PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER-2

1. What aspect of wave mechanics does a phased array constructed beam rely on?
A) Effective damping material to prevent cross-talk between the elements
B) The shear modulus of piezo materials
C) Amplitude of waves (i.e. applied voltage)
D) Constructive interference

2. Who postulated the theory used in phased arrays state that every point on a wave
front may itself be regarded as a source of secondary wave?
A) Fraunhoffer
B) Fermat
C) Fresnel
D) Huygens

3. Who is responsible for theory used in phased array ray-tracing that states that the
ray travelling from one point to another will follow a path such that, compared with
nearby by paths, the time required is a minimum?
A) Huygens
B) Fermat
C) Fresnel
D) Fraunhoffer

4. Who aspect of the “Wavelets” generated by each element on the phased array probe
is critical when shaping the beam?
A) Phase and interaction point with the adjacent wavelets
B) Frequency content of the wavelets
C) Their electrical impedance
D) Their acoustic impedance

5. In phased array UT, very strictly speaking, a Focal Law is

A) A equation of the Fermat solution for transmission to an arbitrary point is space
B) A mathematical formula used for firing the phased array instrument
C) The element firing sequence in an S-scan
D) Just a modification of Snell’s Law
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER - 3

1. In a phased array probe, when a voltage pulse applied to the piezoelectric material
what is the nature of deformation?
A) Expansion (compression mode)
B) Torsional
C) Shear ( S H Mode)
D) Bending mode

2. Which of these phased-array probe designs does not permit beam steering?

a) 10 element linear array b) 4x4 matrix planar array c) 4 elements annular array

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) All three permit beam steering

3. What is another term of phased array probe called a “rho-theta” probe?

A) Linear
B) Encircling
C) Annular
D) Segmented annular

4. What is the term given to the phased array probe element arrangement indicated in
the image?

A) 1D- Circular array

B) Annular array
C) Segmented annular array
D) Linear array

5. In a rectangular element in a phased array probe, the acoustic element’s long

dimension is called the “element –length” or
A) Passive aperture
B) Active aperture
C) Focal unit
D) Element width
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER - 3

6. Phased-array probes that has the elements configured as a set of concentric rings is
a(n)
A) Annular array
B) Circular array
C) Daisy array
D) Concave array

7. How would a Daisy Array be used in a phased-array UT inspection?

A) As a ring of concave probes for ERW weld inspections
B) As a sequenced array of convex probes for full-body inspection of heavy-wall pipe
C) With a mirror to inspect from the inside of tubes
D) For a fat determinations on bovine specimens

8. Which of the following indicates a dual array probe generating longitudinal waves
primarily used for austenitic metal inspections?
A) Daisy Array
B) TRL-PA
C) Linear-PA
D) VLF-array

9. Which kind of phased-array probe could be used to intentionally skew the beam
using phasal-interference?
A) Focused-linear
B) Matrix or 2D
C) Annular
D) TRL-PA

10.What function would a lateral array wedge would be used for in phased-array UT
applications?
A) Corrosion mapping
B) Wall thickness determinations
C) Skewing the beam in the plane of incidence
D) Normal weld inspections

11.When using a phased-array linear probe on a refracting wedge it is not feasible to

indicate the “refracted angle” of the beam as is done for single element probe.
Instead, what is the wedge angle that is indicating on the refracting wedge?
A) Incident angle
B) Natural angle
C) Squint angle
D) Skew angle
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER - 3

12.To a close approximation, the positioning of the phased-array elements in 3D space,

with the intervening acoustic velocities, can be used to correct signal arrival times so
as to position indications in the test piece with their true depth. Focal law
computations relying on these parameters use what principle?
A) Fraunhoffer
B) Fresnel
C) Fermat
D) Snellius

13.For a given nominal frequency of phased-array probe, what is the thickness to which
a piezo-element array will be lapped relative to the acoustic velocity of the piezo-
material?
A) 2λ
B) λ
C) λ/2
D) λ/4

14.In a linear array phased-array probe, what is considered the “elevation” dimension?
A) The element length
B) The passive aperture
C) The total aperture
D) Both a & b

15.The distance between the centres of two adjacent array element is termed
A) Kerf
B) Gap-length
C) Element pitch
D) Wavelength

16.In a linear array phased-array probe, elevation focusing is accomplished by focusing

the transducer in the passive direction by
A) Applying a lensing material
B) Shaping the ceramic element
C) focal law delays
D) both a & b may be used

17.The small width saw-cut between elements In a phased-array probe is sometimes

called the
A) Pitch
B) Kerf
C) Smurf
D) SWSC
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER - 4

1. A delay pattern of adjacent element is usually provided in graphical user

interfaces for phased-array systems. For a given probe with no refracting wedge;
when the delay to a set of elements in a linear phased-array probe is symmetrical
with the maximum delay at the centre element and the reducing delays until the
outer elements are reached where there is zero delay, what is the type of beam
formed?
A) Depth focused
B) Angle steered
C) Both focused & steered
D) Unfocused & unsteered

2. A delay pattern of adjacent element is usually provided in graphical user interfaces for
phased-array systems. For a given probe with no refracting wedge; when the delay to a set of
elements in a linear phased-array probe is seen to have a maximum delay at one end of the
active elements and zero at the other end of the elements at a constant decrease in deal from
one end to other, what is the type of beam formed?
A) Depth focused
B) Angled
C) Both focused & steered
D) Projection focused
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER - 5
1. For a given a linear phased array probe, what variable is available to the operator to limit its
near field length?
A) Frequency
B) Number of elements used
C) Pulse duration of the pulser voltage
D) Voltage of the pulser

2. Given a 60 element linear phased array probe, what aspect of the phased array probe would be
used to increase the distance to the near zone for a focal law for an unfocused beam?
A) Increase delay times between adjacent elements
B) Increase the number of elements used
C) Increase the receiver amplifier voltage
D) Increase the pulser voltage

3. When using 60 element linear array phased array probe what effect on the lateral beam size at the focal
spot does a shortening of the focal distance have?
A) Decrease it
B) Increase it
C) No significant change are noted in the lateral direction
D) None of the above, it is unpredictable

4. What effect on the beam size at the focal spot does a shortening of the focal distance have in the active
plane?
A) Increase it
B) Decrease it
C) No change results
D) None of the above, it is unpredictable
5. Phased array inspection can sometimes take advantage of the higher beam intensity afforded by
focusing. Linear phased-arrays can be considered to use one of four forms of focusing. Identify the
type of focusing used by example1 in the image.

A) Focal plane
B) Half-path
C) True depth
D) Projection
6. phased array applications use a group of elements in firing a specific focal law. The dimension of the
equivalent probe size in the focal law is considered____
A) The total aperture
B) The active aperture
C) The passive aperture
D) unimportant
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER - 5
7. Phased array inspections can sometimes take advantage of the higher beam intensity arranged
by focusing. Linear phased-arrays can be considered to use of four forms of focusing. Identify
the type of focusing used by example 2 in the image.

A) Focal plane
B) Half-path
C) True depth
D) Projection

8. Phased array inspections can sometimes take advantage of the higher beam intensity arranged
by focusing. Linear phased-arrays can be considered to use of four forms of focusing. Identify
the type of focusing used by example 3 in the image.

A) Focal plane
B) Half-path
C) True depth
D) Projection

9. Phased array inspections can sometimes take advantage of the higher beam intensity arranged
by focusing. Linear phased-arrays can be considered to use of four forms of focusing. Identify
the type of focusing used by example 4 in the image.

A) Focal plane
B) Half-path
C) True depth
D) Projection
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER - 5
10. For a given active aperture in a phased-array probe, what causes the depth of the field to be
decreased (as seen in the image)?

A) Increasing the computed focal depth

B) Decreasing the computed focal depth
C) Decreasing the the pulse-duration applied to each of the element
D) Increasing the voltage applied to each of the elements

11. The image indicates the on –axis pressure of a focused ultrasound beam. What is the term given
to “Z”.

A) Focal point
B) Focal depth
C) Depth of the field
D) Acoustic impedance of the focal spot

12. The red ellipses in the image indicate the sound path over which the beam 6 dB drop occurs. As
the focusing increases this region shortens. What is the term used for region”

A) The near field

B) The far field
C) Depth of field
D) None of the above
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER - 5
13. Given a focal law that focuses an ultrasonic beam at 0° and has a depth of field as seen on the
left of the image , what single parameter would the operator need to change in the order to
reduce the depth of field without altering the depth of focus?

A) Apodisation would be required

B) The timing delay to the outermost elements
C) The pulse-duration applied to each of element
D) The number of adjacent elements in the focal law

14. Phased – array probe use focal law s to construct the ultrasonic beam . what is the term given
to the central region of the beam containing the most significant pressure .
A) Fermat region
B) Lateral lobe
C) Main lobe
D) First focal law
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER - 6
1. when a group of focal laws is fired in a sequence with delays between adjacent elements altered
from one focal law to the next to produce a range of angles , what is results called ?

A) DDF
B) E-scan
C) S-scan
D) M-scan

2. when a group of focal laws is fired in a sequence that is simply the same set of delays for a fixed
angle repeated by multiplexing the focal with delays between adjacent elements altered from one
focal law to the next to produce a range of angles , what is results called ?

A) DDF
B) E-scan
C) S-scan
D) M- Scan

3 . What is the type of phased array scan that uses a series of focal laws to duplicate a raster scan (similar
to manual scanning)?

A) Dynamic depth focusing

B) Azimuthal
C) Linear or electronic
D) Sectorial

4.What is the type of phased array scan that uses a sense of focal laws sweep through a range of angle
from nominally fixed exit point?

A) Sectorial
B) Linear
C) Arc
D) Dynamic depth focusing

5. What is another name for the S-scan?

A) Azimuthal
B) Sectorial
C) Linear
D) Both a & b

6.Most phased array instruments are made using tuneable-square wave-pulsar. What is the main
benefit of tuneable-square wave-pulsar?

A) Avoid ringing
B) Maximising transducer surface displacement (amplitude output)
C) There are no advantage of a tuneable-pulsar
D) Increasing impedance matching
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER - 6
7. When a single focal law is fired to transmit an ultrasonic pulse and then the receiver is adjusted to
dynamically change the focal distance as the signal returns to the phased array probe, what is the
result called?
A) DDF
B) Dyna-scan
C) Deconvolution
D) Signal averaging
8. What is the type of beam deflection using the wedge illustrated?

A) Lateral
B) Azimuthal
C) Sectorial
D) Passive
9. When a weld is inspected using S-scan, it often required to provide scans from two separate stand-
offs in addition to requiring scans from both side of the weld. Why?
A) To ensure full volume coverage(especially for thick and wide welds)
B) To ensure each voxel is addressed by multiple beam angles to improve flaw detection
C) Both a & b
D) S-scans should not be used for weld inspection ( E-scan is the required technique)

10. The image below illustrates a modelling of a phased-array probe and the intended beam paths to
inspect a butt weld. What “type” of phased array probe would most likely be used for this
application?
A) Linear array
B) Annular array
C) Conformable array
D) 2D Matrix array

11. Some phased array linear arrays can be configured to carry out TOFD inspections. What is the
advantage of PA generated TOFD over single element TOFD?
A) Adjustable aperture
B) Adjustable angles to improve the resolution
C) Potential to use focused beams for improving tip diffraction sizing resolution
D) All of the above

12. DDF (Dynamic Depth Focusing)_____________________

A) Can increase inspection speed over normal focusing
B) Increase signal to noise ratio
C) Increase the depth of field of the focal zone
D) All of the above
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER - 6
13. A single pass mechanical scan parallel to the weld or region to be inspected is often the preferred
technique for phased-array inspection of welds. What is another term of this technique?
A) Linear or one-line scan
B) E-scan
C) D-scan
D) S-scan

14. Phased-array probes may be used to sweep through a series of angles. This mean that the exit point
of the beam is not marked on the wedge. In an S-scan exit point position changes for every angle in
spite of the same aperture (group of adjacent elements) being used. What is this called?
A) Fermat’s Folly
B) Focal Law Paradox
C) Index Point Migration
D) Snellius Drift

15. Phased-array technology with data recording allows for ideal conditions to monitor flaw for change.
Reproducibility of inspection result can then be based on
A) Defect parameters
B) Reference gain from probe to probe
C) Reference gain from inspection to inspection
D) All of the above

16. When a phased-array probe is operated manually and the data saved or acquired based on
acquisition time the operation is said to be
A) Automatic
B) Semiautomatic
C) Free running
D) Fast

17. As a result of need to coordinate acquired data in 3D space, there is a requirement of the phased-
array operator to enter the “skew” of probes at the time of system setup. When using a splitter and
having 2 probes simultaneously collect data from a linear scan weld inspection, what would the
skew be for each of the probes positioned on the opposite side of the weld?
A) 0° and 180°
B) 90° and 270°
C) 180° and - 180°
D) 45° and 135°
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER - 7
1. Angle-corrected gain is a technique used in phased-array calibrations. It is_____
A) Compensation for the variation in signal amplitudes received from a constant sound path
during S-scan calibration
B) Compensation for the variation in signal amplitudes received from a constant sound path
during E-scan calibration
C) A software gain added after data is collected
D) Only used in nuclear applications

2. ACG or angle-corrected-gain compensates for echo-transmittance variations that occur over a

range of angles. There is a practical limit to which this can be accomplished due to
A) The calibration blocks required
B) Steering limit of the probe design used
C) Grating lobes effects from the passive aperture
D) All of the above

3. The image shows a B-scan of a surface-connected flaw (flaw image overlaid on B-scan). What is
the nature of the signal identified as having amplitude of -9db?

A) Tip echo
B) Corner echo
C) Specular echo
D) Mode-converted echo

4. When performing a phased-array inspection, when would it be advisable to collect the A-scan
data in RF?
A) When assessing flaw size using tip echoes
B) For corrosion assessment
C) When using phase-arrays in tandem mode for narrow gap welds
D) It is never advisable to use the RF mode in ultrasonic testing of any sort

5. Why is the 50mm radius of the V2 block is ideal to use for setting sensitivity compensation
when configuring focal laws for S-scans using a probe mounted on a refracting wedge instead of
other target?
A) Because a SDH provide too low an echo response
B) Because S-scans cannot detect FBH reliably
C) Both a & b
D) Because it provides a constant soundpath for all focal laws
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER - 7
6. What would be used to assess the steering and resolution limits of an S-scan that was focused
along a plane perpendicular to the test surface?
A) A series of SDHs aligned vertically and at increasing the depth to the test surface
B) The 100mm radius of the IIW block
C) The end of the IIW block
D) A series of SDHs at the depth from the test surface

7. What is the purpose of the radiused arrangement of SDHs in the phased-array assessment block
below?

A) To set range of all focal laws

B) To establish resolving and steering limits of the focal laws in a system
C) Provide the targets on which to compensate for attenuation
D) Provide the targets on which to compensate for wedge delay

8. The approximate steering limit for a given phased-array probe is based on its element width
dimension (active aperture dimension). This is based on the half-angle of divergence. As a rule
of thumb, what is the pulse-echo beam boundary used for this estimate?
A) -3db
B) -6db
C) -12db
D) -20db
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER - 7
9. The technique indicated using one group of a phased-array probe elements to transmit (blue)
and another to receive (red) is called

A) Tandem
B) Pitch-catch
C) Both a & b
D) Pulse-skip-echo

10. Given that the blue lines indicate the transmitted beam and the red indicates the received ray,
what will the optimum refracted angle that the receiver focal laws is configure for if the
transmitted beam is 60° and the bevel angle is 4° from vertical?

A) 56°
B) 60°
C) 64°
D) 68°
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER - 8
1. The image indicates a large nozzle weld with 7 S-scans used to examine the
volume. From the weld edge to the exit point of the 7th S-scans is 200mm. how
would such a scan-image probably be made?

A) Single probe with 300 elements at a 1 mm pitch on a refracting wedge merging the results
of seven different scans.
B) Merging the results of seven different scans.
C) A copy –paste process using a standard image processing software
D) The image is not possible to make using real s-scan data.

2. The image illustrates a nozzle weld scan with the black –line outline of the weld . this is
called a weld overlay (not the same as cladding overaly ) what is the purpose of the weld
overlay image?

A) An aid plotting indication to Characterise then as flaw or geometry

B) As alternative means to be calibrating the encoder
C) Both a and b
D) To validate to acoustic velocity use in a focal law
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER - 8
1. Ultrasonic phased –array systems rely on accurate timing and frequency –tuning of pulses
to each element. Which of the pulse shapes would be used for a phased –array
instruments ?

A) Spike
B) Tone-burst
C) Square wave
D) None of the above

2. What ultimately determines the accuracy of the position of a signal in the time gate?
A) A to D digitising frequency (ADC rate )
B) Probe frequency
C) The reference target amplitude
D) The encoder

3. Most phased –array instruments use a digital display . what is the dynamic range of a 10 bit
digital instruments being used with an un –rectified display?
A) 60 dB
B) 54 dB
C) 48 dB
D) 42 dB

4. How many amplitude control linearity checks must be run on a phased –array system prior
to use
A) 1
B) 16
C) One for each pulsar/receiver in the unit
D) One for each element that can be addressed by the system

5. “Dead elements” are elements in an array that are no longer active in a phased array probe.
This is a result of
A) Failed elements or their soldered connection in the probe
B) Poor or intermittent contacts at the connection terminals or in the cables
C) Failed pulsar-receiver board
D) All of the above are potential sources
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER - 8
6. In phased-array UT, what is the general term for a file containing the entire set of hardware
and software parameters for phased-array operation, which defines the element to be fired,
time delays voltage , for the both the transmitter and receiver function.
A) Focal law
B) TXT File
C) PA – File
D) X- file

7. Black dots along the analogue waveform in the image indicate the digitisation points for
converting the signal to digital format . the feature labelled AE is the amplitude error that
results due to a low ADC rate . Without increasing the ADC rate , what could the operator
do to reduce the amplitude error?

A) Rectify the signal

B) Smooth the signal
C) Both rectifying and smoothing the signal is required
D) Nothing

8. phased –array systems usually allow pulse –tuning to optimise performance. A formula
used to indicate the pulse-duration of the high voltage square wave excitation of the
elements is PW=500/Fc;Where pw is the pulse –width and fc the probe centre frequency
.the units are not stated .for a 5 MHz probe indicates that the the pulse –width is.
A) 100 MHz ADC
B) 100microseconds
C) 100 Nano seconds
D) 100 femtoseconds

9. Phased- array systems usually allow pulse-tuning to optimise performance . A formula used
to elements is indicate the pulse –duration of the high voltage square wave excitation of
the elements is PW=500/Fc; Where PW is the pulse –width and Fc the probe centre
frequency .what is the optimum pulse –width for a 7.5 MHz probe?
A) 67us
B) 67ns
C) 150us
D) 150 ns
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER - 8
10. Analogue to digital conversion rate critical when trying to maintain A good compression
Between the original analogue amplitude and the digitise equivalent.in order that there is
less than 1%amplitude error ,the digitizing rate as a function of the probe frequency should
be at least -------------times the probe centre frequency.
A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 10

11. What is not an advantage of 12 bit digitisation over 8 bit digitisation?

A) Improved resolution
B) Improved signal to noise ratio
C) Smaller file size
D) Option to reduce gain to avoid signal saturation

12. Reduction of what parameter will increase the size of a data file collected in phased –array
s-scan ?
A) A-scan time window
B) Number of angles sampled in the S –scan
C) Data sampling rate (12 bit to 8 bit )
D) Scan axis resolution (sample interval)

13. Decreasing which parameter will decrease the size of a data file collected in a phased-array
S-scan?
A) A- scan time window length
B) Number of angles sampled in the S-scan
C) A-scan window ADC rate
D) All of the above

14. When lower voltage is applied to outer elements in a given focal law with the intent to
reduce the sensitivity to side lobe effects, what is the process called ?
A) Split spectrum processing
B) Apodisation
C) Edge-effect reduction
D) Element damping

15. Some ut instruments permit selection of “filters” in the receiver to optimise signal results .
when using a band-pass filter what is the primary basis of selection?
A) Probe bandwidth
B) Probe centre frequency
C) Cable length
D) The number of elements in the array
 PAUT HOME WORK / CLASS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER - 8

16. What effect doe signal averaging at a rate of 4x Have on the file size in a stored phased –
array scan?
A) Reduced it by factor of 4
B) Increases it by factor of 4
C) Increases by the square of the averaging rate (16)
D) Has no effect on the file size