DNV RP F201 TitaniRisers

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE
DNV-RP-F201
DESIGN OF TITANIUM RISERS

OCTOBER 2002
DET NORSKE VERITAS

FOREWORD
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Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F201, October 2002
Page 3
CONTENTS
Sec. 1 General................................................................... 5 E 300 System hoop buckling (Collapse)................................... 14

E 400 Propagating buckling ...................................................... 14
A. General.................................................................................... 5 E 500 Combined loading criteria .............................................. 14
A 100 Introduction....................................................................... 5 E 600 Alternative WSD format................................................. 15
A 200 Objectives ......................................................................... 5 E 700 Displacement controlled conditions ............................... 15
A 300 Scope and application ....................................................... 5
A 400 Other codes ....................................................................... 5 F. Fatigue Limit State ...............................................................15
A 500 Structure of this RP........................................................... 6 F 100 General............................................................................ 15
B. Normative References ............................................................ 6 G. Accidental Limit State ..........................................................15
B 100 Offshore Service Specifications........................................ 6 G 100 Reference ........................................................................ 15
B 200 Offshore Standards ........................................................... 6
B 300 Other standards ................................................................. 6 H. Serviceability Limit State .....................................................15
H 100 Reference ........................................................................ 15
C. Definitions .............................................................................. 6
C 100 Verbal forms ..................................................................... 6 I. Special Considerations..........................................................15
C 200 Definitions ........................................................................ 6 I 100 Reference ........................................................................ 15
D. Abbreviations and Symbols.................................................... 7 Sec. 6 Materials.............................................................. 16
D 100 Abbreviations.................................................................... 7
D 200 Symbols ............................................................................ 7 A. General..................................................................................16
D 300 Greek letters...................................................................... 7 A 100 Scope............................................................................... 16
Sec. 2 Design Philosophy ................................................. 8 A 200 Application ..................................................................... 16
A 300 Material selection............................................................ 16
A. General.................................................................................... 8 A 400 Process of manufacture................................................... 16
A 100 Objective........................................................................... 8
A 200 References......................................................................... 8 B. Material Properties................................................................16
B 100 General............................................................................ 16
Sec. 3 Loads...................................................................... 9 B 200 Chemical composition .................................................... 16
B 300 Metallography................................................................. 16
A. General.................................................................................... 9 B 400 Mechanical properties..................................................... 16
A 100 Objective........................................................................... 9 B 500 Fracture toughness properties ......................................... 17
A 200 References......................................................................... 9 B 600 Fatigue properties ........................................................... 17
B 700 Corrosion properties ....................................................... 18
Sec. 4 Analysis Methodology ........................................ 10 B 800 Environmental conditions............................................... 19
B 900 Wear properties............................................................... 20
A. General.................................................................................. 10 B 1000 Weldability ..................................................................... 20
A 100 Objective......................................................................... 10
A 200 Reference ........................................................................ 10 C. Manufacture..........................................................................20
C 100 General............................................................................ 20
Sec. 5 Design Criteria .................................................... 11 C 200 Linepipe NDT level ........................................................ 20
C 300 Manufacturing procedure specification and
A. General.................................................................................. 11 qualification .................................................................... 20
A 100 Objective......................................................................... 11 C 400 Production and qualification testing ............................... 21
B. Material Selection................................................................. 11 C 500 Non-destructive testing................................................... 21
B 100 General............................................................................ 11
Sec. 7 Documentation and Verification....................... 24
C. Load Effects.......................................................................... 11
C 100 Reference ........................................................................ 11 A. General..................................................................................24
A 100 Objective......................................................................... 24
D. Resistance ............................................................................. 11 A 200 References....................................................................... 24
D 100 Resistance factors ........................................................... 11
D 200 Geometrical parameters .................................................. 11 Sec. 8 Operation, Maintenance and Reassessment .... 25
D 300 Material strength ............................................................. 12
D 400 Titanium correction factors............................................. 13 A. General..................................................................................25
A 100 Objective......................................................................... 25
E. Ultimate Limit State ............................................................. 13 A 200 References....................................................................... 25
E 100 General............................................................................ 13
E 200 Bursting........................................................................... 13 Sec. 9 References ........................................................... 26
DET NORSKE VERITAS

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DET NORSKE VERITAS

Sec.1 – Page 5
SECTION 1
GENERAL
A. General 308 There are, in principle, no limitations regarding floater

type, water depth, riser application and configuration. Howev-
A 100 Introduction er, for novel applications where experience is limited, special
101 This document provides recommended practice regard- attention shall be given to identify possible new failure mech-
ing criteria, requirements and guidance on structural design anisms, validity/adequacy of analysis methodology and new
and analyses for riser systems made of titanium alloys and ex- loads and load combinations.
posed to static and dynamic loading for use in the offshore pe- Guidance note:
troleum and natural gas industries. For application of this project RP to new riser types/concepts
102 The basic design principles and functional requirements (e.g. novel hybrid systems, complex riser bundles etc.) it shall be
are based on the limit state methodology in compliance with documented that the global load effects can be predicted with
same precision as for conventional riser systems. This may typi-
state-of-the-art industry practice. cally involve validation of computational methodology by phys-
ical testing.
A 200 Objectives
As an alternative an appropriate conservatism in design should
201 The main objectives of this recommended practice are be documented.
to:
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
— provide an international standard of safety for titanium ris-
ers utilised for drilling, completion or workover, produc- A 400 Other codes
tion or injection, or transportation of hydrocarbons
(import or export) in the petroleum and gas industries 401 The today’s framework within DNV riser standards and
— serve as a guideline for riser design and analysis; and RPs is illustrated in Figure 1-1, and reflects the standards and
— serve as a technical reference document in contractual RPs that DNV is currently developing.
matters. 402 This RP (DNV-RP-F201) interface with the existing
standards for dynamic risers and submarine pipeline systems
A 300 Scope and application denoted DNV-OS-F201 and DNV-OS-F101, respectively, and
301 This RP provides specific aspects related to design crite- shall not be used as a stand-alone document.
ria, local analyses and material description valid for risers 403 The close relationship between this RP and DNV-OS-
made of titanium or a mix of titanium and steel. For the latter, F201 and DNV-OS-F101 is illustrated in Figure 1-2.
the RP covers only the titanium part of the riser.
302 It shall be pinpointed that the majority of available infor-
mation discusses results obtained for material group I, de-
scribed in Sec.5 B, and the calibration of the design
requirements given in Sec.5 will be based on the titanium
grades given in this group.
303 General design philosophy, loads and global analysis as-
pects valid for all riser materials are covered by DNV-OS-
F201.
304 The RP is applicable to all new built riser systems and
may also be applied to modification, operation and upgrading
of existing risers.
305 The scope covers design, materials, fabrication, testing
and operation of riser systems. Aspects related to documenta-
tion, verification and quality control are also addressed
306 The main purpose is to cover design and analysis of top
tensioned and compliant titanium riser systems operated from
floaters and fixed platforms. The standard applies for perma-
nent operation (e.g. production and export/import of hydrocar-
bons and injection of fluids), as well as for temporary
operation (e.g. drilling and completion/workover activities).
307 This RP is applicable to structural design of all pressure
containing components that comprise the riser system, with
special emphasis on:
— single pipes with a ratio of outside diameter to wall thick-
ness less than 30 (D/t < 30)
— riser connectors and other riser components such as ten- Figure 1-1 Today’s framework for DNV riser standards
sion joints and stress joints. and RPs
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Page 6 – Sec.1
Sec.6 specifies the requirements for titanium alloys, manufac-

ture, fabrication and documentation of linepipe and compo-
nents in the riser system in addition to DNV OS-F101.
Sec.7 gives requirements for documentation and verification
of riser systems. The requirements described in DNV OS-F201
Sec.8 apply also to this RP.
Sec.8 provides requirements for operation and in-service in-
spection in addition to general guidance on structural integrity
assessment of risers to demonstrate fitness for purpose in case
deviations from design appear during operation. The require-
ments described in DNV OS-F201 apply also to this RP.
B. Normative References
B 100 Offshore Service Specifications
101 The latest version of the following documents applies:
DNV-OSS-301Certification and Verification of Pipelines.
B 200 Offshore Standards
DNV-OS-F101 Submarine Pipeline Systems
DNV-OS-F201 Dynamic Risers
B 300 Other standards
ASTM B861 Standard Specification for Titanium and

Figure 1-2 Content of DNV-RP-F201 and links to other titanium Alloy Seamless Pipe.
DNV standards ASTM B862 Standard Specification for Titanium and
titanium Welded Pipe.
404 The limit state design checks for this RP and DNV-OS-
F201 and DNV-OS-F101 are similar, but due to difference in NACE MR0175 Sulphide Stress Cracking Resistant Metal-
the governing failure modes and prevailing uncertainties, some lic Materials for Oil Field Equipment.
difference in safety factors exist. 302 Others applicable normative references is as given in the
405 In case of conflict between recommendations of this RP standards DNV-OS-F101 and DNV-OS-F201.
and a reference document, the recommendations of this RP Guidance note:
shall prevail. The latest revision of the DNV documents may be found in the
406 Where reference is made to codes other than DNV doc- publication list at the DNV website www.dnv.com.
uments, the valid revision shall be taken as the revision that ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
was current at the date of issue of this RP, unless otherwise
noted.
A 500 Structure of this RP
C. Definitions
501 The RP is organised as follows:
Sec.1 contains the objective and scope of the project RP. It fur- C 100 Verbal forms
ther introduces essential concepts, definitions and abbrevia- 101 “Shall”: Indicates requirements strictly to be followed
tions. in order to conform to this RP and from which no deviation is
Sec.2 contains requirements to the fundamental design philos- permitted.
ophy and design principles. The design philosophy and design 102 “Should”: Indicates that among several possibilities,
principles described in DNV OS-F201 Sec.2 apply also to this one is recommended as particularly suitable, without mention-
RP. ing or excluding others, or that a certain course of action is pre-
ferred but not necessarily required. Other possibilities may be
Sec.3 defines the loads to be considered in the design of riser applied subject to agreement.
systems. The loads are classified into different load categories.
The load definitions and classifications described in DNV OS- 103 “May”: Verbal form used to indicate a course of action
F201 Sec.3 apply also to this RP. permissible within the limits of the RP.
Sec.4 provides requirements for global analysis. The analysis 104 "Agreement", "by agreement": Unless otherwise indi-
methodology described in DNV OS-F201 Sec.4 apply also to cated, this means agreed in writing between Manufacturer/
this RP. Contractor and Purchaser.
Sec.5 provides the general framework for design of titanium C 200 Definitions
riser systems including provision for checking of limit states
for pipes in riser systems as described in DNV OS-F201 Sec.5 201 The general definitions are identical to those in DNV-
and with additional titanium specific requirements given in OS-F201.
this RP. This includes a definition of material groups, resist- 202 Alpha case (α-case): Oxygen (or nitrogen) pickup dur-
ance and load factors and safety factors for explicit limit states. ing heat treatment results in a surface structure composed pre-
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Sec.1 – Page 7
dominantly of alpha case since both oxygen and nitrogen are SLS Serviceability Limit State
alpha stabilisers. Alpha-case is detrimental because of the brit- SML Seamless Pipes
tle nature of the oxygen-rich alpha-structure. SMTS Specified Minimum Tensile Strength
203 Erosion: Loss of material from a solid surface due to SMYS Specified Minimum Yield Stress
relative motion in contact with a fluid that contains solid parti- TRB Three Roll Bending
cles. ULS Ultimate Limit State
UO Pipe Fabrication Process for Welded Pipes
204 Limit state: The state beyond which the riser or part of UO Pipe Fabrication Process for Welded Pipes, expand-
the riser no longer satisfies the requirements laid down to its ed
performance or operation. Examples are structural failure (rup- WSD Working Stress Design
ture, local buckling) or operational limitations (stroke or clear-
ance). The following categories of limit states are of relevance D 200 Symbols
for titanium riser systems:
201 The following symbols are used:
SLS = Serviceability Limit State D Nominal outside diameter
ULS = Ultimate Limit State Dfat Accumulated fatigue damage or Miner sum
FLS = Fatigue Limit State Di D - 2tnom = Nominal internal diameter
ALS = Accidental Limit State. Dmax Greatest measured inside or outside diameter
Dmin Smallest measured inside or outside diameter
205 Linepipe: A single pipe section. E Young’ modulus
206 Lot: A ‘Lot’ is defined as pipes or forging from the same D max – D min
heat, the same manufacturing batch, the same heat treatment F0 Ovality, --------------------------------
D
batch and with the same diameter and wall thickness.
207 Load: The term load refers to physical influences which fy Yield strength to be used in design
cause stress, strain, deformation, displacement, motion, etc. in fu Tensile strength to be used in design
the riser. Md Design bending moment
Mk Plastic bending moment resistance
208 Manufacturer: The party who is contracted to be respon- pb Burst resistance pressure
sible for planning, execution and documentation of manufac- pc Collapse pressure
turing. pe External pressure
209 Manufacturing Procedure Specification (MPS): A man- pel Elastic collapse pressure
ual prepared by the Manufacturer to demonstrate how the spec- pld Local design pressure
ified properties may be achieved and verified through the pmin Local minimum internal pressure taken as the most
proposed manufacturing route. unfavourable internal pressure plus static head of
210 Pipe, Seamless (SML): Pipe manufactured in a hot form- the internal fluid
ing process resulting in a tubular product without a welded pp Plastic collapse pressure
seam. Rk Vector of resistance
t Nominal wall thickness
211 Specified Minimum Yield Stress (SMYS): The minimum
yield strength (stress) at room temperature prescribed by the Ted Design effective tension (force)
specification or standard under which the material is pur- Tk Plastic axial force resistance
chased. The tensile stress at 0.2% strain offset of the specimen D 300 Greek letters
gauge length.
301 The following Greek letters are used:
αfab Manufacturing process reduction factor
D. Abbreviations and Symbols αU Material quality factor
γA Load factor for accidental loads
D 100 Abbreviations γc Condition factor
101 The following abbreviations are used: γE Load effect factor for environmental loads
γF Load effect factor for functional loads
ALS Accidental Limit States γm Resistance factor to take into account uncertainties
CTOD Crack Tip Opening Displacement in material properties
ECA Engineering Critical Assessment γSC Resistance factor dependent on safety class (conse-
FCG Fatigue Crack Growth quence of failure)
FLS Fatigue Limit State ν Poisson’s ratio for pipe wall material
HAZ Heat Affected Zone η Usage factor
LRFD Load and Resistance Factor Design ρe Density of external fluid (e.g. sea water)
NDT Non-destructive Testing ρi Density of internal fluid (contents)
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Page 8 – Sec.2
SECTION 2
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
A. General A 200 References

201 The design philosophy and design principles described
A 100 Objective in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.2 applies also to this RP.
101 The purpose of this section is to present the safety phi-
losophy and corresponding limit state design format applied in
this standard.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Sec.3 – Page 9
SECTION 3
LOADS

201 The load definitions and classification described in
A 100 Objective DNV-OS-F201 Sec.3 applies also to this RP.
101 This section defines the loads to be considered in the de-
sign of riser systems. The loads are classified into different
load categories.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Page 10 – Sec.4
SECTION 4
ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY
A. General load effects in connection with design criteria specified in

Sec.5.
A 100 Objective
101 The purpose of this section is to provide requirements A 200 Reference
for global analysis. Focus is on assessment of global structural 201 The analysis methodology described in DNV-OS-F201
Sec.4 applies also to this RP.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Sec.5 – Page 11
SECTION 5
DESIGN CRITERIA
A. General 102 Unless otherwise stated, the resistance factors applicable

to all limit states are specified in Table 5-1 and Table 5-2.
A 100 Objective
Table 5-1 Safety class resistance factor γSC
101 The section provides the general framework for design
of titanium riser systems including provisions for checking of Low Normal High
limit states for pipes in riser systems as described in DNV-OS- 1.04 1.14 1.26
F201 Sec.5 and with the additional requirements given in the
sections below. Table 5-2 Material resistance factor γm
ULS & ALS SLS & FLS
1.15 1.0
B. Material Selection Guidance note:
B 100 General - For SLS, the set of resistance factors can be defined by the
owner, see DNV-OS-F201.
101 Titanium alloys for riser components shall be selected - For ALS, the set of safety factors depends on the frequency of
with due to consideration of the fluid to be transported, loads, occurrence and is to be defined from case to case, see DNV-
temperature and possible failure modes during installation and OS-F201. In cases, where the inherent uncertainty related to
operation. The titanium alloys are divided into the three fol- the accidental load is negligible and, where a conservative es-
timate is applied, the material resistance factor in Table 5-2
lowing groups: can be reduced to 1.05.
Group I - The safety class resistance factors for pressure containment
are not in compliance with ISO. For compliance, see DNV-
102 For titanium alloys, as titanium ASTM Grade 23, Grade OS-F101.
23 + 0.05 Pd, or Grade 29, with tested and well documented
properties, the calibration of the design requirements given in
Sec.5 are based on the properties of these alloys. The Load and
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) format shall be applied D 200 Geometrical parameters
Group II 201 The nominal outside diameter D applies in resistance
calculations for all failure modes.
103 For related titanium grades holding approximately the
same mechanical properties as for Group I, such as titanium 202 For burst and collapse pressure design checks (i.e. E200
Grade 9,18,28 or Grade 32 (i.e.Timetal 5111) and for which and E300) the resistance shall be calculated based on wall
the calibrated design equations may be used, the design formu- thickness as follows:
las shall be verified. The LRFD format shall be applied. Mill pressure test and system pressure test condition
Group III
t 1 = t nom – t fab (5.1)
104 For novel titanium alloys holding significant different
mechanical properties, such as for titanium grade 19,20 the ap- Operational condition
plicability of the design criteria shall be proven through a “de-
sign by testing “ approach. Individual specific test regimes t 1 = t nom – t fab – t corr (5.2)
shall, by agreement, be performed on a case to case basis.
tnom = Nominal (specified) pipe wall thickness
tfab = Fabrication (manufacture) negative tolerance
tcorr = Corrosion/wear/erosion allowance
C. Load Effects 203 Resistances for all other limit states related to extreme
loading shall be calculated based on wall thickness as follows:
C 100 Reference
Installation/retrieval and system pressure test
101 The content of DNV-OS-F201 Sec.5 B applies also to
this RP. t 2 = t nom (5.3)
Otherwise
D. Resistance t 2 = t nom – t corr (5.4)
D 100 Resistance factors Guidance note:

t1 is the minimum wall thickness and is relevant for design
101 The following resistance factors apply, (see DNV-OS- checks where failure is likely to occur in connection with a low
F201 Sec.2 C): capacity. t2 is used for design checks governed by the external
loading and failure is likely to occur in connection with an ex-
— Safety class factor γSC linked to the actual safety class and treme load effect at a location with average thickness.
accounts for the failure consequence. ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
— Material resistance factor γm to account for material and
resistance uncertainties. 204 Variation in pipe wall thickness over the design life of
— A condition factor γc to account for special conditions the riser system shall be considered in long-term fatigue dam-
specified explicitly at the different limit states where rele- age calculations (i.e. in-place, operational condition). An aver-
vant, see e.g. Table 5-11 in DNV-OS-F201. age representative pipe wall thickness may be applied in
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Page 12 – Sec.5
nominal fatigue stress calculations. The following approxima-

tion may be applied for an environment with uniform wall
thinning due to wear and/or erosion:
t 3 = t nom – 0.5 t corr (5.5)

For fatigue damage calculations prior to permanent operation
(e.g. tow-out, installation etc) the pipe wall thickness shall be
taken as:
t 3 = t nom (5.6)
D 300 Material strength

301 The material strength parameters and correction factors
are referred to explicitly in the design equations and are given
in this sub-section.
302 The characteristic yield stress fy and tensile strength fu Figure 5-1 De-rating values for yield strength
are given in Table 5-3. Likewise, low temperature effects, e.g. during blown down in gas
risers, should be considered when establishing mechanical and
303 The material strength (SMYS, SMTS) is specified at
room temperature. Possible influence on the material proper- physical material properties.
ties from the temperature shall be considered at temperatures For material Group I, the change in elasticity modulus with tem-
above room temperature. This includes: perature is given as
∆E = − 0.047 GPa / °C
— yield stress, i.e. fy, temp
— tensile strength, i.e. fu, temp ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
— Young's modulus;
306 The material selection may include selection of supple-
— thermal expansion coefficient.
mentary requirement U according to DNV OS-F101. The sup-
Table 5-3 Characteristic yield and tensile strength plementary requirement ensures increased confidence in
Yield stress Tensile strength material strength, which is reflected in a higher material
strength factor αU, given in Table 5-4.
f y = (SMYS − f y, temp) αU f u = (SMTS − f u, temp) αU
Table 5-4 Material strength factor αU
SMYS is the Specified Minimum Yield Stress at room tem- Normal Supplementary requirement U
perature based on the engineering stress-strain curve. 0.96 1.00
fy, temp is the temperature derating factor for the yield stress;
see 303. Supplementary requirement U has a testing regime which shall
SMTS is the Specified Minimum Tensile Strength at room ensure that SMYS is at least two-standard-deviations below
temperature based on the engineering stress-strain the mean yield strength and that SMTS is at least three-stand-
curve.
ard-deviations below the mean tensile strength.
fu, temp is the temperature derating factor for the tensile
strength; see 303. Guidance note:
αU is the material strength factor, see 306. The increased utilisation may be applied for connectors made of
forging and bolts provided an equivalent testing scheme is adopt-
Guidance note: ed.
For reeling the effect of plastic straining after the pipe mill shall
be evaluated and included in the material property. ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- 307 A fabrication factor αfab applies to the design compres-

sive circumferential yield stress for hoop buckling, local buck-
304 De-rated material properties, i.e. SMYS, SMTS and E- ling and propagating buckling limit states. This fabrication
modulus, at design temperatures shall be established as input
factor shall be documented for pipes manufactured by the
to the design and verified under manufacture.
UOE, UO or three roll bending (TRB) or similar deforming
305 If the material shall be used at design temperature processes. Beneficial effect on this reduction factor due to heat
T>50°C, the yield strength at Tmax shall be determined accord- treatment is allowed if documented.
ing to Sec.6 B405.
308 αc is a parameter accounting for strain hardening and
Guidance note:
wall thinning given by:
If no other information on de-rating temperature effects of the fu
strength exists, the recommendations below may be used for a α c = ( 1 – β ) + β ---- (5.7)
preliminary design for material Group I, see also Figure 5-1: fy
For material Group I, the changes in SMYS and SMTS with tem-
perature are given as:
( 0.4 + q h ) for D ⁄ t 2 < 15
∆f °
y, temp = 1.44 MPa/°C 20°C < T < 140°C β = ® ( 0.4 + q h ) ( 60 – D ⁄ t 2 ) ⁄ 45 for 15 < D ⁄ t 2 < 60
∆f y, temp = 0.97 MPa/°C 140°C < T < 200°C °
∆f = 1.24 MPa/°C 20°C < T < 140°C ¯0 for ( D ⁄ t 2 ) > 60
u, temp
∆f u, temp = 0.83 MPa/°C 140°C < T < 200°C
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Sec.5 – Page 13
Guidance note:
A high degree of compatibility with the DNV-OS-F101 has been
( p ld – p e ) 2 attempted where relevant. In general the same limit states apply
° ----------------------- ------- for p ld > p e
qh = ® p b ( t2 ) 3 for pipeline systems and dynamic riser systems but the governing
° failure modes differ due to different functional requirements be-
¯ 0 else tween pipelines and risers.
Pressure and functional loads normally govern wall thickness
sizing for pipelines while extreme environmental loads and fa-
tigue govern typical dynamic riser design.
pld = local design pressure defined in Sec.3 of
DNV-OS-F201 The most important comments that apply to this standard in rela-
tion to DNV-OS-F101 are:
pe = external pressure
pb = burst resistance given in E200 - load combination a) in DNV-OS-F101, Sec.5 D300 is not re-
quired for dynamic risers. Further, γ p = 1.0 herein;
αc is not to be taken larger than 1.20. αc is for illustration pur- - the additional safety class resistance factors for pressure con-
pose given in Figure 5-2 in case of (fu/fy) = 1.18. tainment for compliance with ISO is not required for dynamic
risers. For compliance, see DNV-OS-F101.
- the hoop buckling (collapse) criterion is formulated in terms
of the wall thickness, t. The minimum (t1) thickness is applied
for pure hoop buckling, whereas the nominal (t2) thickness is
applied for combined loading;
- the propagating buckling criteria is similar but may be relaxed
if the buckle is allowed to travel a short distance;
- anisotropy is not considered explicitly but the effect is implic-
it in the combined loading criteria for internal overpressure.
E 200 Bursting
201 The local incidental pressure, pli is the maximum ex-
pected internal pressure with a low annual exceedance proba-
bility, see DNV-OS-F201 Sec.3. Normally the incidental
pressure, pinc is taken 10% higher than the design pressure, pd,
i,e.:
pli = pld + 0.1 pd (5.8)

Figure 5-2 αc versus D/t ratio and pressure ratio qh for
(fu/fy) = 1.18 pld = Local internal design pressure, see DNV-OS-F201
Sec.3 B200.
D 400 Titanium correction factors
202 Pipe members subjected to net internal overpressure
401 Specific material correction factors for titanium are giv- shall be designed to satisfy the following condition at all cross
en in Table 5-5. sections:
Table 5-5 Titanium material correction factors
Burst: αtb = 1.0 1)
pb ( t 1 ) (5.9)
Hoop buckling (Collapse): αtp = 1.1 ( p li – p e ) ≤ -----------------
γ m γ SC
Moment (bending): D
α tm = 1.1 – ------------- pli = Local incidental pressure, see DNV-OS-F201 Sec.3
150t 2
pe = External pressure
Notes:
The burst resistance pb is given by:
1) The burst factor for titanium is assumed to be similar as for steel.
fu
p b ( t ) = ------- ------------ min § f y ; -----------· α tb
2 2t (5.10)
E. Ultimate Limit State 3 D–t © 1.15¹
E 100 General t = “dummy variable” to be substituted by t1 or t2 as ap-

101 The riser pipe shall be designed against relevant modes propriate
of failure listed in Table 5-1 in DNV-OS-F201. αtb = Given in Table 5-5
102 This section provides design checks with emphasis on 203 The burst criterion is valid if the mill pressure test re-
load controlled conditions. Design principles for displacement quirement in DNV-OS-F101 has been met. If not, a corre-
controlled conditions are discussed in 700. sponding decreased utilisation shall be applied.
103 If the design is based on: Guidance note:
The burst criterion is expressed in terms of the resistance for
— load controlled (LC) conditions capped pipe ends. Note that the burst criterion is formulated in
— design loads based on global riser analysis terms of the local incidental pressure rather than a local design
pressure. Hence, the bursting limit state designs explicitly
— linear elastic and ductile materials, against the extreme pressure loading condition over the lifetime
in compliance with standard ULS design checks. The allowable
accumulated plastic deformation is considered unlikely and utilisation is however in compliance with recent industry practice
“shake-down” can automatically be assumed. for well-known riser types.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Page 14 – Sec.5
The nominal thickness is given by: 304 The initial departure from circularity of pipe and pipe
t nom = t1 + t corr + t fab ends, i.e., the initial ovality is given by:
when the negative fabrication thickness tolerance is absolute,
tfab, and
t nom = (t1 + t corr) / (1 − %t fab) D max – D min (5.15)
f0 = --------------------------------
when the negative fabrication thickness tolerance is given as a D
percentile of the nominal thickness, % tfab.
The minimum required wall thickness for a straight pipe without 305 The initial ovality shall not be taken less than 0.005
allowances and tolerances is given by: (0.5%). Maximum ovality from fabrication is given in DNV-
OS-F201 Sec.5 G200. Ovalisation caused during the construc-
D tion and installation phase is to be included in the ovality. The
t 1 = -------------------------------------------------------------
fu ovalisation due to external pressure or moment in the as-in-
min § f y ; -----------· stalled position shall not be included.
4 © 1.15¹
------- ---------------------------------------- + 1
γ
3 m SC li – p e )
γ ( p E 400 Propagating buckling
401 No design requirement has been developed for titanium
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- risers, see to DNV-OS-F201 Sec.5 D400 for steel risers.
E 300 System hoop buckling (Collapse) E 500 Combined loading criteria

501 Pipe members subjected to bending moment, effective
301 Pipe members subjected to external overpressure shall tension and net internal overpressure shall be designed to sat-
be designed to satisfy the following condition: isfy the following equation /1/:
pc ( t1 ) (5.11)
( p e – p min ) ≤ -------------------
γ SC γ m § Md p ld – p e 2· T ed ½
γ c { γ SC γ m } ® ¨ ---------- 1 – § ------------------· ¸ + § --------· ¾ +
© pb ( t2 ) ¹ ¹ © Tk ¹
pmin = minimum internal pressure ¯ © Mk ¿ (5.16)
p ld – p e 2
Guidance note: § -----------------
-· ≤ 1
© pb ( t2 ) ¹
pmin is the local minimum internal pressure taken as the most un-
favourable internal pressure plus static head of the internal fluid.
For installation pmin equals zero. For installation with water- Md = design bending moment, see DNV-OS-F201 Sec.5
filled pipe, pmin equals pe.
B100
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- Ted = design effective tension, see DNV-OS-F201 Sec.5
B100
302 The resistance for external pressure (hoop buckling), pld = local internal design pressure, see Sec.3 B200
pc(t), is given by: pe = local external pressure
γc = condition factor to be taken according to Table 5-6
Mk is the (plastic) bending moment resistance given by:
2 2
( p c ( t ) – p el ( t ) ) ⋅ ( p c ( t ) – p p ( t ) ) =
(5.12)
D
p c ( t ) ⋅ p el ( t ) ⋅ p p ( t ) ⋅ f 0 ---- 2 (5.17)
t M k = f y α tm α c ( D – t 2 ) ⋅ t 2
Guidance note:
Solution of the equation above can be found DNV-OS-F101 αtm is given in Table 5-5.
Sec.12. Tk is the plastic axial force resistance given by:
303 The elastic collapse pressure (instability) of a pipe is (5.18)

given by: Tk = fy αc π ( D – t2 ) ⋅ t 2
pb(t2) is the burst resistance given by Eq. (5.10).

t 3
2 E § ----· Table 5-6 Condition factor γc for bending, torsion and internal
© D¹ (5.13)
p el ( t ) = ---------------------- α tp overpressure
2
1–ν Low Normal High
0.90 0.95 1.00
The plastic collapse pressure is given by:
Guidance note:
The failure modes controlled by this limit state comprise yield-
t ing, gross plastic deformation and wrinkling due to combined
p p ( t ) = 2 ---- f y α fab α tp (5.14) loading.
D
The design criterion may be viewed as a (plastic) Von Mises cri-
terion in terms of cross sectional forces and plastic cross section-
αtp is given in Table 5-5. al resistance. It is equivalent to the plastic limit bending moment
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Sec.5 – Page 15
capacity (including the effect of strain hardening and wall thin- 604 Pipe members subjected to bending moment, effective
ning) for (Ted/Tk) <<1. It reduces to the traditional wall thickness tension and net external overpressure shall be designed to sat-
Von Mises criterion, see e.g. API RP 2RD, for pressure and ef- isfy the following equation:
fective tension load effects only.
502 Pipe members subjected to bending moment, effective § § M · § T e· 2·

2
p e – p min 2 (5.21)
¨ © -------¹ + © ------¹ ¸ + §© ----------------------·¹ ≤ η
4
tension and net external overpressure shall be designed to sat-
isfy the following equation /2/: © k M T k ¹ p c 2( t )
E 700 Displacement controlled conditions

2 Md T ed 2 ½2 701 See DNV-OS-F201.
{ γ SC γ m } ® § ----------· + § --------· 13 ¾ +
© ¹ © Tk ¹
¯ Mk ¿ (5.19)
2
2 p e – p min
{ γ SC γ m } § ----------------------· ≤ 1 F. Fatigue Limit State
© pc ( t2 ) ¹
F 100 General
pc(t) = Hoop buckling capacity given by Eq. (5.12) 101 The riser system shall have adequate safety against fa-
tigue within the service life of the system.
Guidance note: 102 The design criteria for fatigue of steel riser pipes given
The failure modes controlled by this semi-empirical limit state is in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.5 E, are assumed to be valid for design
yielding and combined local buckling and hoop buckling due to of titanium risers, with the exception of the actual fatigue
combined bending, tension and external over-pressure.
curves given in Appendix B E.
System effects should be considered for installation methods in-
volving many pipe sections being exposed to a similar loading 103 The fatigue properties valid for titanium pipes are given
condition. If detailed information is not available a condition fac- in Sec.6 B600.
tor γC = 1.05 multiplied with γSC γm apply.
G. Accidental Limit State
E 600 Alternative WSD format
601 As a more easy-to-use alternative the following working G 100 Reference
stress design (WSD) format may be used for the combined 101 The content in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.5 F applies also to
loading check for pipes with D/t ratio less than 30. The present this RP.
WSD is based on explicit limit states for combined loading and
provides results on the conservative side compared to the cor-
responding LRFD limit states.
602 For the WSD format the design load effects equals the H. Serviceability Limit State
corresponding characteristic load effect, i.e. the load effect fac-
tors and resistance factors equals unity: γF = γΕ = γA = γSC = γm H 100 Reference
= 1.0. Instead, the basic usage factor shown in Table 5-7 apply. 101 The content in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.5 G applies also to
this RP.
Table 5-7 Usage factor h for combined loading
Low Normal High
0.83 0.79 0.75 I. Special Considerations
603 Pipe members subjected to bending moment, effective
tension and net internal overpressure shall be designed to sat- I 100 Reference
isfy the following equation, where all parameters are defined 101 The content in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.5 H applies also to
in 500. this RP.
§ M p ld – p e 2· T 2 ½ p ld – p e 2 (5.20)
-· ¸ + § -----e-· ¾ + § -----------------
- 1 – § ----------------- -· ≤ η
2
® ¨ -------
M © p ( t ) ¹ © T ¹ © p ( t ) ¹
¯ © k b 2 ¹ k ¿ b 2
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Page 16 – Sec.6
SECTION 6
MATERIALS
A. General B. Material Properties

A 100 Scope B 100 General
101 This section specifies the requirements for materials, 101 Requirements for titanium making in general shall be
manufacture, fabrication and documentation of linepipe and according to approved and documented practice.
components in the riser system, with regard to the characteris- 102 Requirements to pipe manufacturing, type and extent of
tic properties the materials shall obtain after heat treatment, ex- mechanical testing and NDT are given in C, and suggested test
pansion, final shaping and assembly. The requirements are programs for both qualification testing and production testing
relevant both for pressure containing and for load carrying are given in Table 6-5. All mechanical and corrosion testing
shall be conducted in accordance with relevant parts of DNV-
parts. OS-F101 Appendix B.
A 200 Application B 200 Chemical composition
201 This standard applies to risers and riser components fab- 201 The chemical composition of the titanium alloy metal
ricated from linepipes and forging made of titanium meeting covered by this recommended practice shall conform to the re-
internationally recognised codes for titanium alloys, manufac- quirements of the chemical composition utilised as ASTM
turing, coatings, fabrication and NDT methods and procedures grades or equivalent recognised, but more supplier specific,
in general with the exceptions given in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.7 codes.
and in B and C of this section. Guidance note:
Extra Low Interstitial (ELI) grades shall be strongly recommend-
202 The requirements in this section are applicable for risers ed compared to non-ELI grades.
made of titanium only or a mix of titanium and steel. In case of
mixed riser systems, the section only covers the titanium part
of the system. 202 Homogeneous composition of pipe shall be confirmed
during MPQT through analyses of specimens from both pipe
A 300 Material selection ends. Homogeneous composition of girth welds, particularly
301 The selected titanium grade shall be proven suitable for with regard to interstitial elements, shall be confirmed during
the intended use during the entire service life. The materials for WPQT through analyses from both the 12 o’clock and 6
o’clock positions.
use in the riser system shall have the dimensions and mechan-
ical properties, such as strength, ductility, toughness, corro- 203 Alloy composition determines the susceptibility for
sion- and wear-resistance, necessary to comply with the crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. See also 700.
assumptions made in the design. 204 In case of contact between two dissimilar titanium al-
loys, the crevice tend to obtain the crevice corrosion resistance
302 The titanium alloys are divided into three groups, Group of the more noble (resistant) alloy because of galvanically in-
I to Group III, as described in Sec.5 B100. duced anodic protection.
A 400 Process of manufacture B 300 Metallography
401 The linepipe shall be manufactured according to one of 301 The microstructure is closely linked to the material
the following processes: properties and shall be regarded as an essential parameter.
Seamless (SML) linepipe 302 For each combination of material and method of manu-
facture, a set of typical and limiting acceptable microstructures
402 Linepipe generally manufactured by a hot forming proc- shall be agreed between purchaser and manufacturer and doc-
ess, normally hot-extruded or hot rotary-pierced, without umented as part of the MPS (see C300).
welding and followed by annealing. In order to obtain the re- 303 A homogenous microstructure in linepipe shall be con-
quired dimensions, warm sizing or swaging may follow the hot firmed during MPQT through examination of the entire pipe
forming. Other manufacturing methods may be used based on wall thickness on specimens from both pipe ends and in two
agreement between purchaser and manufacture. different directions.
Welded (SAWL) linepipe 304 Homogeneous microstructure in girth welds shall be
confirmed during WPQT through examination of the entire
403 Linepipe manufactured by forming from plate and with weld area on specimens from the 12 o’clock and 6 o’clock po-
one longitudinal seam formed by the GTAW, GMAW or PAW sitions in addition to microhardness profile testing.
welding process. Other welding methods may be utilised if 305 A metallographic examination shall be performed after
sound weld connections can be documented. An intermittent or final heat treatment. The examination shall be conducted at
continuous single pass tack weld may be made by the gas metal both 100 X and 400 X magnification.
arc welding method. Final annealing is required for stress re- 306 The linepipe surfaces and weld surfaces shall be free
lief. To obtain the required dimensions, the forming may be from alpha (α)-case.
followed by warm sizing or swaging.
B 400 Mechanical properties
Components
401 Mechanical properties for a number of titanium alloys
404 The components shall be forged. The requirements to applicable for riser components are given in Table 6-4. Project
design, manufacture, fabrication, testing and documentation of specific requirements to mechanical properties may be agreed
riser components are given in DNV OS-F101 Sec.7. upon.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Sec.6 – Page 17
402 All alloys in material group I and II shall confirm to the thereby also identify possible variations in texture and direc-
following requirements: tionality.
— Maximum actual yield stress in longitudinal direction 507 Defect assessment of crack like defects should normally
shall be decided on a project basis. be performed in accordance with BS 7910 3B; Failure Assess-
— Actual yield stress to actual ultimate tensile strength, YS / ment Diagram (FAD), i.e. a tearing analysis based on the ma-
UTS–ratio, shall not exceed 0.92. terial specific FAD. This requires the full stress strain curve for
both base metal and weld metal in order to construct the appro-
403 For pipe OD ≤ 300 mm, all mechanical testing shall be priate FAD.
conducted in the longitudinal direction. For pipe OD > 300 508 Time effects on the fracture toughness of the material, in
mm, tensile properties shall be tested in both transverse and terms of sustained load cracking, shall be considered.
longitudinal direction to the pipe axis.
404 For weldments, tensile testing of all-weld and cross- B 600 Fatigue properties
weld specimens shall be conducted in addition to face- and 601 Adequate fatigue life of both base metal and weldments
root-bend testing. should be verified by fatigue analysis. The fatigue analysis
405 If materials shall be used at a design temperature above may be based on either the Fatigue Life S-N curve approach or
50°C, the yield strength at the Tmax shall be determined by test- the Fracture Mechanics Fatigue Crack Growth (FCG) ap-
ing during the qualification of the manufacturing procedure proach.
specification (MPS) given in C300. 602 The FCG approach is mainly relevant for situations
Guidance note: where fatigue crack growth is the dominating part of the fa-
tigue life or when in-service crack inspection is considered
1) The tensile properties at room temperature will be reduced (Damage Tolerance Design Approach).
at elevated temperatures. For titanium alloys, a decrease in S-N curve approach
strength of typically 20 to 40% of the room temperature val-
ue is expected at 200°C. At 60°C, a reduction of room tem- 603 By the fatigue life S-N curve approach, the fatigue life is
perature strength with up to 12% shall be expected. expressed in terms of the number of cycles to failure N. The S-
2) For material Group I, the change in elasticity modulus with N curve gives the number of cycles to failure N at stress range
temperature is given as ∆E = - 0.047 GPa/°C. S. The S-N curve is given as
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- log10N = log10a − mlog10S (6.1)
406 For components to be subjected to static loads, long term S-N curves are sensitive to the presence and size of defects. It
mechanical properties, and possible degradation of these in is therefore necessary to assure that the quality of the welds in
terms of cold or warm creep, shall be considered. the riser conforms with the weld quality of the tested samples.
604 The characteristic S-N curve for use in design is tradi-
B 500 Fracture toughness properties tionally defined equal to the so-called “mean-minus-two-
501 Pipe members, including components and girth welds, standard-deviations” curve as obtained from a log10S-log10N
shall have adequate safety against unstable fracture both dur- plot of experimental data. With a Gaussian assumption for the
ing the installation and during the service life of the riser. residuals in log10N with respect to the mean curve through the
data, this corresponds to a curve with 97.7% survival probabil-
502 For titanium alloys considered appropriate for riser ap-
plications and listed in Table 6-4, no marked drop in impact or ity. It is common to require this curve estimated with at least
95% confidence when its derivation is based on limited data.
fracture toughness should be expected at subzero tempera-
tures. 605 Characteristic S-N curves for use in design need to be
validated for the material and weld in question, e.g. by labora-
503 The Fracture Toughness shall be characterised by J-R
testing according to BS 7448 and ASTM E1820. tory fatigue tests and NDT testing.
Guidance note:
Guidance note:
In case specific characteristic S-N curves are not available for the
- The test conditions for Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics material in question, a set of default characteristic S-N curves is
(LEFM) are usually not fulfilled for wall thickness relevant given in Table 6-1 /3/. These default characteristic S-N curves
for riser applications. The use of the LEFM measure for Frac- may be used for preliminary design. The default characteristic S-
ture Toughness, KQ/KIc, is therefore usually not appropriate N curves may be used for final design provided it is verified that
and JR-testing is the recommended test method. the characteristic fatigue life of the material in question is equal
- The above standards recommend to use Single Edge Notched to or better than that given by the relevant default S-N curve.
Bend (SENB) or Compact Tension (CT) specimens for the
testing. These specimens give large Crack Tip Constraint and Table 6-1 Default characteristic S-N curve for titanium of
hence usually conservative measures of the fracture tough- Material Group I /3/
ness. If it can be shown that the constraint in the riser compo-
nent under consideration is lower than in the standard test Material log10 a 1) m
specimen, it is permissible to test specimens with a constraint Base metal 13.4 3.4
closer to the real structure, e.g. the Single Edge Notched Ten- Weld 13.1 3.4
sion (SENT) specimen.
1) Values are conditioned on stress ranges S given in units of MPa.
The default S-N curves represent a synthesis of data for a range
504 Due to the, normally, relatively large scatter in stable of titanium grades and a range of manufacturers and form a set of
crack growth obtained, it is recommended to use the multiple robust curves for their purpose. One common curve for base met-
specimen procedure according to BS 7448 and a minimum of al and one for weld, regardless of environment and titanium
grade, reflect that the available data are statistically too limited to
8 specimens. allow for separate curves for separate environments and separate
505 All relevant locations of possible defects i.e. base metal, grades. Because the default S-N curves are based on limited data,
weld metal and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) shall be tested. the requirement of 95% confidence implies that the default S-N
curves come out a little more conservative than the central-esti-
506 The fracture toughness testing shall be carried out in all mate “mean-minus-two-standard-deviations” curves would indi-
relevant directions of loading and crack orientation and will cate.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Page 18 – Sec.6
The default S-N curves are based on data for stress ranges in ex- - Selection of S-N curves shall match the weld detail and qual-
cess of 250 MPa for base metal and for stress ranges in excess of ity
175 MPa for welds. The available data indicate a standard devi- - The specified default characteristic S-N curve is given as a
ation in the residuals of log10N of about 0.2. one-slope S-N curve, valid for all S values, and thus ignoring
The default characteristic S-N curves are valid for Material a possible endurance limit. Titanium is traditionally known to
Group I. For Material Groups II and III, reference is made to Ta- exhibit an endurance limit under constant amplitude loading,
ble 6-5. The numbers quoted in Table 6-1 are valid in air or sea- i.e., a value of the stress range S below which the number of
water, and for temperatures up to 150°C. The numbers quoted for cycles N to failure will approach infinity. It will be conserva-
base metal are valid for machined surfaces. The numbers quoted tive to apply the one-slope S-N curve for S values below the
for welds arise from test data for fusion welds with ground sur- endurance limit. When the endurance limit can be determined
faces, no surface-breaking pores greater than 0.2 mm, and no in- with confidence, contributions to fatigue damage from S val-
ternal pores greater than 0.5 mm. ues below the endurance limit may be ignored for constant
amplitude loading. For variable amplitude loading the endur-
No stress concentration factor is incorporated in the default char- ance limit may be suppressed and it is recommended to use
acteristic S-N curves. the one- slope curve for all S values, unless a two-slope S-N
When verifying that the fatigue life of a material in question is curve can be established, supported by data or test results.
equal to or better than that given by a default characteristic S-N
curve, at least three fatigue tests at each of two different stress
ranges should be carried out. The fatigue test data by these tests
should be interpreted with respect to a characteristic S-N curve
Fatigue Crack Growth
defined as the curve with 97.7% survival probability with 95% 608 DNV OS-F201 Sec.5 E300 gives general guidance for
confidence. The verification should demonstrate that this charac- fatigue assessments by crack growth calculations.
teristic S-N curve gives a fatigue life equal to or higher than that
given by the default characteristic S-N curve. 609 Crack growth parameters (characteristic resistance)
shall be determined as “mean-plus-two-standard-deviations”.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- The environment and testing frequency must be relevant for
the application. For high cycle situations it is most important
606 The fatigue criterion, which is to be satisfied in design,
to determine the fatigue crack growth parameters in the near-
may be written as
threshold region.
Guidance note:
D fat ⋅ DFF ≤ 1.0 (6.2)
- The fatigue crack growth rate, for similar stress ranges, is nor-
mally higher in titanium than in steel. This must be appreciat-
in which ed when assessing situations where fatigue crack growth is
the dominating part of the fatigue life or when in-service
Dfat = the accumulated fatigue damage calculated from the crack inspection is considered (Damage Tolerance Design
stress range distribution and the characteristic S-N Approach).
curve according to the Miner’s sum, see DNV-OS- - When determining crack growth parameters in the near
threshold region it is important that the testing is carried out
F201 Appendix B. with care. E.g. erroneously optimistic crack growth parame-
DFF = the design fatigue factor, see DNV-OS-F201 Table 5- ters may be obtained due to retardation effects if the load
9. range is decreased too rapidly during the testing.
- Relevant and realistic initial flow sizes must be determined
Guidance note: taking the capability of the NDT system and other aspects of
The stress range distribution used for calculation of the accumu- the fabrication methods into consideration.
lated damage Dfat needs to include a relevant stress concentration - When calculating the fatigue life based on fatigue crack
factor, when the characteristic S-N curve it is combined with in growth, the final crack size must be determined based on a
the calculation does not incorporate any stress concentration fac- given “failure criteria”, e.g. leakage or fracture.
tor.
Stress concentration factors are usually geometry-dependent. In
cases where stress concentration factors are also stiffness-de- Full scale testing
pendent, extra caution should be exercised as then known stress
concentration factors applicable to for example steel details can- 610 Full scale testing is suggested as final verification of fa-
not necessarily be transported to apply to titanium details with tigue properties. This is particularly relevant for girth welds of
the same geometry. materials in material group III and for qualification of new
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- welding methods.
607 Testing has shown that size and distribution of flaws in B 700 Corrosion properties
the weld and the surface condition of both base metal and weld Stress corrosion and crevice corrosion
may have an influence on the fatigue properties. It should be
701 For line pipes to be used for fluids containing hydrogen
verified by testing that the actual base material and welds be-
sulphide (H2S) and defined as ‘sour service’ according to
have in a similar manner as existing fatigue data used for de-
NACE Standard MR0175 (Sulphide Stress Cracking Resistant
sign before the final design is carried out.
Metallic Materials for Oil Field Equipment), all requirements
Guidance note: to materials selection, properties, and manufacturing and fab-
- When test results in terms of existing fatigue data are used as rication procedures given in the standard shall apply. An over-
basis for fatigue analyses, the tests shall have been conducted view of titanium alloys approved for sour service according to
on materials with fatigue properties equal to those of the cho- MR0175-2001 is given in Table 6-2. In case of approval of
sen material and in a representative internal/external environ- new grades for sour service, the last updated version of
ment (including corrosion protection if relevant). MR0175 will be the decisive document.
DET NORSKE VERITAS

Sec.6 – Page 19
Table 6-2 Titanium alloys approved for sour service according 802 Titanium is inert to most oilfield chemicals, the excep-
tions are hydrofluoric acid and methanol.
to NACE MR0175-2001 and corresponding DNV material
group Hydrofluoric Acid
ASTM DNV material UNS Hardness 803 Hydrofluoric acid, which may be used for acidising
Grade Group Grade (maximum) wells, attacks titanium very quickly. This shall be prevented,
- R56260 45 HRC either by preventing hydrofluoric acids from flowing into tita-
- R56403 36 HRC nium lines or by use of suitable inhibitors.
Grade 2 - R50400 100 HRB Methanol
Grade 12 - R53400 92HRB 804 Procedures for use of methanol in conjunction with tita-
Grade 19 III R58640 42 HRC nium risers must be established, specifying the minimum water
Grade 29 I R56404 35 HRC content in the methanol.
Grade 28 II R56323 32 HRC Guidance note:
702 Use of line pipe materials not listed for sour service in Methanol, used for dissolving and suppressing hydrates in well
NACE MR0175 shall be qualified according to the guidelines flows, causes stress corrosion cracking of titanium in presence of
chlorides. However, water content above approximately 2-4%
given in the said document. nullifies the deleterious effect of methanol.
703 Alloy resistance to chloride crevice corrosion shall be A guideline for minimum water content required to prevent
demonstrated when riser service temperature exceed ~75°C methanolic SCC of different titanium alloys, is given in Table 6-
and the alloy is exposed to hot produced brine fluid or/and sea- 3.
water.
704 To prevent crevice corrosion and mitigate the suscepti- Table 6-3 Guideline, giving minimum water content
bility to chloride stress corrosion cracking, Pd/Ru enhanced al- required to prevent methanolic SCC
loys shall be selected when maximum temperature exceed Minimum water content
DNV required (wt%)
~75°C and alloys are exposed to seawater or hot produced Titanium alloy material
brine fluid. group Intermittent Sustained
exposure exposure
705 Crevice or pitting corrosion testing shall be performed in
external environment. SCC testing shall be performed in inter- ASTM Grade 9 II 2.0 2.0
nal environment. ASTM Grade 19 III 5.0 10.0
ASTM Grade 23 I 3.0 3.0
706 For specimen containing welds, possible corrosion on
base material will be tested simultaneously. ASTM Grade 28 II 2.5 3.0
ASTM Grade 29 I 5.0 10.0
Guidance note:
- Dependent on the environment and the temperature, no test-
ing might be considered necessary if Pd/Ru-enhanced alloys ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
are requested.
- Pd/Ru-enhanced titanium alloys as ASTM Grade 28 and Hydrogen embrittlement:
Grade 29 are already fully qualified for high temperature
brine/seawater service up to at least 260ºC. 805 Hydrogen absorption and long-term damages of titani-
um alloy components should be prevented by design strategies
that lead to prevention of atomic hydrogen on the titanium sur-
Galvanic Corrosion face as;
707 The titanium alloys listed in Table 6-4 are generally im- — applying polymeric coatings to seawater-exposed metal
mune to galvanic corrosion in contact with other structural ma- surfaces
terials and are compatible with nickel alloys and stainless — shift the impressed cathodic potential to levels positive to
steels. –0.850 mV
708 When in contact with less noble metals such as alumin- — electrically isolate the titanium alloy component from ca-
ium, carbon steel and magnesium alloys, accelerated galvanic thodic protected steel structures via insulating flanges and
attacks can occur. couplings.
B 800 Environmental conditions 806 Hydrogen absorption may occur when titanium is ca-
thodically charged for extended periods at potentials more
Liquid Metal Embrittlement negative than −850 mV (Ag/AgCl) in seawater imposed by
801 Risk for Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME) due to liq- C.P. systems that protect mating steel structures.
uid mercury from the well stream shall be considered. For tem- Guidance note:
peratures <150°C, liquid mercury does not appear to affect
titanium unless wetting of freshly exposed surface occur, e.g. - Hydrogen damage of titanium alloys is manifested as loss of
under wear conditions. For temperatures >150°C, low resist- ductility (embrittlement) and /or a reduction in the stress-in-
tensity threshold for crack propagation.
ance to liquid metal embrittlement from liquid mercury might
- The damage is caused by hydrides, which forms as hydrogen
be expected. diffuses into the material during exposure with either gaseous
Guidance note: or cathodic hydrogen.
- The temperature limit where now significant hydrogen ab-
- Since mercury is not able to wet titanium surfaces covered sorption is expected for the titanium when exposed to seawa-
with oxide films, due to low surface tension/high contact an- ter is dependent on the chosen titanium alloy and the amount
gle, larger patches of oxide damage need to be present for this of hydrogen present.
to be a problem.
- Titanium and its alloys are resistant to solutions of mercury ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
salts over the pH range 3-11.
807 In cases where hydrogen absorption can not be prevent-
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- ed, testing shall be carried out in order to characterise the frac-
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Page 20 – Sec.6
ture and fatigue crack growth properties under representative and supplementary requirement D in DNV OS-F101.
conditions of hydrogen charging.
C 300 Manufacturing procedure specification and qual-
B 900 Wear properties ification
901 Titanium in contact with itself or other metals exhibits a 301 In order to distinguish between several suppliers, a pre-
tendency to gall resulting in excessive wear on titanium and/or qualification program may be established. The content of the
result in accelerated corrosion through fretting action. Simple program shall be established on a project specific basis, and
lubrication is often sufficient to overcome this problem, how- should contain testing of critical properties. Results from the
ever, the effect of lubrication need to be documented. prequalification may be used as part MPQT.
902 Wear/erosion/galling resistance shall be considered, 302 Before production commences, the manufacturer shall
particularly for drilling risers or other wear exposed compo- prepare a Manufacturing Procedure Specification (MPS). The
nents. Adequate wear resistance shall be verified and docu- MPS shall demonstrate how the specified properties may be
mented by analyses and/or testing. achieved and verified through the proposed manufacturing
Guidance note: route. The MPS shall address all factors that influence the
quality and reliability of production. All main manufacturing
1) Titanium alloys resist solids-free seawater erosion to veloc- steps from control of received raw material to shipment of fin-
ities as high as 30m/sec, and silt-laden seawater flow to at ished pipe, including all examination and check points, shall be
least 5-6m/sec. covered in detail. References to the procedures established for
2) Testing simulating wear between a titanium riser and a steel the execution of all steps shall be included.
drill string has shown a relatively high degree of wear of the 303 The MPS shall as a minimum contain the following in-
titanium surface if not protected by a suitable liner. formation:
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- — plan(s) and process flow description or diagram
— project specific quality plan
B 1000 Weldability — manufacturing process (see A400)
1001 Welding and repair welding procedures, welding per- — manufacturer and manufacturing location of raw material
sonal, handling of welding consumables, and the execution of — raw material scrap content including allowable variation
welding shall be based on the requirements given in DNV-OS- — titanium making process, casting process, alloying prac-
F101 Appendix C. For welding consumables, titanium specific tice
recommendations as those given for steel in Appendix C, C100 — rolling or working condition and heat treatment, including
to C300, shall be agreed upon. target values and proposed allowable variation in process
parameters
1002 The weld metal shall, as a minimum, have strength, — target values for chemical composition, including a critical
ductility and toughness meeting the minimum requirements of combination of intended elements and proposed allowable
the base material. variation from target values
1003 Weldability of linepipe shall be verified during MPQT. — pipe forming process
Requirements for weldability testing and WPQT of longitudi- — alignment and joint design for welding and production
nal welded titanium pipes and girth welds are given in Table 6- WPS (see DNV OS-F101 Appendix C);
5 and Table 6-6. — final heat treatment condition
1004 Weldments with high fatigue loads shall be identified, — method for cold expansion or sizing or finishing, target
and extended NDT of these shall be considered. Extended and maximum sizing ratio
NDT can take place in the form of spot checks performed by — NDT procedures
other qualified operator. — pressure test procedures
— list of specified mechanical and corrosion testing
Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) — dimensional control procedures
1005 A PWHT procedure shall be determined and verified as — pipe number allocation
part of the procedure qualification program. — pipe tracking procedure
1006 The effect of residual stress reduction after PWHT, as — marking, coating and protection procedures
input to Engineering Criticality Analyses, shall be evaluated. — handling, loading and shipping procedures
— reference to applicable supplementary requirements (see
1007 If the PWHT is performed in air and T > 480°C, a met- DNV-OS-F101 Sec.6 B200).
allographic examination, carried out subsequent to the PWHT,
may replace a mechanical or chemical removal of the surface 304 The MPS shall be subjected to agreement and shall be
layer if no alpha-case is observed at the surface. confidential between the manufacturer and purchaser.
1008 If the PWHT is performed properly in a vacuum fur- 305 The MPS shall be qualified for each linepipe size. Each
nace or in an inert atmosphere for T > 480°C, formation of al- Manufacturing Procedure Qualification Test (MPQT) shall in-
pha-case at the pipe surface is not expected. clude full qualification of two linepipes from two different
lots.
306 The minimum type and extent of chemical, mechanical,
C. Manufacture and non-destructive testing are given Table 6-5 and the accept-
ance criteria for qualification of the MPS are given in this sec-
C 100 General tion.
101 The following requirements are applicable to the manu- 307 Testing shall be performed as described in DNV-OS-
facture of risers and stress joints made of titanium alloys. F101 Appendix B and Appendix D.
102 Linepipe manufacture shall fulfil the requirements of 308 Qualification of welding procedures shall be performed
DNV-OS-F101 Sec. 6 E when appropriate. in accordance with DNV-OS-F101 Appendix C.
309 Additional testing may be required (e.g. weldability test-
C 200 Linepipe NDT level ing, analysis for trace elements for titanium made from scrap,
201 All linepipe shall fulfil the requirements to NDT Level I etc.) as part of the qualification of the MPS.
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Sec.6 – Page 21
310 The validity of the qualification of the MPS shall be lim- 406 The production testing shall include chemical analysis,
ited to the titanium-making, rolling, and manufacturing /fabri- tensile testing, bend testing and macro or micro examination as
cation facilities where the qualification was performed. described in Table 6-5.
311 If one or more tests in the qualification of the MPS fail 407 Intervals for production testing of girth welds shall be
to meet the requirements, the MPS shall be reviewed and mod- agreed upon. Test regime for production testing shall be in ac-
ified as necessary, and a complete re-qualification performed. cordance with Table 6-6.
C 400 Production and qualification testing C 500 Non-destructive testing
401 The tests required for qualification of the MPS are de-
noted “Q” and the tests required for production testing are de- 501 Linepipe shall be subjected to non-destructive testing
noted “P”. (NDT). Requirements for personnel, methods, equipment, pro-
cedures and acceptance criteria for NDT are given in DNV OS-
Qualification testing F101 Appendix D.
402 The qualification testing of the titanium grades in mate- 502 The procedures shall allow for inspectability character-
rial group I and II shall include the testing shown in Table 6-5. istics of the titanium alloys concerned.
403 Testing of new upcoming titanium grades in group III 503 NDT for qualification of MPS and during production
shall be subjected to agreement, however, the testing should, shall be carried out according to Table 6-13 in DNV-OS- F101
as a minimum, incorporate the testing stated in Table 6-5. Sec.6 E900 to E1000 for NDT level 1.
404 Subject to agreement, relevant experience in connection
with materials in Group I, can be utilised to demonstrate fulfil- 504 All fatigue critical weldments shall be subjected to
ment of the specification with reasonable margins. The experi- 100% high definition radiography in addition to ultrasonic in-
ence shall be fully documented and relevant with regard to spection.
manufacturing process, pipe dimensions and alloy. Additional 505 The weldments with higher dynamic loadings shall be
testing shall be performed in order to verify the experience da- identified, and extended NDT of these welds shall be consid-
ta. The amount of testing is dependent on the documented ex- ered. Extended NDT can take place in the form of spot checks
perience and shall be subject to agreement. performed by other qualified operator.
Production testing 506 Workmanship shall meet the requirements in DNV OS-
405 Production testing shall be performed on one randomly F101 Sec.6 E1000 in addition to the actual product standard or
selected pipe or forgings from each lot. code.
Table 6-4 Titanium alloys for riser applications, general mechanical properties according to ASTM 1)
ASTM and UNS Common alloy Nominal composition Alloy type Mechanical properties
grade name (wt %)
Minimum Mini- Elastic Elongation Density
0.2% YS mum UTS modulus minimum typical
(MPa) (MPa) (GPa) (%) (g/cm3)
ASTM Grade 9 2) Ti-3-2.5 Ti-3Al-2.5V Near-alpha
UNS R56320
ASTM Grade 18 2) Ti-3-2.5-Pd Ti-3Al-2.5V-0.05Pd Near-alpha
UNS R56322 483 620 107 15 4.48
ASTM Grade 28 2) Ti-3-2.5-Ru Ti-3Al-2.5V-0.1Ru Near-alpha
UNS R56323
ASTM Grade 32 2) Timetal 5111 Ti-5Al-1Zr- Near-alpha
1Sn-1V-0.8Mo 586 689 107 10 4.43
ASTM Grade 23 2) Ti-6-4 Ti-6Al-4V Alpha-beta
UNS R56407 (ELI) (0.13 max O2) 759 828 114 10 4.43
ASTM 2) Ti-6-4 Pd Ti-6Al-4V-0.05Pd Alpha-beta
Grade 23+0.05Pd (ELI) (0.13 max O2) 759 828 114 10 4.43
ASTM Grade 29 2) Ti-6-4 Ru Ti-6Al-4V- Alpha-beta
UNS R56404 (ELI) 0.1Ru(0.13 max O2) 759 828 114 10 4.43
ASTM Grade 19 2) Ti Beta-C Ti-3Al-8V Beta 759 3) 793 3) 93-96 3) 15 3)
UNS R58640 -6Cr-4Zr-4Mo (1103) 4) (1138) 4) 102 4) 5 4) 4.82
ASTM Grade 20 2) Ti Beta-C/Pd Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr- Beta 759 3) 793 3) 93-96 3) 15 3)
UNS R58645 4Zr-4Mo-0.05Pd (1103) 4) (1138) 4) 102 4) 5 4) 4.82
Notes
1)
— Requirements for the most commonly used titanium grades for riser applications, according to ASTM B861;”Standard Specification for Titanium
and Titanium Alloy Seamless Pipe” and ASTM B862;”Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Welded Pipe”.
— In connection with forgings, the mechanical properties given in ASTM B381 “Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Forgings” shall be
used.
— Project specific requirement to mechanical properties may be agreed upon, ref. Sec.6 B401.
2)
Material Group I : ASTM Grade 23, ASTM Grade 23+0.05Pd, ASTM Grade 29
Material Group II: ASTM Grade 9, ASTM Grade 18, ASTM Grade 28, ASTM Grade 32
Material Group III: ASTM Grade 19, ASTM Grade 20
3) Properties for material in solution treated (ST) condition
4) Properties for material in solution treated and aged (STA) condition
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Page 22 – Sec.6
Table 6-5 Seamless and longitudinal welded linepipe - Qualification and production testing of linepipes
Testing Qualification (Q) Samples Test conditions
production (P)
Chemical analysis Q&P 1 sample representing the BM
1 sample representing the WM
Tensile test OD > 300 mm:
1 sample in longitudinal direction, BM and WM
Q&P 1 sample in transverse direction, BM and WM Test temperature: RT 2)
OD <= 300 mm:
1 sample in longitudinal direction, BM and WM
Metallographic Q: 2 samples, in two directions, from both pipe
examination ends 1) in both WM and BM
Q&P P: 1 sample in both WM and BM Magnification: 100X and 400X
For WM, a macro examination shall be per-
formed.
Hardness measurement Q Hardness profile through the entire weld on one
sample
Fracture toughness test For BM: One set equals 8 specimens.
1 set in longitudinal direction For pipe materials:
(J-R testing, multiple 1 set in transversal direction Testing shall be performed at min. and max.
specimen method) Q For WM: design temperature.
1 set transversal to weld direction For welds:
For HAZ: Testing shall be performed at either min. or
1 set transversal to weld direction max. design temperature.
S-N fatigue testing 4) 2 sets representing BM 3) Each set of 3 specimens to be tested at two
2 sets representing WM 3) different stress levels.
Q
Surface: real surface finish
Environment: air
FCG-test 5) Q 3 specimens representing BM Near threshold regime testing
3 specimens representing WM Environment to be agreed upon.
Bend test Q: Wt < 20 mm: 2 root bend and 2 face bend
Q&P Q: Wt > 20 mm: 4 side bend Only for WM
P: Wt < 20 mm: 1 root bend
P: Wt > 20 mm: 1 side bend
Corrosion testing Pitting corrosion Depends on environment and temperature
Q Crevice corrosion Test temperature = Design temperature
SSC +10°C
Wear testing Q Depends on environment.
To be agreed on a case to case basis
Notes:
1) Representing the entire wall thickness
2) Qualification (Q) test: If the material shall be used at a design temperature T > 50°C, the yield strength at Tmax shall be determined.
3) Is to be performed at different stress ranges in order to verify the validity of the design curve.
4) The quoted number of tests is valid when verifying an established design curve. For establishing a new design curve for a novel situation,
e.g. use of an alloy of Material Group III or a welding method where test data do not exist, relevant and statistically significant testing
shall be agreed upon and performed.
5) Only testing when relevant according to Sec.6 B602
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Sec.6 – Page 23
Table 6-6 Girth welds – Qualification of welding procedure

Testing Qualification (Q) Samples Test conditions
production (P)
Chemical Q&P 2 sample representing the WM
composition
Tensile test OD > 300 mm: Test temperature: RT 1)
2 sample in longitudinal direction
Q&P 2 sample in transverse direction
OD <= 300 mm:
2 sample in longitudinal direction
Macro examination Q&P 1 sample from weld start/stop area The sample shall cover the entire wall thickness
1 sample from weld 6 o’clock condition
Metallographic Q 1 sample from weld start/stop area WM and HAZ
examination 1 sample from weld 6 o’clock position Magnification: 100X and 400X
Fracture toughness 1 set transversal to weld direction One set equals 8 specimens.
test Testing shall be performed at either min. or
Q maximum design temperature.
(J-R testing, multiple
specimen method)
S-N fatigue testing 3) 2 sets representing WM 2) Each set of 3 specimens to be tested at two
Q different stress levels.
Surface: as manufactured
Environment: air
FCG-test Q 3 specimens WM 2) Near threshold regime testing
Environment: to be agreed upon.
Bend test Q: Wt < 20 mm: 2 root bend and 2 face bend
Q&P Q: Wt > 20 mm: 4 side bend
P: Wt < 20 mm: 1 root bend
P: Wt > 20 mm: 1 side bend
Corrosion testing Pitting corrosion Depends on environment and temperature
Q Crevice corrosion
SSC
Notes:
1) Qualification (Q) test: If the material shall be used at a design temperature T > 50°C, the yield strength at Tmax shall be determined.
2) Is to be performed at different stress ranges in order to verify the validity of the design curve
3) The quoted number of tests is valid when verifying an established design curve. For establishing a new design curve for a novel situation,
e.g. use of an alloy of Material Group III or welding method where test data do not exist, relevant and statistically significant testing shall
be agreed upon and performed.
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Page 24 – Sec.7
SECTION 7
DOCUMENTATION AND VERIFICATION

201 The requirements to documentation and verification de-
A 100 Objective scribed in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.8 apply also to this RP.
101 This section gives requirements for documentation and
verification of riser systems during design, fabrication, instal-
lation and operational phases.
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Sec.8 – Page 25
SECTION 8
OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND REASSESSMENT
A. General risers to demonstrate fitness for purpose in case deviations

from design appear during operation.
A 100 Objective
101 The objective of this section is to provide requirements A 200 References
for operation and in-service inspections. This section also pro- 201 The requirements for operation, maintenance and reas-
vides general guidance on structural integrity assessment of sessment described in DNV-OS-F201 Sec.9 apply also to this
RP.
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Page 26 – Sec.9
SECTION 9
REFERENCES
/1/ O.Aamlid, K.J.Mørk, K.Aaronsen “ Combined Loading Criteria

for titanium Risers” OMAE2002, Oslo, Norway
/2/ K.Mørk, M.Z.Chen, S.Spolton, C.Baxter “Collapse and buck-
ling Design Aspects of titanium Alloy Pipes”, OMAE2001, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil.
/3/ K.O.Ronold, S.Wästberg “Characteristic S-N curves for Fatigue
Design of Titanium Risers” OMAE2002, Oslo,
Norway
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DESIGN OF TITANIUM RISERS

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Computer Typesetting (FM+SGML) by Det Norske Veritas.

Sec. 1 General................................................................... 5 E 300 System hoop buckling (Collapse)................................... 14

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A. General 308 There are, in principle, no limitations regarding floater

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Sec.6 specifies the requirements for titanium alloys, manufac-

ASTM B861 Standard Specification for Titanium and

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A. General A 200 References

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A. General A 200 References

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A. General load effects in connection with design criteria specified in

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A. General 102 Unless otherwise stated, the resistance factors applicable

D. Resistance t 2 = t nom – t corr (5.4)

D 100 Resistance factors Guidance note:

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nominal fatigue stress calculations. The following approxima-

t 3 = t nom – 0.5 t corr (5.5)

D 300 Material strength

---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- 307 A fabrication factor αfab applies to the design compres-

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pli = pld + 0.1 pd (5.8)

E 100 General t = “dummy variable” to be substituted by t1 or t2 as ap-

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E 300 System hoop buckling (Collapse) E 500 Combined loading criteria

303 The elastic collapse pressure (instability) of a pipe is (5.18)

pb(t2) is the burst resistance given by Eq. (5.10).

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502 Pipe members subjected to bending moment, effective § § M · § T e· 2·

E 700 Displacement controlled conditions

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A. General B. Material Properties

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---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- log10N = log10a − mlog10S (6.1)

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Table 6-6 Girth welds – Qualification of welding procedure

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A. General A 200 References

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A. General risers to demonstrate fitness for purpose in case deviations

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/1/ O.Aamlid, K.J.Mørk, K.Aaronsen “ Combined Loading Criteria

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