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Pakistan Studies
Ms. Shabana Siddiqui
Senior Lecturer & QMS
Coordinator
School of Public Health, DUHS
Objectives of Lecture-4
 Understand the concept of Sufism
 knowledge about role of Ulema in the Indo Pak
Subcontinent
 Realize the vital role of Ulema and Sufi in making
Ideology of Pakistan
 Describe the efforts of Prominent Sufi and Ulema
 Provision of a sound knowledge and balanced
understanding with the subject.
Cont… Origin of Sufi
• The Sufism is the Love of Truth , Selfless experiencing
and Devotion and actualization of the Truth.
• TARIQAT: The Practice of Sufism is the intention to go
towards the Truth, by means of love and devotion called
”TARIQAT” means Spiritual Path Way Towards God.
• The goal of a Sufi is “none other than God himself “ or
“Closer union with God”
• Human being is– unreal /an illusion / Maya
• Classical Sufi scholars have defined Tasawuf as "a
science whose objective is the reparation of the heart
and turning it away from all else but God".
SUFISM
What is Sufism?/ MEANING
• The word “SUFI” derived from “Sufa” Meaning Purity in
Arabic (Era of MBUH) later derived from Arabic word
"suf" meaning "wool" in the sense of "cloak", referring to
the simple cloaks the original Sufis wore.
• Generally known as “the poor” Fuqara/Faqir (in Arabic)
in Persian Dervish,
• Also Called Wali / Awlia / Shaikh was expected to
Intercede with God on a behalf of his followers
• Islamic mysticism / spirituality is called Tasawwuf in
Arabic, but In Western languages called Sufism since the
early 19th century.
Origin of Sufi
• Khanqah / Monasteries: Not connected with the court
directly but they are spiritual guide and Guide their
devotees at Khanqah / Monasteries
• Sufis spread the message by the “teaching of Islam &
creating good will by educating people in simple and
direct messages
• Allowed SAMA and Devotional Music
• First sufi – Hasan al Basri (642-728 AD)
• They subscribed to the doctrine of Monism called
“Wahdat-ul-Wajood” this term Coined/ by Sadruddin
Qunavi (Hama Oost).
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• Wahdat ul wajud mean Allah is present in
everything. Allah and His creatures are same.
because Allah's characteristics are laid
somewhere in his creatures.
• Wahdat ul Shahood mean all things are
reflection of Allah. Allah is one, it is all about
unity of being, oneness of Allah cannot be
shared or competed.
Cont…
• They Mostly lived in fasting/scanty food/hunger and wore
little clothes and busy in Celibacy (‫)تجرد‬
• Giving up the worldly pleasures-wealth, fame, feasts and
women Solitude away from the society
• More concerned with the punishment and rewards
• observing the rules of Sharia (the Islamic code of conduct),
• In the 09 century AD, the Sufis recognized that spiritual
progress couldn’t be achieved by following “Sharia” alone.
then
• They started adopting various spiritual practices over and
above Sharia, known as Tariqat (the path).
• They considered following Shariat and Tariqat essential to
reach the ”Haqiqat” (the Truth).
• The message of Islam was spread across the
length and breadth of the Indian sub continent by
the good will of education, simple and direct
massage of Islamic mystics.
• Data Ganj Baksh of lahore
• Khawaja Moinuddin of Ajmer
• Khwaja Bakhtiyar kaki, Delhi
• Baba Farid of Pakpattan
• Sheikh Bahaudin Zakriya of Multan
• Makhdoom Jhania Jangashat of Bahawalpur
• Sheikh Nazim uddin of Delhi,
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History of Sufism
• Sufism is as old as humanity.
The term ‘Sufi’ was first used at the end of 2nd century Hijri
i.e. in the early 9th century AD.
• The term Sufi did not find a mention either in the Sihah-i-
Sittah compiled in the 9th and 10th century AD or in the
Arabic dictionary, the Al-Qamus compiled in the early
15th century AD.
• It is believed that 124,000 prophets of God preceded to
the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬. they brought the message of
the one true God.
• openly disapproved of idolatry worship
• restore the religion of Abraham.
• Seekers of Truth: who engaged themselves in the search
of Truth and believed in the unity of the Supreme Being.
Role of Sufis in the spread of Islam in subcontinent
• Muslim saints and Sufis who made concerted and
diligent efforts to reach out to the accumulates and
sensitize them about the teachings of the Islam.
• Most of these Muslim saints migrated to India b/w
the time span of eleventh and fourteenth century
and devoted their lives for the cause of Islam
•
A large number of non Muslims were impressed by
the simple teachings, lofty character and fair
treatment of the Sufis and entered in the fold of
Islam
The Sufis Taught
• Simple faith
• The mercy of God
• The pleasures of honest dealing
• Fellow of feeling
• The nearness of God
• The power of prayer
• The beauties of faith
• The duties and responsibilities of men in
respect to other men
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The Sufi SILSILAH or ORDER
• The number of orders given by Abul fazal in his(Ain Akbri) is
fourteen. The following 4 Silsilah /Order are the most prominent
in the Indian sub continent
1, Chishti Order founded by Khwaja Abdul Chishti in Heart.
Kwaja Moin Uddin Chishti implanted this Silsilah in Ajmer, India
2, Suharwardi order, founded by Sheikh Shahbudin Umar
Suharwardi at Bghdad
3. Naqshbandia order popularized in India by efforts of Khwaja
Baqi Bilah.
4. Qadira Order founded by Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jillani in
Baghdad
Role of Ulema in Organizing the Muslim Society
• When the Muslim Society was established, the
scholars from the Muslim states of Central Asia entered
India in a large number.
• These scholars of Islam played a decisive role in
making Lahore and Multan in Punjab, Deebal and
Mansoura in Sindh and Ajmer and Delhi in Northern
India the centers of Islamic culture and civilization in
India.
Services of Ulema During Colonialism
The Islamic clerics however, kept the movement alive
through institutional Islamic movement and founded
Islamic institutions after failure of war 1857,like
(1)Darul-Uloom, Deoband (1866)
(2) Anjuman Himayat-e-Islam, Lahore (1884)
(3) Sind Madressah-tul-Islam, Karachi (1885)
(4) Nadwatul-Ulema, Lucknow (1898)
(5) Madressah Manzar-ul-Islam, Barely (1904)
(6) Islamia College, Peshawar (1913) and
(7) Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi (1920.
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ORIGIN of Ulema
• The word “Ulema” is the plural of ‘alim’ means in
Arabic“religious scholar”.
• In early period Holy Prophet Muhammad(BPUH) were
appointed imam to led the prayers and as Qazis or
Judge to rule according to Shariah
• The emergence of Ulema as a class which has a
specialization took hold, religious functionaries became
distinct in the society.
• The Muslim scholars played a vital role in organizing the
Muslim society in India.
• Abu Hassan Lahori stressed upon the teaching of
Hadiths but the history-maker assign Ali Hajveri Data
Ganj Buksh who was born in 1009-1070.
• Raziuddin Hassan Sifani was the expert of knowledge
of Hadiths and his famous work “Mashariqul-Anwar”
remained as an authority on knowledge of Hadiths for
a long time.
• Raziuddin Hassan Sifani appointed Qazi Minhajuddin
Siraj as the court Judge who showed absolute realism
and established ever lasting examples of Islamic mode
of justice. His book Tabqat-e-Nasri is also a source of
fame for Minhajuddin.
Muslim Society in Subcontinent
Role of Ulema in Organizing the Muslim Society
* Hazrat Mujajdid Alf Sani
* Services rendered by Shah Wali-ullah
* Syed Ahmed Shaheed
* Haji Shariatullah
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Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi (Naqshbandi)
(26 June1564 - 15 December 1624)
• “Mujaddid-e-Alf-Sani” (the reformer of the second
millennium)born in Sirhind, a city of East Punjab.
• He was educated at home and was inducted into mysticism
by his father, Sheikh Abdul-al-Ahad, who was himself an
eminent Sufi.
• At the age of 36 he went to Delhi and there he met Khawaja
Baqi Billah who introduced him to the Naqshbandi Silsilah.
• Sheikh Ahmed was not new to Sufi discipline as he had
made remarkable progress and soon reached the sublime
heights of experience and beatific vision.
2. Refusal to prostrate before Jahangir
• After Akber’s Death, Sheikh Ahmed Sarhindi came out to reform
and to do away with all Un-Islamic practices and beliefs initiated by
Akbar among the Muslims.
• Sheikh Ahmed Sarhindi never entered into any political conflict
directly. He wrote letters to all the nobles' of Jahangir's court.
Most of them were the same who were present in Akbar's court.
• The opponents of Sheikh also came out and he was dubbed as an
atheist ( ‫ )ملحد‬by them. So Sheikh was summoned to the court of
Jahangir and was asked to bend down.
• He was so rigid in his approach towards Islam that he did not bend
before the emperor as per the prevalent custom. His plea that
bending down before anyone except Allah was un-Islamic
annoyed Jahangir, who ordered for his imprisonment in the Fort of
Gawaliar for two years due to discourteous behavior of his court.
4. Wahdat-al-Shuhud
• The philosophy of Wahdat-al-wajud was presented by some Sufis
of Akbar's time. They believed that the entire universe is the
symbol of Almighty God and a source of revelation of God's
sovereignty.
• He strongly opposed the Sufi doctrine of Wahdat-al-Wujud which
maintained, that real Being is Allah and we are all His
manifestations.
• he gave his philosophy of Wahdat-al-Shuhud. Sheikh Ahmed
Sirhindi emphasizes superiority of people of one religion on the
other and for that reason that religion should be kept pure and
divested of all other influences.
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Mujaddid's Reforms
• 1. Successful Jihad against Deen-e-Elahi
During his period the Muslims in India had become so lacking in the
knowledge of true Islam that they had more belief in Karamat or
miracles of the saints than Islamic teachings.
• The Ulema and theologians of the time had ceased to refer to the
Quran and Hadith in their commentaries, and considered
jurisprudence ( ‫ ) فقہ‬the only religious knowledge.
• Akbar, had started his own religion Deen-e-Elahi, an amalgamation
of Hindu and Muslim beliefs.
• In these circumstances, His aim was to rid Islam of the accretions of
Hindu Pantheism and succeeded in his efforts at last and Jahangir
cancelled all those orders of his father which were against the spirit
of Islam and thus Deen-e-Elahi came to an ignoble end.
3. Preaching of Islam during the Imprisonment
in Gwalior's Fort
• Hazrat Mujaddid continued preaching of Islam during
the imprisonment in the Fort of Gwalior. Due to his
efforts thousands Non-Muslims accepted Islam.
• After a year however, Jahangir released him from jail
and offered huge gifts to him. The king befriended and
respected the Sheikh.
• He listened to his advices. After Maghrib prayers the king
would grant him special audience where Sheikh would
talk about religious affairs to Jahangir.
• He asked his son Shah Jahan to become a spiritual
disciple of the Sheikh.
5. Maktubat-e-Imam Rabbani
• Shiekh Ahmed adopted an effective method of persuasion
(‫ )ترغیب‬by writing letters to the leading nobles of the royal
court. His letters are known as “Maktubat-e-Imam Rabbani”
• Through preaching, discussions and his maktubat addressed to
important nobles and leaders of religious thought, he spread his
message amongst the elite in particular. Letters and messages
were sent to them exhorting to serve the cause of Islam.
• He also requested the scholars to show the right path to the
people, and the King.
• He enforce the saints to give up their Un-Islamic practices and
beliefs.
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6. Books and Magazines (Risala)
• Rejecting the heterodoxies of the great Mughal Emperor Akbar,
this well-known Islamic mystic of this time and a hardcore Sunni
Muslim strongly refuted the shia point of view in his writing
entitled Risala Tahliliya and made a major contribution towards
rehabilitation of orthodox Islam in India.
• He wrote many books, including his famous works, Isbat-ul-
Nabowat and Risala-e-Nabuwat. In these works the need and
importance of prophet hood was described.
• His greatest work on Islamic philosophy was the “Tauheed-i-
Shuhudi.”
• Sheikh Ahmed continued preaching Islam till the end of his days.
He urged peopled to the accepted and clearly laid down path of
Islam.
Services rendered by Shah Wali-Ullah
(1703-1762)
• Hazrat Shah Waliullah’s real name was Qutbud-Din Ahmed.
• Born to a noble learned family of Delhi on 21st February 1703.
• His father Shah Abdur-Rahim was a renowned scholar of that
period.
• Shah Wali-Ullah showed great potential at an early age. By the age
of fifteen he had completed the learning of Holy Quran, Hadith
and Fiqha.
• Then after the death of his father in 1719 he started delivering
lectures in Madressah Rahimyah at the age of seventeen. Then in
1730 he performed Hajj again. In 1733 he returned to Delhi and
took over the charge of Madressah Rahimyah. There he wrote
many books and rendered many political, religious and national
services. He died in 1762. The contributions of Shah Wali-Ullah can
be summarized as under:
2. Political Services
• Shah Wali-Ullah tried to trace the causes of the
decline of Mughal Empire. In the middle of the 18th
century Marathas had become a great political
power. They were threatening to occupy the crown
of Delhi. At this critical juncture Shah Wali-Ullah in
order to check their advance prepared Najid-ullah
(Rohilla Chief) and Shuja-ud-Daulah (Nawab of
Oudh) for Jihad.
• Moreover he wrote a letter to Ahmed Shah Abdali.
King of Afghanistan requesting him to save the
Muslims from the highhanded-less of the Marathas.
Consequently in the Third Battle of Panipat (1761),
Ahmed Shah Abdali inflicted a crushing defeat on the
Marathas.
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7. Two Nation Theory
• Mujaddid Alif Sani cleared on the Muslims that they were the
separate nation from Hindus and nothing was common in them.
Therefore, the Muslim should keep themselves distinct from
Hindus with reference to food, dress, social custom and way of
life.
• He founded the first stone of Two Nation Theory in Indo-Pak
subcontinent which led to the success of Pakistan Movement and
establishment of Pakistan. That's why Hazrat Mujaddid was
rightly called First Founder of Pakistan.
• Hazrat Mujaddid Alf Sani was the most powerful religious
personality who opposed Akbar but he got an opportunity in a
liberal atmosphere in Jahangir's reign to use his powerful pen to
denounce Akbar's religious innovations. He is considered as a
pioneer of Muslim self-assertion by denouncing Un-Islamic
practices
1. Religious Services
• He translated the whole Holy Quran in Persian in 1738. Later on his
sons Shah Rafi-ud-Din and Shah Abdul Qadir translated the Holy Quran
in Urdu.
• He termed the Hadith collection by Imam Muttah where he arranged
the Hadith in respect of their topics. most authentic (in Arabic and
Persian)
• He trained students in different branches of Islamic knowledge and
entrusted them with the teaching of students.
• He recommended the application of Ijtihad against blind Taqlid
• He adopted an analytical and balanced approach towards four major
school-of-thought of mysticism. In order to create a balance between
the four schools i.e. Hanafi, Malaki, Shafii, Hambali he wrote “Al-Insaf-
fi-bayan-sabab-al-Ikhtilaf. He worked out a system of thought, beliefs,
and values, on which all but the extremists could agree. He thus provided
a spiritual basis or national solidity.
• He wrote “Izalat-al-Akhifa” and “Khilafat-al-
Khulafa” in order to remove misunderstanding
between Shias and Sunnis. He refused to
denounce Shias as heretics( ‫)ملحد‬.
• After Mujaddid Alf Sani, He worked for unity of
Muslims and to develop separate National
identity and convinced them to fight for their
rights. Shah Sahib rejected Combine Unity and
ensured Religion as only identification of
Muslims.
• His religious-political ideology made a permanent
crack in Hindu-Muslim relation in this sub-
continent
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3. Social Services
• He strongly opposed to integration of Islamic
culture in the cultural race of the sub-continent
and wanted the Muslims to ensure their distance
from it.
• He wanted them to keep alive their relation with
rest of the Muslim world so that the spring of their
inspiration and ideals might ever remain located in
Islam and tradition of world community developed
by it." In his opinion, the health of Muslim society
demanded that doctrines and values inculcated by
Islam should be maintained in their pristine purity
unsullied by extraneous influences.
Conclusion
• Shah Wali-Ullah was responsible for awakening in the
community with moral values favor and maintain its purity.
• To rescue a community's conscience, belief and faith from
destruction was no small achievement. Even after his death in
1762, his sons and followers carried on his work and noble
mission. Many future Islamic leaders and thinkers were
inspired by his example.
• In short the Muslim Renaissance Movement launched by
Shah Wali-Ullah was the forerunner of all the future freedom
movements of Indo-Pakistan. Maulana Mohammad Qasim
Nanotvi founder of Madressah Deoband and Sir Syed Ahmed
Khan were among his followers. Later on his son Shah Abdul
Aziz founded the Jihad Movement which was carried forward
by Syed Ahmed Shaheed
Battles Against Sikhs
• In the first half of the nineteenth century Punjab was under
the rule of Sikhs who were very painful to the Muslims. They
were showing disregard to the Muslim culture, customs and
religious places.
• On hearing about these cruelties Syed Ahmed Shaheed
decided to launch Jihad against the Sikhs. For this purpose
he founded Jihad Movement. The Muslims of Indo-Pakistan
responded to his call and thousands of Muslims got
themselves enrolled in the Jihad Movement.
• He launch Jihad from North West Frontier region of the
country on 17th January 1826 he started his journey along
with thousands of Mujahideens. He reached Sindh via
Gwalior, Tonak, Ajmer and Marwar. Then he went to
Afghanistan through Baluchistan. From Afghanistan he
arrived at Nowshera after nine months journey.
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• Shah Wali-Ullah directed his teachings towards reorienting the
Muslim society with the concepts of basic social justice, removing
social inequalities, and balancing the iniquitous distribution of
wealth.
• He established several branches of his school at Delhi for effective
dissemination of his ideas.
• He pinpointed the causes of anarchy and disintegration of Muslim
society In his book "Hujjat-ullah-il-Balighah". These were
• 1. Pressure on public treasury, the emoluments given to various
people who render no service to the state.
• 2. Heavy taxation on farmers, merchants and workers, with the
result that tax evasion was widespread. According to Shah Wali-
Ullah, a state can prosper only if there were light and reasonable
taxes.
Syed Ahmed Shaheed (1786-1831)
• Born at Rai Barailly on 29 November 1786.
• His father Shah Ilm-Ullah was pious religious
scholar.
• He was a well built young man and took interest in
manly sports.
• He was inspired spiritually by Shah Abdul Aziz.
• In 1810 he joined the army of Nawab Ameer Khan
of Tonak in order to take part in Jihad against the
British. He fought against the English forces and
displayed his skill in the art of fighting.
• Syed Ahmed Shaheed was an outstanding orator.
His religious and political sermons won him many
companions which included Shah Ismail and Shah
Abdul Haye.
Battles Against Sikhs
• On his arrival in the Frontier province the fighters of Yousaf Zai
tribe, local Muslims joined the Jihad Movement. Syed Ahmed
Shaheed declared war against Sikhs. Ranjit Singh the Sikh ruler
of Punjab sent Budh Singh at the head of ten thousand
soldiers to meet the challenge of the Mujahideens.
• On 21st December 1826 a strong contingent of Mujahideens
attacked the Sikh army at night. As a result thousands of Sikh
soldiers were killed and Budh Singh had to retreat with heavy
losses. Later on after several fights the Sikh army was defeated
in the battle of Hazru.
• After these successes Syed Ahmed Shaheed decided to
organize the local administration. He established an Islamic
state in the area and announced his caliphate on January 11,
1827. These victories and successes of Mujahideens disturbed
Ranjit Sikh very much. He decided to decline the Mujahideens
through diplomacy.
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• He reached Peshawar and won the sympathies of two local
chiefs Yar Mohammad Khan and Sultan Mohammad Khan by
pointing them the ruler of Peshawar.
• Thus the Muslims were divided into two camps. However Syed
Ahmed Shaheed succeeded in conquering Peshawar in
November 1830. Through mistake Syed Ahmed Khan appointed
Sultan Mohammad Khan the ruler of Peshawar. Unfortunately
Sultan Mohammad turned a trailer and hatched a conspiracy
against Syed Ahmed Shaheed. Thousands of Mujahideens were
murdered treacherously at Peshawar and other places. In the
meantime Sikh army under Sher Singh advanced against the
Mujahideen. Syed Ahmed Shaheed gathered ail of his forces and
encamped at Balakot which was a very secure place.
2. They were sufficient financial sources with
Ranjeet Singh but Mujahideen were facing the lack of
financial resources.
3. Ranjeet Singh was aware of the fact that so long
there unity of thought and action in amongst
Mujahideen, it was not possible to defeat them.
Therefore, he infiltrated his agents among
Mujahideen who created misunderstanding
amongst them.
4. Ranjeet Singh exploiting the human weakness,
attracted pathans by bribe ( ‫ )رشوت‬luring and
sometimes pressurizing who committed spying ,
revolt, dissimulation and slaughtered Mujahideen.
7. His government punished people severely even on every minor
mistake. For instance, heavy punishment to the liar woman and
people who were not offering namaz. These were not Islamic
punishments.
8. The Mujahidin Movement is also called the WAHHABI Movement
because of its strict puritan beliefs. Syed Ahmed condemned “Bida’t
or innovations” as well as Wahadatul-wajood, adulation of Pirs,
polytheism(‫ ) شرک‬and appealing to God through holy personage.
Some points in Jihad Movement resembled with the Wahabi
Movement while pathans were against of Wahabi Movement.
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• Sardar Sher Singh too arrived at Balakot at the head
of 20 thousands soldiers. The Sikh army besieged
the area. The famous battle of Balakot was fought
on 6th May 1831. The Sikhs emerged victorious.
Almost all the Mujahideens including Syed Ahmed
Shaheed were martyred.
Reasons of Failures of Jihad Movement
1. Ranjeet Singh acquired the military services of the
Western generals Ventura and Elite who imparted
training upon the soldiers of Ranjeet Army and the
battle was also fought with the modern war weapons
from the side of Ranjeet Singh. Mujahideen on the
other side was ignorant of War Strategy.
5. According to Islamic System Syed Ahmed after establishing
Islamic rule collected Zakat (Islamic tax) from the rich Muslims
but he could not arrange the proper distribution of Zakat
amongst the needy poor people. Consequently, the lower
class (majority of the masses) became the victim of
pessimism, depravity and the sense of inferiority. The poverty
suffering class. In this way refused to accept Islamic system
and started the move against this government.
6. Syed Ahmed Shaheed, dominated by feelings of
reformation, wanted to implement the Islamic laws even
during the period of war. For instance, compulsory marriage
of girl and widows. The sentiments of Pathans, in the
manner, injured and they started to kill the government
officials in nights.
Conclusion
• Jihad Movement, no doubt failed but this movement played a decisive
role in creating and establishing an Islamic State (Pakistan) in future
because this movement created unity of thought and act amongst the
Muslims of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent.
• Although Syed Ahmed Shaheed failed to finish Sikh rule in Punjab yet his
Jihad Movement Kindled a flame of freedom in the Sub-Continent.
• Jihad Movement gained strength by Sayed Ahmed Barelvi, aided by Shah
Ismail Shahid (d.1831) who was Shah Waliullah’s grand son.
• The Pathans of the Frontier province were greatly inspired by the brave
deeds of the Mujahideens, The tribesmen continued the Jihad for
freedom against the British.
• Similarly the Mujahideen spread the spirit of Jihad throughout the length
and breadth of Sub-Continent. The spirit of freedom led to the war of
independence in 1857.
• In addition the Jihad Movement imbibed in the Muslims the spirit of
Islamic nationalism which ultimately led to the Two Nation Theory and
establishment of Pakistan
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Haji Shariat Ullah (1768-1860)
• The first half of the 19th century witnessed a movement known as
Faraizi Movement in East Bengal. The founder of this movement was
Haji Shariatullah. At this time the condition of the Bengali Muslims in the
Sub-continent was very miserable. The British policy of distrust and
oppression towards the Muslims rendered them economically and
educationally crippled; and the oppression of the Zamindars made their
lives unbearable.
• Haji Shariatullah went to Mecca on the Pilgrimage. He returned to his
country after 20 years and started his reform movement known as the
Faraizi movement.
• His movement basically targeted the most depressed class of the
Muslims. He asked them to give up un-Islamic customs and practices
and to act upon the commandments of the religion called Faraiz or
duties. Hence his followers came to be known as Faraizi.
• He forbade Tazia on the occasion of Muharram and singing and dancing
at the time of wedding ceremonies. His movement was also directed
against the oppression of the Zamindars.
• He declared the country Dar-ul-Harab, as Eid and Friday prayers could
not be offered there.
• The movement infused new life into the lives of the Muslims of
Bengal. It wrought great agitation among them, especially the
farmers who were imbued with his doctrines. Thus, he sowed the
seeds of independence in Bengal.
• His son Muhammad Mohsin, known as Dadhu Mian, popularized
and strengthened the movement by organizing it in a systematic
way. He acquired great influence amongst the Muslim farmers and
craftsmen of Bakerganj, Dhaka, Faridpur and Pabna districts.
• He appointed Khalifahs who kept him informed about everything
in their jurisdiction.
• Dadhu Mian vehemently opposed the taxes imposed by the
landlords on Muslim farmers for the decoration of the image of
Durgah.
• He asked his followers to settle in lands managed by the
government. During the revolt of 1857, he was put under arrest
for organizing the farmers of Faridpur districts against the British
government.

• Mir Nasir Ali, known as Titu Mir(1782-1831) his

movement in Bengal against the cruel acts of Hindus
landlords against Muslim tenants.
• After returning from Pilgrimage, Titu Mir devoted himself
to the cause of his country. He made Narkelbaria, a
village near Calcutta, the center of his activities. Many
oppressed Muslim farmers gathered round Titu Mir in
their resistance against the Hindu landlord, Krishna
Deva Raj. Titu Mir was able to defeat Krishna Deva and
set up government.
• The British aiding the Hindu landlords sent an army of
100 English Soldiers and 300 sepoys to Narkelbaria. In
1831, Titu Mir died fighting the British forces.
• The death of Titu Mir did not dishearten his followers. His
example rather served as a source of inspiration for them
in the years to come.