For slender compression members, the code recommends the use of a second

order frame analysis, also called a P-? analysis, which includes the effect of
sway deflections on the axial loads and moments in a frame. For an adequate
and rational analysis, realistic moment curvature or moment rotation relationships
should be used to provide accurate values of deflections and forces. The
analysis also should include the effect of foundation rotation and sustained
loads. Because of the complexity in the general second order analysis of
frames, the code provides an approximate design method that takes into account
the �additional moments� due to lateral deflections in columns (IS 39.7).
See also Clause 38.7 of SP-24 1983 (IS 1993) for details.

Hence, when using the Indian IS 456:2000 code, it is recommended that the user
include P-Delta analysis. With this option, the program can capture the lateral
drift effect, i.e., the global effect or P-? effect, very nicely. But the program
does not capture the local effect (P-d effect) to its entirety because most
often the column members are not meshed. To capture the local effects in columns,
the program uses the approximate formula for additional moments as
specified in the code (IS 39.7.1). Two major parameters in calculating the
additional
moments are the effective length factors for major and minor axis bending.
The effective length factors for columns are computed using a codespecified
procedure (IS 25.2, Annex E). If P-? analysis is not included, the
program calculates effective length factors, K, assuming the frame is a sway
frame (sway unrestrained) (IS Annex E, Figure 27). However, if the P-? analysis
is included, the program assumes the member is prevented from further
sway and assumes that the frame can be considered non-sway where K < 1 (IS
Annex E, Figure 26). In that case, the program takes K equal to 1 conservatively.
For more information on P-? and P-d effects, please refer to Appendix
A. See Appendix C concerning the determination of K factors.