Ce6304 - Dec PDF

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UNIT I
1. What is the difference between plane surveying and geodetic surveying? [N/D-14,A/M-16]
Plane surveying Geodetic surveying

It is adopted for smaller areas It is adopted for larger areas
The curvature of the earth is not taken into The curvature of the earth is taken
account into account
2. What is meant by well conditioned triangle? [N/D-14]
A well conditioned triangle is in which no included angle less than 30° or greater than 120°. An
equilateral triangle is the best conditioned triangle or an ideal triangle.
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3. Write any two principles of surveying [M/J-13,M/J-15]
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The two basic principles of surveying are:
a) To work from whole to the part
b) To locate a new station by at least two processes
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4. What is meant by reconaissance survey? [M/J-15]
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Preliminary inspection of an area to be surveyed is reconnaissance or reconnoiters survey. A proper
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planning should be done during reconnaissance it such that the work will better and effectively
executed.
5. What is meant by ranging

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[M/J-13,N/D-15]
Ranging is defined as the establishing an intermediate point between the two terminal stations in a
given straight line.

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6. What are the different cumulative errors in chain surveying?
The sources of error in chain surveying are:

et
[M/J-13,N/D-15]
a. Erroneous length of Chain or Tape

b. Bad Ranging
c. Bad straightening
d. Sag in Chain
e. Variation in temperature

7. What are the errors and corrections in chaining? [M/J-14,N/D-15]
I. Systematic Errors and Corrections

a) Correction for Absolute Length
b) Slope Correction
c) Correction for Temperature
d) Correction for Tension
e) Correction for Sag
f) Correction for Incorrect Alignment
g) Combined Correction
h) Reduction to Mean Sea Level
II. Random Errors
8. What are the methods of surveying based on instrument? [N/D-14,N/D-16]
wwFollowing are the instruments used for chain surveying:

a) Instruments for linear measurement: Chain, Tape
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b) Instruments for setting out right angles: Cross staff, optical square and prism square
c) Other Accessories: Ranging rods, arrows, plumb bob, wooden pegs
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PART – B
1. Explain the method of Reciprocal ranging. [M/J-13,N/D-14]
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2. What are the different sources of error in chain surveying? Distinguish between
cumulative and compensating errors [N/D-14,M/J-16]
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What are the basic principles of surveying? Explain them. [A/M-13,N/D-15]
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4. What is well conditioned triangle? Explain its significance in
surveying [M/J-13,N/D-15]
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5. Explain the methods of chaining with neat sketches. While you do chaining to overcome
obstacles for chaining and not for ranging [M/J-14,N-D-16]
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6 . Explain the classification of surveying. [A/M-14,M/J-16]
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7. Write the equation for the different tape corrections [A/M-14,N/D-

15]
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UNIT II
1. What is magnetic meridian? [N/D-14]
The direction shown by a magnetic needle without being affected by any magnetic
substances when the needle is suspended and balanced properly. This is known as the
magnetic meridian.
2. State the three-point problem [N/D-14]
Location of the position on the plan of the station occupied by the plane table by means
of observations to three well defined points, whose positions have been previously
plotted on the plan.
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3. Define - True bearing [M/J-15]
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True bearing of a line is the angle made by the line with the true or geographical north. It is
always measured in the clockwise direction with a measuring range of 0° to 360°.
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4. Write any two advantages of plane table surveying.
The advantages of plane table surveying are:

[M/J-15]
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a) The plan is drawn at the field itself.
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b) The surveyor can compare the plotted work with actual features of the area.
d) No great skill is required

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c) Most suitable for small scale work.
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well as tripod. g.n
5. Differentiate Prismatic compass from Surveyor's compass with reference to reading as
[N/D - 15]
Prismatic compass: et
In prismatic compass, the reflecting prism carries the sighting and the sighting of the object.
Readings are taken simultaneously. In prismatic compass, the reflecting prism carries the
sighting and the sighting of the object. Readings are taken simultaneously.
Surveyor's compass:
In surveyor’s compass, the object has to be sighted to ground to read graduation and readings
are with reference to tripod. Surveyor's compass cannot be used without a tripod.

6. State any two advantages of plane table surveying? [M/J-15,N/D-15]
The plan is drawn at the field itself.

The surveyor can compare the plotted work with actual features of the area.
7. What is orientation? Why it is to be performed? [N/D-14,M/J-16]
The table is so positioned in a way that all the lines plotted will be parallel to the corresponding
lines on the ground. This process is called orientation. The process connects all the ground
stations and maintains the same position in the paper. Orientation is performed at every
successive station. Orientation can be done by back-sighting method or by using magnetic
needle.
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8. List out the errors in a compass instrument.
The errors in a compass may be caused due to:

[N/D-14,M/J-16]
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a) Needle not straight
b) Pivot not upright
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c) Needle lost magnetism
d) Pivot not sharp but dull
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e) Movement of the needle not free
f) Plane of sight not vertical
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g) Graduation circle not horizontal
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9. What is meant by hypotenusal allowance?
g.n [N/D-14]
The allowance in a measurement made on a peg ground to get the horizontal distances is called
the hypotenuse allowance. This is given as 100, which is the angle of slope.
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PART B
1. The bearings of the sides of a traverse ABCDE are as follows :
Line F.B B.B
AB 107015’ 287015’
BC 2200’ 20200’
CD 281030’ 101030’
DE 189015’ 9015’
EA 124045’ 304045’
Compute the interior angle of the traverse [N/D-14,N/D-15]
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2. Explain briefly the following methods of solution of three point problem
(i) Besssel’s Graphical method
(ii) Trial and Error method [M/J-15, N/D-14]
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3. A compass survey was carried out around a closed transverse ABCD and the
following reading were obtained
Line F.B B.B
AB 740 30’ 256010’
BC 107030’ 286010’
CD 225010’ 45010’
DE 3060 50’ 1260 10’
identify which station were affected by local attraction and determine the
correceted bearing. [N/D-14,

Downloaded From M/J-15]
: www.EasyEngineering.net
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Find out the station affected by local attraction and work out the correceted
bearings of the lines. rin

Line F.B B.B g.n
AB
BC
1910 45’
22015’
39030’
22200’
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CD 22015’ 200030’
DE 2420 45’ 620 45’
EA 3300 15’ 1470 45’
[M/J-15]

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6 What is Resection? Explain the three point problem with illustrative diagram
.
[N/D-15]
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7. Explain with sketches. The following methods using plane table.
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(1) Radiation g.n
(2) Intersection
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8. Explain the three point problem with illustrative diagram. [N/D-15,M/J-13]
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9. Differentiate between prismatic and surveyor compass? [M/J-13, N/D-15]
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UNIT III
1. Define – Bench Mark [N/D-14]

Bench Mark is a fixed point with reference to a datum line. They serve as reference points for finding
the reduced level of new points or for conducting leveling operations in projects involving roads,
railways etc.
2. What are the differences between the line of collimation and the axis of the telescope?
[N/D-14,M/J-13]
Line of collimation or line of sight is an imaginary line passing through the cross hair at the diaphragm
wwand the optical centre of the object glass and its continuation.
Axis of the telescope is an imaginary line passing through the optical centre of the eye-piece.
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3. Name different kind of bench marks
Different types of Bench marks are:

[A/M-13,M/J-15]
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a) GTS Bench mark (Great Trigonometrically Survey )
b) Permanent Bench mark
c) Arbitrary Bench mark
d) Temporary Bench mark
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4. Differentiate between a level line and a horizontal line. [M/J-15]
Level Line
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Any line lying on the level surface is
Horizontal Line
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Any line lying on the horizontal plane is
called level line called horizontal line
Level line is perpendicular to the g.n

The horizontal line is tangential to the level
direction of gravity at all points line
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5. What is fly levelling [N/D-15]
Fly levelling is done to connect the bench-marks to any intermediate point of the alignment for
checking the accuracy of the work. Here, back-sight and fore-sight readings are taken at every set
up of the level and the level is set approximately at the midway between the points.
6. How leveling is done using foot screws? [N/D-15]
The telescope is placed parallel to a pair of foot screws and the bubble is brought to the centre by
turning both the screw inwards and outwards. Then the telescope is rotated by 90° such that it lies
over the third foot screw. This foot screw only is turned now to bring the bubble to the centre. The

telescope is brought back to the old position with the object glass and eye-piece in the same position.
The bubble is brought to its centre. Now the operation is repeated until the bubble remains at the
centre.
7. What are the different types of leveling staff? [M/J-16]

Different types of leveling staff are:
a) Self reading staff
b) Target staff
8. What is meant by Benchmark? What are different types of Benchmarks? [M/J-16]
Bench Mark is a fixed point with reference to a datum line. They serve as reference points for
finding the reduced level of new points or for conducting leveling operations in projects involving
ww roads, railways etc.
Different types of Bench marks are:
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a) GTS Bench mark (Great Trigonometrically Survey )
b) Permanent Bench mark
c) Arbitrary Bench mark
d) Temporary Bench mark
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The errors in Levelling are:
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9. What are the errors in leveling?
a) Improper adjustment of leveling

[M/J-16]
b) Parallax error
c) Earth’s curvature gin
d) Atmospheric refraction
e) Variation in temperature
f) Staff not held vertically
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g) Faulty turning points
h) Settlement of tripod
i) Bubble not at centre g.n
j) Inability of the observer in reading
10. What are the various methods of booking a reduced level?

et [N/D-16]
The various methods of booking a reduced level are:
a) Height of collimation
b) Rise and Fall method
11. What are the differences between the line of collimation and the axis of the telescope?
[M/J-15]
Line of collimation or line of sight is an imaginary line passing through the cross hair at the diaphragm
and the optical centre of the object glass and its continuation.
Axis of the telescope is an imaginary line passing through the optical centre of the eye-piece.

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1. The following staff readings were observed successively with a level. The instrument having been
moved after the second, fifth and eight readings 0.725, 1.230, 0.750, 2.565, 2.225, 1.935, 1.835, 3.220,
3.115 and 2.875. The first staff reading was taken with a staff held on a benchmark of reduced level
100.000. Enter the reading in the level book from and find reduced level, of all points by any one
methods. [M/J-13,N/D-14]
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2. What are the different sources of error in leveling and Explain them in detail [M/J-13,N/D-14]
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3. Write notes on profile leveling and cross section leveling . [N/D-13,M/J-16]
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4.
3. The following consecutive
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reading werewere
taken with with
a dumpy level : a sloping ground AB at a regular
(i)
Following
when the
distance
staff
2.325,reading
consecutive
instrument
of 30m
on A
3.137.Rule
staff
by usingis 4m
midway
out= a3.345m.the
leveling
staff
page of level
ee
readings
between
taken
two pegs
staff 0.352,
reading
book enteron
A and
0.787,
theBabove
a level
B 100
1.832,
= 2.025m
along
m 3.758,
2.956,
(ii) When
readings
apart.the
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RL of the
0.963, 1.766, 2.738, 3.872, 0.812,
points A is 320.288m. Calculate
instrument
RL of all isthe
reading
keptpoints
very nearby A.the
rise sstaff
and reading on A =and
fall method 2.950work
m.theout
on B = 2m.Is the instrument adjustment or not?When the instrument
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staffthe gradient of line AB.
[M/J-15,A/M-16]
is very near to A what should be the correcet reading on staff B
[M/J-14,A/M-15]
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5. Following are the successive staff readings taken in a levelling

continuously on sloping ground at common interval of 25m.
0.605, 1.235, 2.575, 0.735, 1.430, 1.955, 2.875, 0.875, 1.825, 2.720.
Reduced level of the first point is 160m.Rule out a level book page and enter
the above readings. Calculate the reduces levels of the points and also the
gradient of the line joining the first point and last point
[N/D-15]
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6. The following staff readings were observed successively with a level. The instrument having been moved after
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the second, fifth and eight readings 0.675, 1.230, 0.750, 2.565, 2.225, 1.935, 1.835, 3.220, 3.115 and 2.875. The first
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staff reading was taken with a staff held on a benchmark of reduced level 100.000. Enter the reading in the level
book from and find reduced level, of all points by any one methods. [A/M-13, M/J-16]
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UNIT IV
1. Define Contour Interval. [N/D-14,M/J-13]
Contour interval is the difference in elevation between successive contour lines.
2. What is meant by profile levelling? [N/D-14]

It is the method of direct levelling object of which is to determine the elevation of the points at measured intervals
along a given line in order to obtain a profile of the surface along that line.
3. What is contour Gradient? Where it is used? [M/J-15,A/M-14]
ww The gradient between any two contours is called the contour gradient. This is by dividing the difference in
elevation between two contours by the horizontal distance between them. This is used in route surveying.
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4. How earth work required is calculated using contour? [M/J-15]
asy
For computation of earthwork areas, successive cross-sections are considered. The average area multiplied by
the spacing between cross-sections gives the volume of earthwork. For this trapezoidal or prismoidal rules can be
used.
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5. Why the horizontal equivalent is not constant? [N/D-15]
Horizontal equivalent is the horizontal distance between any two consecutive contours. The horizontal equivalent
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depends on the steepness or plain nature of the ground; For steep slope, the horizontal equivalent is less than a
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plain ground for the same difference in elevation. If the slope of the ground between two contours is not constant
in all directions, the horizontal equivalent is not constant.
6. Define – Horizontal Equivalent

g.n[M/J-13,N/D-15]
The horizontal distance between any two consecutive contours is known as the horizontal equivalent and depends
on the steepness of the ground.
7. Define – Contour Line

et [M/J-16]
Contour line is one, Which connect all the points of same elevation.
8. What are the arithmetical checks done? In both the systems of reduction of levels?
[N/D-16]
Every page of a level book should end with a check on the entries and the reduction of levels. This check is called
as arithmetical check. As per this check, in height of collimation method there is no check on the RL of
intermediate points. In rise and fall method, there is a complete check on the RL of intermediate points.

9. What is change point? [N/D-16]
Change point is a point on which both minus sight and plus sight are taken on a line of direct levels. The minus
sight (fore sight) is taken on the point in one set of instrument to ascertain the elevation of the point while the plus
sight (back sight) is taken on the same point in other set of the instrument to establish the new height of the
instrument.
10. What is meant by profile levelling? [M/J-16]
ww It is the method of direct levelling object of which is to determine the elevation of the points at measured intervals
w.E PART B
1. What do you mean by contouring? Describe its characteristics with neat

sketch and its uses
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2. Explain in detail about the methods of contour.
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[M/J-13,N/D – 15]

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6. The following staff readings were observed successively with a level. The instrument having been moved after
the second, fifth and eight readings 0.675, 1.230, 0.750, 2.565, 2.225, 1.935, 1.835, 3.220, 3.115 and 2.875. The first
staff reading was taken with a staff held on a benchmark of reduced level 100.000. Enter the reading in the level
book from and find reduced level, of all points by any one methods. [A/M-13, M/J-16]
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1. Define Contour Interval.
UNIT IV
et [N/D-14,M/J-13]
Contour interval is the difference in elevation between successive contour lines.
2. What is meant by profile levelling? [N/D-14]

3. What is contour Gradient? Where it is used? [M/J-15,A/M-14]
The gradient between any two contours is called the contour gradient. This is by dividing the difference in
elevation between two contours by the horizontal distance between them. This is used in route surveying.

4. How earth work required is calculated using contour? [M/J-15]
For computation of earthwork areas, successive cross-sections are considered. The average area multiplied by
the spacing between cross-sections gives the volume of earthwork. For this trapezoidal or prismoidal rules can be
used.
5. Why the horizontal equivalent is not constant? [N/D-15]
Horizontal equivalent is the horizontal distance between any two consecutive contours. The horizontal equivalent
depends on the steepness or plain nature of the ground; For steep slope, the horizontal equivalent is less than a
plain ground for the same difference in elevation. If the slope of the ground between two contours is not constant
in all directions, the horizontal equivalent is not constant.
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6. Define – Horizontal Equivalent [M/J-13,N/D-15]
The horizontal distance between any two consecutive contours is known as the horizontal equivalent and depends
on the steepness of the ground.
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7. Define – Contour Line [M/J-16]
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Contour line is one, Which connect all the points of same elevation.
8. What are the arithmetical checks done? In both the systems of reduction of levels?
En [N/D-16]
gin
Every page of a level book should end with a check on the entries and the reduction of levels. This check is called
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as arithmetical check. As per this check, in height of collimation method there is no check on the RL of
intermediate points. In rise and fall method, there is a complete check on the RL of intermediate points.
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g.n
9. What is change point?
et [N/D-16]
Change point is a point on which both minus sight and plus sight are taken on a line of direct levels. The minus
sight (fore sight) is taken on the point in one set of instrument to ascertain the elevation of the point while the plus
sight (back sight) is taken on the same point in other set of the instrument to establish the new height of the
instrument.
10. What is meant by profile levelling? [M/J-16]


PART B
1. What do you mean by contouring? Describe its characteristics with neat

sketch and its uses [N/D-14,A/M-16]
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2. Explain in detail about the methods of contour.
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[M/J-13,N/D – 15]

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3. Explain in detail about interpolation of contours. [M/J-14,N/D – 16]
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4. Explain in detail about the uses of contours. [M/J – 15,N/D-16]
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5. Explain in detail about the curvature and refraction correction. [N/D – 15,M/J-16]
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5. An embankment is to be formed with its center line on the ground sloping towards
at 1 in 20m.if the formation width is 12m and if the formation heights at the beginning,
middle and enf of the embankment are 6m, 4.5m and 3m respectively at intervals of 30
m and the side slope is 2 in 1.find the volume of earthwork by prismoidel and
trapezoidal rule [A/M-13,M/J-15]
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UNIT V
1. Define – Transiting of Telescope [N/D-14,M/J-16]

It is the process of turning of the telescope about the trunnion axis in vertical plane through 180
degree as the line of sight.
2. What is face right observations? [A/M-13,M/J-15]
When the vertical circle of a theodolite is on the right of the observer at the time of observation is
called face right observation.
3. Define tangential tacheometer [N/D-14,M/J-15]
ww It is the process of turning of the telescope about the trunnion axis in vertical plane through 180
degree as the line of sight
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4. What do you mean by transit? [N/D-15]
asy
The transit theodolite is one in which the line of sight can be reversed by revolving the telescope
through 180 degree in the vertical plane.
5. What is meant by parallax? En [N/D-15]
gin
This is done to get a sharp image of the object or target on the plane cross-hairs and to eliminate
parallax. The telescope is directed towards the object and focusing is done until the image appears
ee
clear and sharp then by moving the eye up and down. It is checked for any relative movement of
the image. No movement ensures no errors due to parallax.
rin
6. Write a short note on repetition method?
g.n [M/J-16]
In this method, the angles is added continuously and the total angles is divided into the number of
repetition to get the value of the angle. Generally six repetitions are made, out of which half of the
et
repetitions are made with the telescope normal and the other half with the telescope inverted. By this
process, very accurate measurement of angles can be made.
7. Define – Closing Error [M/J-16]
A compass survey of a closed traverse will finish at the starting point. This is a case of no closing
error. But many a times the traverse fails to close due to some error. Such an error may occur due to:
a) Mistake made in measurement
b) Measurement in bearings
c) Errors in plotting

8. Mention the method to be used in measuring horizontal angles using theodolite? [N/D-16]
The method to be used in measuring horizontal angles using theodolite are:

a) Repetition method
b) Reiteration method
9. What is Gale’s table? State its uses. [N/D-16]
Traverse computations are usually done in a tabular form. A more common tabular form is Gale’s
traverse table.
In Gale’s table the independent co-ordinates of all the points are made positive by using suitably
selecting the co-ordinates of the starting station of the traverse.
10. What is centering of a theodolite? [A/M-13,N/D-16]
ww Placing a theodolite fitted on to a tripod exactly over a station point by means of a plumb bob is
known as centering.
w.E PART B
1. Draw a neat diagram of transit theodolite and describe its essential parts. [N/D-14,M/J-16]
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et
2. Derive the expressions for horizontal and vertical distances by stadia method when the line of sight is
inclined but staff is held vertically and considering the angle of elevation [N/D-14,M/J-15]

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et
3. A tacheometer was setup at a distance of 180m from a light house and the angle of elevation to its top
and depression to its base were observed as 22 º 45’ and 1º 12’.the reading on a staff held on BM of RL
175.59 was 1.85m with line of collimation horizontal.calculate
(i) the height of light house
(ii) the RL of top [A/M-15,M/J-15]

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

4. A tacheometer is set up at an intermediate point on a traverse course PQ and the

following observations are made on a vertically held staff
Inst.station Vertical angle Staff intercept Axial reading

P 8º36’ 2.35 2.105
Q 6º6’ 26º2.055 1.895
The instrument is fitted with an analytical lens with multiplication constant
100.Compute the length of PQ and reduced level of Q if that of P being 321.5m
[N/D-14]
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et
5. Determine the gradient from a point A to point B from the following observations made
with a tachometer fitted with an analytic lens. The constant of the instrument was 100,
Zero and the staff was held vertically. [A/M-13,N/D-14,M/J-15]
Inst. Staff Bearing Vertical Staff Reading
station station angle
P A 1340 + 100 32’ 1.360, 1.915, 2.470
B 2240 + 50 6’ 1.065, 1.885, 2.705

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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Plane surveying Geodetic surveying

2. What is meant by well conditioned triangle? [N/D-14]

5. What is meant by ranging

given straight line.

The sources of error in chain surveying are:

a. Erroneous length of Chain or Tape

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7. What are the errors and corrections in chaining? [M/J-14,N/D-15]

I. Systematic Errors and Corrections

II. Random Errors

8. What are the methods of surveying based on instrument? [N/D-14,N/D-16]

wwFollowing are the instruments used for chain surveying:

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1. Explain the method of Reciprocal ranging. [M/J-13,N/D-14]

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4. What is well conditioned triangle? Explain its significance in

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6 . Explain the classification of surveying. [A/M-14,M/J-16]

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7. Write the equation for the different tape corrections [A/M-14,N/D-

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1. What is magnetic meridian? [N/D-14]

2. State the three-point problem [N/D-14]

The advantages of plane table surveying are:

d) No great skill is required

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6. State any two advantages of plane table surveying? [M/J-15,N/D-15]

The plan is drawn at the field itself.

The errors in a compass may be caused due to:

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2. Explain briefly the following methods of solution of three point problem

(i) Besssel’s Graphical method

(ii) Trial and Error method [M/J-15, N/D-14]

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correceted bearing. [N/D-14,

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bearings of the lines. rin

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