Baroque Guitar for Smarties by Clive

Titmuss
Posted by Guest  July 23, 2015
This is a guest post by guitarist & luthier Clive Titmuss
A big thank you to Clive for this great overview of the Baroque guitar, previously
published on Classical Guitar Canada. Make sure to visit his website to see more of
his work and recordings. All photos of guitars are by Clive Titmuss that he built
himself.
I Introduction:

Clive Titmuss

If you look in any anthology of music  for the guitar from the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries, you will usually find that much of the music is for keyboard or
lute.  Guitarists love to play the music of Bach, Scarlatti, Handel, Rameau, Weiss and
others—none of whom actually wrote guitar music.  Other than a few frequently
played pieces by De Visee, Corbetta and Sanz, the vast repertoire of the baroque
guitar is undiscovered territory for most players.

The reasons, aside from a difference of tuning (more on this below), is that the
modern guitar has quite different musical properties.  The modern guitar is a
baritone/tenor, but the baroque guitar is an alto instrument, about the body size of a
viola.  The rich tenor register of the guitar, which gives it so much of its distinct
character, is not so evident on the baroque guitar.  The strumming and ornamental
effects that are common on the early instrument don’t make much sense on the
modern one.  A full-guitar strum is emphatic and powerful, whereas on the baroque
instrument, it is lighter and more percussive.  The sustaining qualities of the modern
guitar are a bit too much for the thin-textured and ornamented music, clouding the
articulation of the rhythm.

Campanelas, the playing of successive scale tones on separate strings, easily

rendered by re-entrant tuning, is a prominent feature of the music of Spanish and
Italian composers of the late 17th Century.  Re-entrant tuning strings the instrument
with the two lowest courses an octave higher than the current tuning.  The double
stringing of the pre-Classical era allows for a number of possibilities of the mounting
of lower and higher strings.  The practical Italians quickly caught on to the
advantages of the tuning:  the guitar may be strung with only three sizes of string. 
The classical instrument is only able to suggest campanelas, and other re-entrant
effects, found in profusion for a century of the guitar’s history.
Much of the 17th Century repertoire is based on stylized dances, which without vocal
influence, can be abstract in their content.  The most frequently played part of this
literature, its popular hits, consists of artfully-set folk music.  The greatest music for
baroque guitar is difficult to render adequately on the modern guitar because the
traditions of the two instruments have diverged so widely:  They speak basically the
same language, but with a different vocabulary and accent.  Help is at hand: 
herewith a guide to what you need to play and understand the marvellous music of
the five-course baroque guitar.
There is a small printed literature for the late Renaissance four-course guitar, but the
earliest printed music for the five-course baroque guitar stems from around 1600,
when the instrument was popular mainly in southern Europe.  The intent of the first
printed works was mainly pedagogical.  Rather than providing composed art music,
these early books taught the Italian alphabet, a simple notation that assigns letters
(not the note-name) to stereotyped chord formations.  In this way, it was possible to
notate and print easy pieces such as Folias, Españoletas, Ciaconas, and other chord
formulas simply by using a capital letter and a stroke above or below the line to
indicate up or down strums.  Few subdivisions were used and the rhythm was often
rudimentary, intended to be supplemented by the player’s ear.  When it comes to
amateurs and the guitar, it has always been and still is “learn four chords and join a
band”.

Most of the eighteenth century composers whose work is mainly known in the
nineteenth century, such as Sor, Aguado, Giuliani, Carcassi and many others, were
trained in Italian pedagogical traditions in the 18th Century, and would have learned
this alphabet as students.  The chord forms underlie their music in a fundamental
and organic way.  Every student of the guitar should know a little of the alphabet,
because it provides a window into the deep structure of the guitar’s language.  Here
is Carlo Calvi’s alphabet page and a few simple pieces.  It is amazing how well this
simple system works and it is the door into a world of baroque guitar masterpieces. 
This music was often played without a pick, using only the index finger up (for weak
beats) and down (for strong), and this alphabeto technique was still in use two
centuries later.  Most music is still played on the guitar with this basic style
unchanged.
 
 Calvis alfabeto chart

 
 Calvi Folia and Spanoleta in alpahbeto notation

II An Annotated Checklist of Baroque Guitar Composers 

Italy
Montesardo, 1606 (the reputed “inventor” of abecedario italiano, the Italian chord
alphabet)
Sanseverino 1620, 1622

Millioni 1627

Foscarini 1629, 1640, 1647 (the last book mostly abandons the alphabeto, in favour
of tablature)

Corbetta (in Italian mixed tablature, tablature with alphabeto chords) 1639 (emphasis
on the passacaglia), 1643 (early suites of dances), 1648

Bartolotti 1640, 1655

Carbonchi 1640, 1643

Calvi 1646 (alphabeto and tablature in separate sections, well-written simple pieces,
often used today for instruction)
Granata (including music for “guitar-theorbo” and ensemble music) 1646, 1650,
1651, 1659, 1674, 1680 (complex and interesting chromatic style influenced by
Frescobaldi, protracted use of re-entrant effects)

Pellegrini 1650 (short pieces and Toccatas, influence of the lute and Venetian choral
music)

Bottazari 1663 (suite forms, many new tunings, fondness for parallel thirds)

Roncalli 1692 (sonatas with succession of dances organized according to key in lute
style, orchestrated by Ottorino Resphigi in Ancient Airs and Dances orchestral suites)

Roncalli Gavotta

Spain
Amat 1586 (the earliest music for five-course guitar, many re-prints)

Briceño 1626 (published in Paris, simple chordal pieces)

Doizi de Velasco 1640 ( detailed instruction treatise, published in Naples)

Sanz 1674, 1697 (instructional treatise, most solo pieces dispense with alphabeto,
extensive campanelas, the last print contains many passacalles)
Ribayaz 1677(treatise, re-prints of Sanz, much information)

Guerau 1694 (elevated style, unclear tuning, no alphabeto, no campanelas,

passacalles in most keys, settings of Folias, J’acaras, Villanos etc.)
De Santa Cruz (late 17th C. MS, plucked style, as with Guerau, the heritage of the
vihuela)
De Murcia  1714 (treatise on accompaniment basso continuo, emphasis on variations,
strummed technique combined with plucked, New World connections, emigrated to
Mexico, collected works there c. 1732)

Minguet y Yrol 1752-4(tutors for several instruments, influence or plagiarism of Sanz)

De Sotos 1764

France
Mersenne 1636 (encyclopaedic treatise with examples)

Carré 1672

Corbette (same as Corbetta, above, publishing and working in France, taught many
French musicians, spread the guitar to court circles) 1670, 1674

De Visée 1682, 1686 (as well as the prints, there is a substantial body of MS music
for guitar, theorbo and lute)

Derosier 1688, 1694, 1699 (short pieces in popular style)

Campion 1705 (printed and MS music, rococo style, long fugues, altered tunings)

Le Cocq 1729
 Campion Allemande in B-flat tuning

Bohemia
Losy (Count Logy von Losinthal, original pieces or transcriptions of lute music in MS,
influence of De Visée and the French lute school)

England
Matteis 1690 (continuo treatise, a few compositions, Italian influence, music in the
style of Purcell)

Germany/Denmark
Nathaniel Diesel (MS of ensemble and solo pieces, 1736-1744, high baroque style)

III The Italian Alphabet Chord System; A Short Survey of

Baroque Guitar Music
If you look over this list, a few things immediately stand out.  Though we think of the
guitar as a quintessentially Spanish instrument, it appears that Italy drove the
development of the music and its publication.  Francesco Corbetta’s three books of
Italian tablature:  published in Bologna, Milano and Brussels put the guitar in a
Spanish context, using “Spagnola or Spagnuola” in the title, as do the books of
Foscarini, Pellegrini, Bottazari and others.
The earliest publications employ the abecedario Italian or Italian chord alphabet,
without the use of tablature.  Aside from a strong political connection between Spain
(Castille, Catalonia) and Italy (The Duchy of Milan), there are social and economic
reasons for this.  Italy’s large trading and merchant class favoured the guitar for
familiar reasons:  it was portable, inexpensive to purchase and string, easy to master
at an amateur level, and it presented an ideal vector for the accompaniment of
popular vocal and dance music.  The repertoire found in the earliest publications is
mostly rooted in this tradition.  Later, when the guitar became more fashionable,
Italian makers began to decorate its flat plates, and neck with veneer, marquetry,
parquetry and inlay, creating a desirable object for wealthy collectors that was more
easily played than the lute.
Without the complications of the lute, the guitar quickly rose to supplant it in most of
Italy during the early part of the 1600’s.  Later books, especially those of Foscarini,
Corbetta, Bottazari, Granata and Roncalli, increasingly dispensed with the chord
alphabet style and began to incorporate the “brisé” style of the lute and its stylized
dances:  the allemanda, corrente, and sarabanda.  Later the roles reversed and the
lute began to ape the strummed style of the guitar, in compositions by Gallot and
Mouton.  These middle period books began to develop an instrumental idiom which
took advantage of the tuning, with slurred and arpeggiated passages, chordal
progressions with suspensions and dissonances and specific ornamentation,
especially at the cadences.

Corbetta’s career tracks the development of the books and the music in the middle
generations of the 17th Century.  His 1643 Milan book, Varii Capricii per la Ghittara
Spagnuola, begins with a Toccata; then there are sixteen two-page Passachali, each
on concluding with a modulation to the key of the next; then three suites composed
of three dances; a two-page set of Follia variations;  five pages of figured bass
accompaniment intabulations which show the rules of chord progression realized on
the guitar; the book concludes with two elaborated Sinfonias with continuo bass lines
showing application of Corbetta’s guidelines.  The book places its emphasis on the
Passacaglia, then a few suites, followed by instructional treatise.  This plan is echoed
by many Iberian and Italian books, including those of Sanz, Guerau, Pellegrini, and
Foscarini.

Corbetta Passachali in D minor mixed tablature

Almost every early book begins with the alphabet chart.  The passacaglia, and its
cousin the ciacona is not a melodic, but a harmonic formula, and it provided guitar
composers with an opportunity to orchestrate simple dance structures.  Corbetta,
Sanz, De Visée and others frequently added falsas, or deliberate wrong notes
(unprepared suspensions, acciacature) to their chords, so much so that an entire sub-
set of the alphabet was created, the alfabeto falso (see Calvi’s table) which adds
seconds, sevenths and even sixths to the chords.  Usually these falsas are simply
open strings allowed to sound in more conventional positions to add harmonic
flavour.  This willingness to experiment with dissonance is a inherent to the guitar’s
early history, and that legacy is readily apparent in most contemporary Latin guitar
music.
Gradually, the composers shifted from variation forms based on Italian chordal dance
harmony to two-section dances with a more developed instrumental style with
influences from violin and keyboard music.  There was a slow move away from the
strummed style of the alphabeto, adopting a more full-voiced approach that
exploited the ease of notation and printing afforded by tablature.  In print and
manuscript notation, tablature overcomes the problems of re-entrant and
experimental tunings.  Like the lute, there were experiments with altered tunings
(scordatura), especially by Bottazari, Corbetta, De Visée and Campion, but unlike the
French lute practice of the middle 1600’s, these tunings never replaced the basic
one.
In moving away from the Italian chordal dance style, Corbetta set the example once
again with his two French tablature books of 1670 and 1674.  They are composed
almost entirely of suites or suite movements:  the 1670 book La Guitarre Royalle, is
mainly in the brisé lute style, while the 1674 book, also called La Guitarre Royalle,
returns to a rococo strummed (batterie) style.  In the books of his Iberian
contemporaries, Sanz and Guerau, the passacaglia still dominates, with variation on
the Folias, J’acaras, Espanoleta and other simple tunes given similar compositional
treatment.  The style of Sanz is connected to popular music, while Guerau, a church
composer, concentrates on contrapuntal variations.  Both composers advocated the
plucked (punteado) style.  The baroque guitar style as a whole never abandoned the
strumming attack which gives the music much of its character.  The constant
vacillation of strummed and plucked is one of the principal charms of hearing the
music played on a period guitar.

Corbetta Guitarre Royalle II Alemande in strummed style

IV Four Baroque Guitar composers: Sanz, Guerau, Corbetta,

De Visée
Just the title of Gaspar Sanz’ publication (1674, reprinted and expanded 1697) is
impressive, and it serves to describe the book perfectly:
Instruccion de Musica Sobre la Guitarra Española y Metodo de sus Primeros
Rudimentos, hasta taner la con destreza.  Con dos Laberintos Ingeniosos, Variedad
de Sones, y Danças de Rasgueado, y Punteado, al estilo Español, Italiano, Francès, y
Ihglès.  Con un breve tratado para acompañar, con perfection sobre la parte muy
essencial para la Guitarra, Arpa, y Organo, resumido en doze reglas, y exemplos los
mas principales de contrapunto, y composcion.
[Musical instruction on the the Spanish Guitar and a method for its primary
rudiments, how to play it skilfully.  With ingenious labyrinths, variations, dances in
the strummed and plucked style, in the Spanish, Italian, French and English manner. 
With a brief treatise for perfect accompaniment to a given melodic line for the guitar,
harp, and keyboard, given in twelve rules, with examples of the most important
principles of counterpoint and composition.]

Sanz devotes more than half of the book is to a thorough discussion of the tuning,
playing technique, ornamentation and matters relating to the guitar.  Though it is of
great interest as a historical document for those who wish to revive his playing style,
today’s players may wish that he had dedicated his book to a larger volume of
music.  It is also notable that Sanz himself did the copper plate engraving, signing
most of the music pages in Latin with “Gaspar Sanz inventor, sculpsit” [Gaspar Sanz,
the composer, engraved this page]

Following the model established by the Italian guitar books, Sanz greatly expanded
the pedagogical elements of his work, setting a precedent for successful self-
instructional volumes by Aguado, Carcassi, Carulli and others.  Sanz gave a complete
account of the still-viable alfabeto chord system, apparently believing in its value as
an instructional aid.  Many of the germinal alfabeto formulas—Gallardo, Españoleta,
Folias, Jacaras, Paradetas, later appear in his work as fully composed variations in
Italian tablature without alphabeto.  This is a departure from the Italian practice of
Roncalli, a contemporary, who continued to use the alphabeto in combination with
the tablature.  Sanz’ examples for figured-bass accompaniment, which gives the
“rule of the octave”, form a valuable guide for modern players in the use of the guitar
for continuo.
Since interest in early fretted instruments has increased in the last thirty years, there
has been a lot of discussion about the tuning of the baroque guitar.  For the
realization of the music of some composers, this feature of the instrument is of great
importance, and Sanz is one of these.  Sanz’ music is heavily salted with campanelas,
but instead of distributing it throughout his pieces, he is fond of creating entire
passages and variations of the passacalle with it.  He derides bourdones, the practice
of putting one or both of the fourth and fifth courses into a lower octave, as suitable
only for “noisy music”, by which we may infer “dance music” played in ensemble
rather than the solo music.  His contemporary Guerau makes no apparent use
of campanelas.
 Five course guitar tunings

In the accompanying example of a facsimile of Pavanas por la D (Pavane in A minor,

the letter D is alfabeto notation for that chord), I have made a colour-coded
transcription with the notes on the fourth and fifth re-entrant courses, stems pointing
down, in red. This shows the imaginative construction and the numerous instances
(circled) of the resolution of the seventh occurring on the third string and flavourful
dissonances of major and minor seconds.  The concluding variation is particularly
interesting for its clever interplay of the upper and lower strings.  To hear the piece
sound as it was conceived, one player can play the down-stemmed notes in red,
another the black up-stemmed notes.  (The double-cross  above or below the staff is
a vibrato mark, the curved line an appogiatura from below, the “T” a trill from
above.)
Most modern guitar transcriptions eliminate the final section of Pavanas.  Modern
editors avoid the campanelas passages in his other pieces, and thus Sanz’ most
inventive idiomatic writing is not known.   A widely available facsimile edition,
published in Spain in recent years, makes a complete hash of the transcription of
Sanz’ music examples and the chord alphabet, as if Sanz played an instrument in
modern tuning.
 Sanz Pavanas in A minor

 
 Sanz Pavanas transcribed with correct pitches campanelas section restored

Sanz is at his best when setting his native music in Spanish

style.  Jacaras, the Canarios settings, Marizapalos—Gallardas is one of his best
pieces.  His Passacalles are less successful, and his occasional forays into
international waters—Allemanda, La Serenissima and La Preciosa suffer from an
academic quality and not being as freely melodic as his other pieces.  They are also
the only works in this book to use the mixed Italian style (alphabeto and tablature) of
the second half of the 1600’s.  But because of the vitality of his music, it is no wonder
that he is among the most frequently played of baroque guitar composers.
Francisco Guerau is certainly one of the most important guitarist/composers of any
period.  He was apparently a theologian, violinist and choral composer in the
household retinue of Charles II of Spain.  His book, Poema Harmonico (1694) is a
monument and in many ways, the valedictory work of a tradition which began with
the vihuela.  Unlike most guitar books of the period, Poema Harmonico expresses the
outlook of an entire philosophy, a Jesuitical meditation in music, expressed as a
series of variations, ascending in the cycle of the hexachord.  Guerau’s book,
dedicated to Charles II, Hapsburg monarch of Spain, was “…composed by someone
who has been in your Royal service for thirty-five years”.  He also served the church,
as a composer of contrapuntal music for voices, and this skill is much in evidence in
his Passacalles.
 Guerau Pasacalles de Patillac

In arranging his book according to the hexachord, Guerau participates in a syntopical

tradition going back to Corbetta’s first book of 1639,  Sanz’ Laberinto (Labyrinth, an
alphabeto-style passacalle which modulates continuously through the keys).  Franz
Hinterleithner, a Viennese lutenist and composer of the late 17 th Century, also wrote
a long prelude which modulates through all the keys.  Eventually this trail leads to
Biber’s cycle of Rosary Sonatas for the violin and J. S. Bach’s Das Wohltemprirte
Clavier (Book I 1722, Book II 1744), 24 Preludes and Fugues, one for each key, major
and minor.
His material forms are much the same as Sanz—principally the Passacalle, which
forms the bulk of his work, but at the end he indulges his audience in variations on
the Xacaras (sic), Mari-Zapalos, Españoleta, Pavana Gallarda, Folias,
Marionas (ciacona), Canario, and Villano.  His variations on these 17th Century
standards extend to many more variations than Sanz.  The Xacaras, for example, has
39 variations.  Each of the Passacalles has a series of variations in Tempus
Imperfectum, 4 beats, then a series in Tempus Perfectum, or three beats.  This
practice of adding a triple dance dates to the middle of the 1500’s, even earlier to
the bassadanza of the previous century.  It was common to conclude each duple
dance with an up-tempo triple dance with the same bass line and melodic contour. 
For Guerau, it represents a metaphorical absolution.
Guerau’s tuning is obscure; he does not mention it, as many other books (Sanz, De
Visée, Corbetta) do, and his music contains no obvious campanelas passages.  It is
difficult to determine how he wishes the guitar to be tuned—with or
without bourdones (strings in the lower octave, added to the fourth and fifth courses,
which produce a more bass-oriented sound).  Having tried three possibilities, the
conventional Italian tuning, the French tuning of Corbetta/De Visée, and the tuning
with both bourdones, I can’t really say that Guerau sounds better with any one over
the other.
With the conventional re-entrant Italian tuning, many of his imitative passages sound
like bicinium, a time-honoured duo of two equal voices in counterpoint, a standard
feature of the choral music of the church.  With bourdones, at least with the historical
gut strings, his music does not really sound much different, since he rarely uses the
guitar as a purely chordal instrument.  Guerau is unique in that he is one composer
whose music sounds wonderful on a modern guitar in normal tuning, straight from
the tablature.
I discussed Corbetta as a prototype that runs through the 17th Century, mainly
because he is international in his style, worked in Italy, published in Brussels and
ended up in France.  He influenced other composers and set the fashion for the guitar
as it passed from the hands of itinerants, to the merchant class, and finally, at the
outset of the 18th Century, to the courts of the Kings of France and England. 
Corbetta’s personality as a performer and composer was crucial in advancing his
career.  His early compositions are typical of his period, delicately inspired, and even
gripping.  The passachali of the 1639 book are certainly some of the finest works
written for the instrument.  The early suites are melodically inventive, the use of
sequences and imitations draw a fine web of narrative over a thin frame.  Other than
the occasional chord, all of the music is subtly evocative, sometimes composed only
with single tones in succession. One of the most attractive suites alters the tuning to
a chord in B flat.  There is little theatricality or the overwrought academic rectitude
that we find in Foscarini, a contemporary.
The two French books, both titled La Guitarre Royalle, are markedly different in
style.  The first book is more luthée, with arpeggiated movement and refined
counterpoint of melody and bass in the style of de Visée; the second book makes use
of batteries or strumming style, with contreparthies, or second parts written to
accompany the solo guitar.  The first book is music intended for listening, while the
second seems more to be directed at the accomplished amateur player.  Corbetta
cunningly uses more added sixth chords and seventh chords, which require fewer
fingers to execute.  One of his most remarkable pieces is the  from the earlier book
is Caprice de Chacone, variations on a four-bar formula which employs the full gamut
of his variation technique:  campanelas, falsas, luthée, cheutes  (slurred passages)
and repico, a complex blizzard of strumming using thumb and fingers.
 Corbetta Caprice de Chacone p.1

 
 Corbetta Caprice de Chacone p.2

The cultivated guitar style of Robert De Visée is virtually indistinguishable from his
lute and theorbo music, except for the absence of low bass lines.  Like his lute
contemporaries, Mouton and Gaultier, he occasionally incorporated the rondeau form
of the chaconne and passacaille into his other dance forms.  Some of his pieces (La
Muzette, et al.) have concordances for all three instruments.  In most cases it is
impossible to tell which were composed first, and arranged later.  He also made
arrangements of pieces by Lully (Les Harlequins, an opera-ballet
intermezzo, Ouverture de la Grotte de Versailles) and Couperin (Les Sylvains, a piece
for harpsichord) for guitar/theorbo/lute.
His compositional style is from a later generation than Corbetta, and though he came
from Spain, he adopted and executed the idiom of late French 17th Century music
with complete fluency.  His two books for the guitar are composed in the mould of
Jean-Baptiste Lully, the supervisor of the Sun King’s music, the composer of ballet
and operas which were expressly intended for his court’s enjoyment at Versailles.  In
both of his guitar books, he presented several of the suites in two-clef arrangement
with figured bass for use with a melodic instrument or the harpsichord.  These
arrangements make excellent material for the guitarist (and violin, flute or oboe
player) to explore improvisation of a figured-bass accompaniment.

De Visee Passacaille in D minor p.1

 
 De Visee Passacaille in D minor p.2

De Visée thus makes clear his method:  the composition of a two-voice framework
with the addition of details idiomatic to the lute, guitar or theorbo.  This property
makes his work distinct from the work of most of the other guitar composers, who are
more often followers of their fingers.  His carefully structured melodies are
articulated by skilled harmonization, creative use of diminished chords and refined
ornamentation.  Vaudry de Saizenay, Louis XIV’s naval intendant, collected and
copied De Visée’s theorbo and lute music, along with the music of other important
composers, in a large manuscript, showing how he penetrated to the highest levels of
the French court.

The second of his exquisitely engraved guitar books, Livre de Pièces pour la

Guittare  (1686) shows how he modified his earlier style, simplifying the technique
and making the melodies more trenchant, perhaps following the lead of Corbetta.  At
the end of his career he collected and printed a volume entitled Pièces de Theorbe et
de Luth, which despite its title, presented arrangements of his most famous pieces in
the two-clef figured bass format he used in his guitar books.  In the foreword, he
complained that “nobody reads the tablature anymore”.  It was the epitaph of the
baroque guitar.
V About baroque guitars
 Guitar after Cocho c.1600 in Vermeer decor by Clive Titmuss

The guitar’s shape, size, stringing and decoration altered dramatically during the
course of the 17th and early 18th Centuries.  The beautifully proportioned Choco guitar
is barely larger than a tenor ukulele, with a simple barring scheme and very light
construction, dating from about 1600.  It may have begun life as a four-course guitar,
later altered.  Venetian guitars in Italy, such as those made by Sellas, often have
vaulted backs in imitation of the lute, and are elaborately ornamented, one reason
for their preservation.  During the later 1700’s the Voboam family, kept the slender
shape and flat backs, but elongated the neck and incorporated more elaborated
barring, and the use of exotic materials, such as rosewood, ebony, ivory and
snakewood. (My copy, seen here, uses ivory reclaimed from piano keys.)  These
instruments are surprisingly resonant and rewarding to play.
 Guitar after anonymous Spanish model c. 1690 by Clive Titmuss

At the end of the 1700’s, Spanish makers began to experiment with simple fan
barring schemes, making their instruments deeper and with larger bodies.  This
anonymous instrument (my copy seen here) used figures of the family escutcheon,
lions, birds and plants inlayed into the top. This direction toward larger guitars, once
established in Madrid and Cadiz, continued until the five-course instruments were
replaced by six-course guitars around 1750.  Another type of guitar, the chitarra
battente, borrowed the violin’s tailpiece and cranked-up bridge, adding metal strings
and later, metal frets.  These guitars were played outdoors with a pick and alfabeto-
style, and were not really intended for solo music.

Guitar after Voboam 1690’s by Clive Titmuss

VI Playing baroque guitar music from facsimile sources; re-

stringing  a modern guitar to play baroque guitar music
You are an informed reader who is curious about the baroque guitar, its technique
and music, the long history.  You are interested in the way in which its culture leads
to the classical instrument of the early 19th Century and underpins the vast wealth of
music for the modern instrument.  The chief problem with modern transcriptions is
the missing details, and the way in which editors fill chords, eliminate ornaments,
strumming effects and dissonances, in general dealing badly with the re-entrant
tuning and its idioms.  How can you get closer to this tradition without getting a
baroque guitar?
Easy! If you have a beater guitar, or a second instrument available, you’re set. 
Remove the fourth, fifth and sixth strings.  Take a b string and put it where the fifth
string was, and an e string and put it where the fourth string was.  Tune these strings
to d’ and a, an octave above where they were, or unison with the third fret of the b
string and second fret of the g string.  Now you have the Italian re-entrant tuning,
and the baroque guitar literature lies at your command.  Using only the facsimiles I
have provided here, you may easily proceed to learning some music from the original
prints.

Try learning the Italian alphabet chord system from Calvi’s chart (above, also
reprinted in Sanz, Pellegrini, or Corbetta’s  1639 book.)  This also, is easy, play the
chord, say the letter.  Try a few simple pieces—Folias, Españoleta, etc., most of these
are familiar to every student.  Strum the chords with your index finger.  Keep a
copied chord chart on your music desk until you know the most important ones. 
Most pieces need only four or five letters of the alphabet.

Then try some more challenging material, Corbetta, Sanz, Foscarini, Roncalli.  To play
De Visée from the original is even easier, just replace your d string.  An excellent
correctly transcribed modern edition of this composer’s complete guitar works is
available, edited by Robert Strizich.  The music is more challenging to read from pitch
notation, but it allows the player to make her own decisions.  Once you have become
more familiar with the baroque guitar idiom, I challenge you to learn to improvise a
figured bass accompaniment, covered in the principal sources, and to learn to
improvise ornamentation and passages in their style.  This too, is just a matter of
applying what you have read, heard, and learned from the composers’ books. 
Translations of forewords and other pedagogical material from these books are
available on the web.

Facsimiles are available very reasonably from OMI

(http://www.omifacsimiles.com/index), Saul B. Groen (saulbgroen.nl/) and other
suppliers.  Almost all of the important Italian, French and Spanish baroque guitar
books are in print in facsimile editions.  The Early Guitar, a handbook by James Tyler
(1980) is a fine introduction and survey of the instrument and its music.  A more
recent survey, The Guitar and Its Music: From the Renaissance to the Classical
Era (Oxford University Press, 2007) by James Tyler & Paul Sparks is larger is scope
and covers recent discoveries and reliable modern editions.

This is a guest post by guitarist & luthier Clive Titmuss

See all articles written by contributor Clive Titmuss