SNI 03-1729-2002, Section 10

SNI 1729-2015, Section D

Civil Engineering Department

Petra Christian University

1
APPLICATION

1
Section 1 - 1
1

 Main member in a truss systems : Bridges, Roofs, Transmission Towers,

wind bracing systems in multistoried buildings.
 Secondary member : tie rods in a trussed floor system, tie rods in a wall girt system
 Could be a single or built-up section.
 Built-up section is used when :
* The capacity of single section is not enough
* Slenderness ratio of single member does not provide sufficient rigidity
* Requires a larger lateral stiffness
* unusual connection details require a particular cross-section
* Aesthetic reason 2
CROSS-SECTION OF TYPICAL TENSION MEMBERS

Round Flat bar Double

Angle Starred
bar angle angle

Channel Double
Latticed W section S-section
channel (wide-flange)
channels (American
Standard)

Built-up box section

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STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP IN TENSION MEMBER

Ideal elastic-plastic

Stress
P fu stress-strain relationship

L
fy
P
L L
Strain
0
Plastic range Strain hardening
Elastic range

P L
 f =   =
A L
where : f = stress (MPa) ;  = strain
P = tension load (N) ;  L = elongation
A = cross sectional area (mm2) ; L = member length
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NOMINAL STRENGTH
The controlling strength limit state for a tension member will be either :
1. Yielding of the gross cross-section of the member away from
the connection.
Nn = fy Ag
Where :
Nn = nominal strength
fy = yield stress
Nu Nu Ag = gross cross-sectional area

2. Fracture of the effective net area (i.e., through the holes) at the
connection

Nu Nu Nu Nu

favg on net section fy

fmax  3 favg
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Elastic stresses Ultimate condition
 When the limit state is a localized yielding resulting in a fracture
through the effective net area of a tension member having holes,
the nominal strength Nn is :
Where :
fu = tensile strength
Nn = fu Ae Ae = effective net area = U An
An = net area = A
 85% Agross
U = reduction factor
NET AREA
Example :
An = Ag - Ahole
Plate 6 x 100
= 100 x 6 - (19 + 2) x 6
19+2

= 474 mm2
100

Check :
Standard hole for a 19 mm diameter bolt 85% Agross = 0.85 x 100 x 6 = 510 mm2

Thus : An < 85% Ag ? 6

EFFECT OF STAGGERED HOLES ON NET AREA
A A
d
h g

B C B
t s

For path AB : For path AB :

An = Agross - Ahole An = Agross - Ahole
= ht-2dt = ht-dt

For path AC :
A minimum net area is
s2 t
defined as An = Agross - Ahole + 
4g
Critical Section
s2 t
= ht-2dt+
4g
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EXAMPLE 1 :
Determine the minimum net area / critical section of the plate shown below,
assuming a 22 mm diameter bolts are located as shown.

Solution :
The width used in deducting for holes is the hole diameter plus 2 mm, and
the staggered length correction is s2/4g.
53 47

Path AD : ______ mm2

62.5 62.5

A
Path ABD : ______ mm2
B
Path ABC : ______ mm2
300

100

D C
The critical section is path ______
75

An = ______ mm2

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HOLES ON ANGLES
CL of angle

t
d
d
ga t ga - t
CL of angle 2
t t gb - t
2 2
2
gb

EXAMPLE 2 :
L150.100.14 A
Critical section is
path _________
56 62.5

B
C An = _________ mm2
62.5 75
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EFFECTIVE NET AREA

 Tension force is NOT UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED over the net area.

e.g. - An angle section having connection to one leg only.
- Tension load which is applied eccentrically to a wide plate.

 Thus, the net area must be reduced become the EFFECTIVE NET -
AREA, expressed as :
Ae = U An Where : Ae = Effective net area
U = reduction factor  0.9
An = net area
x x = distance from centroid of element
U = 1-
l being connected eccentrically
x
to plane of load transfer
l = length of connection

C.G. angle

Gusset plate
l 10
TEARING FAILURE AT BOLT HOLES / BLOCK SHEAR RUPTURE

 Thin material  Tearing Failure Limit State = block shear

 Combination shear and tension tearing failure.
Shaded area
may tear out

Failure by tearing out

Gusset plate
shear tension shear tension

Large shear, small tension Large tension, small shear

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 The nominal strength Tn is expressed as :
1. Shear Yielding - Tension Fracture

Tn = 0.6 fy Ags + fu Ant Note

u = 0.58 u  0.6 fu

2. Tension Yielding - Shear Fracture

Tn = 0.6 fu Ans + fy Agt

Where :
Tn = nominal tension
fy = yield stress
fu = fracture stress
Ags = gross area subjected to shear yielding
Agt = gross area subjected to tensile yielding
Ans = net area subjected to shear fracture
Ant = net area subjected to tensile fracture
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 LOAD TRANSFER AT CONNECTION
3 2 1 t

N N N
d 6 N = Nu
Nu
h
N N N

3 2 1

N
Nu = 6 N Nu 2 N Nu
3 u
N

Section 1 - 1 Section 2 - 2
An = Agross - Ahole An = Agross - Ahole
= h.t - 2.d.t = h.t - 2.d.t

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 N N
1 N
3 u Nu 5 N
6 u Nu
N N
N

Section 3 - 3 Section 1 - 2
s2 t
An = Agross - Ahole An = Agross +  - Ahole
4g
= h.t - 2.d.t
s2 t
= h.t + -2.d.t
4g

Note :
Critical section is the section which gives the smallest value of Nu

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STIFFNESS AS A DESIGN CRITERION - SNI 2002 sec 7.6.4
SNI 2015 sec D1

For main member :   240

For secondary member :   300

Where :  = slenderness ratio = L

rmin
L = length of tension member
rmin = minimum radius of gyration between rx and ry
Ix Iy
rx = and ry = A
A
Ix = moment of inertia of the section to its x axis
Iy = moment of inertia of the section to its y axis
A = cross-sectional area 15
LOAD & RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN - TENSION MEMBER
SNI 2002 Section 6

 LRFD gives the structural safety requirement as follows :

Where :
 Rn   i Qi  = strength reduction factor (SNI 2002 table 6.4-2)
Rn = nominal resistance (strength)
i = overload factor (SNI 2002 sec. 6.2.2)
Qi = loads

 For Tension Members, the LRFD equation becomes :

Where :
 Nn  Nu Nn = nominal strength of tension member (N)
Nu = factored load on a tension member (N)

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 The design strength  Nn is the smaller of that based on
a. Yielding in the gross section :

 Nn =  fy Ag = 0.90 fy Ag SNI 2015, D2-1

b. Fracture in the net section :

 Nn =  fu Ae = 0.75 fu Ae SNI 2015, D2-2

c. Block Shear Rupture : (SNI 2015, J4-5)

 Nn = 0.75 [ 0.6 fy Ags + fu Ant ]

 Nn = 0.75 [ 0.6 fu Ans + fy Agt ]

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 EXAMPLE 3 :

The angle L50.50.5 subjected to an axial tension load Nu = 150 kN. Check the capability
of the member ! The material is fy = 240 MPa and fu = 370 MPa. Assumed the welded
connection is strong enough to carry the tension load.
x
Sectional properties :
Ag = 480 mm2 ; e = 14 mm
50 Nu Because the connection using welded system
thus :
50 An = Ag = 480 mm2

x 14
U = 1- l = 1- = 0.72
50
Ae = An . U
= 480 . 0.72 = 346 mm2

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 The nominal strength  Nn is the smaller of that based on :
a. Yield condition :  Nn =  fy . Ag = 0.9 . 240 . 480
= 103680 N = 103.68 kN
b. Fracture condition :  Nn =  fu . Ae = 0.75 . 370 . 346
= 96015 N = 96.02 kN
c. Block Shear Rupture : No block shear rupture

The nominal strength of the member ( Nn) is 96.02 103.68 kN < factored
load (Nu = 150 kN). Thus, this member will fail.
NOTE: no hole  no fracture/rupture !!!
EXAMPLE 4
An 8 m tension member has to carry 500 kN of dead load and 400 kN of live load. Design this
member using WF section below with fy = 240 MPa and fu = 370 MPa.
½ NU

NU

½ NU 19
Factored load combination based on SNI 2002 (6.2.2):
* Nu1 = 1.4 ND = 1.4 . 500 = 700 kN
* Nu2 = 1.2 ND + 1.6 NL = 1.2 . 500 + 1.6 . 400 = 1240 kN
Thus Nu2 control the design, Nu = 1240 kN.

For the WF section which is connected on both of its flange as shown, no eccentricity
between bolt and the load. It would be reasonable if U  0.9

The minimum effective net area is defined from the minimum nominal strength  Nn
of this two condition below :
Nu 1240000
a. Yield condition : Nu   fy . Ag Ag    5741 mm2
 fy 0.9 x 240
1240000
b. Fracture condition : Nu   fu . An . U An   4960 mm2
0.75 x 370 x 0.9

Based on Ag  5741 mm2, try to use WF 200.200.8.12 with the properties as follows :
b = 200 mm Ag = 6353 mm2 tf = 12 mm
h = 200 mm imin = iy = 50.2 mm tb = 8 mm

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 For the connection, using a 22 mm diam. bolt (hole diameter = 25 mm).
Ag = An min + totally hole area
= 4960 + (4 . 25 . 12) there are 4 holes in cross section
= 6160 mm2

From both of yield and fracture condition we need a gross-sectional area, Ag  6160 mm2.

Check the properties of WF 200.200.8.12 :

* Ag = 6353 mm2 > 6160 mm2 (OK)
L 8000
*  = = = 159.4 < 240 (OK)
rmin 50.2
Check for Block Shear Rupture :
shear tension
Ags = [( 2 x 3 x 100 ) ] x 12 = 7200 mm2
Agt = [ (2 x 50) ] x 12 = 1200 mm2
4 x 50

½ Nu Ans = Ags - Ahole = 7200 - [( 6 x 25 ) ] x12

= 5400 mm2
Ant = Agt - Ahole = 1200 - [( 2 x 25 ) ] x 12
100 100 100 = 600 mm2
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Shear fracture = 0.6 fu Ans = 0.6 x 370 x 5400 = 1198.8 kN
Tension fracture = fu Ant = 370 x 600 = 222 kN

For shear yielding - tension fracture :

 Nn = 0.75 [ 0.6 fy Ags + fu Ant ]
= 0.75 [ 0.6 x 240 x 7200 + 370 x 600 ] = 944.1 kN

For shear fracture - tension yielding :

 Nn = 0.75 [ 0.6 fu Ans + fy Agt ]
= 0.75 [ 0.6 x 370 x 5400 + 240 x 1200] = 1115.1 kN

Then :
 Nn > ½ Nu  944.1 kN > ½ (1240) kN

From checking of block shear rupture we find that the capacity of section is more
than the factored load, thus WF 200.200.8.12 is OK.

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EXAMPLE 5
A roof system shown below use an angle section as a tension member on which applied
200 kN live load and 100 kN dead load. Design this section using material of BJ 37
(fy = 240 MPa, fu = 370 MPa)
Solution
Based on SNI, factored load are :
Nu1 = 1.2 D + 1.6 L
Tension member
= 1.2 x 100 + 1.6 x 200 = 440 kN (control)
using L section
Nu2 = 1.4 D
3m

= 1.4 x 100 = 140 kN

4m Slenderness requirement :
L 5000
 240  rmin 
rmin 240
rmin  20.83 mm

From slenderness requirement, try to use L 110.110.10 with rmin = r = 21.6 mm.
Assuming we use a 7.85 mm diameter bolt with the distance of 30 mm vertically and
20 mm horizontally as shown below, 23
 Check for the connection configuration
ex = 30.7
I There are 2 critical path that may govern.
* For path I - I :
40 30 40

L 110.110.10
An = Ag - Ahole = 2120 - (2 x 10 x 10)
CG = 1920 mm2
II I * For path I - II :
s2 t
3 x 20 Hole diam. = 7.85 + 2  10 mm
An = Ag - Ahole +
4g
202 . 10
= 2120 - (2 x 10 x 10) +
4 . 30
= 1953 mm2

From both of critical path, An = 1920 mm2 take a control.

x 30.7
U = 1 - = 1 - = 0.233
l 40
Ae = An . U = 1920 x 0.233 = 447 mm2

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Checking for capacity of the section based on its effective net area :
a. Yield condition : Nu   fy . Ag
440000  0.9 x 240 x 2120
440 kN  457.92 kN (OK)

b. Fracture condition : Nu   fu . An . U
440000  0.75 x 370 x 447
440 kN  124.04 kN (NO)

It is shown that fracture condition control the failure. And the main cause of it is the value
of effective area (Ae) is too small (because of much reduction by U). To increase the value
of U and An, we have to re-arrange the configuration of connection.
Alternatively, the bolts can be changed to 12 mm hz’ly spaced at 35 mm (note that maximum
horizontal distance of bolt is 3 times the diameter of bolt). And to increase the value of An
we use L 120.120.11.

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 Check for the connection configuration
I ex = 33.6
There are 2 critical path that may governed.
* For path I - I :
40 30 50

L 120.120.11
An = Ag - Ahole = 2540 - (2 x 14 x 11)
CG = 2232 mm2
II I * For path I - II :
s2 t
5 x 35 Hole diam. = 12 + 2  14 mm
An = Ag - Ahole +
4g
352 . 11
= 2540 - (2 x 14 x 11) +
4 . 30
= 2344 mm2

From both of critical path, An = 2232 mm2 take a control.

x 33.6
U = 1 - = 1 - = 0.76
l 4 x 35
Ae = An . U = 2232 x 0.76 = 1696 mm2

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 Checking for capacity of the section based on its effective net area :
a. Yield condition : Nu   fy . Ag
440000  0.9 x 240 x 2540
440 kN  548.6 kN (OK)

b. Fracture condition : Nu   fu . An . U
440000  0.75 x 370 x 1696
440 kN  470.6 kN (OK)
Checking for block shear rupture :
Since critical path is defined as path I - I, so the scheme for block shear rupture is as follows :
* Scheme I : Ags = 5 x 35 x 11 = 1925 mm2
Ans = 1925 - ( 5 x 14 x 11) = 1155 mm2
40 30 50

Agt = ( 30 + 50 ) x 11 = 880 mm2

Ant = 880 - ( 2 x 14 x 11) = 572 mm2

I
Shear fracture = 0.6 fu Ans = 0.6 x 370 x 1155 = 256.41 kN
5 x 35
Tension fracture = fu Ant = 370 x 572 = 211.64 kN
For shear yielding - tension fracture :
 Nn = 0.75 [ 0.6 fy Ags + fu Ant ]
= 0.75 [ 0.6 x 240 x 1925 + 370 x 572 ] = 366.63 kN
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* Scheme II : Ags = 10 x 35 x 11 = 3850 mm2
Ans = 3850 - ( 10 x 14 x 11) = 2310 mm2
40 30 50

Agt = 30 x 11 = 330 mm2

Ant = 330 - ( 2 x 14 x 11) = 22 mm2
Shear fracture = 0.6 fu Ans = 0.6 x 370 x 2310 = 512.82 kN
5 x 35 I
Tension fracture = fu Ant = 370 x 22 = 8.14 kN
For shear yielding - tension fracture :
 Nn = 0.75 [ 0.6 fy Ags + fu Ant ]
= 0.75 [ 0.6 x 240 x 3850 + 370 x 22 ] = 421.91 kN
From 4 values of tension capacity in term of block shear rupture, the collapse will be
for tension yielding and shear fracture as defined in scheme I. And the tension capacity,
 Nn = 366.63 kN is smaller than the factored load, Nu = 440 kN.

What shall be done ?

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