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Presentation Borghetti Nucci Paolone Dallas 04
Presentation Borghetti Nucci Paolone Dallas 04
(
) ( )
direct stroke
2
r I p,h fg I p
f ( I ,h) =
t p ∞
∫ r ( I , h ) f ( I ) dI
r
2
p g p p nearby stroke
h
0
f ( I ,h) =
( ) (
r2 I p ,h fg I p)
t p ∞
∫ r ( I , h ) f ( I ) dI
2
p g p p
0
We
Weshall
shalldisregard
disregardcurrent
currentreflections
reflectionsat attower
towertop
topand
andbase,
base,although
although
they
theycan
cancertainly
certainlyalter
alterthe
themeasured
measuredcurrent
current(e.g.
(e.g.Guerrieri
Guerrieriet
etal,
al,IEEE
IEEE
Trans.
Trans.PWDR,
PWDR,1998;
1998;Rachidi
Rachidiet
etal.,
al.,JGR,
JGR,2003)
2003)and
andwe
weshall
shallfocus
focuson on
downward
downwarddischarges,
discharges,assuming
assumingthemthemperpendicular
perpendicularto toflat
flatground.
ground.
Studies performed by other Authors
The problem has been studied by several Authors, e.g:
Sargent [IEEE Trans PAS, Sept/Oct 1972],
by using an attractive-radius three-dimensional electrogeometric
model and on the basis of the lightning current amplitude experimental
data available at that time, derived a so-called synthetic current
amplitude distribution to ground level, which, as shown by Brown
[IEEE Trans PAS, Sept/Oct 1972], can be approximated by a
lognormal distribution with µg =13 kA and σg =0.32.
Mousa and Srivastava [IEEE Trans. PWDR,1989],
have proposed a lognormal distribution of current amplitudes at
ground level with µg =24 kA and σg =0.31.
Other forms of distribution have been investigated for the problem of
interest by Chisholm et al. [Proc. 1st PMAPS, Toronto, Canada, 11-
13 July 1986.
Here we shall focus on the analytical formula derived by Pettersson
(see later).
Exposure of a tower to direct lightning
Lightning leader approaching ground: downward motion unperturbed
unless critical field conditions develop Æ juncture with the nearby
tower, called final jump.
Assuming leader channel perpendicular to the ground plane Æ the
flash will stroke the tower if its prospective ground termination point,
lies within the attractive radius r.
r depends on several factors, such as
charge of the leader,
its distance from the structure,
type of structure (vertical mast or horizontal conductor),
structure height,
nature of the terrain (flat or hilly)
ambient ground field due to cloud charges.
rs
rs = r
rg h rg
h r
r = r − ( rg − h )
2
s
2
for h < rg r = rs for h ≥ rg
Electrogeometrical
Attractive radius α β k
expression
Armstrong and
6.7 0.80 0.9
Whitehead
rs = α ⋅ Ipβ rg = k ⋅ rs
Other expressions describing the exposure of
a tower to direct lightning
They have been inferred, by regression
direct stroke
analysis, from the results of more
complex and physically-oriented models
r than the Electrogeometric one.
nearby stroke
h A formula of the following type can be
used
r = c + a ⋅ I bp
Model c a b
1st hypothesis:
( )
r I p , h = a ⋅ I pb
2nd hypothesis:
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤
2
⎡ 1 ⎤
( )
fg I p =
1
I pσ g
1 ⎢ 1
exp − ⎜
⎢ ⎜
2 ⎝σg
ln I p µ g ⎟ =
⎟
⎥ (
1
)
φ ⎢ ln I p µ g ⎥ ( )
2π
⎣ ⎠ ⎦ I pσ g ⎣⎢ σ g
⎥ ⎦⎥
f ( I ,h) =
(
) ( )
r2 I p ,h fg I p ⎡ 1 ⎤
t p ∞
= ∞
a2
I 2b
p
1
I pσ g ⎢⎣ σ g
( )
φ ⎢ ln I p µ g ⎥
∫ r ( I , h ) f ( I ) dI ∫ r ( I , h ) f ( I ) dI
2 2 ⎥⎦
p g p p p g p p
0 0
exp(2b ln I p )
Studies performed by other Authors Cont.
Analytical relation between pdf of lightning peak current to a tower and at ground
We now focus on the analytical formula derived by Petterson [IEEE Trans. PWDR,1991]
1st hypothesis:
( )
r I p , h = a ⋅ I pb
2nd hypothesis:
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤
2
⎡ 1 ⎤
( )
fg I p =
1
I pσ g
1 ⎢ 1
exp − ⎜
⎢ ⎜
2 ⎝σg
ln I p µ g ⎟ =
⎟
⎥ (
1
)
φ ⎢ ln I p µ g ⎥ ( )
2π
⎣ ⎠ ⎦ I pσ g ⎣⎢ σ g
⎥ ⎦⎥
(
ft I p , h ) is lognormal
(
µt = µ g exp b ⋅ σ g ⎤
⎡
)
2
2
σg =σt
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Pettersson’s formula
2. Numerical procedure
for evaluating lightning
current distributions
at ground.
Proposed numerical procedure for
evaluating lightning current distributions at
ground
Ip* minimum peak current observed
r* its attractive radius
27,7
Application to the Berger’s distribution
Application to the Berger’s distribution
2,3
Application to the Berger’s distribution Cont
Ip
Attractive radius
expression a b
( )
r I p , h = a ⋅ I pb
Parameter Expression
Eriksson Rizk
µg 20.1 21.3
Ip (kA)
σg 0.20 0.20
µg 3.2 3.3
ρg 0.48 0.47
Application to the Berger’s distribution Cont
σt
ρ t = 0.47
Attractive radius
expression a b
( )
r I p , h = a ⋅ I pb
Parameter Expression
Pettersson’s formula Eriksson Rizk
ρg 0.48 0.47
Comparison with the Pettersson’s formula for
the case of electrogeometric expressions
direct stroke
nearby stroke nearby stroke
direct stroke
rs = α ⋅ Ipβ
rs rs = rl
h rl
rg rg = k ⋅ rs h rg
r = r − ( rg − h ) r = rs for h ≥ rg
2
s
2
for h < rg
( )
r I p , h = a ⋅ I pb
If h ≥ rg b=β
β
or h << rg and rg = rs r = 2α h ⋅ I pβ / 2 b=
2
Application to the Berger’s distribution Cont
σt
ρ t = 0.47
Electrogeometrical
Attractive radius α β k
expression
Armstrong and
6.7 0.80 0.9
Whitehead
IEEE (1243) 10 0.65 0.55
Parameter Expression
A&W IEEE
µg 20.2 21.1
Ip (kA)
σg 0.21 0.20
µg 3.2 3.3
ρg 0.49 0.47
Application to the Berger’s distribution Cont
σt
ρ t = 0.47
Electrogeometrical
Attractive radius α β k
expression
Armstrong and
6.7 0.80 0.9
Whitehead
IEEE 10 0.65 0.55
Parameter Expression
A&W IEEE
b= β /2 b=β b= β /2 b=β
µg 20.2 21.1
Ip (kA) 23.4 19.7 24.1 21.0
σg 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Probability
4.2% 28.8% 0.02% 80%
that conditions are verified
Application to the Berger’s distribution Cont
σt
ρ t = 0.47
Attractive radius
expression c a b
( )
r I p,h = c + a ⋅ I b
p
µg 3.4
tf (µs) σg 0.24
ρg 0.45
Application to the Berger’s distribution Cont
σt
ρ t = 0.47
Attractive radius
expression c a b
( )
r I p,h = c + a ⋅ I b
p
ρg 0.45
Application to the CIGRE distribution
Return-Stroke Current
i (0,t) RSC i (z,t)
ElectroMagnetic Coupling
E, B EMC U(t)
Models used to calculate the induced voltages
Return-Stroke Current
i (0,t) RSC i (z,t)
ElectroMagnetic Coupling
E, B EMC U(t)
The LIOV code
www.ing.unibo.it/die/liov
The LIOV code
LIOV code
Models
• Return-stroke model: MTLE (and TL)
• LEMP: Uman and McLain and Cooray-Rubinstein
• Coupling model: Agrawal extended to the case of
lossy ground
∂ s ∂ ∂i ( x,τ )
t
v i ( x,t ) + L'ij ii ( x,t ) + ∫ ξ g (t − τ )
'
= E xi ( x,t , h)
∂x ∂t 0
∂τ
∂ ∂ s
ii ( x,t ) + C 'ij v i ( x,t ) = 0
∂x ∂t
∂ s ∂ ∂i ( x,τ ) E i ( x,t , h)
t
v i ( x,t ) + L'ij i i ( x,t ) + ∫ ξ g (t − τ )
'
= x
∂x ∂t 0
∂τ
∂ ∂ s
ii ( x,t ) + C 'ij v i ( x,t ) = 0
∂x ∂t
The ground resistivity plays a role in
Γ0 ΓL
us (x,t) us(x+dx,t) Link
i +
C'dx
+ i Linkbetween
betweenLIOV
LIOVand
andEMTP
EMTP
-u(0,t) -u(L,t)
- -
0 x x+dx L
ui (x,t)
V (1) V (1)
TACS – LIOV LINE
(2) (3)
I I
(6) (6)
80
70
60
Voltage [kV]
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
C urrent [kA]
LIOV-EMTP96: simulations and comparison with
experimental data Cont.
140
120
100
Induced Current IG10
80
60
40
20
0
Measured current
-20
Simulated current
-40
0.E+00 1.E-06 2.E-06 3.E-06 4.E-06 5.E-06
Time [s]
LIOV-EMTP96: simulations and comparison with
experimental data Cont.
1.50E+02
IB6 Simulated
1.00E+02 IB6 Measured
5.00E+01
First event of 02-08-03 6th return stroke
Induced Current [A]
-1.50E+02
-2.00E+02
-2.50E+02
0.E+00 2.E-06 4.E-06 6.E-06 8.E-06 1.E-05
250
Time [s]
IBN6 Simulated
IBN6 Measured
200
First event of 02-08-03 6th return stroke Induced Current [A] 150
Current flowing through the arrester
located at pole 6 phase B 100
50
-50
0.E+00 2.E-06 4.E-06 6.E-06 8.E-06 1.E-05
Experimental data are courtesy of ICLRT of University of Florida (US) Time [s]
LIOV-EMTP96: simulations and comparison with
experimental data Cont.
1400
IG6 Simulated
1200 IG6 Measured
1000
800
Induced Current [A]
-200
-400
-600
0.E+00 2.E-06 4.E-06 6.E-06 8.E-06 1.E-05
Time [s] 2000
IG2 Simulated
IG2 Measured
1500
-500
0.E+00 2.E-06 4.E-06 6.E-06 8.E-06 1.E-0
Experimental data are courtesy of ICLRT of University of Florida (US) Time [s]
Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.
10
- -proposed
proposedmethod
method
(ideal
(idealground)
ground)
1
- -proposed
proposedmethod
method
(lossy
(lossyground
ground
σσg==0.001
0.001S/m)
S/m)
0.1 g
IEEE Guide
proposed method (ideal ground) tf is lognormally distributed
with median value 3.83 µs.
proposed method (lossy ground) Correlation factor between t
0.01 f
1E+2
Ideal
Idealground
ground
Flashovers / 100 km / year
10
• • two
twoco-ordinates
co-ordinatesofofthe
the
stroke location(x
strokelocation andyy) )
(xand
3. Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.
For the calculation of the indirect lighting performance of the
overhead use is made of the procedure proposed by Borghetti
and Nucci [ICLP, 1998; Sipda, 1999] , based on the Monte Carlo
method.
Each event is characterized
By 4 random variables
• • peak
peakvalue
valueofofthe
the
lightning currentIpI
lightningcurrent p
• • two
twoco-ordinates
co-ordinatesofofthe
the
stroke location(x
strokelocation andyy) )
(xand
Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.
1 Inputs:
- lightning current parameters (Ip and tf)
- return stroke velocity
- line and ground data
2 Random generation of events ( Ip ; tf : x ; y) > 20 000
3 Induced overvoltage calculation using LIOV or LIOV-
EMTP96
4 Counting of the events generating overvoltages greater
than 1.5 x CFO
5 Plot the graph:
No. of flashovers/100 km/year vs CFO
where No. of flashovers/100 km/year =
(n/ntot) • ng • S • 100/L (with ng=ground flash density)
Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.
Let us now calculate the indirect lightning performance of an
overhead line by using either:
• •the
thelightning
lightningcurrent
currentstatistical
statisticaldistribution
distributionby
byBerger
Berger(CIGRE
(CIGRE
distribution)
distribution)biased
biasedbybythe
thepresence
presenceofofthe
thetower;
tower;
• •the
thestatistical
statisticaldistributions groundinferred
distributionsatatground inferredusing
usingthe
the
proposed
proposedmethod.
method.
We consider a single-conductor overhead line with the following
characteristics:
• •2 2km
kmlong;
long;
• •10
10mmhigh
highline;
line;
• •‘matched’
‘matched’atatboth
bothend;
end;
• •“striking area” around the line about 20 km2.
“striking area” around the line about 20 km2.
Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.
100.00
CIGRE
CIGREdistribution
distribution
exceeding the value in abscissa/(100 km year)
Armstrong-Whitehead
No. of induced overvoltages with magnitude
IEEE
Eriksson
10.00 Rizk
Dellera-Garbagnati
1.00
0.10
Ideal
Ideal ground
ground
0.01
50 100 150 200 250 300
Voltage [kV]
Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.
100.00
UNBIASED
UNBIASEDdistribution
distribution
exceeding the value in abscissa/(100 km year)
Armstrong-Whitehead
No. of induced overvoltages with magnitude
IEEE
Eriksson
10.00 Rizk
Dellera-Garbagnati
1.00
0.10
Ideal
Ideal ground
ground
0.01
50 100 150 200 250 300
Voltage [kV]
Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.
CIGRE
CIGREdistribution
distribution
100.00
exceeding the value in abscissa/(100 km year)
No. of induced overvoltages with magnitude
10.00
1.00
Armstrong-Whitehead
0.10 IEEE
Eriksson Lossy
Lossyground
ground
Rizk (0.001
(0.001S/m)
S/m)
Dellera-Garbagnati
0.01
50 100 150 200 250 300
Voltage [kV]
Application of the results to the evaluation of
indirect lightning performance of overhead lines Cont.
UNBIASED
UNBIASEDdistribution
distribution
100.00
exceeding the value in abscissa/(100 km year)
No. of induced overvoltages with magnitude
10.00
1.00
Armstrong-Whitehead
IEEE
0.10 Eriksson
Lossy
Lossyground
ground
Rizk
Dellera-Garbagnati (0.001
(0.001S/m)
S/m)
0.01
50 100 150 200 250 300
Voltage [kV]
Conclusions