ANIMAL DIVERSITY

MUHAMMAD USAMA
REG.O4051913024

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MUHAMMAD USAMA

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Question No 1 :
(a) write a note
coelom and its
types?
Answer:
The principal body cavity in most
animals, located between the intestinal
canal and the body wall is called as
coelom.
A coelom is a hollow, fluid-filled cavity
found in many living things, where it
acts as a protective cushion for their
internal organs. In some animals, such
as worms, the coelom acts as a
skeleton. The coelom also allows the
internal organs to move and grow
independently of the outer layer of the
body wall.

FUNCTION
A coelom is a fluid-filled body
cavity that is completely lined
by tissue created from the
mesoderm, the middle layer of
the primary cells found in an
embryo.
 IT IS found in multicellular
organisms, which are living
things that have more than one
 cell. The most common types
of multicellular organisms are
found under the domain
eukarya; more simplistic
prokaryotic organisms are
generally unicellular
organisms. Most bilateral
animals, those with a left and a
right side, have a coelom, as
well as vertebrates, or animals
with a backbone.
The coelom has numerous
functions, the first of which
involves acting as a cushion for
the internal organs of the
organism. Let's look at an
example.
If you have ever been in a car
accident ,you may remember
traveling forward and then
coming to a sudden
stop.However your organs
continued to move in forward
direction due to ineretia.this is
because when something is
traveling in a certain direction,
it has a tendency to continue in
that direction until acted upon.
During the accident, the coelom,
or your body cavity, helped to
prevent further damage by
cushioning your organs.
If you did not have a coelom,
and you had no body cavity,
each and every time your heart
took a beat or stomach
rumbled, your skin would move
and ripple. Picture for a
second, an old Bugs Bunny
cartoon, where a character's
heart would literally beat and
pulse out of its stretching skin.
Without a coelom, you would
experience something similar,
albeit nowhere near as
extensive as the cartoon
character. The coelom also
allows your internal organs to
change shape, as they grow
and move independently of
your outer body wall.
Types of Coelom:
There are three types of coelom,
such as:
(i) Acoelom,
(ii) Pseudocoelom and
(iii) Coelom or Eucoelom
i) Acoelom:
ADVERTISEMENTS:
It means without a coelom or fluid-filled
cavity is absent. The space between the
gut and body wall is filled by a kind of
densely packed connective tissue
derived from both ectoderm and
endomesoderm (entomesoderm), called
parenchyme. Animals are without a
body cavity in triplooblastic animals,
called acoelomates and the group is
referred to as acoelomata.
Examples:
Gnathostomulida, Platyhelminthes and
Nemertea, Gastrotricha, Kinorhyncha.
ii)Pseudocoelom:
ADVERTISEMENTS:
It means false cavity. The fluid-filled
body cavity lying between the gut and
outer body wall musculature and
generally formed by persistence of em-
bryonic blastocoel is called pseudocoel.
The term ‘pseudocoelom’ usually refers
to the space which does not develop
from embryonic mesoderm and not
lined by coelomic epithelium derived
from the mesoderm.
The body cavity is bounded externally by
the fibrous processes of the longitudinal
muscle cells (mesoderm) and internally
by the intestine (endoderm).
iii) Coelom or Eucoelom:
It is a true coelom lying between the gut
and outer body wall musculature and
lined by coelomic epithelium derived
from the embryonic mesoderm. It is a
mesodermal origin and opens to the
exterior through the coelomoducts, e.g.,
the oviducts and the excretory ducts.
The coelomic fluid contains amoeboid
cells or amoebocytes. The animals
containing such a body cavity or coelom,
called coelomates.
Examples:
ADVERTISEMENTS:
Sipuncula, Echiura, Priapulida,
Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda,
Onychophora, Phoronida, Brachiopoda,
Bryozoa, Echinodermata, Chaetognatha,
Hemichordata and Chordata.
(--------------------------)
(c):
Explain
Developmental
perspectives that
occurred in the
formation of
coelom.
Answer :
Coelom -:
A coelom is a hollow, fluid-filled
cavity found in many living things, where
it acts as a protective cushion for their
internal organs. In some animals, such
as worms, the coelom acts as a
skeleton.
One of the first steps in the classification
of animals is to examine the animal’s
body. Studying the body parts tells us
not only the roles of the organs in
question but also how the species may
have evolved. One such structure that is
used in classification of animals is the
coelom. A coelom is a body cavity that
forms during early embryonic
development. The coelom allows for
compartmentalization of the body parts,
so that different organ systems can
evolve and nutrient transport is possible.
Additionally, because the coelom is a
fluid-filled cavity, it protects the organs
from shock and compression. Simple
animals, such as worms and jellyfish, do
not have a coelom. All vertebrates have
a coelom that helped them evolve
complex organ systems.
Animals that do not have a coelom are
called acoelomates. Flatworms and
tapeworms are examples of
acoelomates. They rely on passive
diffusion for nutrient transport across
their body. Additionally, the internal
organs of acoelomates are not protected
from crushing.
Animals that have a true coelom are
called eucoelomates; all vertebrates are
eucoelomates. The coelom evolves from
the mesoderm during embryogenesis.
The abdominal cavity contains the
stomach, liver, gall bladder, and other
digestive organs. Another category of
invertebrates animals based on body
cavity is pseudocoelomates. These
animals have a pseudo-cavity that is not
completely lined by mesoderm.
Examples include nematode parasites
and small worms. These animals are
thought to have evolved from
coelomates and may have lost their
ability to form a coelom through genetic
mutations. Thus, this step in early
embryogenesis—the formation of the
coelom—has had a large evolutionary
impact on the various species of the
animal kingdom.
One of the first steps in the
classification of animals is to examine
the animal’s body. Studying the body
parts tells us not only the roles of the
organs in question but also how the
species may have evolved. One such
structure that is used in classification of
animals is the coelom. A coelom is a
body cavity that forms during early
embryonic development. The coelom
allows for compartmentalization of the
body parts, so that different organ
systems can evolve and nutrient
transport is possible. Additionally,
because the coelom is a fluid-filled
cavity, it protects the organs from shock
and compression. Simple animals, such
as worms and jellyfish, do not have a
coelom. All vertebrates have a coelom
that helped them evolve complex organ
systems.
Animals that do not have a coelom are
called acoelomates. Flatworms and
tapeworms are examples of
acoelomates. They rely on passive
diffusion for nutrient transport across
their body. Additionally, the internal
organs of acoelomates are not protected
from crushing.
Animals that have a true coelom are
called eucoelomates; all vertebrates are
eucoelomates. The coelom evolves from
the mesoderm during embryogenesis.
The abdominal cavity contains the
stomach, liver, gall bladder, and other
digestive organs. Another category of
invertebrates animals based on body
cavity is pseudocoelomates. These
animals have a pseudo-cavity that is not
completely lined by mesoderm.
Examples include nematode parasites
and small worms. These animals are
thought to have evolved from
coelomates and may have lost their
ability to form a coelom through genetic
mutations. Thus, this step in early
embryogenesis—the formation of the
coelom—has had a large evolutionary
impact on the various species of the
animal kingdom.
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