavement and
beige vinyl, you seriously need punchy colours. But if you have a block face dominated by a
pink granite bank façade, you just need a touch of elegance, maybe basic black.
Squint a little while looking at your neighborhood. Is that safety yellow sign too tacky? Is every
colour a neutral? Do the colours look appropriate for your climate and part of the country? Is
it boring because everything is too well-matched? If you like what you see, keep accentuating
the same neighborhood character.
12. Interpretation should make it easy for the visitor to learn about anything particularly
unique and individual to your neighborhood character.
If your history is interesting, explain it through pictographs, symbols, words, brochures, or
living exhibits. If your culture merits some explaining, take the opportunity to engage the
young, the old, and the visitor with stories. In the process, you may find that you have
developed some sustainable tourism.
13. Entrances, gateways, and exits need to be easy to spot. Formal entrances to the
neighborhood may or may not consist of monuments, arches, gateways, or signage. But there
should be a sense of arrival at a worthwhile destination.
Trees, public art, median strips, coloured pavement, banners, or a change of streetscape all
could be used to form an entranceway. Just make sure it's welcoming and compatible with
neighborhood character.
Frequently overlooked, the exits from the neighborhood also should be easy to find. You never
want anyone to leave, of course, but when they do, their last memory of your neighborhood
shouldn't be how tricky it was to find the way back to the highway.
B. Urban Design Principles Address Form and Function
Urban design principles applied to a town or city can enhance appearance, transportation, the public
space along streets between the private property lines, and location decisions about specific civic and
private land uses. Property values should increase as well. If you are a neighborhood leader,
understanding something about this topic helps you analyse why certain blocks are more appealing than
others
List of Urban Design Principles

While the boundaries of the field may be elusive, we can and should set forth some of the most
obvious urban design principles that will help you improve your community.
1. Centers And Nodes Set Up The Pattern For The City.

A village, town, or city needs one or more focal points, depending on size. Traditionally these
were the downtowns. Now most regions are multi-centric (sometimes called polycentric). It's
actually fine to have more than one center in a large city, but sound urban design principles
would describe a hierarchy of centers. The downtown should the king of the hill.
Node is simply a term more likely to be used by professionals for the idea of an activity center
or an area where traffic, money, information, or other flows come together.
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You might have employment centers, shopping centers, entertainment centers, or multi-
function activity centers.
Each center or node should exude a strong sense of place. If you were a tyrant and you could
make the perfect hierarchical set of nodes within a major city, you also should make each center
or node have some distinctive elements.
So cultivating a dynamic and exciting community center or hierarchy of centers, that most
people can "read" intuitively, is perhaps the most important of the urban design
principles. When applied to a city or town, "legible" means that people from the same culture
have an intuitive sense of what is coming next and how to navigate; thus we say that they can
read their surroundings.
Incidentally, sprawl ruins legibility.
2. Creating A Strong Sense Of Place Is Key To A Successful Neighborhood.

If you hang around the architecture or planning communities, you'll hear this term bandied
about as if it were something you learned in kindergarten. I didn't learn it until much later, so
let's talk.
Certainly distinguishing this place from other places on the basis of history, culture, well-
preserved natural systems, and distinctive human inventiveness and ornamentation somehow
stimulates the brain in a pleasant way.
If you flatten off the mountaintop, which I still see occasionally, haven't you given up a very
distinguishing feature? I'd love to see a mountain outside my window now instead of asphalt,
concrete, Bradford pear trees, a distant awning, and a non-descript building.
Recognizing history, including human history, natural history, and cultural history, contributes
greatly to the collective memory that helps form a great community.
Along these lines, a district needs to feel like a district, that is, a relatively cohesive place
with boundaries. In the influential 1961 book The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch called these
boundaries "edges," and they should be discernible.
If you work at the neighborhood scale, it's important to define your neighborhood boundaries.
The edges enhance sense of place also, because they reinforce the notion that we are leaving
one place and entering another.
3. "Theme And Variation" Is Among The Key Urban Design Principles.

Over and over in these pages, we are reminded that urban design principles are similar to the
key concept behind music, which is establishing a theme or two, and then proceeding to endless
variations and complexities rendered on the themes.
This is especially true when we consider architecture. Buildings on a street may be generally
two-story brick, but we might want to see different colours of brick, slightly varying building
heights, slightly varying window and door patterns, inventive use of accent colour, and even
the occasional three-story brick or stucco building that is in sympathy with other building
members on the face of the block. Maybe the cornice type and height varies along the block
face.
So theme and variation is among the key urban design principles. In a town, you want some
slight degree of predictability about buildings, in a neighborhood a little more predictability,
and on a block, still more predictability.
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Yet in all cases, we still want to be surprised. We humans need variety and delight in the
creativity of others. Don't take that away if you want a successful town or city.
But if you shock us on every block with a radically different look and feel, it's going to read
like a museum of architecture and not a very homey one at that.
4. Decide Where To Make A Design Statement, Make It, But Don't Make It
Everywhere.
Attention to quality, detail, and workmanship count in the public realm.
You would like each design element to look as though someone thought about it, at least a
little, and fit the form to the function.
In other words, I want the door of the art museum to be a more interesting and unique door
than the door to the paper cup factory. The occasional handmade and artful detail is essential
to the perception that someone cares about this place.
You don't have to be clever about traffic lights; predictability is more important than a design
statement there. However, when you have a bench along the sidewalk, it shouldn't look as
though it came from the discount store. Nor should I have to hang my feet out into the street to
use it.
The benches, planters, street trees with tree grates, litter cans, and such that you see along many
commercial streets collectively are called a streetscape, by the way. Often it's best not to spend
money on streetscape unless you can do it well.
So decide where urban design principles need to be subtle and functional, versus conscious and
even decorative. Architects would remind us that this means that there should be some
thoughtful "articulation" (doors, windows, details, and "relief" in the form of different vertical
planes on the front wall) on walls facing the public realm, rather than simply blank walls.
But if you carry out an elaborate cornice system on the rear of the building where no one can
see it, maybe you're just being impractical.
Landmarks are important in making people feel comfortable in a place, but each building can't
be a landmark. That would defeat the purpose.
In the public space, your backflow preventer cover doesn't need to be lavender, but maybe the
flowers in your planters should be lavender with some yellow and white thrown in for contrast.
Usually your street furniture (benches and such) is important, but perhaps an exquisite up light
for your street tree less so. That's a judgment call, and one that requires a well-trained eye.
5. Urban Design Should Promote And Facilitate Social Interaction.

Just walk across the plaza and meet me. Don't call me on your cell phone from the driveway.
Seriously, social interaction is important because the wealthy develop empathy for the poor,
and vice versa, only when there are places for accidental association among classes and people
with diverse outlooks.
In the professional community, you will hear about related urban design principles of "human
scale" and "pedestrian scale." Designing for the human scale implies everything from
keeping street lighting at a height that lights the way for pedestrians, rather than only for cars,
to designing some places that are appropriate for intimate and semi-private conversations in
the public realm.
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When you build a great cathedral (who's done that lately?), you want it to be awe-inspiring and
to point to something far greater than human scale. But for most everyday interactions,
including commerce, people unconsciously respond very well to keeping street level features
at the human scale.
6. The Social System Should Be More Important Than Vehicular Systems.

People are more important than machines. OK, you all agree.
But I know that some of you really don't, because I see you build highways that bisect
neighborhoods, parishes, and extended families. When there is only one path, and that path
accommodates only machines, which could describe how the interstate highways function in
some parts of cities, we're all in trouble.
And when accommodating all the automobiles at the regional shopping mall du jour for the
Saturday before Christmas means that we should asphalt acres and acres, we're forgetting that
people are more important than our machines.
7. De-Emphasize Utilitarian, But Gray Portions Of The Public Realm.

We mean those gray, brown, or rusty streets, roads, stormwater inlets, manholes, utility boxes,
ugly bridges, and so forth. With determined effort, you can design an attractive and brightly
colored street and you certainly can build a good-looking bridge.
However, making every road an art statement isn’t the answer. The answer is skinnier roads
and more options for walking, cycling, and transit. Look into a complete streets policy and
see if you don't like it.
Land use patterns and the amount of private land that each residence is allowed to absorb are
major determinants of how much of a metropolitan or micropolitan area must be devoted to
roads and other gray infrastructure.
So your urban design principles should emphasize compact development patterns and the
narrowest and unobtrusive infrastructure that will accomplish the goal of a well-functioning
flow of people and goods.
8. Functional Methods Of Transporting People Of All Abilities, Goods, And Utilities

Are Essential.
Here's where many American cities and towns are failing.
Is it really functional to have every desirable destination lined up along a single roadway, which
then becomes ridiculously congested along about 5:00 p.m. every Friday? Surely it is not.
Is it useful for people to have to commute to work for 30 miles? Maybe somewhat useful, but
not economically efficient or friendly to the environment.
In most contemporary American cities, the pedestrian, the cyclist, the scooter user, the baby
carriage, and the skateboarder are all but forgotten. Making it safe and easy for these people to
move over the land is an essential part of a functional transportation system.
The flows of people, electricity, water, freight, and so forth literally comprise the urban
structure. So the distribution of people, goods, and energy should be redundant, intelligible,
and efficient.
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For example, when a freeway is being rebuilt, we need an alternate street system. This is why
it's a mistake to destroy a historic street grid, which allows for abundant detours that are only
slightly less efficient than the route of choice.
A system of cul-de-sacs may provide a comforting sense of familiarity, and thus meet the
intelligibility factor for those who live there. However, visitors from outside the neighborhood
won't find it so easy to navigate because it isn't redundant. And systems that don't have ready
substitutes are unforgiving of small mistakes, or if people who don't drive.
Kids, the frail elderly, and the temporarily or permanently disabled actually comprise a
substantial portion of the population, so we need to accommodate their movement also.
9. Land Use Is Usually Secondary To Building Scale, Mass, And Setbacks.

Elsewhere we describe how segregating land uses through zoning was the norm in urban
planning until a paradigm shift that began in the 1980s. And we're pretty consistent proponents
of mixed-use development. But that doesn't mean a complete hodge-podge.
Imagine trying to walk down a sidewalk by a street, and in this order you pass:
 A dry cleaner with a small amount of suburban type parking in front of it
 A typical big box discount store
 An apartment complex with three or four driveways onto the public street and two
rows or parking in front of the first buildings
 A large old single-family house
 A four-story brick office building of vaguely Colonial architecture
Disorienting, isn't it?
So not every mix of uses is a good one. Complete lack of consistency in building setback and
height, as well as a disparate set of uses, isn't comfortable. So the soundest of urban design
principles is that the land and building uses need to be compatible with their neighbors,
particularly if you can see from one to another.
Is a concrete plant likely to need to be close to a Five-Star restaurant? I think not. But would a
loft condominium development marketing to young people need to be near a moderately priced,
loud, and popular restaurant? Yes, that would be a selling point.
10. Civic And Public Gathering Space Should Be Generous.

Probably civic space is simply another twist on the idea of a sense of place, but let's emphasize
that there should be a physical place where people can have chance encounters and also
purposeful gatherings.
Every culture needs to demonstrate its pride in some heritage or accomplishment, and every
democratic country needs places where those who are unhappy can assemble.
But what makes a good civic space is appropriate scale, visibility from one end to the other, a
sense of spaciousness adequate for the likely number of participants, the look and feel of being
"on purpose" without being overly formal, and the capability for random patterns of movement.
And pay attention to the new urbanist idea of giving civic buildings and spaces a prominent
place within the community. Don't put them down by the railroad track where no one else wants
to be; make them the end point of a great long view.
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11. Urban Design Is Valuable But Complexity Should Be Proportionate To The
Population.
The larger the city, the more complexity it can bear in design elements, and indeed some
cityscapes thrive on nearly complete chaos.
Yet that can only be a pleasant experience when the human flow and other flows within the
city is large, random, and slightly chaotic itself. So complexity or simplicity needs to be
compatible with the number of inhabitants, whether permanent or on a seasonal or daytime
basis.
In a small town, you can still manage layers of complexity, and the best small towns do, as we
discuss on the small town character page. But the scale is drastically reduced. By this I mean
that you might have a complex rose garden 20 feet across, rather than the cacophony of
businesses, street vendors, street performers, entrances, signs, art, whimsy, and honking taxis
that are part of the fun in a New York City block.
Planners must pay attention to the area’s environment
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City planners need to consider city residents
Plans should be forward-thinking.
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Areasin need of renewal need special consideration
Urban planners need the right tools at their disposal to do their jobs.
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2-ZONING IN URBAN TOWN PLANNING
What is Zoning?
Zoning is the way the govt control the physical development of land & the kinds of use to each
individual property may be put. Zoning laws typically specify the area in which
residential,industrial, recreational or commercial activities may take place.
Zoning has been adopted by most of the countries of the world such as Germany, England,
America, Russia, Japan, Pakistan etc. In 1916 first zoning in New York was carried out.
Uses of land
The use of land in town planning can broadly be classified in to following two categories
1. Profit making use

2. Non-profit making use
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1. Profit making use
The land which is developed with profit making motives for e.g. sites developed for offices,
residences, industries etc.
2. Non profit making use

The land which is developed without any motive of making profit It includes roads,parks ,
playgrounds, educational buildings, government offices. The main non profit making use in
urban area will naturally be the roads.
Objectives
The objects or purpose of zoning are as follows.
1. The town planner gets ample opportunities for designing the future growth & development of
town.
2. Zoning serves as a main tool to the town planner to achieve his goal
3. Zoning affords proper coordination of various public amenities, such as transport facilities,
water supply, drainage, electric power etc
4. Zoning proves to be an effective instrument in case of any review or modification in order to
make town planning scheme more effective & successful.
Advantages of Zoning
 Danger from fire
 Future development
 Modification, revision of plan
 General amenities
 Health of community
 Population distribution (horizontal & vertical growth)
 Public utility services
What Does Zoning Regulate?

Use: Activities permitted within zone
Bulk: envelope in which building must fit—specified through setbacks, building coverage,
building heights, floor area ratio (ratio of building to lot square footage)
Performance/impact: performance standards, or impacts a building is allowed to produce;

biggest example is parking space.
Zoning may include regulation of the kinds of activities which will be acceptable on particular
lots (such as open space, residential, agricultural, commercial or industrial), the densities at
which those activities can be performed (from low-density housing such as single family homes
to high-density such as high-rise apartment buildings), the height of buildings, the amount of
space structures may occupy, the location of a building on the lot (setbacks), the proportions
of the types of space on a lot, such as how much landscaped space, impervious surface, traffic
lanes, and parking must be provided
Zoning may include regulation of the kinds of activities which will be acceptable on particular
lots (such as open space, residential, agricultural, commercial or industrial), the densities at
which those activities can be performed (from low-density housing such as single family homes
to high-density such as high-rise apartment buildings), the height of buildings, the amount of
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space structures may occupy, the location of a building on the lot (setbacks), the proportions
of the types of space on a lot, such as how much landscaped space, impervious surface, traffic
lanes, and parking must be provided.
Categories in Zoning
Basically, urban zones fall into one of five major categories: residential, mixed residential-
commercial, commercial, industrial and special (e. g. power plants, sports complexes, airports,
shopping malls etc.).
Each category can have a number of sub-categories, for example, within the commercial category
there may be separate zones for small-retail, large retail, office use, lodging and others, while
industrial may be subdivided into heavy manufacturing, light assembly and warehouse uses.
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3-HOUSING
An efficient type of housing is seen when an area is planned with a specific housing plan.
A housing plan addresses various issues i.e. social discrimination, provision of facilities,
distance from work place, etc. ... Urban growth is unstoppable because of which housing sector
is proving to be sluggish and left behind.
Housing Plan
An efficient type of housing is seen when an area is planned with a specific housing plan. A
housing plan addresses various issues i.e. social discrimination, provision of facilities, distance
from work place, etc.
We need a housing plan as increasing Urban housing problem that perhaps causes the most
concern to a majority of urban dwellers is the problem of finding an appropriate place to live.
Also, the housing investment has not kept pace with the increasing demand for housing.
A systematic approach to the provision of shelter is therefore, sorely needed. Urban growth is
unstoppable because of which housing sector is proving to be sluggish and left behind.
The need or purpose of a housing plan is basically to create an efficient housing in a city.
A housing plan:
 Gives equal and free access to housing for everyone.
 Identifies the gaps, problems in proving housing.
 Focuses on the residential structure in the plan.
 Uses land use policies and financing patterns in favour of people.
A housing plan is generally prepared on basis of some factors which affect it. The factors like
demographic structure, socio economic characteristics of population, land Uses, housing
stock, environmental considerations, transport and infrastructure.
Why housing development plans are important & what they aim to solve
1. To assist all people especially the houseless, economically weaker sections of the society,
inadequate and lack of facilities within the house, to secure themselves affordable housing
through access to land, building materials, housing finance, locally suited technology etc.
2. To develop a good environment for housing by all the sections of the society, by changing
the attitude of public sector through developing an efficient and equitable distribution of
housing delivery.
3. To increase the provision of infrastructural facilities as much to cope up with the demand
of improvement of environment of human settlements, increase the access of economically
weaker households to the basic services and to expand the supply of developed land for
housing possibly by means of land use planning.
4. To implement the policies of government for eliminating poverty and providing
employment to weaker sections of society as well as all other people, steps for expanding
housing facilities to poorest section of the society by initiation and government financial
support.
5. To mobilize the resources and invest in housing sector in order to meet the urgent needs of
housing construction, modification and expansion of infrastructure and make resilient cities.
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6. To curb speculation especially from real estate agents and property developers for land
acquisition. Special priority should be given to economically weaker sections of society and
promote more equitable distribution of land and houses in urban sector towards these groups.
7. To create a habit among the rural as well as urban weaker sections of the society for saving
and investment in needy sector mainly housing.
8. To increase the role of public, private, group housing societies, insurance companies, well
renowned banking institutions for providing credit facilities to the people and their
employees for housing like national housing board, housing and urban development
corporation, multi-national companies. And these institutions try to expand investment in
housing sector through their banking ties with foreign companies.
9. To develop researchers as well as engineers dealing with housing sector for making houses
at lower cost, using locally made resources which is very suitable for the prevailing
environment conditions for the particular area and its durability.
10. To promote architectural as well as planners’ role for providing good houses to the masses
and preserve the nation’s rich urban heritage for the generations to come.
11. To formulate a comprehensive programme which should stress the urban renewal and
massive expansion of housing especially in towns and cities paying particular attention to
the needs of slum dwellers and economically weaker sections of the society.
12. To try to reduce forced eviction and demolition of slums in urban areas, care will be taken
to see that the urban and semi-urban poorest are provided housing near to their place of
occupation.
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From being a problem to be tackled by building more number of houses by the government
sector, shelter activity must now become means of mobilizing the motivations, energies and
resources of the people so as to lead more and sustainable development at a faster rate. Shelter
must be treated not as an activity to be carried out in isolation but as an important integral factor
for attaining economic growth with stability of the country with special emphasis on the
economically weaker sections of the society. For removing the existing bottlenecks in housing
sector and planning for attaining sustained economic growth with stability in housing sector in
coming years, the policy makers, researchers, academicians, planners etc. should take into
account certain well established norms before making policy decisions.
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4-SPATIAL POLICY
What is spatial development planning?
Spatial Development Framework. An SDF is that it is a framework that seeks to guide,
overall spatial distribution of current and desirable land uses within a municipality in order to
give effect to the vision, goals and objectives of the municipal IDP.
Overview of spatial policy of India

Country Profile
India is a major nation with global importance. With approximately 3,287,000 km² of land area, it
ranked seventh in the world and second most populous nation after China. The present population is 1.2
billion (Census 2011). India's origin dates back to the prehistoric times, when it is best represented by
the Indus valley civilization during the second century B.C. The region was home to numerous empires
and sultanates, including the Magadha Kingdom (Mauryan Empire, Gupta Empire) and the Mughal
Empire. It endured nearly 200 years of British colonial rule; which culminated into independence in
1947 and subsequent partition into India, East Pakistan and West Pakistan.
India fast facts
Country name Republic of India
3,287,469 km²
(Data of Indian government, The disputed territory
Surface area
with Pakistan and China is included. 2011: National
census)
Population 1,210.57 million (2011: National census)
Population density 370/km²
Percentage of urban population 32.7% (2015)
GDP (nominal) USD 2,069.9 billion (2014: World Bank)
GDP per capita (Nominal) USD 1,596 (2014: World Bank)
aguriculture: 16.1%
Percentage of employment by
industry: 29.5%
industry
services: 54.4% (2015 est.)
GDP Growth rate 7.2% (2014: Indian government)
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State-level Administrative Divisions of India
Local Governments
The Indian Constitution provides three tiers administrative levels; specifically the Union
Government, the State Governments, and the Local Governments (urban and rural). 73rd and
74th Constitutional amendment act have created the third tier of local governance in urban and
rural areas.
The country currently has 29 states and seven union territories. The state organizations and
institutions are divided by districts and blocks. The responsibilities of the different levels of
government are also explained in detail by the constitution. The Seventh Schedule of the
constitution (Article 246) of the constitution has three lists (I) Union List (II) State List and
(III) Concurrent List (Jurisdiction of both Central and State government)
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The Union Government has jurisdiction over national matters such as national defense, foreign
relations & diplomacy, communications, economy-finance-tax, and essential infrastructure
(railways, national highways, airports, electricity, main ports, etc.).
State Government is a Constitutional authority directly elected by the people has its own
administrative jurisdiction. State Governments maintains governance and series within its land.
The responsibility of State Government includes legal order (public safety, police), public
sanitation (water supply, sewer systems), health, legislative authority regarding agriculture,
forestry, and fishery, transportation infrastructure development (state highways, ports other
than main ports), and the development of agricultural, forestry, and fishery infrastructures
(irrigation, fishing ports).
The Eleventh and Twelfth schedule (Article 243G and 243W) of the constitution explain the
jurisdiction of rural Governments (called Panchayats) and Urban Governments. The
jurisdiction of rural Government includes agriculture, agricultural extension, rural housing and
poverty alleviation programmes; while the jurisdiction of urban Governments includes urban
planning including town planning, regulation of land use and construction of buildings, water
supply, sanitation and solid waste management, slum improvement and upgradation and urban
poverty alleviation etc.
Administrative Hierarchy According to Indian Constitution
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Major Authorities Relating to Spatial Policy
Policy Area Authority Web Site
planningcommission.nic.in/
Socio- Economic Policy National Institution for Transforming
Press Release for NITI
Handholding India (NITI) Commission
Commission
Capital Region Plan National Capital Region Planning Board ncrpb.nic.in/
Delhi Master Plan Delhi Development Authority (DDA) dda.org.in/ddanew/index.aspx
Mumbai Metropolitan Region
Mumbai Master Plan mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/home/
Development Authority (MMRDA)
Chennai Master Plan and Chennai Metropolitan Development
www.cmdachennai.gov.in
Chennai Regional Plan Authority (CMDA)
Kolkata Metropolitan Development
City Development Plan www.kmdaonline.org/
Authority (CMDA)
Bangalore Metropolitan Region
Bangalore Structure Plan www.bmrda.kar.nic.in/
Development Authority (BMRDA)
Hyderabad town Hyderabad Metropolitan Development
www.hmda.gov.in
Planning Authority (HMDA)
Principal Measures relating to spatial policy

Overview of Five-Year Planning System of the Past
 National level plans included the Five Year Plan stipulated in the Constitution. The Plan sets
forth national strategic vision and goals, and projects for a broad range of areas including the
economy, financial administration, finance and banking, employment, education, social
security, environment, industry, agriculture, transportation, urban development, and energy.
 India was promoting the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012.4 - 2017.3) which assumed a high
growth rate (targeted rate of 8.2%) to ensure creation of employment and achievement of fiscal
soundness of the government. Investment amounting up to a trillion dollar for infrastructure
was planned during this period. Infrastructure is considered as the key to enhance the country's
inclusiveness of growth. Infrastructure sector such as railways, roads and ports are envisioned
primal necessity to ensure sustainable economic growth.
 The Planning Commission (chaired by the Prime Minister) prepared the plan by coordinating
and consolidating the plans proposed by the central agencies and ministries, as well as the state
Governments.
 A working group comprising representatives from the agencies and ministries concerned,
academic experts, and representatives from state governments were established for each sector
to ensure collaboration between the Union Government and the state governments in all
sectors.
 The Planning Commission monitored the achievement status for the previous fiscal year to
clarify the issues that need to be addressed in order to accomplish the planned goals and develop
an annual plan based thereon. The allocation of budgets to the Union Government and the state
governments was dependent on the annual plans.
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 Planning commission and 12th Five Year Plan was discontinued in January 2015.
Emergence of a New Institution: NITI Commission (NITI Aayog)

On 1st January 2015 the government replaced Planning Commission with a new institution
named National Institution for Transforming India Commission (shortened NITI Commission).
The pressing idea for the transformation is to emphasize “States of the Union”, which does not
want to be mere appendages of the centre and seek a decisive say in determining the
architecture of growth and development. This aspiration of state requires a diminished role of
central planning.
Composition of NITI Commission
Chairperson Prime Minister
Governing Council Chief Ministers of States and Lt. Governors of Union Territories
Regional Councils Formed on need basis, comprising the members written above
Part time members Maximum 2, rotational from relevant institutions
Maximum 4 from council of ministers, nominated by Prime
Ex Officio members
Minister Special invitees
 Fostering Cooperative Federalism, active involvement of states
 Formulation of plans at Village-level aggregation at higher levels
The roles of this
institution are following Feedbacks for Innovative improvements, Partnerships with Thick-
tanks, Resolution of inter-sectoral and inter-departmental issues,
state of the art resource centre.
Although the institution is very new, and the final planning framework and role is yet to
emerge.
National, State and Local-Level Spatial Planning Systems

Urban planning and development administration are commenced under the state legislative
background. Local Government or urban local body (ULB) implements the urban development
strategies. ULB is the third tier of governance, directly elected by the people. Planning and
development for major cities and urban regions are done by urban/metropolitan/regional
development authorities. These authorities are functionaries' institutions under state
government.
At the Union Government level, the Planning Commission of the Government of India and
the Ministry of Urban Development bear responsibilities of urban planning, development, and
technical guidance.
On the state government level, urban planning and development administration are
administered by the State Town Planning Act and the relevant legal framework of each state.
Presently, all states have ministries responsible for urban planning, urban development,
housing and governance.
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On the local level, the Planning and development department is the body responsible for
devising various plans in large cities, as well as for issuing development permits and
implementing development among other things. The department is established by State Town
Planning Act or individual planning and development department act.
Plan Planning Body

State five year plans State planning boards
National Capital Region Planning
Regional Plan 2021
department
Delhi Master Plan
Delhi Development Authority (DDA)
2021
Major Spatial and Regional Improvement Plans
Overview of Capital Region Planning System

NCR (National Capital Region) Planning Board was established with the consent and
participation of the states of Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh; under National
Capital Region Planning Board Act enacted in 1985 (national authority under the Ministry of
Urban Development).
In addition to formulating the Regional Plan 2021 in 2005, the National Capital Region
Planning Board formulated the Transport Plan 2032 in 2010 to supplement the Regional Plan
2021.
The objective and the goal of the Regional Plan 2021 are to take advantage of the effect of
the economic development of Delhi to promote regional growth and balanced intra-regional
development through the creation of efficient networks (upgrading of infrastructure,
development of a rational land utilization pattern, improvement of environment, and realization
of quality of life) within five city centers and one district center.
Delhi Master Plan 2021 has been devised for Delhi capital territories by the Delhi
Development Authority (DDA). The development plan links with the vision of Regional Plan
2021. The Master Plan is prepared by DDA as an agent of the Union Government pursuant to
the Delhi Development Act (1957).
The goals of the Delhi Master Plan 2021 are to (i) make Delhi a world class city, (ii) conserve
the environment and preserve historical legacies, (iii) plan and develop from a regional (broad)
perspective, (iv) achieve a high standard of living and quality of life that are sustainable, (v)
take an inclusive approach from the viewpoint of the poor, and (vi) establish a humane city.
Capital Region Planning Map (Land Use)
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Other Policies with significant effect in spatial development
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Amendment of Land Expropriation Act
The biggest barrier for the companies advancing into India is acquisition of plant site.
Frequent occurrence of land conflict troubled large companies such as the largest steel
company in the world, Arcelor Mittal from Europe. In January 2014, Government of India
amended Land Acquisition Act, enacted 120 years ago upon the government of British Empire.
The new act (Land acquisition rehabilitation and resettlement act 2013) firmly intends to
protect residents and landowners in cases of land expropriation by the government. The price
paid to landowners and others in accordance with expropriation had been “equivalent amount
to the land's market value”. This was amended to “twice the amount” in urban areas and “four
times the amount” in rural areas where conflict happens to occur frequently. Alternative land
for living was required to be secured as well. Also impact study of surrounding areas was added
to the requirement when expropriating the land.
During the earlier act, there had been situation where the company was charged extra
payment when land price increased after the expropriation (the case of Maruti Suzuki India
Limited, the leading car company in India at its Manesar plant located at the north of State of
Haryana). Government approved land prices are much lower in India than the market process.
The reason for such pricing might be due to tax and other reasons. Differential land price is
one of the major reason behind conflicts is the wide difference in price paid by state government
and market price.
The new act was said to increase land acquiring cost for the companies and prolong
negotiations to obtain the land or contrarily it may raise the possibility to reduce the risk of
land conflicts. (Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Japanese newspaper); February 14, 2014)
In December 2014, Government of India issued an ordinance to amend certain provisions of
the act. The sectors such as National Security and Defence, Rural Infrastructure and Rural
Electrification, Affordable Housing & Housing for Poor, Industrial Corridors and
Infrastructure and Social Infrastructure projects including projects under Public Private
Partnership (PPP), where the ownership of land continue to vest with the government were
exempted from the need of consent of 80 per cent land-owners. The minister concerned said
that the ordinance on land acquisition aims to facilitate industrial development. The amendment
tried to achieve a balance, where higher compensation will continue. At the same time,
procedural rigors will be loosened or eased.
Landscape Architecture. combines a love of people, natural systems, design, and hard
work. Landscape architecture, an environmental design profession and discipline,
encompasses the analysis, planning, design, management, and stewardship of the natural and
built environments.
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URBAN & TOWN PLANNING

KEYNOTE FOR PRACTICAL EXAM RUBRICS

Particular’s in Rubrics (5 Marks Each)

1-ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN

Urban Design weaves together these elements into a coherent, organized

3. Attention to scale is critical. In matters of scale, it is difficult to overcome poor judgments

In contrast, a reasonable amount of capital improvement funding or private property

B. Urban Design Principles Address Form and Function

List of Urban Design Principles

1. Centers And Nodes Set Up The Pattern For The City.

2. Creating A Strong Sense Of Place Is Key To A Successful Neighborhood.

3. "Theme And Variation" Is Among The Key Urban Design Principles.

5. Urban Design Should Promote And Facilitate Social Interaction.

6. The Social System Should Be More Important Than Vehicular Systems.

7. De-Emphasize Utilitarian, But Gray Portions Of The Public Realm.

8. Functional Methods Of Transporting People Of All Abilities, Goods, And Utilities

9. Land Use Is Usually Secondary To Building Scale, Mass, And Setbacks.

10. Civic And Public Gathering Space Should Be Generous.

Planners must pay attention to the area’s environment

Plans should be forward-thinking.

1. Profit making use

2. Non profit making use

What Does Zoning Regulate?

Performance/impact: performance standards, or impacts a building is allowed to produce;

Overview of spatial policy of India

Country name Republic of India

Population 1,210.57 million (2011: National census)

Population density 370/km²

Percentage of urban population 32.7% (2015)

GDP (nominal) USD 2,069.9 billion (2014: World Bank)

GDP per capita (Nominal) USD 1,596 (2014: World Bank)

GDP Growth rate 7.2% (2014: Indian government)

Administrative Hierarchy According to Indian Constitution

Principal Measures relating to spatial policy

Emergence of a New Institution: NITI Commission (NITI Aayog)

National, State and Local-Level Spatial Planning Systems

Plan Planning Body

Overview of Capital Region Planning System

Capital Region Planning Map (Land Use)

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