Mnemonic device ossicle endoskeleton is the only characterisitic

shared by all 5 classes of this Phylum.

"Idiot, Please Carry Everyones Biology Book"
Explanation Mnemonic device
ECOLOGY: SMALLEST TO BIGGEST
"GRIM END"
Idiot = Individual
Please = Population Explanation
Carry = Community The 7 aspects of life:
Everyones = Ecosystem Growth, Reproduction, Irritability, Movement,
Biology = Biome Excretion, Nutrition, and Death
Books = Biosphere
Mnemonic device Mnemonic device
"Old People Catch Easy Breaks" "CORD 'N' GERMS"
Explanation Explanation
These are the five levels at which relationships Characteristics of Life:
between biotic/abiotic factors are studied. Cells, Osmoregulation, Reproduction, Death,
Old = Organisms Nutrition, Growth, Excretion, Respiration,
People = Populations Movement, and Sensitivity.
Catch = Communities
Easy = Ecosystems Mnemonic device
Breaks = Biosphere
"MRS GREN"

Mnemonic device Explanation

The common attributes of living things:
"Some Grownups Can't See Magic Ponies But
Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth,
Children CAN"
Reproduction, Excretion, and Nutrition.
Explanation
Classes and sub-classes of Phylum Mollusca: Mnemonic device
S = Scaphopoda
"Count Every Blockhead Acquiring My
G = Gastropoda
Amphibians"
C = Caudofoveata
S = Solenogastres Explanation
M = Monoplacophora The six stages of fertilization (in order):
P = Polyplacophora Contact, Entry, Blocks to polyspermy, Activation of
B = Bivalvia cell, restart of Meiosis, and Amphimixis.
C = Cephalopodia
CAN = (sub-classes of Cephalopodia) Coleoids, Mnemonic device
Ammonoids, and Nautiloids
"At The Girl's Club"

Mnemonic device Explanation

Base Pairing:
"All Have Calcerous Osscile Endoskeleton"
At The Girl's Club = AT + GC
Explanation Adenine pairs with Thymine
Five classes of Echinoderms: Guanine pairs with Cytosine
Asteroidea (All)
Holothuroidea (Have) Mnemonic device
Crinoidea (Calcerous)
"German MADE"
Ophiuroide (Ossicle)
Echinoidea (Endoskeleton) Explanation
Other than tetraradial symmetry, the calcerous Types of Immunoglobulins:
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE
Mnemonic device "The Strong Man’s Triceps Explode"
"ACTH" Explanation
The order of the earth’s atmosphere:
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere,
Explanation Thermosphere, and Exosphere.
Adrenal gland functions:
Adrenergic functions
Catabolism of proteins/ Carbohydrate metabolism Mnemonic device
T cell immunomodulation "Old People From Texas Eat spiders"
Hyper/ Hypotension (blood pressure control) Explanation
The bones of the skull:
Mnemonic device Occipital, Parietal, Frontal, Temporal, Ethnoid, and
"Adaxial and Abaxial: the two surfaces of a leaf" Sphenoid.
Explanation
aBaxial is the Bottom and aDaxial is Da' Top. Mnemonic device
"OILRIG"
Mnemonic device Explanation
"STARK" Oxidation Is Loss
Reduction Is Gain
Explanation
Vaccines Types:
Subunit Mnemonic device
Toxoid "Must Be God/Good"
Attenuated [live] Explanation
Recombinant
Stages in Development:
Killed [inactivated]
Morula, Blastula, and Gastrula.

Mnemonic device Mnemonic device

"CEVASACK"
"Fight or Flight" and "Rest and Digest"
Explanation Explanation
Vertebrate Features:
Parasympathetic vs. sympathetic function
Cephalization, Endoskeleton, Vertebrae, Axial
Sympathetic nervous system: "Fight or Flight".
Skeleton, Skull, Appendicular skeleton, Closed
Parasympathetic nervous system: "Rest and Digest".
circulatory system, Kidneys, and White Blood Cells
(in decreasing order of numbers).
Mnemonic device
"RoD and Cones" Mnemonic device
Explanation "SAME DAVE"
Rods vs. cone function Explanation
RoD: Dim light.
Spinal cord nerve origins:
Cones: Color.
Sensory - Afferent
Motor - Efferent
Mnemonic device Dorsal - Afferent
"a KINd AuNT" Ventral - Efferent
Explanation
KINesin for ANTerograde transport. Mnemonic device
"never MIS (or) MIS"
Mnemonic device Explanation
Inner Ear Bones: Mnemonic device
Maleus, Incus, and Stapes.
"Rods protected by a Gang of Lions and Polar
Bears"
Mnemonic device Explanation
"Turn Pike Many Accidents"
Cells of the Retina:
"Try Pulling My Aorta"
Rods, cones, ganglion, and polar bodies.
Explanation Mnemonic device
The Heart Valves:
"My Puppy Feels Pretty Awesome"
Tricuspid, Pulmonic, Mitral, and Aortic.
Explanation
Mnemonic device Five Kingdom Classification:
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
"tRIcuspid valve"
Explanation Mnemonic device
tRIcuspid valve is on the RIght side of the heart.
"FARM B"

Mnemonic device Explanation

Vertebrate Classification:
"SKILL"
Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals, and Birds.
Explanation
Excretory Organs of the Body: Mnemonic device
Skin, Kidneys, Intestines, Liver, and Lungs.
"The Rhythm Nearly Proved Contagious"

Mnemonic device Explanation

Vitamin 'B' names in increasing order:
"Old Charlie Foster Hates Women Having Dull
Thiamine (B1)
Clothes"
Riboflavin (B2)
Explanation Niacin (B3)
Functions of Blood: Pyridoxine (B6)
Oxygen (transport), Carbon Dioxide (transport), Cobalamin (B12)
Food, Heat, Waste, Hormones, Disease, and
Clotting. Mnemonic device
"mt DNA"
Mnemonic device Explanation
"Sir, I'm nervous about reproducing with the rest.
Mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) properties:
Uri must dig into the end"
Maternal Transfer
Explanation Mutates Tremendously (high mutation rate)
Organ Systems:
Circulatory, Immune, Nervous, Reproduction, Mnemonic device
Respiratory, Urinary, Muscle, Digestive,
"IMmunoGlobulin"
Integumentary and Endocrine.
Explanation
Mnemonic device Immunoglobulin response to antigens: order of IgM
vs. IgG
"FOr Very Acute Vision"
IgM is released first, followed by IgG.
Explanation
Eye: Mnemonic device
Fovea, the part of the retina most densely packed
"HIV"
with cones.
Explanation
HIV infection: high-risk groups
Homosexuals/ Hemophiliacs Mnemonic device
IV (Intravenous) drug abusers
"ZIAH"

Mnemonic device Explanation

Z-line, I-band, A-band, and H-zone.
"The Major Pathogens Concerning Complete T-Cell
Collapse"
Explanation Mnemonic device
"HAZI (Hazy)"
AIDS pathogens (T-cell suppression) worth
knowing: Explanation
Toxoplasma gondii Muscle sarcomere: H line vs. Z disc location
Mycobacterium avium intracellulare H line is in A-band.
Pneumocystis carinii Z disc is in the I band.
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans Mnemonic device
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
"Zee Intelligent Animal Has Muscle"
CMV
"Zoe Is A Honey Momma"
Cryptosporidium parvum
Explanation
Mnemonic device From the Z disk, working inward, remembering
symmetry:
"Recess Suppress"
ZIAHMHAIZ
Explanation
Tumor suppressor vs. proto-onogene mutations: Mnemonic device
recessive vs. dominant
"There is only one vowel in "dArk" and one vowel
Tumor suppressor mutations are recessive.
in "lIght""
Proto-oncogenes are opposite (dominant).
Explanation
Mnemonic device Muscle sarcomere: A vs. I as light or dark
These one vowels match up to their one letter
"Stop talking nonsense!"
names:
Explanation dArk band is the A band.
Nonsense Mutation: lIght band is the I band.
Nonsense mutation causes premature stop.
Mnemonic device
Mnemonic device "Ready, Coupling, Bending, and Letting go"
"PHenylketonuria" Explanation
Explanation Crossbridge Cycle:
Phenylketonuria: which enzyme is deficient The most basic part of the functional muscle is the
PHenylketonuria is caused by a deficiency of: cross bridge site where muscular contractions occur.
Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. The process of myosin heads attaching to actin,
Mnemonic device bending, then releasing takes four steps: Ready,
Coupling, Bending, and Letting go.
"I'm Acting Atypical of Myself"
A different chemical triggers each step thusly:
Explanation Hydrolysis makes Ready;
In the sarcormere, the I band consists of actin and Calcium ions cause the Coupling;
the A band consists of myosin. The "Atypical" part ADP bends the myosin head;
also explains that usually when something contracts ATP lets go.
it moves, but the A band remains unchanged, so this
is not typical!!
Mnemonic device
"PMAT"
"ProMote Another Tadpole"
"I Propose Men Are Toad"
"Iguanas Play Martial Arts Today"
"I passed my algebra test"
"In Paris, Men Are Transvestites"
Explanation
The four phases/stages of Mitosis (in order):
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
"Drugs that Sara effortlessly pushes grant another
very mellow illusion; let your favorite heroes kill
racists.
No quitters can win"
Explanation
The order in which amino acids come off of an ion-
exchange column following complete peptide
digestion.
The first sentence is what comes off and in what
order, the second sentence is the four amino acids
that require other methods to detect.

Mnemonic device Each word begins with the one letter abbreviation of
"Lazy zebras ponder dire disasters" the respective amino acid:
Explanation D - Aspartate, T - Threonine, S - Serine, E -
Glutamate, P - Proline, G - Glycine, A - Alanine, V
Phases of Prophase I in Meiosis:
- Valine, M - Methonine,
Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, and
I - Isoleucine, L - Leucine, Y - Tyrosine, F -
Diakinesis.
Phenylalanine, H - Histidine, K - Lysine, and R -
Arginine.
Mnemonic device Followed by:
"Go Sally Go! Make Children!" N - Asparagine, Q - Glutamine, C - Cysteine, and
"Mahatma Gandhi Sonia Gandhi" W - Tryptophan.
Explanation
Cell Cyle: Mnemonic device
G1, S, G2, M, and C. "I love lysine though Val thinks his meth's
M, G1, S, and G2. preferable..."
Explanation
Mnemonic device Nine essential Amino Acids for Humans:
"Do Not Pinch People" Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Threonine, Valine,
Explanation Tryptophan, Histidine, Methionine, and
Phenylalanine.
Chordate Features:
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Notochord Mnemonic device
Pharyngeal slits "The Ten Acid Pods Liked Very Hot Lacies In
Postanal tail Mini-skirts"
Mnemonic device "MATT VIL PHLy"
"PVT. TIM HALL always argues, never tires"/p>
"Type One, Type Two, Type Four"
Explanation Explanation
Ten essential amino acids:
Collagen: location of types
Threonine, Tryptophan, Arginine, Phenylalanine,
Type One: bONE
Lysine, Valine, Histidine, Leucine, Isoleucine, and
Type Two: CarTwolage
Methionine.
Type Four: "Four on the Floor" [automotive
'Always argues': the A is for Arg, not Asp.
transmission term] basement membrane (the
'Never tires': T is not Tyr, but is both Thr and Trp.
"floor") is mostly Type IV collagen

Mnemonic device Mnemonic device

"Kompetitive inhibition: Non-kompetitive
inhibition"
Explanation "A Crazy Insurgent Shot Someone For Making
Oatmeal"
Enzyme kinetics: competitive vs. non-competitive
"Actors In Kansas Should See Foreign Movies, Of
inhibition
Course"
With Kompetitive inhibition: Km increases; no
"Can Intelligent Karen Solve Some Foreign Mafia
change in Vmax.
Operations?"
With Non-kompetitive inhibition: No change in
"Citrate Is A Sour Substance For Most Organisms"
Km; Vmax decreases.
"Could Ignoramus Krebs Swiftly Sell Flunkies
More Offal?"
Mnemonic device "Christmas Illness Kept Santa's Singers From
"Competition is hard because we have to travel Making Out"
more kilometers (Km) with the same velocity" "Christmas Illness Kept Santa's Singers From
Explanation Mingling Outside"
"Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer"
Enzymes: Competitive Inhibitors
"Our City Is Kept Safe And Sound From Malice"
With competitive inhibitors, velocity remains same
"Oh! Can I Keep Some Succinate For Myself?"
but Km increases.
"Oh Citric Acid Is Of (course) A SiLly STupid
Funny Molecule"
Mnemonic device Explanation
"EXons INTRons"
The Kreb's Cycle:
Explanation Acetyl CoA, Citrate, Isocitrate, Succinyl CoA,
DNA Expression: Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, and Oxaloacetate.
EXons EXpressed, INtrons IN the trash.
Mnemonic device
Mnemonic device "School Pupil Leader"
"U Go Away, U Are Away, U Are Gone!" "SPL"
Explanation Explanation
Stop Codons: The components and position of the LPS
UGA, UAA, and UAG are stop codons. (Lipopolysaccharide):
S - outer polySaccharide
Mnemonic device P - core Polysaccharide
L - Lipid A [innermost]
"SNOW"
"DROP"
Explanation Mnemonic device
"Good Honey Tastes Sweet"
Types of Blotting:
Match up the 1st word letter with 2nd word letter: Explanation
Southern=DNA Gibb's Free Energy:
Northern=RNA DG = DH - TDS
Western=Protein
The 0's in snow drop are zeros, since there is no Mnemonic device
Eastern blot.
"Hong Kong + American Hospital Association"
"HK + AHA"
Mnemonic device Explanation
"IgG"
Henderson-Hasselbach Equation:
Explanation pH = pKa + log 10 (A-/HA)
Immunoglobulins: which crosses the placenta
IgG crosses the placenta during Gestation. Mnemonic device
Mnemonic device "Use both arms to HUG"
Explanation Coagulation common pathway: factors in order
Factor X to Factor V to Factor II to Factor XIII
Heme synthesis
Urea cycle Mnemonic device
Gluconeogenesis "Goodness Gracious, Father Franklin Did Go By
These reactions occur in both cytoplasm and Picking Pumpkins (to) Prepare Pies"
mitochondria. Explanation
Glycolysis steps:
Mnemonic device Glucose
"SICKle cell disease" Glucose-6-phosphate
Explanation Fructose-6-phosphate
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
SICKle cell disease is due to a Substitution of the
Dihydroxyacetone-Phosphate
SICKsth amino acid of the B chain.
Glyceraldehyde-Phosphate
1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
Mnemonic device 3-Phosphoglycerate
"CADET, face right!" 2-Phosphoglycerate (to)
Explanation Phosphoenolpyruvate [PEP]
Pyruvate
Hemoglobin binding curve: causes of shift to right
'Did', 'By' and 'Pies' tell you the first part of those
CO2
three: di-, bi-, and py-.
Acid
'PrEPare' tells location of PEP in the process.
2,3-DPG (aka 2,3 BPG)
Exercise
Temperature Mnemonic device
"High Profile People Act Too Glamorous, Picture
Mnemonic device Posing Every Place"
"Over The HILL" Explanation
Explanation Glycolysis enzymes:
Hexokinase
Classification of Enzymes:
Phosphoglucose isomerase
Oxidoreductases
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
Transferases
Aldolase
Hydrolases
Triose phosphate isomerase
Isomerases
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Ligases
Phosphoglycerate mutase
Lyases
Enolase
Pyruvate kinase
Mnemonic device
"Na+/K+" Mnemonic device
Explanation "ARBO viruses"
Na+/K+ pump: movement of ions and quantity "ROBA viruses in descending order"
K+ and in each consist of 2 characters, so so 2 K+ Explanation
are pumped in.
Viruses that have multiple segments of RNA!
Na+ and out each consist of 3 characters, so 3 Na+
A - Arena [2]
are pumped out.
R - Reo [10] and Retro [2]
B - Bunya [3]
Mnemonic device O - Orthomyxo [8]
"10 + 5 - 2 = 13" None of the DNA viruses have a segmented
Explanation genome.
Mnemonic device "DNA"
"Common cold (acute infectious rhinitis, coryza) is Explanation
PRIMArily caused by" DNA viruses: morphology rule of thumb
Explanation Double-stranded
Nuclear replication
Common cold:
'Anhedral symmetry
Paramyxoviruses
Rule breakers: pox (cytoplasmic), parvo (single-
Rhinoviruses
stranded).
Influenza viruses
Myxoviruses
Adenoviruses Mnemonic device
"CHINPIG"
Mnemonic device Explanation
"Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication" Seven causes of cell death:
Explanation Chemical, Hypoxia, Infection, Nutritional, Physical,
Immunologic, and Genetic.
RNA viruses: negative stranded
Arena
Bunya Mnemonic device
Paramyxo "SarCoMa, Carcinoma, Lymphoma and Leukemia"
Orthomyxo Explanation
Filo
Four Types of Cancer:
Rhabdo
Sarcoma means cancer of the muscle, and is found
Negative RNA viruses need there own polymerase.
in Connective and Muscle tissues. (C, M are letters
in sarCoMa).
Mnemonic device Carcinoma is cancer of epithelial tissue, and found
"Orthodox Rhabbi's Party Around Fine Bunnies" in stomach and Intestines.
Explanation Lymphoma & Leukemia are cancers of blood
Lymphocytes and Leukocytes.
RNA viruses: negative stranded
Orthomyxo Mnemonic device
Rhabdo "Nobody Likes My Educational Background"
Paramyxo "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas"
Arena "Never Let My Engine Blow"
Filo Explanation
Bunya
Lymphocytes:
Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes,
Mnemonic device Eosinophils, and Basophils.
"Pico Called Flavio To Return Renzo's Corona" These are the white blood cells also in descending
Explanation percentage (65, 30, 6, 3, 1%).
To divide them by agranular and granular, put it
RNA viruses: positive stranded
as...
Picorna
"Never Eat Bananas Like Monkeys"
Calici
Granulocytes - Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and
Flavi
Basophils.
Toga
Agranulocytes - Lymphocytes and Monocytes.
Retro
Reo
Corona Mnemonic device
"BEN Loves Money"
Mnemonic device "Granpa BEN"
Explanation Explanation
Granulocytes: T and B cells: typesWhen bacteria enter body, T-
Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils. cell says to B: "Help Me Catch Some!" B-cell
Agranulocytes: replies: "My Pleasure!"
Lymphocytes and Monocytes. T-cell types:
Helper
Mnemonic device Memory
Cytotoxic
"Powerful Businesses Pollute Our Reeling
Suppressor
Environment"
Explanation B-cell types:
Erythropoiesis stages: Memory cell
Proerythroblast Plasma cell
Basophilic erythroblast
Polychromatic erythroblast Mnemonic device
Orthochromatophilic erythroblast
"Bush Found The Pomp (not Bomb) , PLease Call
Reticulocyte
Military Soldiers"
Erythrocyte
Explanation
Mnemonic device The layers of the lymph nodes and their cellular
content:
"Bad-o-phils and Easy-on-me-phils"
Bush Found - B cells in Follicle
Explanation The Pomp - T cells in Paracortex
Basophil vs. eosinophils: effect for allergic persons PLease Call - Plasma cells in Cords of Medulla
Basophils are "Bad-o-phils" because they contribute Military Soldiers - Macrophages in Sinuses of
to our allergic reactions. Medulla
Eosinophils are "Easy-on-me-phils" because they
counteract our allergic reactions. One more thing , this sequence is from OUTSIDE
to INSIDE, i.e. the most outside layer is Follicle,
Mnemonic device and the most inside is Sinuses of Medulla.
"Basophil has Big Blue Balls."
The layer which is not developed in these diseases:
Explanation DiGeorge - Paracortex (no T cells)
Basophil morphology: Brutton`s Disease - Follicles (no B cells)
Basophil has granules. SCID - Follicles, Paracortex and Cords (no B cells,
no T cells, and of course no PLasma cells).
Mnemonic device
"Master, His Hepes Causes Choking & Gaggin" Mnemonic device
Explanation "Th1nk BIG Mac Attack"
Mast cell primary granule contents: Explanation
Mast - Mast cell Interferon gamma: action on macrophages
His - Histamine Th1 and NK cells Build Interferon Gamma. Causes
He - Heparin Macrophages to have an augmented Attack [by
C - Chymase better lysosome function and increasing reactive
Ch - Chemotactic factor for eosinophils oxygen metabolites, nitric oxide and defensins].
Gag - GAGase
Mnemonic device
Mnemonic device "Pay for Passive, Active Ages"
T-cell says to B:"Help Me Catch Some!" Explanation
B-cell replies: "My Pleasure!"
Passive vs. active immunity Mast cells
Passive: Pay for a shot of antibodies for fast results Neurotransmitter/ Narrow airways
following exposure to Rabies, etc. IgE
Active: Slow onset ("aging") and memory.
Mnemonic device Mnemonic device
"Poison IVy " "C3a & C3b"
Explanation Explanation
Hypersensitivity: type IV example Complement: function of C3a versus C3b
Poison IVy causes type IV hypersensitivity. C3a: Activates Acute [inflammation].
C3b: Bonds Bacteria [to macrophages--easier
Mnemonic device digestion].
"The "=8" equation: 2x4=8, and 1x8=8."
If wish to know more than just C3:
Explanation C3a, C4a, C5a activate acute.
MHC I vs. MHC II: T cell interaction C3b, C4b bind bacteria.
MHC II goes with CD4.
MHC I goes with CD8. Mnemonic device
"Combined Complexes and Activators Alone"
Mnemonic device Explanation
"class I vs. II"
Complement cascade initiating items: alternative vs.
Explanation classic
MHC: loci creating class I vs. II Classic: Combined Complexes. Complexes are
Class 1 has 1 letter: made of Ab and Ag combined together.
HLA I is HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C. Alternative: Activators Alone, or IgA. Examples of
activators: endotoxin, microbial surface.
Class 2 has 2 letters:
HLA II is HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR. Mnemonic device
"N. MeninGitidiS and N. Gonorrhoea"
Mnemonic device Explanation
"HLA-DR"
Neisseria MeninGitidiS has M, G and S in spelling -
Explanation hence ferments all three sugars - Maltose, Glucose
HLA-DR genetic predisposition immune disease and Sucrose, whereas
examples: Neisseria Gonorrhoea has only G - ferments only
Hashimoto's disease Glucose.
Leukemia/ Lupus
Autoimmune adrenalitis/ Anemia (pernicious) Mnemonic device
Diabetes insipidous
"Graves disease"
Rheumatoid arthritis
Explanation
Mnemonic device Graves disease: etiology
In Graves disease, the thyroid-stimulating
"HISTAMINE"
immunoglobulins are of the IgG class.
Explanation
Histamine: features Mnemonic device
HCL production
"ABC"
Inflammation
Strong vasodilator Explanation
Therapeutic vaue none Obligate anaerobes: members worth knowing
Allergy Actinomyces
Bacteroides Bacillus cereus [reheated rice]
Clostridium Staphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard]
Mnemonic device Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat]
Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]
"Gram Positives"
Explanation Mnemonic device
Gram positive stain
"ABCDEF"
Stain Purple (violet-blue) because of their thick
Peptidoglycan layer. Explanation
Diphtheria toxin properties:
Mnemonic device A/B-type toxin. Made by Corynebacterium
diphtheriae, which binds to EF-2 (elongation factor
"Gram+"
2).
Explanation
Gram+: bacterial cell wall Mnemonic device
Gram+ has:
"Some Bacteria Have An Effective Paste
+hick pepidoglycan layer.
Surrounding Membrane Yielding Pseudo Fort,
+eichoic acid in wall.
Bypassing Killing"

Mnemonic device Explanation

Capsulated bacteria:
"PUNCH"
Streptococcus pneumonia
Explanation Bacteroides
Urease positive organisms: Haemophilus influenza
Proteus (leads to alkaline urine) Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Ureaplasma (renal calculi) Escherichia coli
Nocardia Pasteurella
Cryptoccocus (the fungus) Salmonella
Helicobacter pylori Menigitidis (Neisseria Menigitidis)
Yersinia pestis
Mnemonic device Pseudomonas
Francisella
"SPACE"
Brucella
Explanation Klebsiella
Catalase positive organims:
Staphylococcus aureus Mnemonic device
Pseudomonas
"Some Nasty Killers Have Some Capsule
Aspergillus
Protection"
Candida
Enterobacter Explanation
Capsulated microbes:
Mnemonic device Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
"Eating Contaminated Stuff Causes Very Big
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Smelly Vomit"
Haemophilus influenzae
Explanation Salmonella typhi
Food poisoning: bugs inducing Cryptococcus neoformans
Escherichia coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
hamburgers]
Clostridium botulinum [canned foods] Mnemonic device
Salmonella [poultry, meat, eggs]
"Istanbul "
Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood]
Explanation "Rough, Tough, Buff"
Listeria: motility Explanation
Istanbul sounds like Listambul = list + tumble. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Culture identification
Listeria has tumbling motility. Rough: Colony isn't smooth but rough like
breadcrumbs.
Mnemonic device Tough: Colony stuck to plate well, and tough to
remove.
"Vibrio Vibrates"
Buff: Buff is a color, a cream/coffee shade.
Explanation
Vibrio: motility Mnemonic device
Vibrio is a genus of actively motile bacteria.
"Nice Strip of Ham"
Mnemonic device Explanation
"NIPPLES"
IgA protease-producing bacteria:
Explanation Neisseria
Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases caused Streptococcus pneumonia
Necrotising fasciitis and myositis Haemophilus influenza
Impetigo
Pharyngitis Mnemonic device
Pneumonia
"STARCH"
Lymphangitis
Erysipelas and cellulitis Explanation
Scarlet fever/ Streptococcal TSS Placenta-crossing organisms/ antenatal Infections:
Syphilis
Mnemonic device Toxoplasmosis
AIDS (HIV)
"ATE eggs"
Rubella
Explanation CMV
Nematodes: ones spreading by egg ingestion Herpes/ Hepatitis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichuira Mnemonic device
Enterobius vermicularis
"ENDOTOXIN"
Spread by ingestion of eggs (vs skin invasion or
insect bite) Explanation
Endotoxin features:
Mnemonic device Endothelial cells/ Edema
Negative (gram- bacteria)
"Elementary/Initial"
DIC/ Death
Explanation Outer membrane
Chlamydia: elementary vs. initial body location TNF
Elementary: Extracellular O-antigen
Initial: Intracellular X-tremely heat stable
IL-1
Mnemonic device Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil chemotaxis
"SPAM"
Explanation Mnemonic device
"Hunter puts animal in a CAGe or Caudate Atrophy
Streptococcus pyogenes: antibody
Gene"
Streptococcus pyogenes: Antibody to M protein
"Can't Tap, and Go"
"Congenital Gigantic Gonads"
Mnemonic device "Genetic AtaxiA"
Explanation Anterior Pituitary Hormones:
F - FSH
Triplet Repeats:
L - LH
Huntingtons: CAG
A - ACTH
Hunter puts animal in a CAGe or Caudate Atrophy
G - GH
Gene: CAG
T - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
O - MSH - Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Myotonic Dystrophy: CTG
P - Prolactin
Can't Tap, and Go: CTG

Fragile X: CGG Mnemonic device

Congenital Gigantic Gonads: CGG "Garlic Cloves Smell Exquisite"
C- Cardiac arrhythmias and Cataracs Explanation
T- Testicular Atrophy
Gastrointestinal Hormones:
G- Gets worse with generations (Anticipation)
Hormone: Gastrin
Source: Gastric Mucosa
Fredrich's Ataxia: GAA
Target: Stomach
Genetic AtaxiA GAA of Fredrich's Ataxia: GAA
Triggers: Food in stomach, psychic factors
Effects: Increased HCl secretion and gastric
Mnemonic device emptying
"All Chaperones Must Previously Have Had Sex"
"Anthropology Can Make People Hate Helping the Hormone: Cholecystokinin
Sick" Source: Duodenal Mucosa
"All Cool Men Prefer Having Heavy Sideburns" Target: Gall Bladder and Pancreas
"Anyone Can Make Pretty Healthy Hot Stew" Triggers: Amino acids, peptides, fatty acids in
"Anyone Can Make Pepper Hot Healthy Stew" duodenum
Explanation Effects: Contraction of gall bladder and secretion of
pancreatic juice
Sequence of Life Forms:
Anamalia
Hormone: Secretin
Chordata
Source: Gastric Mucosa
Mamalia
Target: Pancreas
Primates
Triggers: Acid in duodenum
Hominidae
Effects: Increased bicarbonate secretion
Homo Sapiens
Mnemonic device Hormone: Enterogastrone (Gastric Inhibitory
"FLAT PIG" Peptide)
Explanation Source: Duodenal Mucosa
Target: Stomach
Anterior Pituitary Hormones:
Triggers: Fat digestion products in duodenum
F - FSH
Effects: Decreases gastric emptying
L - LH
A - ACTH
P - Prolactin Mnemonic device
I - (Ignore) "STENGG"
G - GH Explanation
Hormones that increase blood glucose:
Mnemonic device Somatotropin (Growth Hormone)
"FLAGTOP" Thyroid Hormones (Throxine and triiodothyronine)
Explanation Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Glucagon Menstruation:
Glucocorticoids Ovarian Cycle: Follicular phase, Ovulatory phase,
and Luteal phase.
Mnemonic device Menstrual Cycle: Menstrual flow, Proliferative
phase, and Secretory phase.
"GPA & B-FLAT"
Explanation Mnemonic device
Anterior pituitary hormones: Acidophilic vs
"Maggie May Does Not Smoke"
Basophilic
Explanation
Acidophilic: GPA Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Deviations:
Growth hormone Mutations, Migration, genetic Drift, Non-random
Prolactin mating, and Selection.

Basophilic: FLAT Mnemonic device

Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Leutenizing Hormone
Adreno Cortico Tropin Hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Mnemonic device
"Eat Tender Chicken Chunks Elegantly"
Explanation
Proteases in the Duodenum:
Enterokinase, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin,
Carboxypeptidase and Elastase.
Note: The first enzyme is produced in intestinal
mucosal cells, while the others are produced in
inactive precursor forms in the pancreas.
Enterokinase converts trypsinogen into trypsin.
Trypsin converts:
Trypsinogen into trypsin
Chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin
Procarboxypeptidase into carboxypeptidase
Proelastase into elastase
"BRIM GERL"
"No Class Monday oR Friday"
Explanation
Type of Ribosome and Protein Destination:
Bound Ribosome- Integral Membrane, Golgi,
Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Lysosome.
Free Ribosome - Nucleus, Cytoplasm, and
Mitochondria.
Mnemonic device
"A Frenchman gawking at a young lady dressed in
form-fitting jeans might say 'Des Tight Gaps'"
Explanation
Three types of cell junctions: Desmosome, Tight,
and Gap
Desmosome junctions, like good blue jeans, will
stretch and are found in the lungs amongst other.
Tight junctions are useful for containing liquids and
make up much of the GI tract.
Gap junctions allow cytoplasm exchange between
cells and help smooth muscle fibres contract in
sequence.

Mnemonic device Mnemonic device

"SEVEN UP" "Golgi Distributes A SPAM"
Explanation Explanation
Path of Sperm in the Male Reproductive Tract: Golgi complex: functions
Seminiferous tubules, Epididymis, Vas deferens, Distributes proteins and lipids from ER:
Ejaculatory Duct, N(Nothing), Urethra and Penis. Add mannose onto specific lysosome proteins
Sulfation of sugars and slected tyrosine
Mnemonic device Proteoglycan assembly
Add O-oligosugars to serine and threnonine
"FOL(d)M(a)PS"
Modify N-ologosugars on asparagine.
Explanation
Mnemonic device Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurrasic,
Cretaceous, Pliocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Myocene,
"HELP Form Collagen"
Pileocene, Pleistocene, and Recent.
Explanation
Extracellular matrix components: Mnemonic device
Hyaluronic acid
"Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big
Elastin
Brains Matter More"
Laminin
Proteoglycan Explanation
Fibronectin Cranial nerves: sensory, motor or both
Collagen Sensory
Sensory
Mnemonic device Motor
Motor
"PerI"
Both
Explanation Motor
Cochlea chambers: ones with perilymph vs. Both
endolymph Sensory
PerI- ones also end with 'I': vestibulI and tympanI. Both
Therefore, perilymph is in scala vestibuli and scala Both
tympani, and the endolymph is in the scala media. Motor
Motor
Mnemonic device
"The organ of COrti " Mnemonic device
Explanation "Come, Let's Get Sun Burned"
"Can Lori Get Some Gas"
Organ of corti: location
"Can Little Girls Speak German"
COrti is inside the COchlea.
"Can Larry Get Some Beer"
"Californians Like Girls in String Bikinis"
Mnemonic device "Cora Lucille's Granny Spins Baseballs" - (This one
"Nuclei location mirrors where the muscle is uses the first 3 letters method)
located in human body" Explanation
Explanation Skin epidermis layers:
Muscle cells: cardiac vs. skeletal's nuclei From superficial to deep:
location/number Corneum
Heart muscle is in the middle of body, so heart Lucidum
muscle has nucleus in middle. Granulosum
Skeletal muscles are at periphery of body, so nuclei Spinosum
are at periphery. Basale [Germinativum]
Also, you have 1 heart, so usually only 1 nucleus
per heart muscle cell, but have many skeletal Mnemonic device
muscles, so have many nuclei per long fibre.
"Baby Skin Looks Good Condition"
"Bad Skin Gets Little Calluses"
Mnemonic device Explanation
"Camels Often Sit Down Carefully. Perhaps Their
Skin epidermis layers:
Joints Creak. Possibly Early Oiling Might Prevent
From deep to superficial:
Premature Rheumatism"
Basale [Germinativum]
Explanation Spinosum
The geological ages: Granulosum
Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian,
Lucidum - Every pair of black bands has a narrow yellow
Corneum stripe between them.
Mnemonic device - Bands encircle the body, continuing on the belly.
- Bands: Yellow-Black-Red-Black-Yellow-Black ...
"Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools"
- The snout is red and pointed.
"Kings Play Chess On Funny Green Squares"
- Scales are smooth.
"Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach"
"King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti" Mnemonic device
"King Philip Can Only Find Green Slippers" "Ordinarily Careless Crappers Are Also Frivolous
"Kingfish, Pickerel, Catfish Over Flowed God's About Urination"
Seas" Explanation
"Kevin’s Poor Cow Only Feels Good Sometimes"
Urea Cycle:
"King Phillip Cried Out For Good Soup"
Ornithine, Carbomyl phosphate, Citrulline,
"Kings Play Chess On Fine Gold Silk"
Aspartate, Arginino succinate, Fumarate, Arginine,
"King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti"
and UREA.
"King Phillip Could Only Find Green Socks"
"Killer Penguins Crawl On Frozen Glacial Shores"
"Kings Play Chess On Fine-Grained Sand"
"Killer Protists Crawl On Fuzzy Green Slides"
Explanation
Classification:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Mnemonic device
"Red on yellow kill a fellow"
"Red on black friend of jack"
Explanation
Coral Snake or King Snake?

Eastern Coral Snake: related to Cobras, highly

venomous.
Description:
- Wide red and black bands with a yellow stripe
between them.
- The red bands are usually spotted with black.
- Bands encircle the body, continuing on the belly.
- Bands: Yellow-Red-Yellow-Black-Yellow-Red ...
- The snout is blunt and black.
- The head is black from top of snout to just behind
the ears.
- V-Scales are smooth and shiny.

Scarlet King Snake: non-venomous.

Description:
- Wide red bands, separated by wide black bands.