1. The Group 7 element bromine was discovered by Balard in 1826.

Bromine gets
its name from the Greek bromos meaning stench.
79
Bromine consists of a mixture of two isotopes, Br and 81Br.

(i) What is meant by the term isotopes?

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[1]

(ii) Complete the table below to show the atomic structures of the bromine
isotopes.

protons neutrons electrons

79
Br
81
Br
[2]

(iii) Write the full electronic configuration of a bromine atom.

1s2 .................................................................
[1]
[Total 4 marks]

2. Electrons are arranged in energy levels.

(a) An orbital is a region in which an electron may be found.

Draw diagrams to show the shape of an s orbital and of a p orbital.

s orbital p orbital
[2]
(b) Complete the table below to show how many electrons completely fill
each of the following.

number of electrons
a d orbital
a p sub-shell
the third shell (n =
3)
[3]

(c) The energy diagram below is for the eight electrons in an oxygen atom.
The diagram is incomplete as it only shows the two electrons in the 1s
level.

e n e rg y

1s

Complete the diagram for the oxygen atom by:

(i) adding labels for the other sub-shell levels,

[1]

(ii) adding arrows to show how the other electrons are arranged.
[1]
[Total 7 marks]
3. Successive ionisation energies provide evidence for the arrangement of
electrons in atoms. The table below shows the eight successive ionisation
energies of oxygen.

ionisation
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th
number
ionisation 10 71
1 314 3 388 5 301 7 469 13 327 84 080
energy / kJ mol–1 989 337

(i) Define the term first ionisation energy.

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[3]

(ii) Write an equation, with state symbols, to represent the third ionisation
energy of oxygen.

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[2]

(iii) Explain how the information in the table above provides evidence for two
electron shells in oxygen.

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[Total 7 marks]
 24
4. Magnesium exists naturally as a mixture of its isotopes, Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg.

The isotopes in magnesium can be separated by mass spectrometry. The

diagram below shows a mass spectrometer.
25
(i) Complete the table below to show the composition of the Mg and 26Mg
isotopes.

protons neutrons electrons

25
Mg
26
Mg
[2]

24
(ii) Complete the electronic configuration of an atom of Mg.

1s2 .................................................................................................................
...
[1]

(iii) Results from the mass spectrum of a sample of magnesium are shown
below.

isotope 24 25 26
Mg Mg Mg
relative isotopic
24.00 25.00 26.00
mass
% abundance 78.60 10.11 11.29

Calculate the relative atomic mass of the sample of magnesium.

Give your answer to two decimal places.

answer ...............................
[2]
[Total 5 marks]
5. In this question, you are provided with information about ionisation energies of
elements. You are also provided with some additional information that will help
you answer part (b).

(a) Define the term first ionisation energy.

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[3]

(b) In this question, one mark is available for the quality of use and
organisation of scientific terms.

Table 1 provides data on elements in Period 2 of the Periodic Table.

Table 2 shows the first 6 successive ionisation energies of an element X,

which is in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.

· Using Table 4.1, describe and explain the trend in first ionisation
energies shown by the Period 2 elements, Li–N.
· Using Table 4.2, identify element X. Explain how you decided on your
answer.

[10]
 element Li Be B C N
number of
3 4 5 6 7
protons
electron 1s2 2s2 1s2 2s2 1s2 2s2
1s2 2s1 1s2 2s2
configuration 2p1 2p2 2p3
1st ionisation
energy 520 900 801 1086 1402
/ kJ mol–1

Table 1

element ionisation energy / kJ mol–1

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
X 578 1817 2745 11 578 14 831 18 378

Table 2
[Total 13 marks]

6. In their reactions, calcium and strontium each lose electrons to form ions with a
2 charge. The first and second ionisation energies of calcium and strontium
are shown below.

1st ionisation energy 2nd ionisation energy

/ kJ mol–1 / kJ mol–1
calcium 590 1145
strontium 550 1064

(i) Write an equation, with state symbols, to represent the second ionisation
energy of calcium.

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[2]
 (ii) Why are the second ionisation energies of calcium and strontium greater
than their first ionisation energies?

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[1]

(iii) Explain why the first and second ionisation energies of strontium are less
than those of calcium.

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[3]
[Total 6 marks]

7. Limestone contains the ionic compound, CaCO3. Limestone decomposes when

it is heated strongly, forming an ionic compound, CaO and a covalent
compound, CO2.

CaCO3(s) ® CaO(s)  CO2(g)

(a) State what is meant by ionic bonding.

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[1]
 (b) Draw ‘dot and cross’ diagrams to show the bonding in CaO and CO2.
Show outer electron shells only.

CaO CO2
[3]

(c) Complete the electronic configuration in terms of sub-shells for calcium in

CaO.

1s2 .................................................................................................................
...
[1]
[Total 5 marks]

8. Complete the electronic configuration of carbon.

1s2 .........................................................................................................................
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[Total 1 mark]
9. The diagram below shows the variation in the first ionisation energies of
elements across Period 2 of the Periodic Table.

2500
N e
2000
F
fir s t io n is a tio n N
1500
e n e rg y
/ k J m o l– 1 Be C O
1000
Li B
500

0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
a to m ic n u m b e r

(i) Define the term first ionisation energy.

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[3]

(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energies show a general increase across
Period 2.

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[2]
 (iii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of B is less than that of Be.

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[2]
[Total 7 marks]

10. Complete the electronic configuration of a titanium atom.

1s22s22p6 ..............................................................................................................
.....
[Total 1 mark]

11. Reactions of the Group 2 metals involve removal of electrons. The electrons are
removed more easily as the group is descended and this helps to explain the
increasing trend in reactivity.

(i) The removal of one electron from each atom in 1 mole of gaseous radium
atoms

is called
the .....................................................................................................
[2]

The equation for this process in radium is:

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[2]
 (ii) Atoms of radium have a greater nuclear charge than atoms of calcium.

Explain why, despite this, less energy is needed to remove an electron

from a radium atom than from a calcium atom.

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[3]
[Total 7 marks]

12. The electronic configuration of a bromine atom can be written in terms of sub-
shells.

(i) Complete the electronic configuration of a bromine atom.

1s22s22p63s23p6 ...........................................................................................
.....
[2]

(ii) Why is bromine classified as a p-block element?

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[1]
[Total 3 marks]
13. The first ionisation energies of the elements H to K are shown below. Use this
diagram to help with your answers to this question.

2500
He Ne
2000
1 s t io n is a t io n e n e r g y

N F Ar
/ k J m o l– 1

1500
H O P
1000 Be C
M g S
B Si
500 Al
Li N a K
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
a to m ic n u m b e r

(a) Define the term first ionisation energy.

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[3]

(b) Explain why the first ionisation energies show a general increase across
Period 2 (Li to Ne).

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[2]
[Total 5 marks]