ULTRASONIC IMAGING

SYSTEM
By: Keerthishree HP
Kiran H
Kiran K Patil
Kiran Kumar S
Kusuma N
Manoj N
 INTRODUCTION

◆ Unlike other medical imaging systems such as MRI ,CT and

X-rays, which are clearly ‘invasive’ and ‘traumatic’.
Ultrasonic imaging system uses sound waves having
frequency higher than 20KHz, these are ‘non-invasive’ and
‘non traumatic’.
◆ Used to image the entire range of internal organs in the
abdomen. These include the kidney, liver bladder, major
blood vessels.

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PROPERTIES OF ULTRASONIC
WAVES

◆ Ultrasonic imaging system uses sound waves having frequency higher than
20KHz.
◆ Ultrasonic waves exhibit similar physical properties(refraction, reflection etc.)
as the audible sound waves.
◆ Ultrasonic waves can be easily focused i.e. they are directional and beams
can be obtained with very little spreading.
◆ They are audible and are suitable for applications where it is not
advantageous to employ audible frequencies.

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 ◆ Using ultrasonic waves of higher frequencies, it is possible to investigate the
properties of small structures.
◆ Information obtained by ultrasound, cannot be acquired by another more
convenient technique.
◆ Ultrasound waves are not electromagnetic waves and hence they need a
medium for propagation.
◆ The ultrasonic waves are mechanical waves; for the propagation of a
mechanical waves, a material medium is required.

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 BASIC PULSE ECHO APPARATUS

Pulse echo is an A-scan presentation broadly used for

thickness measurement and sizing the defect in an ultrasonic
inspection involving identifying the indication echoes when the
signal is reflected from a discontinuity in a test material structure

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 PULSE
REPETATION SAW TOOTH
FREQUENCY
TIME DELAY GENERATOR
GENERATOR

CRT

TIME
TRANSMITTER SWEPT MARKER
GAIN

WIDE BAND VIDEO

DETECTOR
Large
TRANSDUCER
amplitude AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER
pulse
 Pulse repetition frequency generator

◆ This generates pulses which control

sequence of events in the equipment. Ast
able-multivibrator is used to generate the
train of pulses
◆ This Astable-multivibrator triggers the
monoshot to generate a pulse of required
width.

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 TRANSMITTER

• This block contains a circuit which excites

the Crystal to generate a short pulse of
ultrasound
• The figure shows the basic transmitters
circuit for the pulse echo applications

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 RECEIVER

◆ The function of the receiver is to obtain signal from the

transducer and extract from it the best possible representation of
echo pattern.
◆ There will be good matching between transmitter and receiver
i.e. ultrasonic pulse ecosystems generally use the same
transducer crystal for both transmitting the ultrasonic energy and
receiving the reflected echo.

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 WIDE BAND AMPLIFIER

◆ The Echo signals received at the receiving transducer are in the

form of modulated carrier frequency and may be as small as a
few microvolts.
◆ A wideband amplifier is used to amplify these signals before
feeding them to detector circuit.
◆ The bandwidth of the wide band amplifier, wide enough to
faithfully reproduce the received echoes and to permit the use of
different transducer operating at several different frequencies.

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 SWEPT GAIN CONTROL

◆ The echo amplitudes may vary over a wide dynamic range due
to possible change in the acoustical impedance caused by the
changes in the tissue properties.
◆ Moreover the echoes received from the first few centimeters of
body tissue or stronger when compared to those from the
deeper structures.
◆ To compensate for variations in amplitude, Segmented gain
control method is used.

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THANK YOU