VOL. 12, NO.

20, OCTOBER 2017 ISSN 1819-6608

ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2017 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

www.arpnjournals.com

THERMAL DESIGN OF STEAM COIL FOR FORCED DRAFT COUNTER

TO CROSS FLOW AIR COOLED HEAT EXCHANGER FOR
EXTREMELY LOW AMBIENT CONDITION
Parag Mishra1 and Manoj Arya2
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, AISECT University Bhopal, Madhya Pardesh, India
2Department of Mechanical Engineering MANIT Bhopal, Madhya Pardesh, India
E-Mail: parag.mishra05@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Air-cooled heat exchanger will take a serious freezing risk in cold winter, especially at a strong wind speed.
Therefore, it is of great concern to study the anti-freezing of dry cooling system. There are several sites, in the world as
well as in India, where the ambient temperature reaches below 0 0C, at this temperature the fluid in heat exchanger freezes.
In extremely cold environments, overcooling of the process fluid may cause freezing. If the fluid Freezes in Heat
Exchanger, the heat exchanger ceases and it would damage the heat exchanger also. This may lead to tube burst, and hence
protection from freezing is required to prevent plugging or damaging the tubes. There are various fluids such as
Diethanolamine or Lean DEA which are used in industries like oil Refinery etc. that have serious problems of freezing. So,
as to protect the fluid from freezing; we need equipment which maintains the temperature of ambient air & fluid according
to their pour point & freezing temperature. For this, we can use the steam coil to raise the temperature of ambient air &
fluid, by heating the working fluid. The function of steam coil is that, when the temperature reaches near the pour point of
working fluid, the steam coil starts & passes the steam to increase the temperature of fluid up to the designed temperature.
Steam Coil is used to heat atmospheric air to the required process temperature by means of saturated steam. By using steam
coil with low pressure steam we can prevent the process fluid from freezing in Air Cooled Heat Exchanger. For air or fluid
heating, steam is preferred medium for heat transfer throughout industry. Finned tubes are used in making of steam coil
applications and this type of coil makes use of the latent heat that is released by the steam when it condenses so it is a very
effective way of heating air.

Keywords: air-cooled heat exchanger, steam coil, ambient temperature, lean DEA.

INTRODUCTION
Air-cooled heat exchanger will take a serious
freezing risk in cold winter; there are several sites, in the
world as well as in India, where the ambient temperature
reaches below 0 0C, at this temperature the fluid in heat
exchanger freezes. In extremely cold environments,
overcooling of the process fluid may cause freezing. This
may lead to tube burst, and hence freeze protection is
required to prevent plugging or damage to the tubes. For
proper working of heat exchanger, in low ambient
temperature or freezing temperature, a steam coil is used.
The function of steam coil is that, when the temperature
reaches near the pour point of working fluid, the steam
coil starts and passes the steam to increase the temperature
of fluid up to the designed temperature. By using steam
coil with low pressure steam we can prevent the process
fluid from freezing in air cooled heat exchanger.
In facilities where steam is available a Steam Coil
can be a cost effective way to heat ambient air and process
fluid. Steam coil is just like a Tube Bundle of Heat
Exchanger in which steam is flowing inside the tubes. The
steam is coming in steam coil from air pre heater, which is
the part of refinery or any other medium such as boiler or
any other part of refinery. In steam coil, we flow the steam
in tube and by fan we direct the steam to heat exchanger
tube bundle for heating the tube bundle and ambient air to
avoid the freezing of fluid. The steam coil is widely used
for heating the fluid and air in industry. We use this steam
coil in heat exchanger which is a part of Refinery, by
which we protect the fluid from freezing and for proper
functioning of Heat Exchanger. Steam flows inside the
tube while air passes over the finned tubes. Finned tubes
are almost always used in steam coil applications and this
type of coil makes use of the latent heat that is released by
the steam when it condenses so it is a very effective way
of heating air. The selection of coil construction and
materials is a multistep process that must take a number of
factors into consideration.
Types of steam based on pressure
Low Pressure Steam (2.5 bar -4.5 bar)
Intermediate Pressure Steam (4.5 bar -20 bar)
High Pressure Steam (Above 20 bar)
In this case the inlet pressure of steam is
2.5kgf/cm2A. In steam coil for heating the process fluid,
we want a low pressure steam (2.5 bar -4.5 bar), which we
will report to the client. This is a responsibility of client to
provide this steam for proper functioning of Air cooled
heat exchanger. For this type of heating process, we use
low pressure steam as guided by API 661 & IBR. If we
take medium pressure steam or high pressure steam for
heating the fluid, the dimensions of steam coil like; length,
tube thickness, number of tubes etc will increase & hence
cost of steam coil will increase & there is no need of high
or medium pressure steam for heating the process fluid.
Low pressure steam is enough capable for heating the
process fluid. We always take the dimension of steam coil,

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ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2017 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

www.arpnjournals.com

as +-500mm of Air cooled heat exchanger. After leaving
the steam from steam coil, steam will become condensate
& will be used further for steam formation. Steam will be
generated from low pressure boiler. In this Air cooled heat
exchanger, single row steam coil is used, because as per
API guidelines maximum 2 rows are allowed. For proper
working of heat exchanger, in low ambient temperature or
freezing temperature, a steam coil is used.
Problems with heat exchangers in low-temperature
environments
Heat Exchanger is designed on the basis of hot
fluid temperature, cold fluid temperature & ambient
temperature, but in practical sense, the ambient
temperature changes throughout the year. In extremely
cold environments, overcooling of the process fluid may
cause freezing. This may lead to tube burst, and hence
freeze protection is required to prevent plugging or
damage to the tubes. If the fluid Freezes in Heat
Exchanger, the heat exchanger ceases and it would
damage the heat exchanger also.
Here, we are designing the steam coil for Air
Cooled Heat Exchanger, for heating the process fluid.
Particularly in this design analysis extreme ambient
temperature in winters is -28 oC. In this case, the steam is
hot fluid and air is acts as a cold fluid. The steam coil
design is accordingly at -28 oC ambient temperature.
Tube pass arrangement
The Tube Pass arrangement of this forced draft
counter to cross flow heat exchanger is given below:

Tube Pass
Released to the following HTRI Member Company:

MKH Units
Rating-Horizontal air-cooled heat exchanger forced draft countercurrent to crossflow
Mean Metal Temperatures

Mean tube metal temperature in each tubepass, (Deg C)

Tuberow Tubepass Inside Outside Radial

1 1 118.9 107.0 112.5
2 1 116.8 104.3 110.0

Figure-1. Tube pass draft.

Tube Pass
Released to the following HTRI Member Company:

MKH Units
Rating-Horizontal air-cooled heat exchanger forced draft countercurrent to crossflow

1276 mm

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Outer Wall Transverse Longitudinal Fin Bundle Information

Diameter Thickness Pitch Pitch Height Bundle width 1275.98 mm
Name Type (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Number of tube rows 2
Number of tubes 22
1 TubeType1 High-finned 25.4000 2.1080 114.000 98.7240 15.0750 Minimum wall clearance
Left 9.5250 mm
Right 12.3095 mm
Wall Wall
Number of tubes per pass
Number Clearance Number Clearance
Tubepass # 1: 22
Row of Tubes Tube Type (mm) Row of Tubes Tube Type (mm)

1 11 TubeType1 9.5250 2 11 TubeType1 66.5250

Figure-2. Rating horizontal air-cooled heat exchanger.

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ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
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Design of steam coil for forced draft counter to cross a) Flow rate of hot fluid (steam) = 3.483 (1000- kg/h)
flow air cooled heat exchanger for extreme ambient
condition - under extremely low ambient condition (-28 b) Flow rate of cold fluid (air) = 281.448 (1000-kg/h)
o
C)
In this case, we design the steam coil for Air c) Inlet temperature of hot fluid (steam) = 126.38oC
Cooled Heat Exchanger, for heating the process fluid. We
know that the extreme ambient temperature in winters is - d) Outlet temperature of hot fluid (steam) = 125.33o C
28 oC. The most important parameter while taking into
consideration for designing Air Cooled Heat Exchanger is e) Inlet temperature of cold fluid (air) = -28 oC
permissible /minimum tube skin temperature and approach
temperature. In this case, the steam is hot fluid & air is f) Allowable pressure drop of hot fluid = 0.000 kgf/cm2
acts as a cold fluid.
Process parameters for design of steam coil for g) Inlet pressure of hot fluid = 2.5kgf/cm2 h) Altitude
extreme ambient temperature i.e. at -28oC, the process
parameters are:

(a) (b)

Figure-3. Approach temperature of counter to cross flow heat exchanger.

From output summary 1.1 and 1.2 we come to know There are two different approach temperatures, but
the following parameters of steam coil at low ambient in counter to cross flow heat exchanger, we consider
temperature i.e. -28 oC the approach temperature
Minimum tube skin temperature = 100.24 oC = ᶿm1 = thout - tcin
Hot fluid (steam) enters in ACHE = thin = 126.38oC = 125.33 - (-28)
Hot fluid (steam) leaves the ACHE = thout = 125.33oC = 155.3 oC
Cold fluid (air) enters in ACHE = tcin = -
o
28 In the designing of steam coil the most
Cold fluid (air) leaves the ACHE = tcout = -1 important parameter is tube skin temperature. The
o
C minimum tube skin temperature of steam coil as per API
Change in hot fluid (lean dea) temperature, 661 guidelines is pour point of fluid (0 OC) plus API
Δth = thin- thout = 126.38-125.33=1.05 oC margin (9 oC),
Change in cold fluid (air) temperature,
Δtc = tcout- tcin = -1-(-28) = 27 oC Therefore, Minimum tube skin temperature
Approach Temperature = ᶿm1 = thout- tcin = 125.33-(-28) = pour point of steam (water) + 9oC API Margin
= 155.3 oC = 0o C+ 9 oC
Approach Temperature = ᶿm2 = thin - tcout = 9 oC
= 126.38- (-1) = 127.38oC But, in this case minimum tube skin of hot fluid
(steam) = 100.24 o C. Hence, this is far safer limits as per
guidelines. Hence design of steam coil is safe and up to
the mark.

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ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2017 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

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Table-1. Output summary obtained.

Output Summary

Released to the following HTRI Member Company:

MKH Units
Rating-Horizontal air-cooled heat exchanger forced draft countercurrent to crossflow

Process Conditions Outside Tubeside

Fluid name Steam

Fluid condition Sens. Gas Cond. Vapor

Total flow rate (1000-kg/hr) 281.448 3.483

Weight fraction vapor, In/Out 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.000

o
Temperature, In/Out ( C) -28.00 -1.00 126.38 125.33
o
Skin temperature, Min/Max ( C) 88.75 108.31 100.24 120.63
2
Pressure, Inlet/Outlet (kgf/cm A) 1.031 1.031 2.500 2.420
2
Pressure drop, Total/Allow (mmH2O) (kgf/cm ) 3.384 0.000 0.080 0.000

Midpoint velocity (m/s) 4.17 27.74

- In/Out (m/s) 45.49 6.633e-2

Heat transfer safety factor (--) 1 1

2
Fouling (m -hr-C/kcal) 0.000000 0.000100
Exchanger Performance
2 2
Outside film coef (kcal/m -hr-C) 27.28 Actual U (kcal/m -hr-C) 23.414
2 2
Tubeside film coef (kcal/m -hr-C) 12350.6 Required U (kcal/m -hr-C) 22.245
2 2
Clean coef (kcal/m -hr-C) 25.019 Area (m ) 587.846

Hot regime Cond. Vapor Overdesign (%) 5.25

Cold regime Sens. Gas Tube Geometry

o
EMTD ( C) 139.4 Tube type High-finned
Duty (MM kcal/hr) 1.823 Tube OD (mm) 25.400
Bundle 57.33 Airside Pressure Drop, %

Ground clearance 0.00 Fan guard 1.54

Fan ring 5.71 Fan area blockage 16.10

Steam coil analysis for optimal temperature
By analyzing the data, when the ambient
temperature is 38 oC, the minimum tube skin
temperature is 57.16 oC and when we go to another
extreme i.e. at -28 oC, the minimum tube skin
temperature is -12.73 oC. and by examining the API 661
guidelines, we come to know, that for designing of Air
cooled heat exchanger, the permissible tube skin
temperature is pour point of the fluid (lean dea) and 9 oC
of API margin, i.e. for lean dea the permissible tube skin
temperature =17 oC, but when the ambient temperature
falls to -28 oC, the tube skin temperature goes on -12.73
o
C, so we cannot afford the temperature of tube skin
below 17 oC as per guidelines. In this case we are
analyzing, at what temperature we start the steam coil,
because if the fluid in the heat exchanger freezes, more
steam and more auxiliary power (fan, motor, pump) is
required to defreeze the fluid and it will also affect the
performance of heat exchanger. So, we have to find the
optimum temperature to start the steam coil, for
optimum use of steam and auxiliary power without
affecting the performance of heat exchanger. In this
case, we conduct the run test of steam coil on various
temperatures.

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Table-2. Output summary HTRI Company.

Output Summary

Released to the following HTRI Member Company:

MKH Units

Rating-Horizontal air-cooled heat exchanger forced draft countercurrent to crossflow

Process Data Airside Tubeside

Fluid name Steam

Fluid condition Sens. Gas Cond. Vapor

Total flow rate (1000-kg/hr) 281.448 3.483

Weight fraction vapor, In/Out (--) 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.000

o
Temperature, In/Out ( C) -28.00 -1.00 126.38 125.33
o
Skin temperature, Min/Max ( C) 88.75 108.31 100.24 120.63
o
Wall temperature, Min/Max ( C) 88.75 108.31 99.94 120.30
2
Pressure, In/Out (kgf/cm A) 1.031 1.031 2.500 2.420
2
Pressure drop, Total/Allowed (mmH2O) (kgf/cm ) 3.384 0.000 0.080 0.000
2
Pressure Drop, A-frame reflux section (kgf/cm )

Velocity - Midpoint (m/s) 4.17 27.74

- In/Out (m/s) 45.49 6.633e-2

2
Film coefficient, Bare/Extended (kcal/m -hr-C) 623.08 27.28 12350.6
Mole fraction inert (--) 0.0000

Heat transfer safety factor (--) 1 1

2
Fouling resistance (m -hr-C/kcal) 0.000000 0.000100
Overall Performance Data

Overall coef, Design/Clean/Actual (kcal/m2-hr-C) 22.245 / 25.019 / 23.414

Heat duty, Calculated/Specified (MM kcal/hr) 1.8234 / 0.0000

Effective mean temperature difference (oC) 139.44

Table-3. Temperature readings obtained.

Temperature Minimum tube skin

S. NO
(o C) temperature (o C)
1 38 57.16
2 33 52.02
3 28 46.88
4 23 41.75
5 18 36.61
6 13 31.48
7 8 26.344
8 3 21.2

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9 2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
We always have to maintain the approach
temperature for proper design and performance of Air
Cooled Heat Exchanger. So, by the run test of steam coil,
we come to know that at -1 oC temperature, the minimum
tube skin temperature is 17.052 o C, and by API guidelines
we know that the minimum tube skin temperature is 17 oC.
So, we start the steam coil at -1 oC that is when the
ambient temperature reaches -1 oC, we start steam coil, at
this temperature, the fluid in the heat exchanger starts to
freeze. We start the steam coil before fluid starts freezing
in the heat exchanger. With the help of steam coil we
maintain the approach temperature, tube skin temperature
and performance of air cooled heat exchanger.
Objectives
a) The main objective of this thesis is that at low
ambient temperature, the fluid does not freeze in the
heat exchanger as; it would damage the heat
exchanger.
b) To maintain and enhance the performance of Heat
Exchanger.
c) Power saving is achieved, as we start steam coil when
the fluid just starts to freeze.
d) To give the thermal design & procedure of steam coil
for air cooled heat exchanger at normal ambient
temperature
ISSN 1819-6608
20.1808
1 19.1536
0 18.1264
-1 17.052
-2 15.952
-3 14.852
-8 9.352
-13 3.852
-18 -1.648
-23 -7.148
-28 -12.73
e) To discuss the importance of steam coil in Air Cooled
Heat Exchanger for low ambient temperature.
f) To discuss the importance of steam as a heating
medium in air cooled heat exchanger.
g) To discuss about protection of heat exchanger under
freezing temperature.
This is the thermal design of steam coil for
protecting the fluid from freezing and maintaining the
performance of Air cooled heat exchanger. During heat
exchanging process, steam loses its heat from 126.38 oC to
125.33 oC and cold fluid (air) gains the heat from -28 oCto
-1 oC. As we know, the pour point of steam is 0 oC and
considering API margin, the minimum tube skin
temperature is 9 oC. From results 12.3 and 12.3.1 at -28 oC
ambient temperature, the permissible tube skin
temperature is 110.24 oC, which is far greater than the
permissible tube skin temperature (17 oC), So, the design
and performance of steam coil for Forced Draft Counter to
Cross Flow Air Cooled Heat Exchanger is safe and hence
the fluid in the heat exchanger does not freeze; hence there
is not a problem in design. Steam coil will maintain the
Heat exchanger approach temperature and heat exchanger
tube skin temperature without compromising the
performance of heat exchanger, And then a question arises
that at what temperature we start the steam coil for heating
the fluid to achieve maximum auxiliary power saving,
energy saving and lower use of steam.
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Table-4. Results for thermal design of steam coil for air cooled heat exchanger under extremely
low ambient condition i.e. (-28 o C)

Final Results

Released to the following HTRI Member Company:

MKH Units
Rating-Horizontal air-cooled heat exchanger forced draft countercurrent to crossflow

Process Conditions Outside Tubeside

Fluid name Steam

Fluid condition Sens. Gas Cond. Vapor

Total flow rate (1000-kg/hr) 281.448 3.483

Weight fraction vapor, In/Out 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.000

o
Temperature, In/Out ( C) -28.00 -1.00 126.38 125.33
o
Skin temperature, Min/Max ( C) 88.75 108.31 100.24 120.63
2
Pressure, Inlet/Outlet (kgf/cm A) 1.031 1.031 2.500 2.420
2
Pressure drop, Total/Allow (mmH2O) (kgf/cm ) 3.384 0.000 0.080 0.000

Midpoint velocity (m/s) 4.17 27.74

- In/Out (m/s) 45.49 6.633e-2

Heat transfer safety factor (--) 1 1

Fouling (m2-hr-C/kcal) 0.000000 0.000100
Exchanger Performance

Outside film coef (kcal/m2-hr-C) 27.28 Actual U (kcal/m2-hr-C) 23.414

Tubeside film coef (kcal/m2-hr-C) 12350.6

2
Required U (kcal/m -hr-C) 22.245
2 2
Clean coef (kcal/m -hr-C) 25.019 Area (m ) 587.846

Hot regime Cond. Vapor Overdesign (%) 5.25

Cold regime Sens. Gas Tube Geometry

o
EMTD ( C) 139.4 Tube type High-finned
Duty (MM kcal/hr) 1.823 Tube OD (mm) 25.400
Bundle 57.33 Airside Pressure Drop, %

Ground clearance 0.00 Fan guard 1.54

Fan ring 5.71 Fan area blockage 16.10

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ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
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Table-5. Rating air cooled heat exchanger.

Final Results

Released to the following HTRI Member Company:

MKH Units

Rating-Horizontal air-cooled heat exchanger forced draft countercurrent to crossflow

Process Data Airside Tubeside

Fluid name Steam

Fluid condition Sens. Gas Cond. Vapor

Total flow rate (1000-kg/hr) 281.448 3.483

Weight fraction vapor, In/Out (--) 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.000

o
Temperature, In/Out ( C) -28.00 -1.00 126.38 125.33
o
Skin temperature, Min/Max ( C) 88.75 108.31 100.24 120.63
o
Wall temperature, Min/Max ( C) 88.75 108.31 99.94 120.30
2
Pressure, In/Out (kgf/cm A) 1.031 1.031 2.500 2.420
2
Pressure drop, Total/Allowed (mmH2O) (kgf/cm ) 3.384 0.000 0.080 0.000
2
Pressure Drop, A-frame reflux section (kgf/cm )

Velocity - Midpoint (m/s) 4.17 27.74

- In/Out (m/s) 45.49 6.633e-2

2
Film coefficient, Bare/Extended (kcal/m -hr-C) 623.08 27.28 12350.6
Mole fraction inert (--) 0.0000

Heat transfer safety factor (--) 1 1

2
Fouling resistance (m -hr-C/kcal) 0.000000 0.000100
Overall Performance Data

Overall coef, Design/Clean/Actual (kcal/m2-hr-C) 22.245 / 25.019 / 23.414

Heat duty, Calculated/Specified (MM kcal/hr) 1.8234 / 0.0000

Effective mean temperature difference (oC) 139.44

After that we did the analysis that at what
temperature we start the steam coil. From Research paper,
“Computational thermal design of forced draft counters to
cross flow Air Cooled heat exchanger at normal ambient
temperature i.e. at 38 oC” and from research paper
“Performance & Design Analysis of forced Draft counter
to cross flow Air cooled heat exchanger at extremely low
ambient temperature i.e. at -28 oC”, when ambient
temperature is 38oC, the minimum tube skin temperature is
57.16 oC and when we went to another extreme condition
i.e. -28 oC, the minimum tube skin temperature is -12.73
o
C. So we cannot afford the temperature of tube skin
below 17 oC as per guidelines. We found the optimum
temperature to start the steam coil, for optimum use of
steam and auxiliary power and for without affecting the
performance of heat exchanger. We started the steam coil
at different ambient temperatures and performed the run
test of steam coil and tabulated the data corresponding to
the tube skin temperature.
After the run test of steam coil, at -1 oC ambient
temperature, the minimum tube skin temperature is 17.052
o
C, and by API guidelines the minimum tube skin
temperature is 17 oC. So, we start the steam coil at -1 oC,
i.e. when the ambient temperature reaches -1 oC, we start
steam coil. At this temperature, the fluid in the heat
exchanger start to freeze, but before the fluid start to
freeze we turn on the steam coil.
CONCLUSIONS
In the thermal design of steam coil for Counter to
cross flow Air Cooled Heat Exchanger, we come to know
that the tube skin temperature of steam coil at- 28oC is
110.24oC, which is far greater than the permissible tube
skin temperature (17oC). So, the thermal design of steam

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coil for Forced Draft Counter to Cross Flow Air Cooled
Heat Exchanger is safe and hence the fluid in the heat
exchanger does not freeze, hence there is not a problem in
design.
We found the optimum temperature to start the
steam coil, for optimum use of steam and auxiliary power
and without affecting the performance of heat exchanger.
We start the run test of steam coil at different
temperatures. So, by the run test of steam coil, we
concluded that at -1oC temperature, the minimum tube
skin temperature is 17.052 o C, and by API guidelines we
come to know that the minimum tube skin temperature is
17oC, so we start the steam coil at -1oC, that is when the
ambient temperature reaches -1oC. And finally we know
that at -10C we have to start the steam coil to maintain the
performance of heat exchanger and doing the thermal
analysis of forced draft counter to cross flow Air cooled
heat exchanger we know that the tube skin temperature at -
1 oC is 17.05 oC, which is nearly greater than the
permissible tube skin temperature (17 oC), So, the design
and performance of Forced Draft Counter to Cross Flow
Air Cooled Heat Exchanger is safe.
OUTCOME
These are expected outcomes:
a) By the use of steam coil we maintain the Heat
exchanger approach temperature and heat exchanger
tube skin temperature without compromising the
performance of heat exchanger
b) Steam coil, heats the heat exchanger fluid and
ambient air, so the fluid in the exchanger does not
freezes.
c) Performance of Air cooled heat exchanger is
increased. 4. More power saved.
d) At extremely low ambient temperature the fluid in the
heat exchanger freezes. For this a steam coil was
required for heating the fluid, so that the tube skin
temperature is maintained at 17 oC. So we designed a
steam coil to prevent the fluid from freezing without
affecting the performance of air cooled counter to
cross flow heat exchanger.
REFERENCES
Parag Mishra, Dr Manoj Arya. 2016. Performance &
Design Analysis of forced Draft counter to cross flow Air
cooled heat exchanger at extremely low ambient
temperature i.e. at -28 oC. International Journal on
Emerging Technologies. 7(02): 23-32.
Parag Mishra. 2016. Dr Manoj Arya Computational
thermal design of forced draft counters to cross flow Air
Cooled heat exchanger at normal ambient temperature i.e.
at 38 o C. International Journal of Current Research
(IJCR). 8(08): 35963-35972.
ISSN 1819-6608
Parag Mishra, Dr Manoj Arya. 2016. A Review of
Literature on Steam Coil for Air Cooled Heat Exchanger.
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and
Technology (IJIET). 7(1): 695-701.
Parag Mishra, Dr Manoj Arya. 2016. A Review of
Literature on Thermal Design of Forced Draft Counter to
Cross flow Air Cooled heat exchanger. International
Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology.
5(4): 777-785.
Rohit S. Andhare, Amir Shooshtari, Serguei V.
Dessiatoun, Michael M. Ohadi. 2016. Heat transfer and
pressure drop characteristics of a flat plate manifold
microchannel heat exchanger in counter flow
configuration. Journal of Applied Thermal Engineering.
96: 178-189.
Haitao Hu, Xiaomin Weng, Dawei Zhuang, Guoliang
Ding, Zhancheng Lai, Xudong Xu. 2016. Heat transfer and
pressure drop characteristics of wet air flow in metal foam
under dehumidifying conditions Applied Thermal
Engineering. 93: 1124-1134.
Parag Mishra, Dr Manoj Arya. 2015. Auxiliary Power
Saving In Air Cooled Heat Exchanger by Fans.
International Journal of Enhanced Research in Science
Technology & Engineering (IJERSTE). 4(11): 41-48.
Parag Mishra, Dr Manoj Arya. 2015. Auxiliary Power
Saving In Air Cooled Steam Condenser by Pumps
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