Day 1 - Well Bore PositioningV2

Wellbore Surveying
Jehanzeb Nurzai
Application Engineer
© 2015 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
Baker Hughes
© 2015 BAKER HUG HES I NCO RPO RATED. ALL RI G HTS RESERVED. TERM S AND CO NDI TI O NS O F USE: BY ACCEPTI NG THI S DO CUM ENT, THE RECI PI ENT AG REES THAT THE DO CUM ENT TO G ETHER W I TH ALL I NFO RM ATI O N I NCLUDED THEREI N I S THE
©
CO2014 BAKER
NFI DENTI ALHUG
ANDHES
PROI NCO RPO RATED.
PRI ETARY ALL RI
PRO PERTY OGF HTS RESERVED.
BAKER HUG HES ITERM S AND
NCO RPO CO NDI
RATED TI OI NCLUDES
AND NS O F USE: BY ACCEPTI
VALUABLE NG SECRETS
TRADE THI S DO CUM
AND/ENT, THE PRI
O R PRO RECI PI ENTI NFO
ETARY AG REES
RM ATITHAT
O N OTHE DO CUM
F BAKER HUGENT
HES TO(CO
G ETHER
LLECTIWVELYI TH ALL I NFO
"I NFO RMRM
ATIATI O N IBAKER
O N"). NCLUDED HUGTHEREI N I S NS
HES RETAI THEALL RI G HTS
CO NFI DENTI
UNDER AL G
CO PYRI AND PRO S
HT LAW PRI
ANDETARY PROSECRET
TRADE PERTY OLAW
F BAKER HUGUNI
S O F THE HESTED I NCO RPO RATED
STATES O F AMAND I NCLUDES
ERI CA VALUABLE
AND O THER TRADE
CO UNTRI ES. SECRETS AND/
THE RECI PI ENTOFURTHER
R PRO PRI ETARY
AG REESI NFO RMTHE
THAT ATI ODO
N OCUM
F BAKER
ENT MHUG HES
AY NO (CODILLECTI
T BE VELY "ITRANSM
STRI BUTED, NFO RM ATI O N").COBAKER
I TTED, PI ED OHUG HES RETAI
R REPRO DUCED NSI NALL RI G
W HO LEHTS
OR
1 UNDER
I N PARTCOBYPYRI
ANYG MHTEANS,
LAW SELECTRO
AND TRADENI C, SECRET
M ECHANILAW S O FR THE
CAL, UNI TED
O THERW I SE,STATES O FTHE
W I THO UT AM ERI CA ANDPRI
EXPRESS O THER
O R WCO UNTRICO
RI TTEN ES. THE RECI
NSENT PI ENT HUG
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HES, AND THAT
M AY NO THE
T BE DO CUM
USED ENT M AY
DI RECTLY O RNO T BE
I NDI DI STRII NBUTED,
RECTLY ANY W TRANSM
AY DETRII TTED,
M ENTALCOTO
PI ED O R REPRO
BAKER DUCED
HUG HES’ I N W HO LE O R
I NTEREST.
I N PART BY ANY M EANS, ELECTRO NI C, M ECHANI CAL, O R O THERW I SE, W I THO UT THE EXPRESS PRI O R W RI TTEN CO NSENT O F BAKER HUG HES, AND M AY NO T BE USED DI RECTLY O R I NDI RECTLY I N ANY W AY DETRI M ENTAL TO BAKER HUG HES’ I NTEREST.
What is wellbore surveying?
Why do we survey?
How do we acquire surveys?
How do we calculate wellbore position ?
How accurate we are ?
2
What is a Survey?
DEPTH
SURFACE LOCATION INCLINATION AZIMUTH
measured from a
start point from vertical aligned to a North ref
datum
J-67 K-57
I-67
MD = length
G-67 E-57
Of wellbore
D-57
M-66 C-67
O-66
A-67
Along path TVD =
P-76 P-56
P-66 Vertical depth
K-66 J-66 Independent
Of path
D-66
Existing well
Currently drilling
Wellbore
Surface well location
Wellbore trajectories
33
Survey Frequency
￭What is happening between
90 ft. surveys?
– Well placement issues
￭ Reservoir modeling
￭ Geo-steering
￭ Log interpretation
– Well engineering issues
￭ Running casing
￭ Completion flow modeling
￭ ESP flow modeling
44
Risk and Uncertainty
“Directional Drilling – Long Beach, California”
Grissom
Pier J White
Freeman Chaffee
Belmont
5
5 © 2013 Baker Hughes

Why do we survey at all ?
￭ Ensure a safe well path to the target

￭ Ensure you hit the target
￭ Ensure you don’t hit another well
￭ Provide good log positions to G&G
￭ Provide good reserves estimates
￭ Report data to the regulators
￭ Conduct ‘forensics’ investigations afterwards
￭ Prepare for relief well if necessary
6
7
Poor Surveying costs Production
8
10% production
lost but we saved
9
the cost of a gyro !
10
Landing The Well
11
12
Low probability – High Impact
13
Intersection
Geometrical
14
Business Case ?
￭ A shorter gyro run $10,000 +
￭ A proximity ‘shut in’ $100,000 +
￭ A plug back sidetrack $1 million +
￭ A dry well or ‘Dead Zone’ $10 million +
￭ A deep landing $100 million +
￭ A minor collision blowout $1 billion +
￭ A major collision blowout $10 billion +
15
16
Lets Play Game
17
Measurement Systems
18
Photo-Mechanical Multishot
Compass v Magnetometer
The Compass Measures

Both Inclination and
Direction but is less
accurate and less robust
The Magnetometer has no moving parts

but requires three orthogonal
instruments to measure the magnetic
field. Accelerometers measure
Inclination
19 from vertical.
20
A Magnetic ‘Drop’ Tool
21
Inclination – Gravity Vector - Accelerometers
22
Accelerometers
Direction- Magnetic Vector- Magnetometers
Hall Sensors
Magnetoresistive Sensors
Magnetostrictive Sensors
Proton Magnetometer
Flux Gate Magnetometer
23
Direction - Gyroscopic Principle
Inertia:
– when the spinning portion of a gyroscope
(called a rotor) is set in motion it will
attempt to keep its axis of rotation
continuously pointing in the same
direction
Precession:
– when a force is applied to a spinning

rotor, it will attempt to compensate by
rotating around an axis that is
perpendicular to the applied force
24
images © 2002 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Gyroscopic Effect
￭ A gyro forced to torque around its X axis when spinning around the Y axis will start to
rotate around the Z axis.
￭ This is known as ‘Precession’ and can be used to measure rate of change of
orientation against time.
￭ Continuous Gyro surveying integrates rate of azimuth change against time to
measure its current direction.
25
North Seeking Gyros
￭ A North Seeking Gyro is simply a highly sensitive rate gyro which measures the
earths rotation and senses the direction to the polar axis.
￭ This usually takes about 1 – 2 minutes of stationary sensing so is often only used in
top hole (up to 15 degrees) after which the survey is run in continuous mode.
26
27
MWD
28
MWD
Continuous Gyro
Horizontal Earth
Rotation Vector
Vertical Earth
Rotation Vector
Gyro Sensor
Wellbore Direction
29
30
Gyroscopic Tools
31
Gyroscopic Tools
Case History
GyroTrak™ Provides Accurate Directional
Measurements for Relief Well
Gulf of Mexico
Benefits
 Accurate directional measurements in a high magnetic

interference environment
 Reliable performance in high risk and high cost environment
 Precise directional control of relief well
Well Background and Challenges
 Main Pass 91, GTEC Area, Gulf of Mexico
 12 ¼” vertical section in an S-shaped relief well
 Objective: use accurate MWD survey data to intersect the

casing to regain control of the target well
Baker Hughes Solution and Results
 GyroTrak™ deployed in the 12 ¼” and 8 ½” sections with

an Ultra series motor
 Drilled in close proximity to metal casing for a length of 800

feet
 Intersected the target well, allowing the operator to pump

Casing points for the relief well and target well are shown above. GyroTrak was used in
close proximity to the target well casing for 800’ prior to intersecting the well.
heavy kill fluid and regain control of the wellbore
33
Survey Calculations
Measured
￭ Measured
– Depth
￭ Along hole measured depth
– Inclination
￭ Accelerometer readings i.e Gx, Gy, Gz
– Azimuth
￭ Magnetometer readings i.e. Hx, Hy, Hz
￭ Measurement Uncertainty
– Tool Type
– Survey environment
– Operating condition
34
35
Maths
Calculated
￭ Calculated
To predict the position of wellbore relative to reference
– QC calculations
￭ Total gravity field strength
￭ Total Magnetic field strength
￭ Dip angle
– Survey Calculations
￭ True Vertical Depth
￭ Northing
￭ Easting
￭ Dogleg Severity
36 ￭ Turn rate, build rate ..
Calculation Methods
￭ Joining the dots
￭ Assumption about path between survey stations
– Tangential method
– Balanced Tangential method
– Average Angle
– Radius of Curvature
– Minimum Curvature
37
Tangential Method
￭ Straight line assumed from current

survey position to next survey
position
￭ Simple to calculate
￭ Accumulation of errors when doglegs

are high
38
Balanced Tangential Method
￭ Straight Line assumed with current

survey position at the middle of this
straight line
￭ Simple to calculate
￭ Suffers from accumulation of errors

in high dogleg environment
39
Average Angle Method
￭ Straight line is assumed
￭ Average of inclination and azimuth is

used to calculate position
￭ Suffers from Lead and Lag effect

40
Radius of Curvature Method
￭ Assumes Cylindrical Path

￭ More complex than average angle
and tangential methods
￭ Accurate result
41
Minimum Curvature Method
￭ Assumes Spherical Path

￭ Complex calculation
￭ Most accurate results
42
Comparison of Calculation Methods
Tangential method Average Angle Radius of Curvature Minimum Curvature DLS

TVD TVD TVD TVD
-49.7429 0.2571 0.0000 0.0000 8 Deg/100 ft
-50.3117 0.1550 -0.0006 0.0000 2 Deg/100 ft
Easting Easting Easting Easting

49.3654 0.2966 -0.0053 0.0000 4 Deg/100 ft
38.8151 1.9102 1.3641 0.0000 6 Deg/100 ft
Northing Northing Northing Northing

55.8161033 7.5317788 0.0000043 0.0000000 8 Deg/100 ft

49.554663 0.161842 0.000061 0.000000 2 Deg/100 ft
Calculations done for 90 deg Build or Turn. Minimum curvature calculations

43 taken as reference and differences measured from minimum curvature results
Survey Frequency
￭ Wellpath between survey stations
– Line
– Cylindrical curve
– Spherical curve
– S-curve
– Standard practice
Assumption most likely wrong with increased survey spacing

￭ This leads us to Interpolation
44
Interpolation
￭ Constructing new data point within

a discrete set of known data points
￭ Path assumption
￭ Errors
￭ Used in Well planning

￭ Calculations for formation tops
45
Extrapolation
￭ The process of estimating, beyond the original observation range, the value of a
variable on the basis of its relationship with another variable
￭ Path assumption
￭ Errors
￭ Projection to bit
46
Error Models
© 2015 BAKER HUG HES I NCO RPO RATED. ALL RI G HTS RESERVED. TERM S AND CO NDI TI O NS O F USE: BY ACCEPTI NG THI S DO CUM ENT, THE RECI PI ENT AG REES THAT THE DO CUM ENT TO G ETHER W I TH ALL I NFO RM ATI O N I NCLUDED THEREI N I S THE
©
CO2014 BAKER
NFI DENTI ALHUG
ANDHES
PROI NCO RPO RATED.
PRI ETARY ALL RI
PRO PERTY OGF HTS RESERVED.
BAKER HUG HES ITERM S AND
NCO RPO CO NDI
RATED TI OI NCLUDES
AND NS O F USE: BY ACCEPTI
VALUABLE NG SECRETS
TRADE THI S DO CUM
AND/ENT, THE PRI
O R PRO RECI PI ENTI NFO
ETARY AG REES
RM ATITHAT
O N OTHE DO CUM
F BAKER HUGENT
HES TO(CO
G ETHER
LLECTIWVELYI TH ALL I NFO
"I NFO RMRM
ATIATI O N IBAKER
O N"). NCLUDED HUGTHEREI N I S NS
HES RETAI THEALL RI G HTS
CO NFI DENTI
UNDER AL G
CO PYRI AND PRO S
HT LAW PRI
ANDETARY PROSECRET
TRADE PERTY OLAW
F BAKER HUGUNI
S O F THE HESTED I NCO RPO RATED
STATES O F AMAND I NCLUDES
ERI CA VALUABLE
AND O THER TRADE
CO UNTRI ES. SECRETS AND/
THE RECI PI ENTOFURTHER
R PRO PRI ETARY
AG REESI NFO RMTHE
THAT ATI ODO
N OCUM
F BAKER
ENT MHUG HES
AY NO (CODILLECTI
T BE VELY "ITRANSM
STRI BUTED, NFO RM ATI O N").COBAKER
I TTED, PI ED OHUG HES RETAI
R REPRO DUCED NSI NALL RI G
W HO LEHTS
OR
47 UNDER
I N PARTCOBYPYRI
ANYG MHTEANS,
LAW SELECTRO
AND TRADENI C, SECRET
M ECHANILAW S O FR THE
CAL, UNI TED
O THERW I SE,STATES O FTHE
W I THO UT AM ERI CA ANDPRI
EXPRESS O THER
O R WCO UNTRICO
RI TTEN ES. THE RECI
NSENT PI ENT HUG
O F BAKER FURTHER AG REES
HES, AND THAT
M AY NO THE
T BE DO CUM
USED ENT M AY
DI RECTLY O RNO T BE
I NDI DI STRII NBUTED,
RECTLY ANY W TRANSM
AY DETRII TTED,
M ENTALCOTO
PI ED O R REPRO
BAKER DUCED
HUG HES’ I N W HO LE O R
I NTEREST.
I N PART BY ANY M EANS, ELECTRO NI C, M ECHANI CAL, O R O THERW I SE, W I THO UT THE EXPRESS PRI O R W RI TTEN CO NSENT O F BAKER HUG HES, AND M AY NO T BE USED DI RECTLY O R I NDI RECTLY I N ANY W AY DETRI M ENTAL TO BAKER HUG HES’ I NTEREST.
48
Understanding Process Capability
49
A Normal Distribution
50
Wellbore Positioning - Directional Objectives -200
S cale 1 cm = 200 m
0
200
1 950
Scale 1 cm = 75 m 400
What are the main objectives?

2 025
600
2 100
2 175
800
2 250
1000
￭ Hit the geological target 2 325
2 400
1200
<- True Vertical Depth (metres)

1400
2 475
￭ Miss offset wells 2 550
2 625
1600
<- True Vertical Depth (metres)
1800
2 700
￭ Have a high probability of intersecting a blowing well with a relief well

2000
2 775
2 850 2200
2 925
2400
￭ Refine geological model

3 000
2600
3 075
3 150 2800
3 225
3000
3 300
3200
3 375
3 450 3400
3 525
3600
3 600
3800
3 675
3 750 4000
- 750 - 675 - 600 - 52 5 -4 50 - 375 - 300 - 225 - 1 50 - 75 0 75 1 50 225 300 37 5

- 1 2 00 - 10 0 0 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400
S ca l e 1 cm = 75 m V e r t i c a l S e c ti o n ( m e tr e s ) - >
A z i m u th 3 1 . 8 3 w i th r e fe r e n c e 8 5 0 . 3 7 N , 6 1 9 .5 4 E fr o m I n s ta l l a ti o n C e n tr e S c a le 1 c m = 200 m V e r ti c a l S e c t i o n ( m e t r e s ) - >
A z i m u th 3 1 . 8 3 w i t h r e fe r e n c e 8 5 0 . 3 7 N , 6 1 9 . 54 E f r o m I n s t a l l a t i o n C en t r e
51
Copyright Baker Hughes Inc.
52
53
54
Probability in two dimensions
55
The full distribution in 3D
56
57
Size of the ovoid represents the capability
Standard Deviations in 3D
￭ 2 SDs in 1D cover 95%
BUT......
￭ 2.38 SDs in 3D cover approx 95%

￭ 2.79 SDs in 3D cover approx 98.5%
58
SPE Paper # 67616 by Hugh Williamson of BP.
Accuracy Prediction for Directional Measurement While Drilling
￭ Processes & procedures are followed
￭ Tools are properly calibrated
￭ Survey intervals no greater than 100 ft
￭ Non-magnetic spacing as recommended
￭ Individual surveys pass QC checks
59
Survey Management
Benefits of the Specialist Service Are: Vertical Enhancement
Survey Management Services-Answers While
Drilling
BHA Sag Correction
• An expert to understand your well placement issues with the knowledge and
skills to solve them BHA misalignment or BHA sag is the dominant cause of inclination
• Improved definition of well placement in the reservoir section allowing for uncertainty for most drill pipe conveyed survey systems SurManS
improved geological interpretation of the pay zones provide an independent check of the BHA Sag calculation and
• Increased confidence in standard and advanced positional uncertainty application at the rigsite real time The MWD positional uncertainty
through application of advanced quality control. models in Baker Hughes INTEQ’s directional software quantifies and
delivers the Answers While Drilling benefit of correcting for BHA sag
and applying the correction in real time.
Lateral Enhancement Dual Inclination
INTEQ’s Dual Inclination Service provides revised inclination values for each standard survey
station real-time at the wellsite, utilising two independent readings, one from the near bit
Magnetic Survey InField Referencing (IFR) inclination sensor and one from the MWD directional sensor.
By measuring and correcting for localized variations in the Earth’s magnetic With the SurManS Dual Inclination service SurManS
field due to crustal rock anomalies, it is possible to improve the quality control, provides improved quality control on the calculated well
accuracy and reliability of our directional magnetic MWD surveys. TVD. Analysis and quality control both confirms BHA
This enhances our knowledge of the well’s position in Sag correction is correct and verify dual inclinometer
the horizontal plane and reduction of uncertainty readings are within the necessary QC limits of the
ellipses associated with wellpaths. positional uncertainty model. This service can reduce the
Way Point Intermediate Inclination wellbore vertical uncertainty by more than 30%.
Use of the IFR data can be used to validate MWD Utilizing continuous inclination data to ensure that small but significant changes to the wellpath
magnetic survey run data sets thus avoiding timely and are not excluded from the wellpath positioning when we drill to a specific horizontal depth.
some times costly secondary tool data runs. SurManS offer a methodology to ensure that the TVD of your wellpath as you drill is the best
representation of where it is in relation to your geological knowledge. The importance of
MagCorr – INTEQ Single Station Drillstring Interference Correction continuous data for wellbore placement has been well documented in industry literature.
Drill Pipe Stretch Correction
• Forecast the magnitude of axial drillstring Depth measurement is critical in well bore placement control. Application of drillpipe stretch
magnetic interference corrections creates a reduction in wellbore positional uncertianty. This reduced uncertainty can
be modeled prior to the drilling campaign and the added value of avoiding intersecting key
• Identify the optimum valid magnetic geological markers to improve well placement and geological modeling can be evaluated.
survey error model and correction Application of the correction during the drilling campaign allows you to maximize the value of your
required to meet the well objectives well and reduce the potential for drilling into hazardous zones
• Recommend an optimized non-magnetic

These methods of improving your positional data are brought together under Baker Hughes INTEQ’s
spacing for a BHA if required to meet the
Answers While Drilling SurManS survey management system.
well objectives
INTEQ SurManS Multi-Station Analysis and Processing These techniques can be easily applied to new and historical well data with the advantages of reduce
wellbore positional uncertainty enabling optimised well placement combined with enhanced reservoir
MagCAD provides an enhanced level of quality control to directional magnetic models and reduced well collision risk.
MWD data. MagCAD allows for the analysis of a tool run of MWD data to
When improvement in data integrity has a measurable value, whether drilling today or in the future, then
evaluate the trends in actual and residual values. MagCAD is the Answers the cost of Survey Management is a sound investment.
While Drilling solution for measuring and resolving magnetic interference
problems caused by magnetic drilling fluid. In a world with declining reserves and “no easy targets” remaining, SurManS can help provide clarity and
© 2008 Baker Hughes Incorporated
traceability to your directional survey data through its Value Adding solutions.
For more information regarding these services e-mail at MEAP.SurManS@inteq.com
Wellbore Positioning - Survey Program
• These corrections have a significant effect on position uncertainty,
which is reflected in our positional uncertainty model outputs
• The decision to specify a particular correction is therefore taken during
well planning – it is not an arbitrary decision taken at the rig site
• Those planning decisions represent the Survey Programme – an integral
component of the Drilling Programme
• The Survey Programme represents a set of instructions which must be
followed for the well plan to remain valid
Copyright Baker Hughes Inc. 2007
Wellbore Positioning - Hallmarks of a
Quality Survey Program
• Achievable
• Accurate
• Cost effective
• Safety
• Contingency
Collision Avoidance Policy
￭ Offset well selection criteria
￭ Collision Avoidance Rule S,E,R
￭ Standard Deviation
￭ Surface uncertainty
￭ Cone of safety
63
64
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Wellbore Surveying

5 © 2013 Baker Hughes

￭ Ensure a safe well path to the target

￭ Prepare for relief well if necessary

The Compass Measures

The Magnetometer has no moving parts

– when a force is applied to a spinning

 Accurate directional measurements in a high magnetic

 Reliable performance in high risk and high cost environment

 Precise directional control of relief well

Well Background and Challenges

 Main Pass 91, GTEC Area, Gulf of Mexico

 12 ¼” vertical section in an S-shaped relief well

 Objective: use accurate MWD survey data to intersect the

Baker Hughes Solution and Results

 GyroTrak™ deployed in the 12 ¼” and 8 ½” sections with

 Drilled in close proximity to metal casing for a length of 800

 Intersected the target well, allowing the operator to pump

￭ Straight line assumed from current

￭ Accumulation of errors when doglegs

￭ Straight Line assumed with current

￭ Suffers from accumulation of errors

￭ Straight line is assumed

￭ Average of inclination and azimuth is

￭ Suffers from Lead and Lag effect

￭ Assumes Cylindrical Path

￭ Assumes Spherical Path

Tangential method Average Angle Radius of Curvature Minimum Curvature DLS

Easting Easting Easting Easting

Northing Northing Northing Northing

55.8161033 7.5317788 0.0000043 0.0000000 8 Deg/100 ft

Calculations done for 90 deg Build or Turn. Minimum curvature calculations

Assumption most likely wrong with increased survey spacing

￭ This leads us to Interpolation

￭ Constructing new data point within

￭ Used in Well planning

￭ Calculations for formation tops

What are the main objectives?

￭ Hit the geological target 2 325

<- True Vertical Depth (metres)

￭ Miss offset wells 2 550

￭ Have a high probability of intersecting a blowing well with a relief well

￭ Refine geological model

- 750 - 675 - 600 - 52 5 -4 50 - 375 - 300 - 225 - 1 50 - 75 0 75 1 50 225 300 37 5

￭ 2.38 SDs in 3D cover approx 95%

• Recommend an optimized non-magnetic

￭ Collision Avoidance Rule S,E,R

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