CE-402 Irrigation Engineering

2(b). Planning of Water Resources Project

B.Sc. Civil Engineering 8th Semester

Dr. Muhammad Ajmal & Dr. Shahzad Khattak

Associate Professors
Agri. Engg. Deptt., UET Peshawar

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 Planning a Water resource Project
◼ Planning a Water Resource Project means

o To know about the water source,

o Water quantity needed for an area,

o How water should be applied to the plantation, and

o What must be the maximum capacity of a canal system.

 Planning a Water resource Project
The following basic information are essential to know about the capacity of
canal at certain durations.
◼ Gross Commanded Area (GCA)
❖ The total area lying between drainage boundaries of a watershed which can be
irrigated or commanded by a canal system.

◼ Culturable Commanded Area (CCA)

❖ It is the area which is irrigated to grow crops. It is further classified as:

◼ Culturable Cultivated Area

❖ It is the area on which crop is grown at a particular time or in crop season.

◼ Culturable Uncultivated Area

❖ It is that area in which crop is not sown in a particular season.
 Planning a Water resource Project
❑ Crop Period
❖ It is the period required by a crop from the time of sowing to the time of
harvesting.
❑ Intensity of Irrigation
❖ Intensity of irrigation means the ratio of area under cultivation to the
total culturable area.
❖ If this intensity is more, more area is under cultivation, hence water
requirement is more.
❑ Base Period
❖ Base period for a crop refers to the whole period of cultivation from the
time when irrigation water is first issued for preparation of the ground
for planting the crop to its last water before harvesting and is denoted by
B.
 Planning a Water resource Project
❑ Delta (Δ)
❖ It is the total depth of water required during the crop period.
❑ Duty (D)
❖ It is the total area irrigated by a unit discharge running continuously
during the base period and its unit is area/discharge.
❖ Thus, duty gives the relationship between the volume of water and area of
the crop which it matures.
❖ For example, if one cumec of water is applied to 100 hectares of field
throughout the base period B days then the duty will be 100
hectares/m3sec-1 for B days.
❑ Kor Period and Kor depth
❖ Crops need maximum water at the start of 1st watering. The depth of such
water is kor water and the no. of days to apply such water is known as kor
period.
 Relation between Duty (D), Base (B) and Delta (Δ)
Let, D = Duty of crop in ha/cumec
B = Base period of crop in days
Δ = Delta is depth of water in m.
❖ Now 1 m3/sec of water running continuously for a period of B days
provides a volume of:
[ (B x 24 x 60 x 60) x 1] m3
❖ Amount of water required to flood 1ha of land with a depth Δ m
= (1 x 104) m2 x Δ m
❖ Hence, the area in ha that can be irrigated by 1 m3/sec running for the
base period B days:
Total depth of water required, Δ = (B x 24 x 60 x 60)/(104 x D) = 8.64 B/ D
Hence, Δ = 8.64 x B/D
 Relation between Duty (D), Base (B) and Delta (Δ)
Example:
Water is released at the rate of 5 cumecs at the head of a canal. If the duty at
the field is 100 hectares/cumec and the loss of water in transit is 30%, find
the area of the land that can be irrigated.
Given Data: Q = 5 m3/sec; D = 100 hect/cumec; losses = 30%;
Required: Area at field?
Solution:
Area = Duty / Discharge = D / Q
= [100 hectares/(m3/sec) /(5m3/sec)]
= 500 hectares at the upstream of canal.

Area at the field = (100-30)/(100) * 500 = 350 hectares Answer

 Irrigation Efficiencies
❖Efficient use of water is essential for optimum utilization of water for crop
production. Various types of efficiencies are

❑ Water Conveyance Efficiency

❖ It is defined as the ratio of water delivered to a farm/filed to the quantity of
water diverted from a source. Such efficiency show the losses in conveyance
system.
❖ Mathematically
𝑾𝒇
𝑬𝐜 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑾𝒓
Where
Wf is water delivered to farm, and
Wr is the water supplied or diverted from a source.
 Irrigation Efficiencies
❑ Water Application Efficiency
❖ The ratio of the quantity of water stored into the root zone of the crop to the
quantity of water diverted to the field
❖ Mathematically
𝑾𝒔
𝑬𝐚 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑾𝒇
Where
Ws is water stored in the root zone during irrigation, and
Wf is the water delivered to the field
Wf = Ws +Rf + Df
where Rf is the runoff from the farm, and
Df is the deep percolation. It an also be written as:

𝑾𝒇 − (𝑹𝒇 + 𝑫𝒇)
𝑬𝒂 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑾𝒇
 Irrigation Efficiencies
◼ Water Use Efficiency
❖ It is defined as the ratio of water beneficially used to water delivered to the field
including leaching requirements.

❖ Mathematically
𝑾𝒖
𝑬𝐮 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑾𝒅
Where
Wu is water used beneficially, and
Wd is the water delivered.
 Irrigation Efficiencies
◼ Water Storage Efficiency
❖ The ratio of the water stored into the root zone during irrigation to the water needed
in the root zone before irrigation.

❖ Mathematically
𝑾𝒔
𝑬𝐬 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑾𝒏
Where
Ws is water stored in the root zone during irrigation, and
Wn is the water needed in the root zone before irrigation.
 Irrigation Efficiencies
◼ Water Distribution Efficiency
❖ It evaluates the degree to which water is uniformly distributed throughout the
root zone. The more uniformly the water is distributed , the better will be the
crop response.

❖ Mathematically

𝑬𝐝 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎[𝟏 − 𝒚/𝒅]

where
y is the deviation in depth of water stored in the root zone during irrigation;
d is the average depth of water stored in the root zone during irrigation.
 Determination of Irrigation Requirements of Crops
❑ In order to determine the irrigation requirements of certain crops the following
terms are used.

❑ Consumptive use or Evapotranspiration

❖ The depth of water consumed by evaporation and transpiration during crop
growth, including water consumed by accompanying weed growth.

❑ Effective Rainfall (Re)

❖ The part of rainfall during the growing period of a crop that is available to meet
the evapotranspiration need of crop.
 Determination of Irrigation Requirements of Crops
❖ Consumptive Irrigation Requirements (CIR)
❖ It is the amount of irrigation water required in order to meet the
evapotranspiration needs of the crop during its full growth.

❖ It is, therefore, nothing but the consumptive use itself, exclusive of

effective precipitation, stored soil moisture, or ground water. When the
last two are ignored, then we can write

CIR = Cu – Re
 Determination of Irrigation Requirements of Crops
◼ Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR)
❖ It is the amount of irrigation water required in order to meet the
evapotranspiration need of the crop as well as other needs such as leaching.

Therefore
NIR = Cu – Re + water lost as percolation in satisfying other needs such as
leaching.

◼ Field Irrigation Requirement (FIR)

❖ It is the amount of water required to meet ‘net irrigation requirements’ plus
the water lost in percolation in the field water courses, field channels and
in field applications of water.
𝑵𝑰𝑹
𝑭𝑰𝑹 =
𝑬𝒂
 Determination of Irrigation Requirements of Crops
◼ Gross Irrigation Requirement (GIR)
❖ It is the sum of water required to satisfy the FIR and the water lost as in
conveyance through distributaries up to the field.

𝑭𝑰𝑹
𝐆𝐈𝐑 =
𝑬𝒄
Where Ec is the conveyance efficiency
❑ Time Factor
❖ It is the ratio of the number of days the canal has actually run to the
number of days of irrigation Period.
❖ Like if the number of days of irrigation is 15 and canal run for 5 days.
Then Time factor = 5/15 = 0.33
❑ Capacity Factor
❖ It is the ratio of actual supply to full supply of the canal.
 Irrigation Efficiencies
❑ Crop ratio
❖ The ratio of area irrigated in Rabi season (summer) to that irrigated in
Kharif season (winter) is known as crop ratio.

❖ The crop ratio is so selected that the discharge in the canal during both the
seasons may be uniform.

◼ Outlet factor
❖ It is defined as the duty at the outlet.
Example 1
If rice requires about 10 cm depth of water at an average interval of about 10 days. and
the crop period for rice is 120 days, find out the delta for rice.
Solution.
Water is required at an interval of 10 days for a period of 120 days.
Hence, No. of required waterings = 120/10 = 12
Therefore, Total depth of water required = No. of waterings x Depth of watering
= 12 x 10 cm = 120 cm.
Hence, ∆ for rice =120 cm. Ans.
Example 2
If wheat requires about 7.5 cm of water after every 28 days, and the base period for
wheat is 140 days, find out the value of delta for wheat.
Solution.
No. of required waterings = 140/28 = 5
The depth of water required each time = 7.5 cm.
:. Total depth of water reqd. in 140 days = 5 x 7.5 cm = 37.5 cm
Hence, ∆ for wheat = 37.5 cm. Ans.
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Average Approximate Values of ∆ for Certain Important Crops in Pakistan

S. No Crop Delta on field

1. Suger cane 120 cm (48”)
2. Rice 120 cm (48”)
3. Tobacco 75 cm (30”)
4. Garden fruits 60 cm (24”)
5. Cotton 50 cm (22”)
6. Vegetables 45 cm (18”)
7. Wheat 40 cm (16”)
8. Barley 30 cm (12”)
9. Maize 25 cm (10”)
10. Fodder 22.5 cm (9”)
11. Peas 15 cm (6”)

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 Irrigation requirements of Certain Important crops
Average
Average quantity of Average quantity of
water depth Irrigation requirements and
S.No Crop Period of growth seed required yield obtained
required remarks
(kg/hectare) (kg/hectare)
(in cm)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Four or five watering .
Kharif Crops
(i) 45 Sensitive to drought and floods. 15 3,000
Maize (high yielding) June to Sept-Oct
Responsible to fertilizers.

Bajra (Spiked millets Water should not stand.

(ii) or Pearl millets), July to Nov 30 Irrigation as required. 3.75 2,000
high yielding Resistant to drought and flooding.

Sown in July as
Juar (Great millets),
(iii) fodder and cut green 30 Same as above 12.5 3,000
high yielding
more than once.

(iv) Ground-nut May to Nov-Dec 45 ‘Paleo’ reqd. before sowing. -- 1,600

Three or four irrigations are
required. Damage up to the extent of
(v) Cotton May-June to Nov-Jan 25-40 -- 500
50% may be caused by flooding, rains
ets.
(vi) Pulses like Arhar, etc. July-Aug to Nov-Dec 30 Irrigated when leaves get dries. 12.5 700

30 to 35 kg of seed is
Transplanted Rice Standing water of 5 to 8 cm gives sufficient to raise
(vii) July to Nov 125-150 4500
(Paddy), high yielding best results. nursery to transplant
one hectare.

Generally not irrigated but better to

(viii) Til July-Aug to Oct-Nov -- 1.25 350
irrigate once.
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 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Rabi Crops Three-four watering of 7-10 cm

(i) Oct to March-April 37.5 80-100 1500
Wheat (ordinary) depth.

(ii) Wheat (high yielding) Oct to March-April 45 Five-six watering of 7-10 cm depth. 100-125 4000

(iii) Gram (high yielding) Sept-Oct to March 30 Irrigated when leaves get dry. 12.5 3500

Two watering; one at jointing and

(iv) Barley Oct to Mar-April 30 120 1300
another at booting stage.

Usually irrigated ; sown in high hills

upto early April. Second crop in
(v) Potatoes Sept-Oct to Feb 60-90 15,000 35,000
plains is sometimes, taken in Feb-
April.

(vi) Tobacco Oct-Feb to Feb-May 60 Four to five watering. 4,500

Irrigated at intervals of 15 days.

(vii) Linseed i.e Alsi Oct-Nov to March 45-50 Resistant to drought but damaged by 700
frost and flooding.

(viii) Mustard Oct to Feb-Mar 45 Watered at intervals of 7-10 days 33 1000 to 1600

Overlapping crop generally classified under Rabi crop

(i) Sugercane Feb-March to Dec-March 90 5 or 6 waterings of 10 cm or more 500 25,000 – 30,000

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Questions?