Name : PRISKA TANIA TUMANGGOR

Npm : 171220072
Bing : 6a

Subject : Sociolinguistics
Topic : Language Maintenance and Shift (Chapter 3)

1. If you have a friend or acquaintance who belongs to an ethnic minority with a distinct
language, they may be willing to share their family history with you. It is very important to be
polite and not to put any pressure on someone who is reluctant, however. They may have
good reason to feel unwilling to share experiences which may have been painful. If they are
willing to talk to you, find out whether they themselves migrated to the country you live in, or
whether it was their parents or grandparents who made the journey. When did they arrive, and
why did they come? Try to trace the language history of each generation. What languages do
their grandparents/parents/brothers and sisters speak in different domains? Does your friend
still speak the ethnic language? If so, who to and in what contexts?
2. People are often unaware of the range of ethnic minority groups living in their area. How
would you find out how many minority ethnic groups there are in the area where you live?
3. What is the difference between language shift and language death?
4. What would you predict as the effect of intermarriage on language maintenance and shift?
5. Why do you think people might want to maintain their minority language when they move to a
new country?
6. Make a list of the factors which seem to contribute to language maintenance as opposed to
those which favour language shift.
7. List the different kinds of institutional support which can be sought by a community of people
who want to maintain their minority language within a society where English is the language
of the majority. Provide an example of each.

Answer :

1. Yes, I have friends or acquaintances who are from an ethnic background. He immigrated to
my country with his family. Since 2001, they have come to my country to seek to leave the
country and improve their economic situation. If they are at home speaking their own
language or ethnic language in all fields. Yes, my friend still speaks her mother tongue or her
ethnic language, to her parents in a context of all fields.

2. I can tell how many ethnic minorities there are in my area, by checking with the Internet
media.

3. Language shift is due to language changes in other languages gradually, due to language
contacts in immigration. In other words, language shift happens when a speaker ora group of
speakers move to another area that speaks another language, and they mix with them.
Whereas language death is a process in which the linguistic level of speakers community in
their variation diminishes, eventually resulting in no native speaker or fluency of that
 variation. Language death occurs when a language loses its last native speaker. With
extension, language extinctions are when language is no longer known, including by second
linguist.

4. The impact or effect ina cross-marriage is the loss of the mother tongue of each partner
because if they speak with their children they certainly speak more of the national language or
the majority language in which they live.

5. Because maintaining their minority language when they move to a new country is a form of
love for their country and their culture. And so they preserve or retain their minority language
so that it doesn't shift or die of language.

6. 1. The loyalty of his people. With such loyalty, supporters of a language will continue to pass
on their language from generation to generation.

2. The concentration factor of the settlement by sumarsono (1990:27) is mentioned also as

one of the factors that can help a language to survive.

3. For those who emigrate are the degree and frequency of contact with the homeland. As
much as the individual loves and loves the fatherland, it can be defined by the individual's
own individual attitude, no doubt their language will outstand.

4. It has been used as the language of preschools, in the publishing of religious books, and
made it the language of fare at religious ceremonies.

7. A. Personal

Example for Maintaining minority language helps the child value to their culture and heritage, which
contribute to a positive self concept.

B. Social

By encouraging naTive language use, parents can be prepare the child to interact wit the native
language community.

C. Educational

Children who learn English and continue to develop their native language have higher academic
achievment in later years than the children who learn English at the age expanse of theri first language.

D. Economic

Better employment opportunities in the country and oversoas are available for individuals who are
fluent in English and another language.