374 History of Dharmatistra nowhere refers to Harinatha nor does the latter refer to him. Hence they were probably contemporaries or not separated by any ‘appreciable interval of time. As Harinatha mentions the Kalpataru .and Harihara, he must be later than about 1250 A.D. If Ganeé- -varamisra®5 mentioned by Harinatha be the author of the Sugati- sopana ( which is extremely probable ) who was an uncle of Cande- Svara, then Harinatha cannot be earlier than about 1300 A. D. and flourished at about the same time as CandeSvara, viz, the first half of the ryth cemury A.D. Harinatha is quoted by Vacaspati- migra in his Dyaitanirnaya, by Raghunandana ( in Udvahatatva vol. I, pp. 108, 119, Ahnikatattva vol. I, p. 240, Suddhitattva vol. Ti, p. 240), Kamalakara, Nilakaptha and a host of other later writers. In the Ekadasitattva p. 45 Harinatha is spoken of as upajivya by Vardhamana and Vacaspati. ‘There are several works styled Smrtisara e.g. of Kesavasarma (Mitra’s Notices, vol. II. p. 76), of Yadavabhusana-bhartacarya ‘( Mitra’s Notices, vol. IV p. 213 No. 1642 ), of Devayajiiika (D. C. Ms. No. 266 of 1884-87 and 344 of 1886-92, the latter being called Smrtisirasarngraha ). Hence it often becomes difficult to say in the case of later works, what particular Smytisira is being quoted. 92. Madhavacarya Madhavacirya is the brightest star in the galaxy of daksinatya authors on dharmasastra. His fame stands only second to that of the great Sankaricarya. He hada most versatile genius and either dimseit'wrore or inspirea' fis Srovder Sdyana ana’ outers to write voluminous works on almost all branches of Sanskrit literature. Asan erudite scholar, as a far-sighted statesman, as the bulwark of the Vijayanagara kingdom in the first days of its foundation, as a sarhnyasin given to peaceful contemplation and renunciation in old age, he led such a varied and useful life that even to this day his isa name to conjure with, Among his numerous works two deserve special mention here, viz : the ParaSara-madhaviya, his com- mentary on the Paradarasmrti and the Kalanirnaya. 805 aq: nina ae get Rolie moet wegen ee Te | oreat aigal TRUIRMaG 1 Te Tear: aTRy Fane fri ArSOERE Rtg Sir gfrrery | eeftent (1 0. ms. No, 1488 ),98, Madhatearya 375 ‘The PariSara-madhaviya has been published several times, the edition in the B. I. series and in the Bombay Sanskrit series being the best known. In the following the Bombay edition has been used. ‘This work is very extensive and occupies about 2300. print- ed pages in the Bombay edition, It is not a mere commentary on Paragara’s text, but is in the nature of a digest of civil and religious law. The original smyti of Paraéara contains no verses on vyavahara, but Madhavacarya hangs, on the slender peg of a single verse of Parasara calling upon the king to rule his subjects with righteous- ness, his treatise on vyavahara that covers a little over a fourth part of the whole commentary (vide note 341 above an Pardéara ). ‘The ParaSara-madhaviya is a work of authority on modern Hindu Law in southern India.‘ His style is lucid and he generally avoids lengthy and abstruse discussions. Besides numerous smrti- karas and puranas he names the following authors and works-— Aparirka, Devasvamin, Puranasara, Prapaficasara, Medhatithi, Viva~ ranakira (on the Vedantasiitra ), Visvarapacarya, Sambhu, Sivas- vamin, Smrticandrika. The Parasara-madhaviya was amongst his earliest works. He tells us that there was no commentary on Parasara before him. The Kalanirnaya of Madhavacarya has been published several times, In the following the B. I. edition has been used. He states that he wrote this work after he composed his commentary on the Paraéarasmrti.'9* The work is divided into five prakarayas. The first ( Upodghata) deals with a scholastic disquisition on kala (time ) and its real nature ; the 2nd (called vatsara ) speaks of the year, its various lengths according as it is candra, savana or sara, of the two ayanas, of the seasons and their number, of the months (candra and saura), of the intercalary months, and the religious acts allowed and forbidden in intercalary months, of the two paksas (fortnights ); the third prakaraya ( pratipat- prakarana ) deals with the meaning of the word tithi, duration of a 896% Mad, H.O. R. p. 206at p.217; 11 Moo, J. A. p.487 at p, 508; 1. L, R38 Mad. 152 at p. 156. 807 rere: G4 suremrar Maeght mata meat erzeaTear BATA 9th Intro verse. 898 sqreara ara emia | aaErTeRR FoR aA: 1 4th Intro, verse of aras(aivta,376 History of Dharmatiisiva tithi, the fifteen tithis of a paksa, two kinds of ttbis, viz. suddha (i.e. not intermixed with another tithi on the same day) and viddha Cimermixed with another sithi on same day), rules about the preference of the first rithi for particular religious rites and obser- vances ( for Gods and Manes ) when intermixed with the preceding and following fithis, the fifteen mubirtas of the day and of the night; the fourth ( dvitiyadi-tithi-prakarana ) extends the application of the rules about pratipad to the tithis from the second to the fifteenth and decides on what tithi ( whether intermixed with the preceding or the following ) certain vratas, such as Gaurivrata on the third, Janmistami on the 8th, were to be performed ; the /ifth ( prakirvaka i, e, miscellaneous ) deals with rules about the deter- mination of naksatras for various acts, the yogas and karanas and rules about sarhkranti and eclipses and the actions proper for them. ‘The Kalanirnaya besides the names of numerous sages, purinas, astronomical and astrological writers mentions the following works and authors :—Kaladarsa ( p. 83 ), Bhoja (as having composed in Arya metre a work on the Saiva agama), Muhirta-vidhana-sara (Cp. 341 ), Vatesvarasiddhanta, Vasistha Ramayana, the Siddhanta- Siromani ( of Bhaskaractrya ), Hemadri( p. 67 his vratabhanda and gouophayda ). ‘A good deal about the family and personal history of Madhava- carya can be gleaned from the above-mentioned two works and other treatises of Madhavacarya. From the Parasara-madha- viya we'?? learn chat he was the soa of Mayana and Srimati, that Sayana and Bhoganatha were his younger brothers, that he was a student of the black Yajurveda and of the Baudhayana-sitra-carana and belonged to the Bharadvaja-gotra, The introductory verses and the colophon of the Prayascitta-sudhanidhie of Sayana corro- borate most of these particulars. A verse at the beginning of the 800 afte sett em Garis: far sraeh threes wigd wo 8 wer tae Ga ra ters AE avast ES aT wie wR -ayeras 1 Intto. verses Gand 7 of quran. 900 aq RPafatinaRita Arora: | a: Sane TTT ene ie and the colophon 9% mrapHirarenrgigney arUTTaTe Bremer Ke. Descriptive eat. of Madras Govt, Sanskrit mss. vol. VII. p. 2620 No, 3490. ‘The king referred tois agra,92, Madkaviicdrya art Katanirnaya tells us that Vidyatirtha, Bharatitirtha and Srikantha were his teachers.9°* The Paridara-Madhaviya highly eulogises* Madhava, compares him to divine and semi-divine councillors like Angirasa of Indra and says that he was the hereditary teacher (hulaguru yand mantrin of king Bukkana (or Bukka ). ‘The colo- phons to the several works of Siyana, the younger brother of Madhavacirya, show that these brothers were closely connected with four rulers of the Vijayanagar dynasty, viz. Bukka and his son Harihara, Kampa and his son Sadgama. In the Yajfatuntra-su- dhanidhiv) (ms. in the Bhau Daji collection ) Sayana, the author of the bhasyas on the vedas, is said to be the Aulagurw of Harihara, son of Sangama. In the Guruvatinsa-kivya ( Vanivilasa Press ed.) it is said thar Vidyaranya was the pupil of Vidyatictha, that he com- posed Vedabhasyas and published them in the names of Sayana and Madhava, that Harihara and Bukka were the most valiant of the five sons of Sangama (v. 48), that-Vira Rudra was the sovereign of Harihara and Bukka and was defeated by the suratrana i.e. stllan. The same work says that Vidyaranya founded Vijayanagari in Sake 1258, vaisakha Suddha 7 Sunday (i.e. 30th April t335 A.D.) and crowned Harihara king.23 Burnell in his introduction to the Varhéabrahmana started the theory that Sayana and Madhava were identical and put forward an esoteric meaning on the verse that states that Sayana and Bhoganitha 91 ge a Petting fara af asa ceeeshmn aged ay samEeromest Hada Racidgwaa ge wer sfepoassaiead u 22d vorse of araieiaig, 902 gerenigral ras BARA: eres Hhnisiadeal wdigeer Qeravt: lo Pre: Laereterfiaestl nae qa ame Peis ete car areas y) 442 verseof gar, AT, . 88 penarEEraRarcdien | ade: ames artoriagga | sega werllteg: gavat Bas wgragarngsy magne weiges u aveten: wea ge 3 gerhien: | eel agrerdita wefear 0” Intro. verses 7, 8, 14. da aireagiter xe we asa ATA aid apraghed ane Servet US Bis qa ged set sisal MAR RARE y aTeayeed VL 8. HD. 48.8 History of Dharmadastra were the younger brothers of Madhava. But the facts as culled from the works of these two great men and the inscriptions of contemporary Vijayanagara kings are too strong for the hypothesis of Burnell and make it look absurd. The whole subject about the relationship of Madhava, Sayana and Bhoganatha has been carefully examined by Rao Bahadur R. Narsimhachar in Ind. Ant. vol. 45 pp. 1-6 and 17ff and the theory of Burnell has been thoroughly refuted. Sayana and Bhoganatha were as real personages as Madha~ vacdrya himself, Madhavacirya in his Jater years became a sarinyasin and was named Vidyaranya. ‘To the items of evidence adduced by R.B.R, Natsimbachar for establishing the identity of Madhava and Vidyaranya(Ind. Ant. vol. 45 p. 18)I may add one more. The Viramitrodaya ascribes the commentary on Parasara composed by Madhava to Vidyaranya.2 It has however to be noted that the Guruvarigakavya (Vanivilisa Press ed. ) says (Ve 41-44 ) that Vidyaranya was different from both Sayana and Madhava. The chronology of the kings of Vijayanagara has been a fruitful source of controversy. It is not necessary to go into that chrono- logy in great detail here. It may be studied in such works as Sewell’s « Forgotten empire ’ and in E. I. vol. Ill. p. 36, E. I. vol. XIV p. 68, E. I. vol. XV p. 8. The following pedigceess will be sufficient for the purpose of connecting Madhava and his brothers with the kings of Vijayanagara. The earliest inscription is that of Harihara I dated fake 1261 ( 1339-40 A.D.) wherein Harihara 9 orem St agred faadies: ereenetearat UpegeatarrEs mymeErpEAt sea sovidiens aM ge 1 atte P. 585; vide v, 672 ‘Receniianins ntoied anita eaihegieaent J ent ara samafacatarea: paaieit 1’, | Tale refors to the romarks in gy, Ay, vol, IIT. p. $38, 905 aga lt l akex Bey OF are x t | (dake 1261 ) \ “ a - agar I ‘aftex UE (1979-1999 A. D.), (Baie 1278) ! re ( axe 28)92, Madbavacarya are is said to bea Mahdmandalesvara and is spoken of as © $1-Vira- Hariyappa-Vodeya.’ The colophon of the Madhaviya Dhatu- vnti describes Madhava as the great minister of Sangamaraja, the son of Kamparaja.2e? ‘The Biteaguata geant in fake 1278 ( 1356 A.D.) by Safigama II at the request of bis teacher Srikenthanatha shows that Bhoganatha2® who composed the contents of the grant was a narmasaciva ( gay or humorous companion ) of Satgama ll. We saw above that Srikantha was a teacher of Madhavacitya ang that Bhoganatha was the youngest brother of Madhavacirya. Bhoga- natha in order to be a poet and a narmasaciva of a reigning sovereign must haye been a grown-up man in 1356 A.D. and so Madhavie arya must have been quite an elderly person about that time. ‘The Kalanirnaya tells us that in the cyclic year Tévara following immediately after Sale 1258 Jravana was an intercalary month and that in the cyclic year Bhava that preceded Jake 1258 (i.e. in Sake 1256 } Falguna wasan intercalary month and then examines the intercalary months that occurred iu the cyclic years up to Vikari thereafter ( i, e. up to ale 1281 20% As the Kalaniryaya examines the intercalary months from fake 1256 (i. €. 1334 A.D.) to sake 1281 (i.e. 1359 A. D.), it follows that it was either composed during these years or immediately after this period. The Paragara- madhaviya was composed before the Kalanirnaya. Rao Bahadur Narsimhachar states that in a copperplate grant dated 1386 A.D. it is said that Harihara(IL) gave in the presence of Vidyaranya- éripada certain donations to three scholars who were the promoters 908 aemoeeeaPaRARRiatehdicetacrtiea | Int Ant. vol. X, p. 63, OF firey agg Re orerera eae a START AU ARS VTA ITT TTT aramrarear aradigt gfe 1 908 9 Aneagha TAITSATNAT | MSTA NTT Aa rau: Sri: » B-T. vol. TIL, at p. 90. 9080 aaa TARTETRTR | TUTRUTRMAGUGS Tea a Aa aia erated aera: | aa: ean) a meet, SITAR: ... A REA waa aqme apniredean ait aan wa fe weer feomqeaet Frere: ... war weeiedt smarter: 1 PetatePras Reiaet sage te yay qaatiared dea? | refine pp. 70-71.380 History of Dharmatistra (pravartaka ) of the commentaries on the four Vedas (Ind. Ant. vol. 45 p. 19). Another inscription speaks of Vidyaranya in 1378 A. D2 This shows that Madhavacarya bad become a samuyasin at least in 1377 A.D. Tradition says that Vidyaranya died in 1386 A. D. at the ripe old age of 90. ‘Therefore we shall not be far wrong if we place the literary activity of Madhava-Vidya- ranya between 1330-1385 A.D. From the remarks about inter- calary months it appears that the ParaSaramadhaviya and Kalanir- naya were composed between 1335-1360 A. D. There was a tradition among pandits that it was Madhavacaryz who composed bhasyas on the Vedas and ascribed them to his brother Sayana. Kasginatha, in his Vitthala-ramantra-sira-bhasya says so.2"° Great ranya confusion has been eaused by identifying Madhava-Vidya th another scholar named Madhava who was also a snantrin of Bukka, who was a great warrior and was governor of Banavase and the country round Goa on the western coast. Ina gran?" of the village Kucara, also called Madhavapura, dated Sake 1313 ( 1391 A. D.), it is said that he routed the armies of the Turuskas, wrested Goa the capital of Konkana from them and re-established the temple of Saptanatha (i, e. Sapta-kotisvara ). ‘There is another inscription dated Jake 1290 (i.e. 1368 A.D, ) where the great minister ( Maba- pradhana ) Madhavanka is stated to have ruled over Banavase 12000 under king Bukkariya (Ind. Ant. vol. IV, p. 206). Fleet is awrong in identifying the minister Madhavatika with Madhavacarya- Vidyaranya. Another grant from Goa (found by Dr. Bhaw Daji ) says that Madhava-mantrin, son of Caundibbatta, established the Hinge of Saptanatha( JBBRAS vol. 9, p. 228 ), Vide E. C. vol. VIII, Sorab No. 375 dated fake 1268 (Sunday Madhava 30, i. e. 11th Feb. 1347 ), where we are told that Madhavamantrin was governor of Candragutti, capital of Banavase 12000, that he was minister of Marapa, younger brother of Harihara T and that he was a disciple of 909 Yvigraphia Carnatic 910 pa ae mUoHegy ama: eengaia felemel Janes fe. | folio 87 of the fagamigesreitta (D. C. ms. No. 100 of 1869-70), SLL Hara BETTINA BEATA | HfaleTEAT _eaQTT eon wed: un safemaieiet teameigerat as JBBRAS vol. IV, p, 115 ( toxt ), p- 107 ( translation ).92, Madhavicirya 381 Kriynakti, a Saiva teacher, In E, C. vol. VIE, Shikarpur 281 dated fake 1290 Kartika bahula 8 (i, e. 15th November 1368 ) Madhava is said to have been a son of Caunda of che Angirasa gotra and a minister of Bukka Land bis guru is said to have been Kasivilasa Kriyasakti. From this it follows that the Midkava mantrin who was a governor of Banavase and Goa and was living in 1391 A. D. was the son of Caundibhatia and cannot be identified with Madhava- carya who was the son of Mayana. There is a ms. in the Bombay University Library of a work called Kalanirnayakarika in 130 verses, which contains the introduc- tory verses of the Kalanirnaya dealing with the contents, though in a somewhat different order. There are several commentaries on the Kalanirnaya, viz. Kalanirnayadipika by Ramacandracarya com- posed about 1450 A. D., a commentary called Laksmi by Laksmidevi, wife of Vaidyanatha Payagunda. There is a Vivaraga of the Kala~ nirpayadipika, by Nrsithha, son of Ramacandracarya ( vide D, C. Ms. No. 99 of 1871-72 ). 93. Madanapala and Visvesvarabhatta The Madanaparijata compiled under the patronage of king Madanapala by Visvesvarabhatta is a famous work. Like Bhoja, Madanapala seems to have been a great patron of learning and several works arc attributed to him. At least four works on dharmasastra are ascribed to him (i.e. were written under his patronage ) viz the Madanaparijata, Smrtimaharnva or Madana- maharnava, Tithinirnayastra and Smrtikaumudi. The Madanapirijata is an extensive work printed in the B. 1. series. There are 23 introductory verses, the first 13 of which give the genealogy of Madanapala, In the printed edition these 13 verses are stated to have been added by Purobita Sri-Ramadeva, ‘The last of the introductory verses states that the work was com- posed after a careful study of Hemadri, Kalpaveksa (i. e.Kalpataru ), Apararka, Smyticandrika, Smytyarthasara and Mitaksara.o™ That Madanapala was only the patron and not the real author of the 91 Guipegraaeiedeey Saieet Tada gat Paaeat ingat fara: