Research Methodology

1. Describe the Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM) with their
different types. 6

Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is volatile memory, which means it loses any information it
is holding when the power is turned off.
RAM chip is used in the normal operations of a computer once the operating system has
been loaded.
A RAM chip can store multiple gigabytes (GB) of data, ranging from 1 GB to 256 GB per
chip.
RAM Costing: It is much expensive compared to ROM
Speed of RAM: High-speed memory with fast access time.

There are different types of RAM

DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) Dynamic RAM is the most common type of
memory in use today. Inside a dynamic RAM chip, each memory cell holds
one bit of information and is made up of two parts: a transistor and a
capacitor.
SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) Static RAM uses a completely different
technology. In static RAM, a form of flip-flop holds each bit of memory (see
How Boolean Gates Work for detail on flip-flops). A flip-flop for a memory cell
takes 4 or 6 transistors along with some wiring, but never has to be refreshed.
This makes static RAM significantly faster than dynamic RAM.

Read Only Memory (ROM):

ROM is the memory that comes with your computer that is pre-written to hold the instructions
for booting-up the computer. A ROM chip is a non-volatile storage medium, which means it
does not require a constant source of power to retain the information stored on it.
A ROM chip is used primarily in the startup process of a computer.
Writing data to a ROM chip is a much slower process than writing it to a RAM chip.
A ROM chip stores several megabytes (MB) of data, typically 4 MB or 8 MB per chip.

Definition of ROM: It is a computer memory which stores information that can only
be read, modifying it is either impossible or very difficult.
Use of ROM: The information from ROM can only be Read and it is not possible to
Write fresh information to it. ROM is used for storing a special set of instructions,
which the computer needs when it starts up(boots up).
There are different types of ROM
PROM OR OTP(programmable read-only memory or One-Time-Programmable ) that is
manufactured as blank memory (e.g. a CD-ROM) PROM is manufactured as blank memory,
whereas a ROM is programmed during the manufacturing process.
EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) EPROM - (erasable programmable read-
only memory) is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to
ultraviolet light.

2. Discuss in brief the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit (CU) parts of central
processing unit (CPU) with diagram. 5

An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logic
operations.
1. ALU stands for: Arithmetic Logic Unit
2. ALU is a digital circuit that performs Arithmetic (Add, Sub, . . .) and Logical (AND, OR,
NOT) operations.
3. John Von Neumann proposed the ALU in 1945 when he was working on EDVAC.
4. An ALU is a combinational circuit that performs a set of basic arithmetic and logic
operations
http://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/what-is-arithmetic-and-logic-
unit-alu

3. Explain how the refine searching of research articles through Internet could be made.
https://www.universalclass.com/articles/writing/research-skills/how-to-use-internet-search-
engines-for-research.htm
4
The Internet is often the first place many people go when they need to do research. Though
this might be the first place to look for basic information, the key to using the Internet wisely
begins with understanding how the Internet works and how it can work for you.
An Internet search engine is akin to a library in the online setting. Within millions of
domain names are stored pieces of information you can use for your research.
However, you need to begin somewhere.
Browser: The browser is the entryway to your Internet searches. You can use a
variety of different search engines to help you begin your research, including:
● Google
● MSN's Bing
● Ask
● Yahoo!
● Dogpile
● Altavista
● AOL search
No matter what search engine you decide to use, you will find a vast collection of
resources. Many people choose one search engine before all others, and you might
choose to do the same.
In collecting your information, assess how quickly the search engine can get to your
needed materials and then choose the search engine that works consistently for you.
It is much easier to use one search engine than to use several.
While search engines are complex in the way they arrange their information, this is
the basic setup.
● Domain name: At the base, each Web site online has its own personal URL.
This is the name of the Web site. For example, you might have
www.Apple.com. This is Apple's Web site name. If you were to type this name
into a browser or search engine, you would find a listing for the Apple site. If
you typed in another spelling into a Web browser, you would not reach this
site.
● Domain details: After the domain name, you might see additional words,
often after a back slash (/). This allows the site to break up into additional
pages so a person can reach different pieces of information.
● Subpages: Within those pages might be even more subpages, helping you
further refine your search and find the results that you need to complete your
research.
● Keywords: Search engines operate much like a computer at a library might.
You can type in a word that is related to your topic, a title of a book, an author,
a question, or any other number of words to find results that are related to
your search. Search engines rank the sites online by the keywords that are
most related to the Web sites, as well as to keywords that are used most often
on those sites. For example, when you want to look something up about
dieting, you do not type in "carrot." You type in "diet" or "dieting." Search
engines have complicated algorithms to determine what keywords match best
to Web sites online.
● Popularity: What you might not realize is that search engines also will rank
Web sites based on how popular they are with users. For example, when you
look up weight loss, you might find a site that talks about the health-related
aspects of weight loss, rather than an actual weight loss plan. Why is this?
More people decided to choose that Web site over weight loss product Web
sites, so the search engine ranks it higher. These popularity rankings might
change between search engines or they might change over the course of a
week, depending on the popularity of a Web site.
Now that you know how a search engine basically operates, you can begin to see
how you need to work with the search engine to find the pages and Web sites you
need for your individual research. Though you might have a clear idea in mind of the
questions you need to answer, you need to work with the search engine to ensure
you can find the best possible information.
The Internet has a lot of information, and a main part of your research process will
be sifting through your findings to determine what is useful.

Search Engine Strategies

When you first use a search engine to look up the answer to a question or to begin a
research project, you will notice something: Some of the results you receive are
relevant and some are not. This happens because search engines all have different
rules about how the search engine results will be listed.
To maximize the efficiency of your search engine search, you need to use strategies
that help you find the most relevant results first. This will reduce your research time
and ensure the sites in the list will help you with your project.
● One-word search: The simplest way to use a search engine is to type in one
word that is crucial to your search. This might be a word that is in your
research title or a certain item you need to know more about to be prepared
for a presentation.
● One-phrase search: If you have a phrase that is often attributed to your main
topic, then you can use this in search engines.
● Multiple term search: When you want to make your search as specific as
possible, you might want to type in as many keywords as possible to make
sure you are narrowing the results. For example, instead of "diet," you might
type in "diet healthy vegetarian."
● Quotation marks: If you want the search engine to search for something that
is spelled the same way that you typed it in, surround the word with quotation
marks. This tells the search engine that you want only results that match the
spelling exactly.
● "AND": One of the Boolean operators is "AND," which is a way to tell the
search engine that you want to include multiple words in the search engine
results. For example, if you want to talk about salt and pepper, then you might
type in "salt AND pepper." This will lead to results that include both of the
keywords.
● "NOT": If you have a term you need to research, but you do not want another
term associated with it, then you would use another Boolean operator. For
example, you want to research "pepper NOT salt." This will exclude any
results that include salt.
● "OR": The last used Boolean operator is "OR." If you are not sure what you
need to include, but you need to include both terms, you might put "salt OR
pepper." Your results might include one or the other or both keywords.
● Use common terms: If you need to do some research on sweatshirts, it
might be better to use the word "sweatshirt" instead of "hoodie." Think about
the most basic term associated with the idea you need to research.
● Synonyms: You also may want to choose to use synonyms of the topic you
need to research if you cannot find the original word online. You can turn to
your thesaurus for help with finding synonyms.
● Related terms: You may also want to create a list of related words that can
help you begin to find more research results. When talking about an
engagement, for example, you might include "diamond ring" in your search
list, too.
● List the most significant word first: When you have a list of words you will
use in your search engine, type in the most important word first. This will
ensure the search engine focuses on the most important term.
● Asterisks: When you are not quite sure how to spell a word or you are
missing a part of a phrase, you can use an asterisk to tell the search engine
 you need help. For example, if you are not sure what Shakespeare's
important quote in Hamlet was, you might type "to be * to be." This would
return results that answer your question.
● Question marks: If you are not sure about your keywords or a part of the
phrase you are typing into the search engine, then use a question mark.
● Plus (+) sign: You can also use this to link together the keywords you want
used as a part of the search process. For example, you might use
"peanut+butter+jelly."
It can also help to review the help section of your search engine to see what types of
search options it offers. Because the search engines all operate differently, you need
to make sure you are playing by their rules to get the best results.

4. What are the main objectives of process management, file management and memory
management modules of an operating system? 5

Process management
Process management is the process by which operating systems manage processes,
threads, enable processes to share information, protect process resources and allocate
system resources to processes that request them in a safe manner. This can be a daunting
task to the operating system developer and can be very complex in design.
Process:
A program at the time of execution is called process. Process is the unit of work in time
sharing system. It is referred as tasks (in time sharing system) and jobs in batch systems.

Process State:
● New: The process is being created.
● Running: Instructions of the process are being executed by the processor.
● Waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur, such as an I/O event
completion or reception of a signal.
● Ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor.
● Terminated: The process has finished execution.
●
File Management
A file is collection of specific information stored in the memory of computer system. File
management is defined as the process of manipulating files in computer system, it
management includes the process of creating, modifying and deleting the files.

The following tasks performed by file management of operating system are:

1. It helps to create new files in computer system and placing them at the specific
locations.
2. It helps in easily and quickly locating these files in computer system.
3. It makes the process of sharing of the files among different users very easy and user
friendly.
4. It helps to stores the files in separate folders known as directories. These directories
help users to search file quickly or to manage the files according to their types or
uses.
5. It helps the user to modify the data of files or to modify the name of the file in the
directories.

The above figure shows the general hierarchy of the storage in an operating system. In
this figure the root directory is present at the highest level in the hierarchical structure. It
includes all the subdirectories in which the files are stored. Subdirectory is a directory
present inside another directory in the file storage system. The directory base storage
system ensures better organization of files in the memory of the computer system.

Memory management

5. Multiprogramming and timesharing both involve multiple user processes in the computer.
What is the basic difference between the two concepts?
5
 1. Multiprogramming – A computer running more than one program at a time
(like running Excel and Firefox simultaneously).
2. Multiprocessing – A computer using more than one CPU at a time.

Multiprocessing= Multiprogramming + User interation

3. Multitasking or Time Sharing – Tasks sharing a common resource (like 1

CPU).
4. Multithreading is an extension of multitasking.

6. Explain the different types of intellectual property Rights (IPR). Discuss the procedure to
register the copy right?
6

7. Highlights the important tools of Microsoft word and Excel software.

4

8. Discuss the merits and demerits of Microsoft Excel and Origin Software.
5
Origin (Originlab Corporation, Inc., One Roundhouse Plaza, Northhampton, MA 01060) is
one of several software packages designed specifically for plotting and analyzing
quantitative data. You will be using Origin for a variety of applications in this course. The
purpose of this document is to introduce you to two of the primary capabilities of ORIGIN
software, namely plotting and curve-fitting capabilities, and to illustrate applications of Origin
in conjunction with spreadsheet programs such as Microsoft EXCEL.

Key updates for ORIGIN

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=26&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwifyvjGsLzeAhV
MqY8KHQiUBooQFjAZegQIARAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle
%2F10.1186%2Fs13321-018-0259-x&usg=AOvVaw1kKt_frRUMqqtta1BfQsHH

9. Explain the significance of research report and name various steps involved in report
writing. Highlight the importance of bibliography in a research report. 5

Steps in Report Writing in Research Methodology

Research reports are the product of slow, painstaking, accurate inductive work. The

usual steps involved in writing report are:

 1. logical analysis of the subject-matter;
2. preparation of the final outline;
3. preparation of the rough draft;
4. rewriting and polishing;
5. preparation of the final bibliography; and
6. writing the final draft.
Though all these steps are self explanatory, yet a brief mention of each one of these will

be appropriate for better understanding.

Logical analysis of the subject matter: It is the first step which is primarily concerned

with the development of a subject. There are two ways in which to develop a subject

1. logically and
2. chronologically.
The logical development is made on the basis of mental connections and associations

between the one thing and another by means of analysis. Logical treatment often

consists in developing the material from the simple possible to the most complex

structures. Chronological development is based on a connection or sequence in time or

occurrence. The directions for doing or making something usually follow the

chronological order.

Preparation of the final outline: It is the next step in writing the research report “Outlines

are the framework upon which long written works are constructed. They are an aid to the

logical organization of the material and a reminder of the points to be stressed in the

report.”

Preparation of the rough draft: This follows the logical analysis of the subject and the

preparation of the final outline. Such a step is of utmost importance for the researcher

now sits to write down what he has done in the context of his research study. He will

write down the procedure adopted by him in collecting the material for his study along
with various limitations faced by him, the technique of analysis adopted by him, the

broad findings and generalizations and the various suggestions he wants to offer

regarding the problem concerned.

Rewriting and polishing of the rough draft: This step happens to be most difficult part of

all formal writing. Usually this step requires more time than the writing of the rough

draft. The careful revision makes the difference between a mediocre and a good piece of

writing. While rewriting and polishing, one should check the report for weaknesses in

logical development or presentation. The researcher should also “see whether or not the

material, as it is presented, has unity and cohesion; does the report stand upright and

firm and exhibit a definite pattern, like a marble arch? Or does it resemble an old wall of

moldering cement and loose brick.” In addition the researcher should give due attention

to the fact that in his rough draft he has been consistent or not. He should check the

mechanics of writing—grammar, spelling and usage.

Preparation of the final bibliography: Next in order comes the task of the preparation of

the final bibliography. The bibliography, which is generally appended to the research

report, is a list of books in some way pertinent to the research which has been done. It

should contain all those works which the researcher has consulted. The bibliography

should be arranged alphabetically and may be divided into two parts; the first part may

contain the names of books and pamphlets, and the second part may contain the names

of magazine and newspaper articles. Generally, this pattern of bibliography is

considered convenient and satisfactory from the point of view of reader, though it is not

the only way of presenting bibliography. The entries in bibliography should be made

adopting the following order:

For books and pamphlets the order may be as under:

1. Name of author, last name first.

2. Title, underlined to indicate italics.
3. Place, publisher, and date of publication.
4. Number of volumes.
Example

Kothari, C.R., Quantitative Techniques, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1978.

For magazines and newspapers the order may be as under:

1. Name of the author, last name first.

2. Title of article, in quotation marks.
3. Name of periodical, underlined to indicate italics.
4. The volume or volume and number.
5. The date of the issue.
6. The pagination.
Example

Robert V. Roosa, “Coping with Short-term International Money Flows”, The Banker,

London, September, 1971, p. 995.

The above examples are just the samples for bibliography entries and may be used, but

one should also remember that they are not the only acceptable forms. The only thing

important is that, whatever method one selects, it must remain consistent.

Writing the final draft: This constitutes the last step. The final draft should be written in a

concise and objective style and in simple language, avoiding vague expressions such as

“it seems”, “there may be”, and the like ones. While writing the final draft, the researcher

must avoid abstract terminology and technical jargon. Illustrations and examples based

on common experiences must be incorporated in the final draft as they happen to be

most effective in communicating the research findings to others. A research report

should not be dull, but must enthuse people and maintain interest and must show

originality. It must be remembered that every report should be an attempt to solve some

intellectual problem and must contribute to the solution of a problem and must add to

the knowledge of both the researcher and the reader.

10. What are components of Research Article and state their importance also?

Structure of a Research Paper

While academic disciplines vary on the exact format and style of journal articles in their

field, most articles contain similar content and are divided in parts that typically follow

the same logical flow. Following is a list of the parts commonly found in research

articles.

● Title

● Abstract

● Introduction

● Literature Review

● Methods

● Results

● Discussion/Conclusion

● References/Bibliography

Research papers are organized so that the information flow resembles an hourglass in

that it goes from general to specific and then back to general again. The introduction

and literature review sections will introduce the problem and provide general
information. The methods and results will provide specific, detailed information about

this research project and the discussion/conclusion will discuss the findings in a larger

context. The following section will describe each of these parts in more detail.

Title

The title should be specific and indicate the problem the research project addresses

using keywords that will be helpful in literature reviews in the future.

Abstract

The abstract is used by readers to quickly review the overall content of the paper.

Journals typically place strict word limits on abstracts, such as 200 words, making them

a challenge to write. The abstract should provide a complete synopsis of the research

paper and should introduce the topic and the specific research question, provide a

statement regarding methodology and should provide a general statement about the

results and the findings. Because it is really a summary of the entire research paper, it is

often written last.

Introduction

The introduction begins by introducing the broad overall topic and providing basic

background information. It then narrows down to the specific research question relating

to this topic. It provides the purpose and focus for the rest of the paper and sets up the

justification for the research.

Literature Review

The purpose of the literature review is to describe past important research and it relate it

specifically to the research problem. It should be a synthesis of the previous literature

and the new idea being researched. The review should examine the major theories

related to the topic to date and their contributors. It should include all relevant findings

from credible sources, such as academic books and peer-reviewed journal articles.

Methods

The methods section will describe the research design and methodology used to

complete to the study. The general rule of thumb is that readers should be provided with

enough detail to replicate the study.

Results

In this section, the results of the analysis are presented. How the results are presented

will depend upon whether the research study was quantitative or qualitative in nature.

This section should focus only on results that are directly related to the research or the

problem. Graphs and tables should only be used when there is too much data to

efficiently include it within the text. This section should present the results, but not

discuss their significance.

Discussion/Conclusion

This section should be a discussion of the results and the implications on the field, as

well as other fields. The hypothesis should be answered and validated by the

interpretation of the results. This section should also discuss how the results relate to

previous research mentioned in the literature review, any cautions about the findings,

and potential for future research.

References/Bibliography
The research paper is not complete without the list of references. This section should be

an alphabetized list of all the academic sources of information utilized in the paper. The

format of the references will match the format and style used in the paper. Common

formats include APA, MLA, Harvard and so forth.

https://cirt.gcu.edu/research/developmentresources/tutorials/researchpaper

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