ROMERO, JOHN JOSEPH S.

03/21/20

MT 13-B1

ASSIGNMENT 2: DECK-WATCH KEEPING

RULE #04

1. Give examples of “any condition of visibility”.

 every vessel which hears apparently forward of her beam the fog signal of another
vessel, or which cannot avoid a close-quarters situation with another vessel forward of
her beam, shall reduce her speed to be the minimum at which she can be kept on her
course. She shall if necessary, take all her way off and in any event navigate with
extreme caution until danger of collision is over.
2. What periods of time may be exempted from this Rule?
 when navigating in or near an area of restricted visibility.

RULE #05

3. When are the most ideal time and conditions for the look-out be posted?
 Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight as well as by hearing as
well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions
so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.
4. What is the important guidance, arrangements and principles in watchkeeping?
 1 proper arrangements for watchkeeping personnel shall be ensured in accordance with
the situations;
 2 any limitation in qualifications or fitness of individuals shall be taken into account
when deploying watchkeeping personnel;
 3 understanding of watchkeeping personnel regarding their individual roles,
responsibility and team roles shall be established;
 4 the master, chief engineer officer and officer in charge of watch duties shall maintain a
proper watch, making the most effective use of the resources available, such as
information, installations/equipment and other personnel;
 5 watchkeeping personnel shall understand functions and operation of
installations/equipment, and be familiar with handling them.
5. How do you determine the expression “Full appraisal of the situation”?
 It means visiting to check the situation.

RULE #06

6. How do you quantify a ship’s speed as safe speed?

 Generally, a 'safe speed' is a reduced speed, because: In most cases, if either ship
reduces speed, their closest point of approach (CPA) will increase. The risk of collision
will then reduce. It gives you more time to think and to act.
7. When do you use the engine telegraph as officer of the watch?
 the telegraph on board ship is used as a communicating device to transfer orders of
change in speed or direction from the bridge to the engine control room.
 8. How do you define “Crash Stop”?
 Crash stop is usually the term used when the ship has to sudden stop in emergency
situation.
9. What is the normal range of detection to be considered dangerous to navigation for small
icebergs of sufficient size?
 about 4 miles
10. How does hydrodynamic interaction affect vessel maneuverability? Describe some incidents
which illustrate dangers to navigation.
 The hydrodynamic interaction between two large vessels can't be neglected when
interaction forces between two large vessels are described and illustrated it may
encounter a dangerous tendency of grounding or collision due to the combined effect of
the interaction between ships and external forces.

RULE #07

11. How far apart must vessels be to consider that risk of collision exists?
 16 miles apart heading for the same position.
12. How do you define “all available means”?
 clearly includes technology such as ECDIS installed on vessels designed to aid navigation
and/or plot the position, speed and direction of potential collision risks.
13. Is the use of radar always necessary to meet the definition “appropriate to the prevailing
circumstances? Why?
 Vessels must use all available means to determine the risk of a collision, including
the use of radar (if available) to get early warning of the risk of collision by radar plotting
or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects.
14. Give appropriate rules in Colregs that contain specific references to the use of radar.
 Rule 19 states every vessel should proceed at a safe speed adapted to prevailing
circumstances and restricted visibility. A vessel detecting by radar another vessel should
determine if there is risk of collision and if so, take avoiding action.
15. How do you explain the term “equivalent systematic observation of detected objects”?
 In accordance with Rule 7 (b) (Risk of collision), proper use shall be made of radar
equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early
warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of
detected objects.
16. What are the principles of relative plotting?
 In radar plotting, we use the relative approach of the targets. It is the easiest ... Applying
the below principle is one of the ways.
17. How do you explain the term “assumptions on scanty information”?
 It is when the information is of poor quality and where more information must be
gathered to determine the risk of collision.
18. Cite one example that contributes to scanty information.
 Scanty information is when an officer of the watch fails to determine accurately
and with a satisfying degree of certainty whether there is a risk of collision.
19. How do you determine that the approaching targets have no appreciable change of compass
bearing?
 if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change.
20. What risks are associated with changing of bearing?
 risk of collision 

21. What is the ideal degree of change of bearing to a range closes from 2 miles to 1 mile and if
the nearest approach is only 0.1 mile or 200 meters?
 BLANK

RULE #08

22. How do you explain the term “positive, ample time and due regard to the observance of good
seamanship”?
 Good seamanship generally means skill in and knowledge of the work of navigating,
maintaining, and operating a vessel. A good seamanship is the resultant behavior that
can be expected from an average good masters or officer.
23. Cite one situation resulting to “Dangers of Conflicting Action in Collision Avoidance”.
 Conflicting actions may occur in head-on or near head-on encounters where one ship
takes avoiding action by turning to port and the other ship by turning to starboard.
24. What do you mean by the term “large enough to be readily apparent”?
 It means to observe visually or by radar the small vessel.
25. How does Rule8(b) relate to the adherence on Cockroft and Lameijer Diagram in Rule 19?
  to avoid collision are included together with a maneuvering diagram.
26. What do you mean by the term “if the circumstances of the case admit”?
 is basically an escape clause for the vessel to not take action as required by that
particular rule. But in order for the vessel to use this escape clause, there has to be a
justifiable reason to do so.
27. What is the acceptable degree of alteration of course to satisfy the term “to be readily
apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar”?
 10 degree
28. How far will your ship be to be considered at the outer limits in restricted visibility when at
open sea?
 As far as possible.
29. Which situations can you apply effectively for the alteration of course over the change of
speed, vis-a-vis?
  In accordance with Rule 8 (b) (Action to avoid collision), any alteration of
course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be
large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar.
 30. What distance is considered as “passing at a safe distance”?
 The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finally
past and clear.
31. What is the relevance of Rule 8(d) to Rule 17(a)(ii)?
 The relevance is action to avoid collision.
32. How do you determine the term “effectiveness of the action to be checked”?
 The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finally
past and clear.
33. What is the relevance of Rule 8(e) to Rule 19(b) and 19(e)?
 The relevance of rule 8e to rule 19b and 19e is the ship should take action ahead to
prevent collision.

34. What do you mean by “taking all way off”?

 to bring the vessel to a complete halt, usually by stopping the engines or applying astern
propulsion (propelling the ship "backwards" or "putting it in reverse").

35. Cite some methods of taking all way off?

 shall slacken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of
propulsion.
36. How does Rule 8(e) apply to sailing vessels?
 If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to asses the situation, a vessel may
slacken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.
37. What do you mean by “not to impede”?
 Action required not to impede the safe passage of another vessel. Therefore, vessels
which have been required to keep out of the way of other vessels may not hinder the
passage of another vessel.
38. What is the difference between “not to impede the passage” and “not to impede the safe
passage”?
 Not to impede Passage means not to come to a situation where risk of collisions arises
and never to impede passage; its like always the give away vessel.
39. What is the relevance of rule 8f to rule 17a?
 The vessel of this rules should impede the passage or safe passage to avoid collision.

RULE 9

40. Differentiate narrow channel from fairway.

 The fairway is considered to be the deep water channel which be marked by broken
lines on the chart for use by large vessels whereas the term narrow channel refer to
whole width of navigable water b/w the lines of the bouys.
41. What do you mean by “Proceeding along the course of a narrow channel”?
 A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near
to the outer limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe
and practicable. ... By keeping on the starboard side of the narrow channel or fairway
vessels will avoid collision situations from developing.
42. Explain the term “Keep as near to the outer limit of the channel”.
 A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near
to the outer limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe
and practicable. Keeping to the outer limit provides more room for passing ships on a
reciprocal course.
43. How can the Use of Radar become important in determining the correct side and safe limit of
the course?
 It is designed for detecting and tracking targets a considerable distance. Needless to say,
it's of great practical value to the navigators. Proper use of radar and radar plotting aids
in both restricted visibility and clear weather can help prevent collisions and ensure the
safety of the ship.
44. What is the difference between Rule 25 (c) and Rule 12 in Section II of Part B in terms of sailing
vessels?
 BLANK
45. Are small vessels and sailings vessels required to avoid impeding the passage of all power-
driven vessels of over 20 meters in length when in narrow channel?
 A vessel of less than 20 meters in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the passage
of a vessel which  that can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.
46. When can a fishing vessel be engaged in fishing in a channel or fairway?
  Fishing vessels are therefore only permitted to fish in a channel or fairway when they
are able to get an early indication of the approach of other vessels which will enable
them to clear the passage in sufficient time
47. How can you determine if a fishing vessel impedes the passage of any other vessel navigating
within a narrow channel or fairway?
 Fishing vessels "shall not impede the passage of any vessel following a traffic lane" but
are not banned from fishing. This is in line with Rule 9 which states that "a vessel
engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a
narrow channel or fairway."
48. When can a power-driven vessel cross the fairway or narrow channel?
 a vessel (vessel A) shall not cross a narrow channel or fairway if such crossing impedes
the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway
(vessel B). 
49. What sound signals can be used by a vessel crossing the channel in a restricted visibility? What
specific rule should these sound signals conform with?
 Sound Signals in Restricted Visibility (b) A power-driven vessel underway but stopped
and making no way through the water shall sound at intervals of no more than 2
minutes two prolonged blasts in succession with an interval of about 2 seconds between
them.
 50. What are the procedures to be adopted when overtaking as described in Rule 9(e)i?
 The vessel to be overtaken shall, if in agreement, sound the appropriate signal
prescribed in Rule 34(c)(ii) and take steps to permit safe passing. If in doubt she may
sound the signals prescribed in Rule 34(d). (ii) This rule does not relieve the overtaking
vessel of her obligation under Rule 13.
51. What are the different roles of the vessel overtaking and the vessel overtaken?
 ColRegs Rule 13 governs overtaking situations and states that, “any vessel overtaking
any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.”
52. What form of communication that supplements the use of whistle signals?
 Signals
53. What sound signals are prescribed under Rule 34(e)?
  one short blast to mean "I am altering my course to starboard"; - two short blasts to
mean "I am altering my course to port"; - three short blasts to mean "I am operating
astern propulsion".
54. What will you do when the other vessel on the bend cannot answer the prescribed blast?
 This signal shall be answered with a prolonged blast by any approaching vessel that may
be within hearing around the bend or behind.
55. How do you interpret the term “cut the corner” during the passage in a fairway?
 BLANK
56. How do you maneuver your vessel when going against the tide?
 Your approach will need to be very parallel to the berth, which will require a sharp turn,
bringing the bow up into the wind, and will need to be at a speed over the ground that
gives sufficient steerage way to have control until the point at which a big burst of
reverse power used to stop the boat.
57. How do you avoid anchoring in a narrow channel that will impede the safe passage of other
vessels?
 A vessel shall not cross a narrow channel or fairway if such crossing impedes the
passage of a vessel that can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway.
58. And if necessary to do so, how will a ship not obstruct the flow of traffic?
 A Vessel shall normally join the sea termination of the sea lane, but when joining or
leaving from the side, it must do so at a small angle to the general direction of traffic
flow a practicable.

RULE 10

59. What ColReg amendment does the expression “and does not relieve any vessel of her
obligation under any other Rule” add to this paragraph?
 BLANK
60. What are the uses of a Routeing System?
 The purpose of ship's routeing is to improve the safety of navigation in converging areas
and in areas where the density of traffic is great or where freedom of movement of
shipping is inhibited by restricted sea-room
61. What is the difference between the paragraph b and paragraph h?
 BLANK
62. Can you consider a vessel using an inshore traffic zone is in the context of paragraph b?
 YES
63. Which type of vessels are NOT exempted from complying with Rule 10?
 A vessel of less than 20metres in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the safe
passage of a power-driven vessel following a traffic lane.
64. Why was sub-paragraph (iii) was amended in 1981?
 BLANK
65. What is implied when you cross the traffic lane?
 In accordance with Rule 10 (a) (Traffic Separation Schemes), when vessel crossing traffic
lanes in accordance with Rule 10 (Traffic separation scheme) and risk of collision with
other vessel exists
66. When do you apply the requirement to cross as nearly as practicable at right angles to the
general direction of traffic flow?
 In accordance with Rule 10 (c) (Traffic separation schemes), vessel shall so far as
practicable avoid crossing traffic lanes, but if obliged to do so shall cross on a heading as
nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.
67. Why was the word “heading” added to the 1987 amendments?
 BLANK

68. What is the importance of “inshore traffic zone” in the 1989 amendment?
 It was also to clarify that if a vessel is obliged to cross traffic lanes it should do so as
nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of the traffic flow. In 1989
Regulation 10 was further amended to clarify the vessels which may use the "inshore
traffic zone."
69. Which type of vessels are permitted to proceed in the ITZ?
 Vessels may use an ITZ where necessary to seek shelter from weather, and whilst in
an ITZ vessels may be encountered heading in any direction.
70. What is the difference between the separation zone and separation lane?
 A traffic separation zone is a zone separating the lanes in which ships are proceeding in
opposite o r nearly opposite directions; or separating traffic lanes designated for
particular classes of ships proceeding in the same direction.
71. Which type of vessels are permitted to utilize the separation zone?
 BLANK
72. What is the difference between converging and diverging traffic near the terminations?
 BLANK
73. What will your ship do when approaching the areas near the terminations during the
restricted visibility?
 Reduce Speed: Reduce the speed of the ship depending on the visibility level. If the
visibility is less, bring down the ship to maneuvering RPM.
74. Why is anchoring in a TSS or in areas near its termination prohibited?
 A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid anchoring in a traffic separation scheme or in
areas near its terminations. Meaning: No anchoring is permitted within the TSS or
around its terminations, except in emergencies when a ship may anchor – please make
sure about the extreme emergency.
75. What do you mean by the phrase “so far as practicable”?
 It means that it is ok if the vessel experienced it already.
76. What specific activities of a vessel that can be considered “not using a traffic separation
scheme?
 Emergencies or for fishing activities.
77. Why is Rule 10(h) NOT applicable if there is a mandatory requirement to use the TSS?
 If a vessel is not going to use the TSS, then they should be as far away as possible from
the TSS, this so that they do not cause confusion for the ships which are heading to or
leaving the TSS.
78. What is the difference of paragraph (c) from this paragraph?
 BLANK
79. What do you mean by the expression “shall not impede the passage”?
 It means not to be slow because it can affect the flow of the another vessel.
80. How does this paragraph conform to Rule 8(f)?
 BLANK
81. How do you differentiate the expression “shall not impede the passage” from “shall not
impede the safe passage”?
 It means not to be slow because it can affect the flow of the another vessel, and also to
avoid the risk of collision.
82. How paragraphs Rule10(e) and 10(j) comply with Rule 8(f)?
 Those paragraph are interconnected to each other.
83. If paragraph j is intend to not impede the safe passage of a power-driven vessel, how about to
some other types of vessels?
 It is all the same.
84. Why are activities in paragraphs (k) and (l) exempted from complying with this Rule?
 Because it is stated in the rules.
85. How can a vessel be informed about such activities as such in the TSS?
 By using signals, lights, and shapes.