ROTTEN CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea var.

capitata ) AND
DRY LEAVES OF MANGO (Mangi fera indica) AS
AN ALTERNATIVE FERTILIZER

In partial fulfillment of the requirement

for Practical Research 2

HONESTO, NIVEA O.
ISHIKAWA, VENCE FAITH M.
ISMAEL, LOVELY MAE
MIMAO, CASHRIF S.

AUGUST 2018
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Fertilizers are organic or inorganic, natural or synthetic substances that

added to soil to enhance plant growth and production (Turing et al., 2006).

Fertilizers are used to enhance the soil’s growing potential because fertilizers are

able to provide a better growing condition for plants as compared to natural soil

(Turing et al., 2006). Fertilizers provide large amount of macronutrients such as

nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium while natural soil may not contain sufficient

amount of this macronutrients (Turing et al., 2006). Fertilizers also provide trace

elements such as magnesium, calcium and copper that are crutial in plant growth

(Miller, 2014).

Organic fertilizers are natural fertilizers that are made up from animals,

plants and minerals (Joseph, 2014). It can be made up from compost, manure,

wood ash and peat moss. Organic fertilizers improve soil quality and produce

crops with better yield and quality (Turing et al,. 2006). Organic fertilizers can be

produced by recycling food waste into useful soil amendment for farming

(Morash ,2014). Organic fertilizers from food waste can reduced the usage of

conventional nitrogen based fertilizers that may cause leaching in oceans, rivers

and groundwater.
 Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) belong to the family Cruciferae.

It is generally believed to have originated from the wild, leafy, non-heading types,

which are found growing in Europe (Splittstoesser, 1979 ; Phillips & Rix, 1993). It

has been domesticated and use for human consumption since the earliest

antiquity (Ware & McCollum, 1980 ; Yamaguchi, 1983 ; Smith, 1995). Cabbage

are rich in sources of minerals such as calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium and

phosphorus in the available form (Salunkhe, Desai & Bhat (1987).

This mango leaves are anti-asthmatic, antiseptic, antiviral, cardiotonic,

emetic, expectorant, hypotensive and laxative, it has the content which

composed of : moisture,protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, ash, calcium,

phosphorus, Vitamin A, thymine, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid

(www.kilimobiashara.co.ke%2Ftag%2Fthe--feasibility-of-mango-leaves-as-an-

organic-fertilizer).

Cabbage and Mango leaves contains elements that is essential for the

growth of a plant and for the soil fertility. So, in connection of this idea the

researchers come up with this study to make use of the rotten cabbage and dry

leaves of mango to lead another source of organic an alternative fertilizer.

 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Organic Fertilizer

Organic fertilizers is fertilizer that can be produced by waste product such

as compost and manure (Boonsiri et al., 2009). Organic fertilizer from organic

material of plant and animal under decomposition process can be in solid or

liquid form (Sumardiono & Murwono, 2001). The organic substance in organic

fertilizer are able to improve biological, physical and chemical properties of soil

when added into soil. Organic fertilizer from waste product can enhance soil

quality and improve the quality and quantity of agriculture production

(Sumardiono & Murwono, 2011). The production of organic fertilizers can

decrease the environmental contamination increase the quality of sustainable

land. The waste product such as sewage sludge, manure, agricultural waste and

food waste can be converted into useful material such as organic fertilizer.

Cabbage

Brassica Oleracea var. capitata (Cabbage) is one of the most important

vegetables produced in South Africa. It is important in the human diet, especially

in the poorer communities (Strydom, 1997). According to Salunkhe, Desai & Bhat

(1987) most cruciferous vegetables are nutritionally low in calories, fat and

carbohydrates, yet are rich in sources of mi1nerals such as calcium, iron,

magnesium, potassium and phosphorus in the available form. They contain

substantial amounts of betacarotene (provitamin A), ascorbic acid, riboflavin,

niacin and thiamin. Nitrogen is important in the formation of chloropyll and is also
a content of proteins. Lack of nitrogen causes slow, spindy growth and pale

foliage resulting in limited production (Hadfield, 1995). To identify if the is

cabbage is already rotten ; Check the leaves of the Cabbage is a little tricky

vegetable in that it comes in multiple layers and although the leaves are tightly

knit, this also means that if cabbage is rotten on the outside, it is probably rotten

inside too. Therefore, the best way to check rotten cabbage is to check it leaf by

leaf. This way, even if a cabbage is rotten on the outside, you will be able to

salvage part of it. Check for spots The most common tip to identify spoilt

cabbage is to check for spots. If the cabbage shows dark brown to black spots on

the outside, it is most certainly spoilt and, therefore, must be discarded. Check

for worms As mentioned earlier, cabbage is made up of tightly knit leaves

together, which, often serve as quiet and safe resting places for tiny worms in the

fields where this cabbage grows. Since it is not possible to clean and pack the

cabbage from inside, more often than not, these worms make their way into your

kitchen. It is, hence, very important to check the cabbage very minutely for these

worms. Check for color Cabbage usually comes in purple, green or pale green

colors, which means any other color is a sign that the cabbage is rotten. If the

cabbage is showing discoloration of any sort, that too means the cabbage is

rotten. Check for texture Cabbage is almost always crisp and watery in texture. In

case you find the cabbage leave slimy or mushy, it is rotten

(https://ifood.tv/shopping/402424-tips-to-identify-rotten-

cabbage#uzOyvhDxORgxSi7t.99).
Mango leaves

Mango leaves are alternately arranged, lancedate (long and narrow)

shaped, 6 to16 inches in length, and the leathery in texture. The leaves are

pinkish, amber or pale green-colored when young and become dark green at

maturity. This mango leaves are anti-asthmatic, antiseptic, antiviral, cardiotonic,

emetic, expectorant, hypotensive and laxative, it has the content which

composed of : moisture 78.2%; protein 3.0%; fat 0.4%; carbohydrates 16.5%;

fiber 1.6%; ash 1.9%; calcium 29mg/100g1; phosphorus 72mg; iron 6.2mg;

Vitamin A(carotene) 1,490LU; thymine 0.04mg; riboflavin 0.06mg; niacin 2.2mg;

ascorbic acid 53mg/100g (www.kilimobiashara.co.ke%2Ftag%2Fthe--feasibility-

of-mango-leaves-as-an-organic-fertilizer).

Tomato

Tomato, (Solanum lycopersicum), flowering plant of the nightshade family

(Solanaceae), cultivated extensively for its edible fruits. Labelled as a vegetable

for nutritional purpose, tomatoes are good source of vitamin C and the

phytochemical lycopene. Tomato plants are generally much branched, spreading

60-80 cm (24-72 inches) and somewhat trailing when fruiting, but a few forms

are compact and upright. Leaves are more hairy, odorous, pinnately compound,

and up to 45cm (18inches) long. The plant requires relatively warm weather and

much sunlight; it is grown chiefly in hothouse in cooler climate. (Encyclopedia

Britannica, 2018).
 Cabbage and Mango leaves contains elements that is essential for the soil

fertility and the growth of a plant. The researcher decided to make use of it since

rotten cabbage and dry leaves of mango has no use at all in the market and in

the environment. The researchers would like to conduct an investigatory study to

know how effective the rotten cabbage and dry leaves of mango as a new source

of organic an alternative fertilizer. This study can bring benefits to the

surrounding to lessen the waste and to provide a new knowledge in making an

alternative source of fertilizer. And also this study, will be beneficial to the

agriculturist, agriculture students and to the cabbage vendors in making their own

fertilizer instead of buying.

 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This theory anchored ‘Theory for growth of plants derived from the

nitrogen productivity concept’ by Goran I. Agren

A theory developed on the assumption that growth of plants is determined

by the current amount of nitrogen in the plants. The nitrogen-growth relation is

formalized in the nitrogen productivity concept (amount of biomass produced per

amount of nitrogen in the biomass and per unit of time), which is essentially a

constant for a given species under fixed environmental conditions. A number of

results follow for increases in whole plant biomass: (A) The relative growth rate is

a linear function of the internal nitrogen concentration. (B) The maximal relative

growth rate uniquely determines the scaling of the time axis. (C) Exponential

growth is consistent only with stable internal nitrogen concentration. Dose-

response curves expressed in reduce variables (the ratio between a variable and

the same variable for a plant growing under optimal conditions) are universal, so

that all species and all environmental conditions yield the same curve. This is

confirmed by experimental data. The shape (linear, exponential, etc.) of the

nitrogen uptake curve is the only parameter differentiating these universal

curves. The Mitscherlich curve or variations of it can be fitted very closely to the

derived dose-response curves, except under exponential growth. A conclusion

drawn from the analysis is that the results of nutrition experiments cannot be

properly interpreted unless the variation with time of the amount of nitrogen in the
plant is known. The theory can be extended to more complex situations, for

example, time-varying environmental conditions.

Therefore, the researchers state the relationship between the theory

anchored ‘Theory for growth of plants derived from the nitrogen productivity

concept’ by Goran I. Agren. The researchers study which is the Rotten Cabbage

and dry leaves of mango as an alternative fertilizer because it is essential as a

new source of organic fertilizer where the presence of nitrogen components is

highly needed as an alternative fertilizer for the growth of plants.

 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The growth of Tomato

Rotten Cabbage and through the measurements of the

Dry Leaves of mango as an following:

alternative fertilizer a. Number of leaves

b. Height of stem

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Sunlight

Weather Condition

Moderators

This Figure represents the relationship between the Independent variable

Rotten Cabbage and dry leaves of mango as an alternative fertilizer and the

Dependent variable is the growth of Tomato in terms of the number of leaves and

height of stem. The moderating variable is the sunlight and the weather condition

which will affect the growth of Tomato plant.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of rotten cabbage and dry

leaves of mango as an alternative fertilizer.

Specifically, this study will seek to answer to the following :

1. What is the average growth of Tomato plant without the fertilizer in terms of

the following :

a. Number of leaves

b. Height of stem

2. What is the average growth of Tomato plant with the fertilizer in terms of the

following :

a. Number of leaves

b. Height of stem

3. Is there any significant differences in the growth of Tomato plant without

fertilizer in contrast to the growth of Tomato plant with fertilizer in terms of the

following :

a. Number of leaves

b. Height of stem
Hypothesis

There is no significant difference between the rotten cabbage and dry

leaves of mango as an alternative fertilizer to the growth of Tomato in terms of

the measurements; number of leaves and height of stem.

Significance of the study

The results of the study will be a great benefit to the following :

Researchers - In making the study, the researchers will gained

another knowledge about the effectiveness of

rotten cabbage and dry leaves of mango as an

alternative fertilizer.

Agriculture students - The results will provide the students with some

knowledge on making an alternative fertilizer in

planting a plants that are convenient

by using the rotten cabbage and dry

leaves of mango as an alternative fertilizer.

Agriculturists - The results will provide the agriculturist a new

learning knowledge of making the plant

much healthier and faster to grow by

using the rotten cabbage and dry leaves of

mango as an alternative fertilizer.

Cabbage vendors - The results will provide the cabbage vendors to earn

money, instead of throwing the rotten cabbage

they can make it as their own fertilizer by using the

rotten cabbage and sell it.

Scope and Delimitation

In this study, the researchers mainly focuses on how effective is the rotten

cabbage and dry leaves of mango as an alternative fertilize. The researchers will

test the effectiveness through the growth of the tomato plant in terms of the

number of leaves and the height of the stem.

In this study, the composting of rotten cabbage and dry leaves of mango

will take 14-20 days and in planting the Tomato plant will only cover 1-2 weeks.

In this study the researchers will use T-test to interpret the result if the

rotten cabbage and dry leaves of mango will be effective in making an alternative

fertilizer.

This study will only be using Tomato plant and will not further involve or

represent any kinds of vegetables.

Definition of Terms

For further understanding, the following terms is defined conceptually and

operationally.

composing - Is the composition of the rotten cabbage and the dry

mango leaves.

Fertilizer - Is used to enhance the growth of the Alugbati.

 CHAPTER II

Methodology

This chapter comprise the details on the research design, locale of the

study, population and sampling design, data gathering tools, reliability and

validity, ethical consideration, data gathering procedure, statistical tool.

Research Design

Pretest-Post-test design are the preferred method to compare participant

groups and measure the degree of change occurring as a result of treatments or

interventions. (Shuttleworth, 2009). In this study Pretest-Post-test will be utilize

for this study because the researcher will compare the growth and the number of

leaves of the Tomato plant. The researchers will have controlled and

uncontrolled Tomato plants. The researchers need to measure the height of

Tomato stem and the number of leaves present and measure again the Tomato

stem after the experimentation and also the number of leaves to determine the

difference between the controlled and uncontrolled Tomato plants and the

effectiveness of the rotten cabbage and dry leaves of mango as an alternative

fertilizer.

Locale of the Study

This study will be conducted at Cashrif S. Mimao’s residence at

Fernandez Drive, Barangay Pasonanca Zamboanga City. Gathering of the rotten

cabbage will be collected at Zamboanga Main Public Market Magay, Zamboanga

City and the gathering of dry leaves of mango will be collected at Lovely Ismael’s

residence at Mahogany Drive, Barangay San Roque Zamboanga City.

Population and Sampling Design

This study will be utilized rotten cabbage and dry leaves of mango as an

alternative fertilizer. In this research the researchers will have controlled Tomato

plant and uncontrolled Tomato with composed rotten cabbage and dry leaves of

mango as an alternative fertilizer.

TOMATO PLANT
( controlled and uncontrolled)
1 cup. of composed Rotten Cabbage
And Dry leaves of mango

With Without
Fertilizer Fertilizer

Data Gathering Tool

In this study the researchers will use mean of variance to interpret the

result of the study. And the materials needed in this study, measuring cup to

measure the amount of the composed rotten cabbage and dry leaves of mango,

and ruler to measure the height of the stem of the Alugbati vegetables.
 XWITH FERTILIZER

NUMBER OF LEAVES HEIGHT OF STEM

   

Figure 1. shows the result with the use of rotten cabbage and dry leaves

of mango as an alternative fertilizer.

WITHOUT FERTILIZER

NUMBER OF LEAVES HEIGHT OF STEM

   

Figure 2. shows the result without the use of rotten cabbage and dry

leaves of mango as an alternative fertilizer.

Reliability and Validity

The data gathered from the experiment will be conducted at Cashrif S.

Mimao’s residence Fernandez Drive, Barangay Pasonanca Zamboanga City with

controlled and uncontrolled Tomato plant with the composed rotten cabbage and

dry leaves of mango as an alternative fertilizer.

PROCEDURE: HOUSEHOLD COMPOST by JohnLee16

STEP

 Prepare a large container with cover and a drain beneath.

 Collect the food waste, cut into small size, filter the water.

 Input the food waste into the bucket, and add some sugar everyday (to

reduce odor).

 After 2 and 3 weeks, you can discharge the waste out and cover it with

leaves and soil in your backyard.

 After about one month, you can feel the warming on the top of your

compost, repeat the steps of above and continue to stack up.

REMARK

 Regularly discharge the brown water (liquid fertilizer).

 After several month (2-3 in summer)

 Ventilation can avoid odor, coffee grounds or tea leaves good deodorant.

 It takes about 1 month period to achieve initial stage.

Ethical Consideration

The biomass will be properly handed by the researchers to avoid any

infectious that present from the biomass. During the experiment the researchers

will use hand gloves to protect the hands in any contagious micro organism

present. The Tomato will be gathered from Cashrif Mimao’s residence backyard

and it will be properly treat and plant for the experimentation.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will be collecting rotten cabbage at Zamboanga Main

Public Market Magay, Zamboanag City. And dry leaves of mango at Lovely

Ismael’s residence Mahogany Drive, San Roque, Zamboanga City. The

researchers will composed the rotten cabbage and dry leaves of mango. The

researchers will seek first a permission from the owner of the land and house to

conduct the study at Cashrif S. Mimao’s residence Fernandez Drive, Barangay

Pasonanca Zamboanga City. After that, the researchers will start to prepare the

materials to conduct the experiment. When everything is set the researchers will

start the experiment. After the preparation the researchers will plant the Tomato

plant without the composed fertilizer and with the composed fertilizer. After the

experiment, the result will be used for the data analysis and result and discussion

of the study.

FLOWCHART
 Collecting of Rotten cabbage

and dry leaves of mango

Decomposing of the rotten cabbage

and dry leaves of mango

Planting the Tomato without Planting the Tomato with the

the composed rotten cabbage composed rotten cabbage and

and dry leaves of mango. dry leaves of mango.

Getting the measurements of the following:

- Number of leaves

- Height of stem

Data Analysis

Statistical Tool
This study will use T-test to determine the significant difference between

the growth of Tomato plant with fertilizer and without fertilizer.

CHAPTER III
 The researchers aims to know if there is no significant difference between the

rotten cabbage and dry leaves of mango as an alternative fertilizer to the growth of

Tomato in terms of the measurements; number of leaves and height of stem.

Materials:

Rotten Cabbage Ruler

Dry leaves of mango Pale

Gloves Measuring Cup

Tomato plant

A. The making of Alternative Fertilizer

In making the Alternative Fertilizer first, the researchers will gather all the

materials needed. The researchers will mix the rotten cabbage and dry leaves of mango

together and will compost it for 2 weeks.

Procedure:

a) Create a small hole in the bottom of the pale

b) In a large pale put the rotten cabbage and dry leaves of mango then mix

them together.

c) Then the researchers will wait after 2 weeks for the composting of the

rotten cabbage and dry leaves of mango.

B. The planting of Tomato plant

In planting the tomato plant first, the researchers will seek a place on where the

tomato will be plant. Then the researchers will gather all the materials needed for

planting. Afterwards, the researchers will observed the growth of the plant for 2 weeks.

RESULTS
 X

P value and statistical significance:

The two-tailed P value equals 0.8075

By conventional criteria. This difference is considered to be not statistically significant.

Confidence interval:

The mean of with fertilizer minus without fertilizer equals 0.50

95% confidence interval of this difference: From -7.26 to 8.26

Intermediate values used in calculations:

t = 0.2774

df = 2

Standard error of difference = 1.803

Discussion
 The primary purpose of the study was to examine the effectives of the rotten

cabbage in terms of number of leaves and height of the plant. According to Sumardiono

& Murwono, 2011 the organic substance in organic fertilizer are able to improve

biological, physical and chemical properties of soil when added into soil. Organic

fertilizer from waste product can enhance soil quality and improve the quality and

quantity of agriculture production. (Sumardiono & Murwono, 2011).

Our results revealed by conventional criteria the difference is considered to be

not statistically significant. In addition, the amount of the rotten cabbage and dry leaves

of mango is not enough for the growth of the tomato plant. According to the theory

humus, organically sustaining the media defines the well-being of the plant-rooting

media complex, while sustaining the media through inorganic methods leads to reduced

plant growth and less nutritious product quality.(Benton & Jones, 2013).

Recommendation

The researchers recommend to use other plants

REFERENCE