1.

PHILOSOPHY

-the rational, abstract, and methodical consideration of reality as a whole or

of fundamental dimensions of human existence and experience.
Philosophical inquiry is a central element in the intellectual history of many
civilizations.
-is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected
with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy
is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical,
generally systematic approach, and its reliance on rational argument. The
word "philosophy" comes from the Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophia), which
literally means "love of wisdom."
-means, "love of wisdom." In a broad sense, philosophy is an activity people
undertake when they seek to understand fundamental truths about
themselves, the world in which they live, and their relationships to the world
and to each other.

2. LAW

-Rules of conduct approved and enforced by the government of and over a

certain territory.
-A body of rules of conduct of binding legal force and effect, prescribed,
recognized, and enforced by controlling authority.
-the principles and regulations established in a community by some authority
and applicable to its people, whether in the form of legislation or of custom
and policies recognized and enforced by judicial decision.
-a system of rules that govern a society with the intention of maintaining
social order, upholding justice and preventing harm to individuals and
property

3. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

• Metaphysics, which deals with the fundamental questions of reality;

the study of existence.

Examples of metaphysical concepts are Being, Existence, Purpose,

Universals, Property, Relation, Causality, Space, Time, Event.
 • Epistemology, which deals with our concept of knowledge, how we
learn and what we can know; the study of knowledge.

three main examples or conditions of epistemology: truth, belief and

justification.

• Logic, which studies the rules of valid reasoning and argumentation

Examples: deductive and inductive

Deductive Logic
-All squares are rectangles. All rectangles have four sides. Logic, therefore,
tells you that all squares have four sides.

Inductive Logic
-Every house that burned down on the block was caused by faulty wiring.
You conclusion is that all homes on the block have faulty wiring.

• Ethics, or moral philosophy, which is concerned with human values

and how individuals should act.

Examples: metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics

• Aesthetics or esthetics, which deals with the notion of beauty and

the philosophy of art.

Examples: art, aesthetic property, aesthetic experience, and Aesthetic

Judgements.

4. REASON

-is man's tool of understanding. It is the method of identifying entities

through one's senses. It is the means of integrating those perceptions into
concepts, gaining knowledge through this integration, integrating that
knowledge into the rest of one's knowledge, and evaluating and
manipulating ideas and facts.
5. REASONING

-the process of forming conclusions, judgments, or inferences from facts or

premises.

6. FACT

-A thing done; an action performed or an Incident transpiring; an event or

circumstance; an actual occurrence.
-the quality of being actual
-The truth about events as opposed to interpretation.
-A thing that is known or proved to be true.
-an actual or alleged event or circumstance, as distinguished from its legal
effect or consequence.

7. OPINION

-the formal statement by a judge or court of the reasoning and the principles
of law used in reaching a decision of a case.
-a belief or judgment that rests on grounds insufficient to produce complete
certainty.
-is an inference or conclusion drawn by a witness from facts some of which
are known to him and others assumed, or drawn from facts which, though
lending probability to the inference, do not evolve it by a process of
absolutely necessary reasoning.
-a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact
or knowledge.

8. LAWYERING
-the practice of law; the duties, functions, or skills of a lawyer.
-The work of a lawyer in giving legal advice or in suggesting an application of
that law in advancing an issue of a client.