OBJECTIVES

1) To be able to hand-manufacture a link using supplied tools and materials

2) To be able to understand the concepts of improvisation in making perfectly
conical core prints
3) To easily make a methodological diagram and be able to analyse the diagram
properly by power of observation and stock knowledge
4) To enhance the skill of the student in using woodworking tools as their
secondary
appendage
METHODS/DISCUSSION/ANALYSIS
Link or linkages are one of the most used class of machine nowadays. As
years goes by, scientists and engineers have been advancing and developing
linkage which started from a level and fulcrum to more complex and advance
types of linkages. Its given purpose was always to transmit one type of motion
into another. Modern linkages were developed by James Watt when he was
working on the improvement on steam engines. He created efficient straight-
line motion through links by applying different studies like thermodynamics,
rotary joints and other studies on links. The development of planar and spatial
linkages and its motions were helped by the screw theory of Sir Robert Stawell
Ball.
Nowadays, there are variety of linkages that are used in making various
tasks easier which are the 2-bar, 3-bar, 4-bar linkages, reverse motion
linkages, parallel motion linkage, bell crank linkage and the treadle linkage.
These provide different motions depending on the task that is needed. They are
commonly used in components of machines and tools. Relatively simple
linkages are often used to perform complicated tasks. The windshield wiper,
the bicycle suspension, and hydraulic actuators for heavy equipment also use
linkages.
TOOLS/MATERIAL/EQUIPMENT
a) Lab gown
b) Dust mask
c) Goggles
d) Pencil
e) Eraser
f) Paint brush
g) Work bench
h) Backsaw
i) Compass saw
j) Rasp file
k) Flat file
l) Small flat file
m) Triangular file
n) Half round file
o) Steel brush
p) Try-square
q) Bench vise
r) Sand Paper (40 grit size)
s) Sand Paper (100 grit size)
t) Kiln-dried wood (125x40x26 mm)
u) Kiln-dried wood (150x37x6mm)
v) Wood glue
PROCEDURE
Start

Using the try-square inspect the material, the raw material should have dimensions of
125x40x26mm, if not, reduce the material.

Using the try square at the side face of the wood divide the wood to the base (45x35x45 mm)

Using try square at the side face of the wood divide the wood to the base into 4 parts (transpose
all marking to all side of the wood) 

Using backsaw cut the unwanted parts from the wood piece, secure it using a bench vise

Using try-square at the top face of the wood offset 4 mm (all sides)

Using another wood create four (4) identical conical caps with dimension 20x32mm

Using file and sandpaper taper the conical caps

Using wood glue to attach the caps both sides

Using file create the taper of the link

Using sandpaper to clean out the wood piece

TOPIC QUESTIONS
1) What is a Linkage? Describe completely.
Linkage, in mechanical engineering, a system of solid, usually metallic, links
(bars) connected to two or more other links by pin joints (hinges), sliding joints,
or ball-and-socket joints so as to form a closed chain or a series of closed
chains.

2) What is the first mechanism of a link? Describe and explain.

Linkages are perhaps the most fundamental class of machines that humans
employ to turn thought into action. From the first lever and fulcrum, to the
most complex shutter mechanism, linkages translate one type of motion into
another.

3) What is Screw Theory? Who discovered this? When was it discovered and
what applications were used for this?
Screw theory is a powerful mathematical tool for the analysis of spatial
mechanisms. A screw consists of two three-dimensional vectors. A screw can be
used to denote the position and orientation of a spatial vector, the linear
velocity and angular velocity of a rigid body, or a force and a couple,
respectively. Therefore, the concept of a screw is convenient in kinematics and
dynamics, while the transformation between the screw-based method and
vector and matrix methods is straightforward. 
The mathematical framework was developed by Sir Robert Stawell Ball in
1876. A rigid body’s instantaneous velocity and the force that it is subjected to
can be expressed as screws which are named twist and torque, respectively.
Therefore, screws can be used to represent the constraints that a spatial rigid
mechanism subjected to and its free motions under the constraints. In
addition, a screw is determined by its axis and pitch in geometry, which
provides a great convenience for the application and promotion of screw theory.
4) Who was James Watt and what linkage specialty did he discover? What were
theapplications for his discovery? Provide explanations and examples. Put
drawings or photos.
 James Watt was at one and the same time a scientist, an inventor, and a
producer. Watt was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who
improved Thomas Newcomen’s 1712 Newcomen steam engine. Watt’s scientific
examination of heat losses in engines led him to recognition of the influence of
latent heat on steam engine economy. His steam engine in 1781 was
fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution to the world.
The Watt steam engine was the first type of steam engine to make use of
a separate condenser. It was an atmospheric engine using steam at a pressure
just above atmospheric to create a partial vacuum beneath the piston. Watt’s
design became synonymous with steam engines, due in no small part of his
business partner, Matthew Boulton.
5) What forms of contribution to the link and linkage did Leonard Euler provide
to modern society? What were the applications of these? Explain and provide
diagrams.

Leonard Euler was the first to apply mathematical principals to the Konisberg
bridge problems in 1736, wherein a problem questioning whether or not a
route could be devised that crossed each of Konigsberg seven bridges only
once. Euler had an approach that hinged on the abstraction of the
topographical diagram.

6) What are the types of Linkages? Explain and provide

photos.
Reverse motion linkages - change the direction of input so that the output goes
the opposite way. A fixed pivot forces the change in direction.

Parallel motion linkages or push/pull linkages - use two fixed pivots to make
the input and output travel in the same direction, through a link arm. Each
fixed pivot has a moving pivot on both side, allowing the movement and power
to go backwards and forwards. Changing the placing of the fixed pivots
changes the amount of force exerted, while keeping the direction the same.

Bell crank linkages - change the direction of force through 90°. The amount of
output force can be changed by moving the fixed pivot.
Crank and slider linkages change rotary motion into reciprocating motion. A fixed pivot is
attached to a crank, which turns around and pushes and pulls a slider.

Treadle linkages use a rotary input to turn a crank on a fixed pivot. A

connecting rod joins two moving pivots to another fixed pivot.

7) Discuss the types of links and their uses to the mechanical

industry.
a) Rigid Link – one that does not undergo any deformation while
transmitting motion. Links, in general, are elastic in nature. They are
 considered rigid if they do not undergo appreciable deformation while
transmitting motion.
b) Flexible Link – one which while transmitting motion is partly deformed in
a manner not to affect the transmission of motion.
c) Fluid Link – one that is deformed by having fluid in a closed vessel and
the motion is transmitted through the fluid by pressure.
d) Floating Link – one that is not connected with the frame.
8) What are Joints? Differentiate the different types using discussion and
diagrams/drawings/photos
Joints are most important part of a mechanism. The resultant motion on
operating a mechanism is determined by the kinematic joints connecting the
members of the mechanism. The kinematic joints allow motion in some
directions and constrain it in others. The types of motions allowed and
constrained are related to the degrees of freedom of a joint.

Prismatic joint - A joint that only allows linear motion along a single axis.

Revolute joint - A joint that only allows rotational motion about a single axis.

Cylindrical joint - A combination of a prismatic and a revolute joint. This joint

allows only linear motion along an axis and rotation about that axis.
Spherical joint - A joint that ensures two bodies remain connected at a
common point, preventing any linear translation. However, rotation about any
axis is permitted. A ball and socket joint is one example.

Planar joint - A joint that only allows translation over a plane and rotation
about an axis normal to this plane. This type of joint is produced by a stable
object resting on a flat surface.

Screw pair - A joint that constrains motion to a helical path, such as a nut on a
bolt. Although both translation and rotation occur, they are coupled so that
there is only on degree of freedom – position along the helix.
9) What is a 3 Bar Linkage? Where is it used? Why?
A 3-bar linkage has three links and 3 pivots and its triangle shape makes its
stable even if the links change lengths. It is used to minimize the need for
precision alignment of bearing ways and accommodates change in a way
parallelism of machine foundation changes. The bearings of the machines that
requires precision linear motions must be spaced apart but since it is not
possible for two elements to be exactly parallel, the length of the ground’s link
is not always the same.
10) Differentiate a 4 bar Linkage to a 5 bar linkage. Explain how each one
works and why and where are they used for.
4 bar linkage is the simplest movable closed-chain linkage that consist of four
bars connected in a loop by four joints. The links move in a parallel motion.
Two levers are connected to the fulcrum points that is connected by a ground
bar. Then, a third bar or link connects the two levers. One lever performs a
rotational motion affecting the other lever thus reciprocating the motion of that
affected lever.
5 bar linkage is composed of five bars linked to one another making a closed
chain. It is used to control planetary gear trains, mechanical robots and others.
Its similarities with the 4 bar linkage comes in with their 2 levers that are
connected to two fulcrums connected to a base bar and one connects the two
levers. However, the said linkage has an additional lockable link which can be
unlocked, allowing the mechanism to pivot one of is links.
CONCLUSION
After conducting the shop exercise, our group was able to meet all the
objectives given for the shop exercise. The group was able to construct a two
piece pattern together. The hand tools became more familiar since the first
shop exercise. The creativity, technique and technical knowledge about the
woodworking practice were improved after doing the second shop exercise.
Handy skills like filing got easier for me. The group was able to comprehend the
instructions given in order to make the two-piece pattern link thus testing the
skills of every member in making one. I can say that our group was able to
make the desired product, though with some errors but the product is not that
bad since our errors on the precision of dimensions were not that far from the
objective. Double or triple checking even, is a must whiles filing the wood piece
so that errors would be avoided.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The group recommends to those who will be performing this shop
exercise in the future that the measurements must be observed carefully. It will
guide the whole process on making the two-piece pattern link. Also, proper
usage of tools must be also observed and must be handled with careful
technique as it is used on the wood piece. This is important because if the files
were not properly used, it might cause chipping on the parts of the wood. The
members of the group must work as a team in order to save time and effort in
doing the exercise. Patience and technique is tested in doing this shop exercise
but it is certain that a new lesson and skill will be picked up after the exercise.
Every new learned skill and lesson will aid and help for future shop exercises.
REFERENCES
https://www.britannica.com/technology/linkage-machine-component
https://web.mit.edu/2.75/fundamentals/FUNdaMENTALs%20Book
%20pdf/FUNdaMENTALs%20Topic%204.PDF
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-007-4201-7_1
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/screw-theory
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-6366-4_15
https://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/james-watt/index.html
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/EulerianCycle.html
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zbt26yc/revision/3
https://learnmechanical.com/kinematic-link/
https://www.brighthubengineering.com/machine-design/6577-types-of-
kinematic-joints/
https://fastenerengineering.com/what-is-a-prismatic-joint/
https://www.quora.com/What-is-Hookes-joint
https://web.mit.edu/2.75/fundamentals/FUNdaMENTALs%20Book
%20pdf/FUNdaMENTALs%20Topic%204.PDF