NAME: Muhamad Hazim Bin Ya

CLASS: 4c

CN: 410/071

HR: Rafidah

TEACHER: Pn. Siti Zabidah

 CONTENTS

5.1 SOAP AND DEERGEN

5.2 FOOD ADDERTIVE
5.3 MEDICINE
 Soap is a salt that are formed by neutralization proccess
SOAP between acid and alkali

Examples: sodium palmitate [ CH3(CH2)14COONa ]

CH3(CH2)14COOH+NaOH CH3(CH2)14COONa+H2O

It formed when palmatic acid is neutralized by sodium

hydroxide (NaOH)

 Salt that are formed by neutalizing an alkyihydrogen

sulphate and alkali

DETERGENT  Examples: sodium lauryl sulphate

 Detergent may contain many other substance in

addition to thesubstances that odes the cleanning
and also to make it more effective. These substances
are called ADDITIVE

 Biologicaal enzymes are catalyst that increase the

BIOLOGICAL detergency or cleaning power of the detergent.
ENZYMES  Whitening agent include bleaches such as sodium
perboate

 They release chlorine and oxygen that remove stain

and make clothes become whitter and cleaner
 Preparation of Detergent
Detergent are made up by the using of the raw material obtained from patroleum

Production of lauryl hydrogen sulphate

1
CH3(CH2)9CH20H + H2SO4 CH3 (CH2)9CH20SO3H (+ H2O

2 Neutralization of lauryle hydrogen sulphate

CH3 (CH2)9CH20SO3H + NaOH CH3 (CH2)9CH2OSO3Na + H2o

3
 Preparation of soap

Oils and fats are esters formed from glycerol and fatty acid

It made up through heating oil or fats with acid and alkali

such as sodium hydroxide

The oil or fats molecules are “broken up” or hydrolyzed to

glycerol and fatty acid

This reaction is the reverse of esterification (saponication)

The fatty acid formed then reacts with sodium hydroxide,

NaOH, to form a salt (soap)
Saponication of oils or fats

Neutralization of soap
 The cleansing action of soap and detergent

 one part of the soap and detergent anion is negatively charged (polar end)
 it is dissolve in water, it also hydrophilic or “like water”

hydrophobic part (non-polarena)

Hydrophilic
(polar end) part

 when soap and detergent is added to the dirty surface of a piece of clothes covered
with oil layer or grease

-The negatively charge `head` (hydrophilic) of soap ions or detergent ions dissolved in water

-The hydrocarbon `tail` (hydrophobic) of soap or detergent ions dissolve in the layer of the
grease or oil

 if the water is agitated slightly, the grease begins to lifted of the surface

 When the cloth is rinsed with water, the droplets will be carried away.

 Heating and stirring may help to loosen the dirty particles from the materials from
the materials being washed.
 Effectiveness of the cleansing active of soap and detergent

SOAP PROPERTY DETERGENT

Less powerful Cleaning Power More powerful

It is difficult to wash away all Ease of Rinsing Rinse out well from cloth
the soap on clothes. The
soap that remains leave &
odour then spoil the fabrics.

Slightly alkaline pH Can be controlled to suit the

cleaning task

Determine by the fatty acid
in the oil & fat used to
produce soap
Molecular Structure Can be modified to suit the
cleaning task.
e.g- detergent can be made
especially for cleaning toilet
bowl.

Form scum with hard water Formation of Scum Does not form scum with
hard water
5.2 FOOD ADDERTIVE
Uses of food additive

 To make food last longer (to stand the shelf life)

PRESERVATIVE
FLAVOURING
-sodium benzoate
-monosodium glutamate
-sodium nitrate
-aspartame

TYPES
STABILISER & THICKENER ANTIOXIDANT
-gelatine -ascorbic acid
-acacia gum

DYE
-azo compound
-triphenyl compound

Carcinogenic:
Allergy:
NaNO2
MSS

EFFECT ON HEALTH

Brain damage:
*Hyperactivity
 ANTIOXIDANT:
-to prevent spoilage of food due the PRESERVATIVE:
oxidation by oxygen -to inhabit or prevent the growth of moulds,
yeast and bacteria that spoil the food

FLAVAOURING AGENT:
-to enhance the taste of
food
FUNCTION OF

STABILISER AND
THICKENESS
COLOURING AGENT: -to improve the texture of
-to restore the colour food
-to enhance the natural
colour
 5.3 MEDICINE

- A medicine is a substances used to prevent or cure disease or to reduce the pain a

suffering due to illness

TRADITIONAL MEDICINE MODERM MEDICINE

(Derived from plat and……) (chemical that are extracted from

plants and animals)

- Plant Local

Aloe vera Type of modern medicine function analgesics relieve

pain aspirin, paracetamol antibiotic killor inhabit
Betel
growth of infectious bacteria penicilia
Pitter gourd

Coconut
Streptomysin dsy chortherapeutic medicine control
Garlic symptoms of mental illness stimulants anti
depressants
Ginger

Ginseng

Hibiscus

Turmeric
 Side effects of medicines

 Both traditional and modern medicines have side effect

 Some traditional medicine help people lose their weight by speeding up their

metabolism. The side effect are increase in blood pressure and heart rate

 Birth control pill are an examples of modern medicine. Women who use the pill

lexperience side effect such as hypertension, acne and abnormal bleeding

Correct ways to use the medicine

- Use the correct amount or dosage and using it for the correct purpose

- E.g antibodies to treat the infection caused by viruses is drug misuse

(this is because antibiotic have no effect on viruses)

- Drug abuse is using drug for its toxicating effect

- E.g the use of morptine, Viagra, ecstasy pill