MODULE

ENGLISH I

Arranged by
Hartono, S.S., M.Hum

University of Al-Ghifari
Bandung
2017
 English I 2017
Session I
English Sound System

English as a system of language has its system of sound. This system of sound
divided into two, namely vowel and consonant.
There are 12 cardinal vowels in English, they are:
1 i: – tea 7 ɑ: – art
2 I – sit 8 ʌ – up
3 e – pen 9 u: - food
4 æ – sad 10 ʊ – foot
5 3: - bird 11 ɔ: - war
6 Ə – ago 12 ɒ-not

There are 24 consonants in English, namely

1. p – pig 7. f – fine 13. t - chair 19. ŋ - sing
2. b – book 8. v – very 14. dʒ – jail 20. h - how
3. t – tea 9. s – sea 15.  - thin 21. l – like
4. d – day 10. z – zoo 16. ð – this 22. r – right
5. k – key 11.  - she 17. m – man 23. w – weir
6. g – go 12. ʒ – azure 18. n – now 24. j - you

How to Pronounce Well

In English, we have to differ between /f/ and /p/ because

these differences sound determine new meanings. Look at
Exercises
these words:
Faint / /
Pain
1. pin / / /
/………. 1. fin / /……….

Task:

1. peel / /………. 1. feel / /……….

2. pail / /………. 2. fail / /……….

3. pine / /………. 3. fine / /……….

4. snip / /………. 4. sniff / /……….

5. harp / /………. 5. half / /……….

6. pipe / /………. 6. five / /……….

7. put / /………. 7. foot / /……….

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8. pool / /………. 8. fool / /……….

9. pound / /………. 9. found / /……….

10. it / /………. 10. eat / /……….

11. hit / /………. 11. sheet/ /……….

12. ship / /………. 12. sheep/ /……….

13. bean / /………. 13. bin / /……….

14. lick / /………. 14. leek/ /……….

15. chicks / /………. 15. cheeks/ /……….

4. THE MAIN DIFFERENCE OF ENISH AND INDONESIAN STRUCTURE

Session 2

Greeting and Self introduction

This topic is basically about what to say when you want to introduce yourself to other
people, what to say when you want to introduce your colleague and friends to other
people and conversation in greetings. So let's start the session!

Greetings
Once you have been introduced to someone, the next time you see that person it is
important to greet them. Normally we familiar with "Hello", "How are you?", "How are
you doing?", "How have you been?". These sentences are informal manner to greet
when you meet your friends and buddies. As we greet when we arrive, we also greet
people as we leave people. This section will present you the ways to greet people in
formal and informal situations.

Greetings: Arriving
Formal Casual
Good morning / afternoon / evening. Hi / Hello
Hello (name), how are you? How are you?
How do you do? What's up? (very informal)
Good day Sir / Madam (very formal, traditional) How are you doing? (very informal)

It's important to note that the question "How are you?" or "What's up?" doesn't
necessary need a response. If you do respond, these phrases are generally expected:
 Very well, thank you.
 And you? (formal)

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 How do you do? (formal)

 Fine / Great / Good, thanks (informal)

Greeting: Parting
Formal Casual
Good night (after 8.pm). Goodbye / Bye
It was a pleasure seeing you. farewell
Nice to meet you Bye bye

Introduction

There are a number of phrases that are commonly used to introduce yourself and your
friends to a third person. Let's look at the main phrases below

Here is a short introductory conversation in the formal manner:

Ben: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.
Peter: How do you do?
Mary: How do you do.
Ben: Mary works for ...

Sometimes the phrases such as "It's a pleasure to meet you." or "Pleased to meet you."
is used in a conversation.

Example 1:
Ben: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.
Peter: It's a pleasure to meet you.
Mary: How do you do.
Ben: Mary works for ...

Example 2:
Ben: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.
Peter: How do you do?
Mary: Pleased to meet you.
Ben: Mary works for ...

It is quite common to shake hands when you are introduced. And in informal situations, the
introductions are also made simply saying: "This is (name)." It is also common to just say "Hi" or
"Hello" as a response in this informal setting.
Ben: Peter, this is Mary.
Peter: How do you do?
Mary: Pleased to meet you.
Benx: Mary works for ...

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The phrases above can be used to introduce yourself such as conversation below:

Formal manner:
Ben: How do you do?
Anne: How do you do
Ben: Let me introduced myself, my name is Ben Smith. I'm work for ...
Anne: My name is Anne Cortney. I'm work for ... I'm please to meet you.

Informal manner:
1. Hello. My name's Peter. What's your name?
2. Janet.

1. Where are you from Janet?

2. I'm from Seattle. Where are you from?

1. I'm from Madrid.

2. Are you American?

1. Yes, I am. Are you Spanish?

2. Yes I am.

Exercise: Please introduce yourself.

Session 3
Parts of Speech.

Learning about the parts of speech is the first step in grammar study just as learning the
letters of the alphabet is the first step to being able to read and write. From learning the
parts of speech we begin to understand the use or function of words and how words are
joined together to make meaningful communication. To understand what a part of
speech is, you must understand the idea of putting similar things together into groups or
categories.
The parts of speech are categories used to organize or classify words according to how
they are used. We use parts of speech as a way to make it easier to talk about language.
The 8 parts of speech that are used to describe English words are:
1. Noun
A noun is often defined as a word which names a person, place or thing.
It can be divided into;
a. Countable Nouns.
- Can be begun by a/an a girl, a box, a bicycle, an apple, an egg, an
hour.
- Can be ended by s/es lecturers, flags, boxes, glasses, and babies.
b. Uncountable Nouns Water, money, dust, air, gravel, oxygen

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c. Proper Nouns Alvin, Bandung, January, Sunday, Atlantic Ocean, Dago
Street.
d. Abstract Nouns childhood, happiness, darkness, justice, wisdom.
2. Verb
A verb is often defined as a word which shows action or state of being.
It can be divided into;
a. Regular Verbs close – closed – closed
b. Irregular Verbs drink – drank – drunk
3. Adjective
Adjective is often defined as a word which describes or gives more information
about a noun or pronoun.
For example:
- I saw a pretty girl last Saturday. She is very slim.
- The lazy, old, brown cat sat on the beautiful, expensive, new rug
4. Adverb.
a. Adverb of Manner
Adverbs of manner form the largest group of adverbs. We make most of
them simply by adding -ly to their corresponding adjective.
Example: accidentally, seriously, carefully, clearly, calmly, stupidly, fast, well,
hard.
 She speaks loudly.
 Accidentally, I met my ex-girlfriend yesterday.
 They do it well.
b. Adverb of Time
Adverbs of Time tell us something about the time that something happens.
Adverbs of Time mainly modify verbs. They answer the question "when?"
 Alvin bought medicine yesterday.
 I will be there at 07.00 o’clock.
 We are studying now.
c. Adverb of place.
Adverbs of Place tell us the place where something happens. They answer
the question "where?"
 We are in the class now.
 She waits for him at there every morning.
d. Adverb of degree
Adverbs of Degree tell us the degree or extent to which something happens.
 Mary is very beautiful. (To what degree is Mary beautiful? How beautiful
is Mary?)
 He drove quite dangerously. (To what degree did he drive dangerously?
How dangerously did he drive?)
5. Pronoun
Pronouns are words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead
of a noun.
Example: My son’s name is Alvin. He is five years old now.
From thex second sentence above “He” takes place of Alvin so that we needn’t
write or say Alvin twice.

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Subject Object Possessive Independent Reflexive
I me my… Mine Myself
They them Their… Theirs Themselves
We us Our… Ours Ourselves
You you Your… Yours Yourself/yourselves
He him His… His Himself
She her her… Hers herself
It it Its… - itself
a. I give my heart only for you.
b. That car is yours.
c. He is laughing at himself.

6. Preposition
Prepositions are a class of words that indicate relationships between nouns,
pronouns and other words in a sentence. Most often they come before a noun. They
never change their form, regardless of the case, gender etc. of the word they are
referring to.

Prepositions of Time:

English Usage Example

 on  days of the week  on Monday
 months / seasons  in August / in
 time of day winter
 year  in the morning
 in
 in 2015
 after a certain period of
time (when?)  in an hour
 for night
 at night
 for weekend
 at the weekend
 at
 a certain point of
 at half past nine
time(when?)
 from a certain point of time
 since  since 1981
(past till now)
 over a certain period of
 for  for 2 years
time (past till now)
 ago  a certain time in the past  2 years ago
 earlier than a certain point
 before  before 2004
of time
 to  telling the time  ten to six (5:50)
 past  telling the time  ten past six (6:10)

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English Usage Example

 to / till /  marking the beginning and  from Monday to/till
until end of a period of time Friday
 in the sense of how long  He is on holiday
 till / until
something is going to last until Friday.
 I will be back by 6
 in the sense of at the latest o’clock.
 By
 up to a certain time  By 11 o'clock, I had
read five pages.

Prepositions of Place:

English Usage Example

 in the kitchen, in
 room, building, street,
London
town, country
 in the book
 book, paper etc.
 In  in the car, in a taxi
 car, taxi
 in the picture, in
 picture, world
the world
 meaning next to, by an  at the door, at the
object station
 for table  at the table
 for events  at a concert, at
 at
the party
 place where you are to do
something typical (watch a  at the cinema, at
film, study, work) school, at work
 the picture on the
wall
 attached  London lies on the
 for a place with a river Thames.
 being on a surface  on the table
 for a certain side (left, right)  on the left
 on
 for a floor in a house  on the first floor
 for public transport  on the bus, on a
plane
 for television, radio
 on TV, on the
radio
 Jane is standing
 by, next to,  left or right of somebody or
by / next to /
beside something
beside the car.

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English Usage Example

 on the ground, lower than
 the bag is under
 Under (or covered by) something
the table
else
 lower than something else  the fish are below
 below
but above ground the surface
 put a jacket over
your shirt
 covered by something else
 over 16 years of
 meaning more than
age
 getting to the other side
 over  walk over the
(also across)
bridge
 overcoming an obstacle
 climb over the
wall
 higher than something else,  a path above the
 above
but not directly over it lake
 walk across the
 getting to the other side
bridge
(also over)
 across
 swim across the
 getting to the other side
lake
 something with limits on  drive through the
 through
top, bottom and the sides tunnel
 movement to person or
building  go to the cinema
 movement to a place or  go to London /
 to
country Ireland
 go to bed
 for bed
 go into the
 into  enter a room / a building kitchen / the
house
 movement in the direction  go 5 steps
 towards of something (but not towards the
directly to it) house
 movement to the top of  jump onto the
 onto
something table
 a flower from the
 from  in the sense of where from
garden
7. Conjunction
A conjunction is a word that "joins". A conjunction joins two parts of a sentence.

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1). Coordinating conjunctions

Conjuctions ini digunakan untuk menggabungkan kata dengan kata yang lain,
menggabungkan phrase dengan phrase yang lain, atau kalimat dengan kalimat yang lain.
Yang dihubungkan oleh conjunction tipe ini harus merupakan element kalimat yang
sama, misalnya: subject+subject, Noun+Noun, sentence+sentence.
For example: and, but, or.
- He is handsome and rich
- She is lazy and ugly.
- He is ugly but rich
- He will choose the black one or the white one.

2). Paired conjunctions/Correlative conjunctions

Conjunctions ini juga menggabungkan element-element kalimat seperti di atas. Bedanya adalah
selalu digunakan secara berpasangan.

both…and either…or
not only…but
also neither…nor

Contoh:
1. Both my sister and my brother can play the guitar.
2. He is not only handsome but also smart.
3. Either the students or the teacher is going to go to the museum tomorrow.
4. Neither John, Sussie nor I have a good studying habit.

3). Subordinating conjunctions

are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause, for example:

a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan waktu (time).

Waktu
after (setelah) till (hingga/sampai) the first time (pertama kali)
before (sebelum) as soon as (segera setelah) the second time (kedua kali)
when (ketika) once (segera setelah) the last time (terakhir kali)
while (sementara) as long as (sepanjang) the next time (kali berikut)
as (sementara) so long as (sepanjang) by the time

since (sejak) whenever (setiap kali)

until (hingga/sampai) every time (setiap kali)

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- When I was walking, I met a cute lady.

b.Digunakan untuk menyatakan sebab akibat (cause-effect).

Sebab akibat
because (karena) inasmuch as (karena) so…that (sehingga)
since (karena) now that (karena sekarang) such …that (sehingga)
- I don’t believe you because you are liar.

c.Untuk menyatakan makna yang berlawanan (opposition).

Makna yang Berlawanan
although
(walaupun even though (walaupun) while (sedangkan)
though
(walaupun) whereas (sedangkan) no matter (tidak memandang)
- I went swimming although it was cold.

d. Untuk menyatakan tujuan (purpose).

Tujuan
in order to (agar) in order (that) (agar) so that (agar)
- I give her flower so that she falls in love.
e.Untuk menyatakan pengandaian (conditional).
Conditional
if (jika) whether or not in case (that) (jika)
unless (jika tidak) even if (walaupun jika) providing (that) = if or only if
only if (hanya jika) in the event (that) provided (that) = if or only if
- You'll be sick unless you stop smoking.

8. Interjection

Interjection is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short exclamations like
Oh!, Um or Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often,
usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a
sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An interjection is
sometimes followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written.
Interjection meaning example
ah expressing pleasure "Ah, that feels good."

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expressing realization
expressing resignation
expressing surprise
alas expressing grief or pity
dear expressing pity
expressing surprise
eh asking for repetition
expressing enquiry
expressing surprise
inviting agreement
er expressing hesitation
hello, hullo expressing greeting
expressing surprise
hey calling attention
expressing surprise, joy etc
hi expressing greeting
hmm expressing hesitation
oh, o expressing surprise
expressing pain
expressing pleading
ouch expressing pain
um, umm expressing hesitation
well expressing surprise
introducing a remark
Exercises
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"Ah, now I understand."
"Ah well, it can't be hoped."
"Ah! I've won!"
"Alas, she's dead now."
"Oh dear! Does it hurt?"
"Dear me! That's a surprise!"
It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot
today."
"What do you think of that, eh?"
"Eh! Really?"
"Let's go, eh?"
"Lima is the capital of...er...Peru."
"Hello John. How are you today?"
"Hello! My car's gone!"
"Hey! look at that!"
"Hey! What a good idea!"
"Hi! What's new?"
"Hmm. I'm not so sure."
"Oh! You're here!"
"Oh! I've got a toothache."
"Oh, please say 'yes'!"
"Ouch! That hurts!"
"85 divided by 5 is...um...17."
"Well I never!"
"Well, what did he say?"

Parts of Speech Practice Test

Key: noun—N verb—V
adjective—ADJ adverb—ADV
pronoun—PRO preposition—PREP
conjunction—CONJ interjection—INT

Part 1 Directions: Using the key above, identify whether the underlined words
are nouns, adjectives, pronouns, conjunctions, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, or
interjections.

_____1. They attended the concert last weekend.

_____2. Several cats ran into Rob’s garage.
_____3. The truck driver delivered the packages quickly.
_____4. Fast runners won all the awards at the track meet.
_____5. My friends and I walked home after school.
_____6. I wanted a peanut butter and jelly sandwich for lunch yesterday.
_____7. She was counting the ballots during social studies class.
_____8. Hey! That is my seat.
_____9. Will they finish the test on time?

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_____10. The diagram was pretty complicated for us.
_____11. He will practice his musical piece soon.
_____12. Reggie saw the awesome sight from the air.
_____13. Her sister is the oldest member of the group.
_____14. Check the score, Tom.
_____15. Will the students be able to find the answer by themselves?
_____16. Are you sure of yourself?
_____17. They slowly carried the couch down the stairs.
_____18. Can you see beyond the hills from the top of the tower?
_____19. Hurray! Our team has finally scored a touchdown.
_____20. The troop had been scattered throughout the woods.

The Main Difference between English and Indonesian Structure

Every language has its unique. Every language has its both of difficult side and
easy side. English is inflectional language, namely the verb changes based on the time.
By doing so, the study of the verb in English becomes the main topic in a name called
grammar. In a simple way, English basic sentence pattern is divided into two namely
verbal sentence and nominal sentence.

a. Verbal sentence is a sentence consist of verb as the predicate this pattern is

same with Indonesia pattern.

Example:
English Indonesian

Subject Predicate Object Subjek Predikat Objek

I Read a book V Saya membaca Buku
She drinks sprite V Dia minum Sprite
We study Englsih V Kami belajar Bhs.Inggris

b. Nominal sentence is a sentence consists of non-verb as the predicate. (Usually

the non-verb is noun, adjective and adverb). This pattern is quiet different from
Indonesian pattern.

Example:

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Subject To be Predicate Subjek - Predikat

I Am a student n Saya - Mahasiswa
She Is angry adj. Dia - Marah
We Are here adv. Kami - di sini

Session 4
Tenses

Most students have a same opinion about tenses, they opine that studying
grammar especially tenses is difficult and makes them confuse. The most reason is
because in studying grammar they find many rules that must be obeyed. Besides, in
grammar especially in tenses they also find many formulas to construct particular
sentence. “Now, how about you? Do you agree with them?” if you disagree, it’s good
because it means you have considered that grammar is easy otherwise if you agree with
them let’s break your mindset. If you have mindset that grammar is difficult so it will be
really difficult and you will never master it. Whatever opinion you have, however, you
cannot escape from grammar; it is in every sentence you read or write, speak or
hear. Grammar is simply the word for the rules that people follow when they use a
language.

1. Simple Present Tense

The functions of simple present tense are:

a. Routine actions / Habitual activities

- The students usually study hard before test.
- He works at his office everyday.
- Euis brushes her teeth every morning.
- They are always at there every Sunday.
- I am at home every holiday.

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- He is often in the class.
b. Fact / General truth.
- Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
- Bandung is capital of West Java.
- The earth is round

When we make sentences, just consider whether our sentences contain verb or not. If
the sentence using verb so the formula:

Subject+Verb1 or Subject+Verb1+s/es Positive

Positive sentence

I,They,We,You,+drink tea He,She,It,+drinks tea

Subject+don’t+Verb1 or Subject+doesn’t+Verb1 Negative

sentence

I,They,We,You,+ don’t+drink tea He,She,It,+ doesn’t+drink tea

Do+ Subject+Verb1 or Does+Subject+Verb1 Interrogative

Do+I,They,We,You,+ drink Does+He,She,It+drink tea

With most verbs, the third person singular form (He, She, It, Alvin,) is created simply by
adding -S. However, with some verbs, you need to add -ES or change the ending a little.
Here are the rules:

Verb ending in... the 3rd person singular Example

S Add –ES He passes

Z Add –ES She waltzes

Sh Add –ES She wishes

Ch Add –ES He watches

X Add –ES She mixes

O Add –ES He goes

consonant + y Change Y to I, then add –ES It flies

[anything else] Add –S He sings

If the sentence using verb so the formula:

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Subject + Verb1

If the sentence using Non-verb so the formula:

Subject + To be + Non Verb

Tobe = are, am , is. It’s depend on the subject:

They (Mereka)
We (Kita/Kami) are
You (Kamu/Kalian)
I (Saya) am In the class.
He (Dia- Pria)
She (Dia-wanita Is
It (itu-selain orang)

Here are the examples for the positive, negative, and interrogative sentences:

a. We are in the class.

b. We are not in the class.
c. Are we in the class?
Exercises:
Translate these following sentences into English and then change into negative and
interrogative.

1. Dia minum obat tiga kali sehari.

2. Mereka pergi ke apotek setiap pagi.

3. Pemerintah menaikkan gaji pegawai negeri setiap tahun.

4. Makanannya enak dan murah.

5. Alvin dan Fio berada di laboratorium.

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Session 5
Daily activities

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Exercise
Habits & Routines
 Break    On    On    brush    by    does    does    finishes    get    get    go    goes    goes    goes  
has    has    have    have    his    in    past    play    plays    starts    surf    to    until    watch  
watches    

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Neneng's week:
“On weekdays, I ______ up at half past seven. I __________ a shower, _____ my hair
and__________dressed, I go to school _______ car. School ___________at
quarter_______ eight. ____________ is from quarter past eleven __________ quarter to
twelve. School _________ at half past two. I __________lunch at three o´clock………..”

Asep's week

“Every afternoon, I_____________ to the gum, I also ___________ with the computer,
____________ TV and ________ the net. ________________ Saturdays I play
basketball.”

Every day he ______________ his homework and at nine o´clock he ____________

shower _____________ dinner. Then, he _____________ to his bedroom to listen
__________music.”

Iwan's week

“On Saturday, he ___________ hockey __________ the morning. In the evening he

_________ to the cinema and __________ to bed at half past one. ___________ Sunday
morning he ________ _________ homework and in the evening ____________TV.

Session 6
2. Simple Past Tense

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

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Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific
time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but
they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:

 I saw a movie yesterday.

 I didn't see him last week.
 Last year, I traveled to Japan.
 Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
 Did you have dinner last night?
 She washed her car.
 He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions
happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

Examples:

 I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

 He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the
others at 10:00.
 Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

If you have understood about simple present tense above you will easily understand
the others tense especially simple past tense. The difference are in …

a. To be – I, He, She, Fio + was + Non-Verb. I was here yesterday.

They, We, You, + were+ Non-Verb. They were very happy last week.

b. Verb – V2= S+V2 Fio studied English last night.

c. Time signal – yesterday, three days ago, last week, last month, last year, and so
on.

Example:

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Sentence without Verb.
(+) You were sleepy last Saturday.
(-) You were not sleepy last Saturday.
(?) Were you sleepy last Saturday?

Sentence using Verb.

(+) He ate “cireng” the day before yesterday.
(-) He did not eat “cireng” the day before yesterday
(?) Did he eat “cireng” the day before yesterday?

Exercises:
Translate these following sentences into English and then change into negative and
interrogative.
1. Ayahku pergi ke rumah sakit kemarin sore.
2. Teman-temanku berada di sana lima jam yang lalu.
3. Dia (Laki-laki) adalah seorang ahli kimia tiga belas tahun yang lalu.
4. Mr. Alvin menemukan jenis obat baru tahun lalu.
5. Yayasan Al-ghifari mendirikan UNFARI pada tahun 2002.

Regular verbs

1. When Ms. Cohen awoke from a good night’s sleep, she (walk) __________ to the
bathroom.
2. She (look) _________ in the mirror.
3. Oh, my! She was (frighten) _____________ by what she saw.
4. Her face was (cover) ____________ in purple and green spots.
5. Ms. Cohen quickly (call) ___________ the doctor.
6. The doctor said she (need) _______________ to come in to the office right away.
7. At the doctor’s office, both the nurse and the doctor (examine) _________ Ms.
Cohen’s face.
8. They were both so (surprise) ______________. No one had ever had this kind of rash
9. Ms. Cohen’s doctor (call) ____________ a skin specialist.
10. He said if Ms. Cohen (want) _________ to look normal, she would have to stop
eating pickles and blueberries at the same time.

Irregular Verbs
Each irregular verb takes a different form in the past tense—that’s what makes it
irregular. This section of the test will be divided into several parts to assess your ability
to identify the correct verb form in affirmative and negative sentences, as well as your
ability to construct/answer questions.

Part 1: What’s the past tense?

Go _____ Take ______ Eat _______ Sleep ________ leave ________

Put _____ Have ______ Buy _______ Know ________Be __________

Part 2: Change the verb to the correct form

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1. Ms. Dubman _______ the bus to school this morning (take)

2. The students ________ around the classroom yesterday (run)
3. When the weather was cold, everyone _________indoors (stay)
4. The boss ________ his employee, “you’re fired.” (tell)
5. Laura ________ frightened when she moved to the Prairie. (be)

Part 3: Change the sentence to negative

1. The students studied for the test.

_________________________________________

2. Tom thought his best friend was lying to him.

_______________________________________________

3. Ms. Cohen drove her car too fast.

__________________________________________________

4. Mary swam faster than the other people on the team.

___________________________________________________

Part 4: Answer the question

1. What time did you get up?
2. Where did you put your pencil?
3. How many students were absent yesterday?
4. Did the girls speak to the boys in the hall? (answer Yes . . . .)
5. Why did you come to America?

Part 5: Make a question about the words in bold print.

1. __________________________________________
(I wrote a letter to my penpal.)
2. __________________________________________________
(The books cost $5.00 each. )
3. __________________________________________________________
(Maria spoke to her boyfriend last night.)
4. _____________________________________________________________
Many of the students came from El Salavador.
5. _______________________________________________________________
(She stole the cookies because she was hungry.)

Session 7
Telling Past Story

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Analyze this following past funny story!`

At The Zoo

One day a clown was visiting the zoo and attempted to earn some money by
making a street performance. He acted and mimed perfectly some animal acts. As soon
as he started to drive a crowd, a zoo keeper grabbed him and dragged him into his
office. The zoo keeper explained to the clown that the zoo's most popular gorilla had
died suddenly and the keeper was fear that attendance at the zoo would fall off. So he
offered the clown a job to dress up as the gorilla until the zoo could get another one.
The clown accepted this great opportunity.
So the next morning the clown put on the gorilla suit and entered the cage
before the crowd came. He felt that it was a great job. He could sleep all he wanted,
played and made fun of people and he drove bigger crowds than he ever did as a clown.
He pretended the gorilla successfully.
However, eventually the crowds were tired of him for just swinging on tires. He
began to notice that the people were paying more attention to the lion in the next cage.
Not wanting to lose the attention of his audience, he decided to make a spectacular
performance. He climbed to the top of his cage, crawled across a partition, and dangled
from the top to the lion's cage. Of course, this made the lion furious, but the crowd
people loved it.
At the end of the day the zoo keeper came and gave him a raise for being such a
good attraction. Well, this went on for some time, he kept taunting the lion, the
audience crowd grew a larger, and his salary kept going up. Then one terrible day
happened. When he was dangling over the furious lion, he slipped and fell into the lion
cage. The clown was really in big terrible situation. He was terrified.
Sooner the lion gathered itself and prepared to pounce. The clown was so
scared. He could do nothing and he began to run round and round the cage with the lion
close and closer behind. Finally, the lion could catch him. The clown started screaming
and yelling, "Help me, help me!", but the lion was quick and pounces. The clown soon
found himself flat on his back looking up at the angry lion and suddenly he heard a voice
from the lion’s mouth;"Shut up you idiot! Do you want to get us both fired?”

Session 8
3. Simple Present continuous
The functions:

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a. Use to talk about actions that are happening right now
 I am talking.
 A porter is carrying the boxes.
 Neng Euis is waiting for her boyfriend.
 We are studying English now.
b. Use to talk about something that is happening these days, but not necessarily
right now
 My brother is working at Hasan Sadikin Hospital.
 Mr. Ujang and Mr. Asep are studying at Harvard University.
 She is writing her long story in a novel.

From the sentences above we can conclude that the formula of simple present
continuous is

S+to be (are/am/is)+Ving

Exercises:
Translate these following sentences into English and then change into negative and
interrogative.
- Ayahku sedang mempelajari ilmu teknik pangan.
- Seorang dokter sedang menulis sebuah resep.
- Seorang manajer sedang menawarkan sebuah pekerjaan kepada
seseorang.
- Para mahasiswa sedang mendengarkan pidato seorang professor.

Session 9
Simple past continuous

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Function: To show what somebody was doing at a particular time in the past, we use
the Past Continuous Tense.
For example:

They were playing football yesterday afternoon.

I was listening to the music at home last Sunday.

My son was sleeping when I arrived at home last night.

When I knocked her door yesterday, she was watching TV in the bed room.

My sister was talking with her friends while my father was drinking a cup of coffee.

The formula

S+to be (was/were)+Ving

Exercises
Translate these following sentences into English:

1. Saya sedang melakukan penelitian kemarin pagi.

2. Ketika Ana sedang meracik obat, Ani memanggilnya.
3. Tono datang ke rumahku ketika aku sedang menanam pohon.
4. Seorang Asisten farmasi sedang menata obat-obatan, sementara itu
apotekernya sedang menelfon seseorang.

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Session 10

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Telling the Time

Asking the time

Here are some phrases you can use when you want to know the time:

 What's the time?

 What time is it?
 Have you got the right time?
 What time do you make it?

Telling the time

To tell someone what the time is, we can say "The time is..." or, more usually, "It's...". Here is a
typical dialogue:

Question: What's the time, please?

Answer: It's three o'clock.

The chart below shows you two different ways to tell someone what the time is.

more formal less formal

It's... It's...
3.00 three o'clock three
3.03 three minutes past three three three
3.05 five past three three five
3.10 ten past three three ten
3.15 a quarter past three three fifteen
3.21 twenty-one minutes past three three twenty-one
3.25 twenty-five past three three twenty-five
3.30 half past three three thirty
3.35 twenty-five to four three thirty-five
3.40 twenty to four three forty
3.45 a quarter to four three forty-five
3.50 ten to four three fifty
3.55 five to four three fifty-five
3.57 three minutes to four three fifty-seven
3.58 nearly four o'clock three fifty-eight
4.00 four o'clock four
 

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What time is it?

No Time More formal Less Formal

1 08.14
2 12.30
3 09.15
4 06.34
5 10.25
6 02.45
7 04.00
8 05.13
9 11.50
10 03.33

Answer these questions!

What time do you usually get up?

What time do you usually have lunch?
What time do you usually go to campus on Saturday?

Session 11
Simple Future

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Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the
two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very
different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with
time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer
to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will

[will + verb]

Examples:

 You will help him later.

 Will you help him later?
 You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To

[am/is/are + going to + verb]

Examples:

 You are going to meet Jane tonight.

 Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
 You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

Complete List of Simple Future Forms

USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is
one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to
someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that
someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or
"won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.

Examples:

 I will send you the information when I get it.

 I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
 Will you help me move this heavy table?
 Will you make dinner?
 I will not do your homework for you.

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 I won't do all the housework myself!
 A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
 A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
 A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.

USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise

"Will" is usually used in promises.

Examples:

 I will call you when I arrive.

 If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has
access to inexpensive health insurance.
 I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
 Don't worry, I'll be careful.
 I won't tell anyone your secret.

USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person
intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or
not.

Examples:

 He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.

 She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
 A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
 I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
 Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
 They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
 Who are you going to invite to the party?
 A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.

USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction

Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the
future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction"
sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3
do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.

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Examples:

 The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.

 The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.

 John Smith will be the next President.

 John Smith is going to be the next President.

 The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.

 The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.

IMPORTANT

In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often,
there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.

No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time
expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc.
Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.

Examples:

 When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
 When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only,
never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

 You will never help him.

 Will you ever help him?

 You are never going to meet Jane.

 Are you ever going to meet Jane?

Session 12

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Modal Auxiliaries

Other helping verbs, called modal auxiliaries or modals, such as can, could, may, might,
must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would, do not change form for different subjects.
For instance, try substituting any of these modal auxiliaries for can with any of the
subjects listed below.

I
you (singular)
he
can write well.
we
you (plural)
they

There is also a separate section on the Modal Auxiliaries, which divides these verbs into
their various meanings of necessity, advice, ability, expectation, permission, possibility,
etc., and provides sample sentences in various tenses. See the section on Conditional
Verb Forms for help with the modal auxiliary would. The shades of meaning among
modal auxiliaries are multifarious and complex. Most English-as-a-Second-Language
textbooks will contain at least one chapter on their usage. For more advanced students,
A University Grammar of English, by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum, contains an
excellent, extensive analysis of modal auxiliaries.

The analysis of Modal Auxiliaries is based on a similar analysis in The Scott, Foresman
Handbook for Writers by Maxine Hairston and John J. Ruszkiewicz. 4th ed. HarperCollins:
New York. 1996. The description of helping verbs on this page is based on The Little,
Brown Handbook by H. Ramsay Fowler and Jane E. Aaron, & Kay Limburg. 6th ed.
HarperCollins: New York. 1995. By permission of Addison-Wesley Educational
Publishers Inc. Examples in all cases are our own.

Uses of Can and Could

The modal auxiliary can is used

 to express ability (in the sense of being able to do something or

knowing how to do something):
He can speak Spanish but he can't write it very well.
 to expression permission (in the sense of being allowed or permitted
to do something):
Can I talk to my friends in the library waiting room? (Note that can is
less formal than may. Also, some writers will object to the use of can in
this context.)
 to express theoretical possibility:
American automobile makers can make better cars if they think there's

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a profit in it.

The modal auxiliary could is used

 to express an ability in the past:

I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids.
 to express past or future permission:
Could I bury my cat in your back yard?
 to express present possibility:
We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking.
 to express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances:
If he studied harder, he could pass this course.

In expressing ability, can and could frequently also imply willingness: Can you
help me with my homework?

Can versus May

Whether the auxiliary verb can can be used to express permission or not —
"Can I leave the room now?" ["I don't know if you can, but you may."] —
depends on the level of formality of your text or situation. As Theodore
Bernstein puts it in The Careful Writer, "a writer who is attentive to the
proprieties will preserve the traditional distinction: can for ability or power to
do something, may for permission to do it.

The question is at what level can you safely ignore the "proprieties." Merriam-
Webster's Dictionary, tenth edition, says the battle is over and can can be
used in virtually any situation to express or ask for permission. Most
authorities, however, recommend a stricter adherence to the distinction, at
least in formal situations.

Authority: The Careful Writer by Theodore Bernstein. The Free Press: New
York. 1998. p. 87.

Uses of May and Might

Two of the more troublesome modal auxiliaries are may and might. When
used in the context of granting or seeking permission, might is the past tense
of may. Might is considerably more tentative than may.

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 May I leave class early?

 If I've finished all my work and I'm really quiet, might I leave early?

In the context of expressing possibility, may and might are interchangeable

present and future forms and might + have + past participle is the past form:

 She might be my advisor next semester.

 She may be my advisor next semester.
 She might have advised me not to take biology.

Avoid confusing the sense of possibility in may with the implication of might,
that a hypothetical situation has not in fact occurred. For instance, let's say
there's been a helicopter crash at the airport. In his initial report, before all
the facts are gathered, a newscaster could say that the pilot "may have been
injured." After we discover that the pilot is in fact all right, the newscaster can
now say that the pilot "might have been injured" because it is a hypothetical
situation that has not occurred. Another example: a body had been identified
after much work by a detective. It was reported that "without this painstaking
work, the body may have remained unidentified." Since the body was, in fact,
identified, might is clearly called for.

Uses of Will and Would

In certain contexts, will and would are virtually interchangeable, but there are
differences. Notice that the contracted form 'll is very frequently used for will.

Will can be used to express willingness:

 I'll wash the dishes if you dry.

 We're going to the movies. Will you join us?

It can also express intention (especially in the first person):

 I'll do my exercises later on.

and prediction:

 specific: The meeting will be over soon.

 timeless: Humidity will ruin my hairdo.
 habitual: The river will overflow its banks every spring.

Would can also be used to express willingness:

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 Would you please take off your hat?

It can also express insistence (rather rare, and with a strong stress on the word
"would"):

 Now you've ruined everything. You would act that way.

and characteristic activity:

 customary: After work, he would walk to his home in West Hartford.

 typical (casual): She would cause the whole family to be late, every time.

In a main clause, would can express a hypothetical meaning:

 My cocker spaniel would weigh a ton if I let her eat what she wants.

Finally, would can express a sense of probability:

 I hear a whistle. That would be the five o'clock train.

Uses of Used to

The auxiliary verb construction used to is used to express an action that took place in
the past, perhaps customarily, but now that action no longer customarily takes place:

 We used to take long vacation trips with the whole family.

The spelling of this verb is a problem for some people because the "-ed" ending quite
naturally disappears in speaking: "We yoostoo take long trips." But it ought not to
disappear in writing. There are exceptions, though. When the auxiliary is combined
with another auxiliary, did, the past tense is carried by the new auxiliary and the "-ed"
ending is dropped. This will often happen in the interrogative:

 Didn't you use to go jogging every morning before breakfast?

 It didn't use to be that way.

Used to can also be used to convey the sense of being accustomed to or familiar with
something:

 The tire factory down the road really stinks, but we're used to it by now.
 I like these old sneakers; I'm used to them.

Used to is best reserved for colloquial usage; it has no place in formal or academic text.

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Session 13: Present perfect

Present Perfect

FORM

[has/have + past participle]

Examples:

 You have seen that movie many times.

 Have you seen that movie many times?
 You have not seen that movie many times.

Complete List of Present Perfect Forms

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time
before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with
specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child,
when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present
Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several
times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

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Examples:

 I have seen that movie twenty times.

 I think I have met him once before.
 There have been many earthquakes in California.
 People have traveled to the Moon.
 People have not traveled to Mars.
 Have you read the book yet?
 Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
 A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to
associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the
experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain
experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

 I have been to France.

This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe
you have been there once, or several times.
 I have been to France three times.
You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
 I have never been to France.
This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
 I think I have seen that movie before.
 He has never traveled by train.
 Joan has studied two foreign languages.
 A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period
of time.

Examples:

 You have grown since the last time I saw you.

 The government has become more interested in arts education.

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 Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the
Asian studies program was established.
 My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and
humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

 Man has walked on the Moon.

 Our son has learned how to read.
 Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
 Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not
happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to
happen.

Examples:

 James has not finished his homework yet.

 Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
 Bill has still not arrived.
 The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have
occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not
complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

 The army has attacked that city five times.

 I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
 We have had many major problems while working on this project.
 She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why
she is sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

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When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point
in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not
important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do
this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so
far, up to now, etc.

Examples:

 Have you been to Mexico in the last year?

 I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
 They have had three tests in the last week.
 She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for
three different companies so far.
 My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the
year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the
last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it
requires Present Perfect.

Examples:

 I went to Mexico last year.

I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
 I have been to Mexico in the last year.
I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and
now.

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the
Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until

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now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which
can be used with the Present Perfect.

Examples:

 I have had a cold for two weeks.

 She has been in England for six months.
 Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs
and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study"
are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only,
never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

 You have only seen that movie one time.

 Have you only seen that movie one time?

Session 14
Active-passive voice

The passive forms of a verb are created by combining a form of the "to be verb"
with the past participle of the main verb.

to be + past participle

How to form a passive sentence when an active sentence is given:

- object of the "active" sentence becomes subject in the "passive" sentence
- subject of the "active" sentence becomes "object" in the "passive" sentence" (or is left
out)

Active: Peter builds a house.

Passive: A house is built by Peter.

Tense Subject Auxiliary Past 

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Singular Plural Participle

Present The car/cars is Are designed.
Present perfect The car/cars has been have been designed.
Past The car/cars was Were designed.
Past perfect The car/cars had been had been designed.
Future The car/cars will be will be designed.
Future perfect The car/cars will have been will have been designed.
Present progressive The car/cars is being are being designed.
Past progressive The car/cars was being were being designed.

A sentence cast in the passive voice will not always include an agent of the action.
For instance if a gorilla crushes a tin can, we could say "The tin can was crushed by the
gorilla." But a perfectly good sentence would leave out the gorilla: "The tin can was
crushed." Also, when an active sentence with an indirect object is recast in the passive,
the indirect object can take on the role of subject in the passive sentence:

Active Professor Villa gave Jorge an A.

Passive An A was given to Jorge by Professor Villa.
Passive Jorge was given an A.

Exercises of passive voice

1. The student completes a task during the holiday.

2. He flew the plane yesterday.

3. They dreamt something beautiful.

4. Mr. Malon teaches them every Tuesday.

5. The lecturer is keeping the book on the shelf.

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6. They were choosing clothes for party.

7. People grow rice in Sukoharjo.

8. People will meet him at UNFARI.

9. You would find something new at new place.

10. The president commands the soldiers to attack Iraq.

11. I froze the meat in the refrigerator.

12. She burnt something in the bedroom.

13. The professor is putting glasses on the table.

14. Everyone can reach me at 085722514326

15. Someone must fix our car before we go to there.

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References:

Azar, Betty Schrampfer, 1941-Fundamentals of English grammar-3rd ed. USA.

Hornby, A.S. 1975. Guide to Pattern and Usage in English. Oxford, UK.
Bobrow, Jerry and Covino, William A. 1992. GMAT Preparation. Cliffs Notes, John and
Sons, New York.
Chalker, Sylvia. 1992. A Student’s English Grammar Workbook. Longman, UK.
Fowler, W.S. 1985. New Proficiency of English book three. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.,
UK.
Greenbaum S. & Quirk R. (1990). A Student’s Grammar of the English Language.
Longman, London.
Mackenzie. M.D.M. 1970. Practicing English Tenses. The MacMillan Press Ltd., London.
Murphy, Raymond. 1990. English Grammar in use. Cambridge University Press.
Murchia, M.C. and Freeman D.L. 1983. The Grammar Book: An ESL/EFL. Teacher’s
Course. Newbury House Publishers, Inc., London.
Quirk, R. and Greenbaum, S. 1973. A University Grammar of English. Longman Group
Ltd. UK.
Reinhart, Susan M. 1993. Testing Young Grammar. the University of Michigan, USA.
Sharpe, Pamela J. 1995. Barron’s Student’s # 1 Choice TOEFL. Barron’s Educational Series
Publication.
Swan, Michael. 1980. Practical English Usage. Oxford University Press.

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Thomson, A.J. and Martinet A.V. 1986. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford University
Press

Internet

http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/grammar/preposition.asp

http://wiki.nectec.or.th/setec/Knowledge/GreetingandSelfIntroduction

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplefuture.html

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