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Chapter - 8 - Chemical - Reactions - and - Equations 2
Chapter - 8 - Chemical - Reactions - and - Equations 2
chemical change: produces one or more new substances with new properties,
characteristics, etc…
the new substance can longer be returned to its original form
A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances are converted into new
substances with different physical and chemical properties.
DEMO
Reactants Products
Symbol Meaning
(s) Solid
(l) Liquid
(g) Gas
(aq) Dissolved in water (aqueous solution)
yields
↔ reversible reaction
Δ, heat reactants are heated
Catalyst added to speed up a rxn
Homework
1. What is a chemical reaction?
2. When water boils on a stove does a chemical change or physical change take place?
3. Give four examples of evidence that suggests a chemical change is occurring.
4. When propane gas, C3H8, is burned with oxygen, the products are carbon dioxide and
water. Write an unbalanced formula equation including physical states for the reaction.
5. What does “Mn” above the arrow in a formula equation mean?
6. What symbol is used in a chemical equation to indicate “produces” or “yields”?
7. Solid silicon and solid magnesium chloride form when silicon tetrachloride gas reacts
with magnesium metal. Write a word equation and an unbalanced formula equation
including physical states.
8. Magnesium oxide forms from magnesium metal and oxygen gas. Write a word equation
and an unbalanced formula equation including physical states.
9. Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, is produced through the reaction between tetraphosphorus
decoxide and water. Write an unbalanced formula equation including physical states for
the reaction.
10. Aluminum reacts with oxygen to produce aluminum oxide. Write an unbalanced formula
equation including physical states for the reaction.
8.2 BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
HINTS
1. Balance by inspection
2. Simplest whole number ratio of atoms
3. Save hydrogen and oxygen for last
4. Balance using polyatomic ions to save time
5. Odd-Even Technique (Use fractions to balance then multiply by 2).
6. 7 diatomic elements ONLY WHEN ALONE (H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2)
More Examples
KClO3 KCl + O2
Fe + H2O Fe3O4 + H2
1. Solid mercury II oxide decomposes to produce liquid mercury metal and gaseous
oxygen
2. Solid carbon reacts with gaseous oxygen to produce gaseous carbon dioxide
3. Solid zinc is added to an aqueous solution containing dissolved hydrogen chloride to
produce gaseous hydrogen that bubbles out of solution and zinc chloride that remains
dissolved in water
Write the formula equation for the following reactions and balance:
2. When heated, calcium carbonate decomposes to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
4. Zinc reacts with copper (II) nitrate to form zinc nitrate and copper.
5. When heated, calcium sulfite decomposes to form calcium oxide and sulfur dioxide.
6. Iron reacts with sulfuric acid to form iron (II) sulfate and hydrogen gas.
7. Manganese (II) iodide decomposes when exposed to light to form manganese and iodine.
8. Lead (II) acetate reacts with zinc to produce zinc acetate and lead.
Combustion Reactions
A combustion reaction is a reaction of a carbon-based compound (Hydrocarbon) with oxygen.
Carbon-based cmpd + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
A + X AX
Ex) Fe + S FeS
Ex) H2O + SO3 H2SO4
Decomposition Reactions
One substance breaks down to form two or more simpler substances.
AX A + X
1. Metallic carbonates, when heated, form metallic oxides and carbon dioxide.
2. Metallic hydroxides, when heated, decompose into metallic oxides and water.
4. Some acids, when heated, decompose into nonmetallic oxides and water.
A + BX AX + B
Y + BX X + BY
The possibility of a single replacement reaction taking place depends upon the
relative activities of the elements involved. Refer to the activity series chart
(handout or page 281 textbook) to complete reactions.
4. Replacement of halogens.
AX + BY AY + BX
Some chemical reactions do not fit nicely into one of the four categories of chemical reactions.
This different class of reactions is called REDOX reactions, which will be discussed, in later
chapters.
4) Mercury + oxygen
9) Water (electrolyzed)
• Spectator ions remain unchanged in the solution as aqueous ions. They do not react.
CANCEL THEM OUT
2K+ (aq) + 2I– (aq) + Pb2+ (aq) + 2NO31- (aq) ® PbI2(aq) + 2K+ (aq) + 2NO31-(aq)
• The net ionic equation is the chemical equation that shows only the net change.
2I–(aq) + Pb2+ (aq) ® PbI2(s)
DO MORE EXAMPLES
potassium sulfate and barium nitrate
sodium carbonate and calcium chloride
Solubility Rules
1. All salts of Group IA, and ammonium are soluble.
2. All salts of nitrates, chlorates and acetates are soluble.
3. All salts of halides are soluble except those of silver(I), copper(I), lead(II), and
mercury(I).
4. All salts of sulfate are soluble except for barium sulfate, lead(II) sulfate, and strontium
sulfate.
5. All salts of carbonate, phosphate and sulfite are insoluble, except for those of group IA
and ammonium.
6. All oxides and hydroxides are insoluble except for those of group IA, calcium,
strontium and barium.
7. All salts of sulfides and insoluble except for those of Group IA and IIA elements and
of ammonium.