Prepared by Nouh Almandhari

 Concept of Skin Factor

 What is Skin/Formation Damage

 Concept of Effective Wellbore Radius r’w

 Causes of Skin

 Hawking’s Formula for Skin Factor

 Skin Effect on Production

 Some quantitative methods for Skin Determination

 Concept of Skin Factor
 Skin factor is a dimensionless number denoted by ‘s’.

Indicates flow impediment and

Positive restriction (Ks < K)

Skin can be:

Negative Indicates flow Enhancement (Ks >
K)

 Usually, a small negative skin can be noticed due to the existence of natural
fractures and fissures.

 Whereas large negative skin must be induced by inclined wells, hydraulic

fracturing , or matrix stimulation (acidizing).
 What is Formation Damage
 Any unintended impedance to the flow of fluids into or out of a wellbore is
referred to as Formation Damage.
Drawdown is the total of that due to flow in undamaged reservoir and that due to
formation damage

 q  re   q
p  ln    S
2 k0  rw  2 k0
Pressure drop due to formation damage

q
p d  S
2k 0
 Good to Know
 Positive skin causes additional pressure drop
which indeed reduces the well productivity thus
reducing revenue
With no Skin

With Skin:
Additional ΔP
Concept of Effective Wellbore
Radius

 positive skin has the effect of

reducing the wellbore radius whereas
the negative skin has the effect of
increasing the radius

For example: if a well is hydraulically fractured and a skin = -6 with

rw= 0.328,
Then, this is equivalent of saying we have wellbore of
r’w=0.328*exp(6)= 132 ft !!
 Causes of Skin:
 Solid Plugging.

 Clay-particle swelling or dispersion.

 Saturation changes.

 Wettability Reversal.

 Fines migration.

Deposition of paraffins or asphaltenes

… and others
 Causes of Skin
 Solid Plugging:
The reservoir pore spaces can be plugged
by the fine solid in the mud filtrate or by
dislodging the reservoir particles as a result
of filtrate invasion.

Thus Ks < K
Therefore Skin
Causes of Skin
 Clay-particle swelling or dispersion: This
is an inherent problem in sandstone that contains water-
sensitive clays in which they absorb water and become
bigger thus blocking the highways.

 Clays example: Smectites and mixed-layer illites, and

can expand in volume up to 20 times their original
volume through adsorption of layers of water between
their unit cells.

 Preventing the clay Swelling: by the addition of

polymers containing quaternary ammonium salts,
hydrolyzable metal ions.
 Causes of Skin
 Saturation changes: The invasion of mud filtrate
will increase the water saturation thus reducing the HC
relative permeability thus well productivity.
Causes of Skin
 Wettability Reversal: Reservoir rocks are water-
wet in nature. If the well to be drilled with oil-based mud
systems, excess surfactants in the mud filtrate that enter
the rock can cause wettability reversal. This causes the
HC to be the wetting phase thus hindering its freedom of
movement thus lower HC productivity and excessive
water production and treatment cost.
Causes of Skin
 Fines migration: Buildup of fine particles,
particularly in sandstone reservoirs, can
significantly reduce well productivity.
 Fine Migration increases with low salinity and
high velocity.

Note: Reduction in Perm means fine migration and accumulation

Revision: Physics of particle attachment
ln Fl Fd – drag force
Fd Fe – electrostatic force
ld (attraction or repulsion)
Fe Fl – lifting force
Fg - gravity
Fg
Equilibrium condition: total of torques equals zero

l n   Fe  Fg  ln
Fd ld  Fl

No particles are captured under the mechanical equilibrium

Fe – maximum value of electrostatic DLVO force Fe(h)
13
 Causes of Skin
 Deposition of paraffins or asphaltenes:
in both tubing and in the pores of the
reservoir rock, significantly limiting well
productivity.

 High-molecular-weight constituents of crude oil containing

nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen (N, S, and O) compounds are
referred to as asphaltenes.
 Paraffins, here, refers to the high-molecular-weight alkanes
(C20+).

 The primary cause of wax or paraffin deposition is simply a

loss in solubility in the crude oil. This loss of solubility is
usually a result of changes in temperature, pressure, or
composition of the crude oil as a result of loss of dissolved
gases.
Revision
Hawking’s formula for skin factor

 Reduced permeability kd in damaged zone rw<r<rd:

q re q r
ped  ln , pdw  ln d ,
2 k rd 2 kd rw
q re q r q  re k rd  q  re rd k rd 
p  ped  pdw  ln  ln d   ln  ln    ln  ln  ln 
2 k rd 2 kd rw 2 k  rd kd rw  2 k  rw rw kd rw 
q  re  rd k rd  k  rd
p   ln  S  , S   ln  ln    1 ln
2 k  rw  rw kd rw  kd  rw

That is: Reservoir

𝒌 𝒓𝒅
𝑺= − 𝟏 𝐥𝐧( ) Wellbore
𝒌𝒅 𝒓𝒘 K rd rw

Kd
 Skin Effect on Production
 A simple experiment to examine the skin factor effect on flow rate is
to use darcy law:

 Then divide the flow rate in the damage case with flow rate of no
damage (s=0)
𝑟𝑒
𝑞𝑑 ln 𝑟𝑤
=
250 𝑞𝑖 ln 𝑟𝑒 + 𝑠
Productivity Factor, qd/qi,

𝑟𝑤
200

150 Assumptions:
100%

re= 2980 ft
Rw=0.328 ft
100

50

0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Skin Factor
 Skin Factor effect on Horizontal well
 Positive skin in a horizontal well has the same effect if the same
well has a much smaller horizontal length (i.e. distance from the heel
to toe)
For example: a well with s=10 and L=3000 ft is equivalent of having a
well of L=1500 ft with no damage
Some quantitative methods for Skin
Determination
 Well Testing (Drawdown test, Build-up
test, Type Curve, )

 Drill stem test (which is essentially a

small PBU test analysis)
Thank you