NOTES FOR ASSESSMENT TASK

 Different Types of Cell:

Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Bacteria Cell

1. DEFINTION OF A CELL
Cells are the smallest and functional unit of a living
organism. They are the building blocks for life. Every
living thing is made up of cells.

Instead of…

A small unit that has fluids and things that are floating
inside.

Say…

A cell membrane that has cytoplasm and organelles

inside.

Organelles are membrane-bound compartments

within the cell.
Every organelle has its own function that maintains
the life of a cell.

2. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF

ORGANELLES
(Making and processing cell substances)
 Nucleus contains the genetic information of a cell.
Important for growth, repair, and proper functioning
of a cell.
Inside the nucleus are the chromosomes that are
made up of DNA.
It controls the cell by sending signals to the rest of
the cell on what it needs to be doing.
Nucleus does also have a nuclear membrane or
nuclear pore like the cell.
A nucleus contains an organelle called nucleolus that
is made up of proteins and ribonucleic acid or known
as the RNA.
Nucleolus is where the ribosomes are made.

Ribosomes are made up of ribosomal RNA and

proteins
They make proteins
They may be floating around the cytoplasm, but they
are mostly found connected to the endoplasmic
reticulum.

Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of flattened,

interconnected membranes that is connected to the
nucleus in certain places.
It provides a tunnel so that the substances can move
through the cell.

There are two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum:

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (has ribosomes

attached)
 Proteins are made by ribosomes
 These proteins are processed and used when they
are needed.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (no ribosomes

attached)
 Lipids or fats are made
 These lipids are processed and used as well when
they are needed.

Golgi Apparatus is made up of membrane sacs that

are stacked on top of each other.
Its membranes are not interconnected unlike the
Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Its function is to process and package substances
that the cell has made.
The Golgi apparatus create vesicles that transports
substances to where they are needed which can be
processed or excreted out of the cell.
E.g. Proteins from the ER can be sent to the Golgi
Apparatus to process these substances.
Lysosomes are little membranes that contains
enzymes that are needed for a cell to break down
other substances like the waste materials of a cell
and foreign particles.
 ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
 MAINTAINING CELL STRUCTURE AND
STORAGE
Chloroplasts are only found in plant cells
Disk shaped organelles, double membrane, has their
own DNA and packed with chlorophyll which is the
green pigment of a plant.
Chloroplasts uses light from the sun to perform
photosynthesis where it creates glucose.
Glucose is a source of energy (for plants)

Mitochondria can be found both in plant and animal

cells.
Double membrane and has their own DNA.
Its function is to perform chemical respiration where
they combine oxygen with glucose to release energy
in the form of chemical ATP.

The number of mitochondria in a cell will depend on

how much energy a cell needs.

Less active cells mean less mitochondria.

In plants, chloroplasts use photosynthesis to process

light energy that came from the sun into chemical
energy which is the glucose.

A cell can’t directly use a chemical energy like

glucose. Therefore, the mitochondria uses chemical
respiration to process the glucose (chemical energy)
into ATP energy so that the cell can use this energy
directly.
EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES
Eukaryotic Cells have a nucleus and other membrane
bound organelles like mitochondria and endoplasmic
reticulum.

Nucleus is also a membrane bound organelle.

Animals, fungi and protists are all eukaryotes.

DRAWING CELLS
Biological drawings must include:

Materials
Positioning
Size
Accuracy
Labels
Title
Scale

Make sure to have:

Pencil
Ruler
Eraser
Paper

Always put your drawing in the middle so that you will

have space for labelling.
Drawing should be large so that the marker is able to
identify your drawing right away. (suggestion: half a
page)
Use simple and clear lines
 Do not sketch or shade- must be a biological one not
an artistic one.
Only draw what you see
Use a ruler when labelling and make sure that your
labels do not cross- no arrowheads
Give your diagram a name that includes the name of
what you have drawn and the magnification so that
the marker knows what magnification you used. –
underline your title as well.
Cells are measured by micrometres (μm)
1 mm= 1000 μm
Your biological drawing can either include a
magnification or a scale bar
Eyepiece lens = 10x magnification
Objective lens = usually 100x
The objective lens can be 4, 10 and 40x
To find the magnification, multiply the eyepiece and
objective lens together. (10x100=1000)
Magnification can be misleading if the image is
distorted. It can appear bigger or smaller than it is.
Magnification describes the size of the image and the
size of the real object.
Scale bar describes the ratio between the drawn size
of an object and the size of the real object.
1 mm = 1000 μm

Steps to identify scale bar of a cell:

Convert the mm to μm
Divide the μm and the number of cells shown in the
image
From dividing the μm to the number of cells, you will
get the final answer.
Steps to identify the magnification:

EYEPIECE LENS X OBJECTIVE LENS =

MAGNIFICATION
 Your drawing could look like this:

LIGHT MICROSCOPE
A light microscope has two lenses which is the
eyepiece lens and the objective lens that makes the
image appear larger
Know how to use light microscope properly
Know how to check the objective lens
Know how to prepare and slide and use it with the
light microscope
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
A Fluid Mosaic model explains the structure of the
cell membrane and how the cell membrane functions.

Cell membranes are phospholipid bilayers that has

two layers of phospholipid molecules. A phospholipid
molecule consists of a phosphate head and two lipid
tails.

Lipid= fat

Hydrophobic= anything that doesn’t like water

(hydro= water, phobic= scared)

Lipid tails in a phospholipid molecule are

hydrophobic. While the phosphate head in a
phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic.
 Hydrophilic= anything that is attracted to water
(hydro= water)

Remember what miss said philic= feeling

(hydrofeeling) XD

Within the phospholipid bilayer there are:

Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates can be either called glycoprotein when
it is attached to a protein or glycolipid when it is
attached to a lipid.
Cholesterol
Proteins

Integral proteins are proteins that are permanent to a

phospholipid bilayer. These proteins are mostly
attached within the phospholipid bilayer.

Peripheral proteins are proteins that are temporary to

a phospholipid bilayer. These proteins are mostly
attached to the phosphate head and is not attached
within the phospholipid bilayer.

Integral = attached deep inside the phospholipid bilayer

Peripheral= attached on the outside of the phospholipid

bilayer

DIFFUSION
OSMOSIS

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

CELL REQUIREMENTS

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

ENZYMES

Dependent- variable
Independent-