Name: Fani Nurwatingsih

Class: 1A

NIM: P1337420419001/ 01

RESUME ABOUT: INFINITIVE, TO INFINITIVE, AND GERUND

1. INFINITIVE

 Definition

Infinitive is a basic verb that has not changed form, either because of changes in time
(tenses) or the addition of the suffix -s / es / ies ".

This verb in some references is often referred to as the first verb form abbreviated as
"V1" For example: see (melihat); bear (mendengar); look (melihat); go (pergi); to smoke
(merokok); to read (membaca); to speak (mendengar); etc.

 The Kind of Infinitive

In general, the types of infinitives (basic verbs) are divided into 2 (two) types, namely:

1. Bare Infinitive / Infinitive without To (Infinitive verb without to)

2. Infinitive with To (Infinitive verbs followed to)

1) Bare Infinitive (Infinitive without To)

Bare Infinitive or Infinitive without To (the infinitive verb without to) is a basic verb that
is not preceded by the word to. This verb is also called the original verb.

For example: see; hear; look; go; smoke, read, speak, etc

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 Based on the structure of English sentences there are several functions of Bare
Infinitives that can be used, namely:

a. After auxiliary verbs, except to be (primary auxiliary), such as: can / could, shall /
should, will / would, may / might, etc.

Example:

o She can speak Mandarin and Japanese.

o I will go to Ambon.

b. After several groups of certain words, such as: watch, see, hear, observe, feel, please, listen,
etc.

Example of sentences :

o Please come here quickly.

o I saw the kittens run across the street.

c. If certain verbs above (watch, see, hear, observe, feel, listen) are used in passive
sentences, then to infinitive / infinitive with to must be used.

Example:

o He was seen to leave his apartment.

o The building is felt to shake.

c. Preceded by the words had better, had rather and would rather.

Example of sentences :

o You had better go to my house.

o They would rather stay at home.

d. It starts with the words need and dare in negative sentences and interrogative sentences

Example of sentences :

o I dare not tell it.

o They need not stay at your house.

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e. After the causative verbs (causative verbs), such as: have (command), get (command), let
(allow), want (want), help (help), etc.

Example:

o She let me go.

o He helps my brother hring the goods.

2) Infinitive with To (Infinitive verbs followed to)

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2. TO INFINITIVE

 Definition

To Infinitives is a basic verb that starts with the word "to" and usually functions as a normal
noun or verb that can be followed by an object.

This verb is often referred to as the Infinitive with To (Infinitive verbs with to).

For example: to see (see); to hear (hear); to look; to go; to smokr, to read, to speak, etc.

 Functions of To Infinitive

In its use in the sentence there are several functions of To Infinitive (infinitive with to) which are
used or used as follows:

a. Subject of Sentence.

Example:

o To swim is a good exercise.

o To say is easy.

b. Subjective Complement.

In this case, to infinitive is often used in conjunction with to be, such as: am, is, are, was, were
functioning to express a command, desire or necessity.

Example:

o I want to clean my room now.

o He is to go right now.

c. Complement to Verb (complement to verbs).

Example:

o promise to see him at the cafeteria.

o She appears to be a clever woman.

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d. Objective Complement.

Example:

o I order you to leave my sister.

o He wants you to help him.

e. Object to Preposition (object to prepositions)

Example of sentences :

o He is about to go to New Zealand.

o They desire nothing but to succeed.

o I do nothing except sing.

f. Adjective (adjective)

there are several kinds of To Infinitive functions as adjectives in English, as I mentioned below:

a. To Infinitive means passive, that is: to be... or interpreted actively to: to...

Example:

o He bought a magazine to read.

o I have a few words to say to you.

o This view is wonderful to see.

b. Gives the nature of the verb in the sense of purpose (purpose), cause or result.

Example:

o He came to see the ballet performance.

o I wept to see that accident.

o The man worked only to be defeated at least.

From some of the examples above the sentence can be said to be an infinitive function with to
as an additional adverb which explains the verb.

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c. Giving the nature of a noun in the sense of purpose or purpose.

Example:

o An apartment to let. (An apartment for rent) functions as an attribute.

o This apartment is to let. (This apartment is for rent.) function as a predicate.

The To Infinitive function at this time is to become an attribute or predicate in an English

sentence.

d. Giving the nature of adjectives in terms of things or intentions.

Example:

o Slow to speak and quick to hear.

o Shy to sing and brave to dance.

e. Form of exlamation / exclamation.

Example of sentences :

o Foolish fellow! To suppose that he could be pardoned!

o To think that he has edited!

f. To Infinitive is used together with the word too, which means: Too .... so that it is not ...

Formula: Too + Adjective + To Infinitive

Example of sentences :

o He is too sleepy to study in the afternoon.

o She is too shy to talk to you.

g. To Infinitive is often used together with the word enough which means: Enough ..., for ...

Formula To Infinitive: "Adjective Adverb + Noun + To Infinitive" or: "Enough + Noun + To

Infinitive".

example:

o He is old enough to understand this problem.

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 o They worked hard enough to build the building.

o I have enough sugar to make tea.

o She has enough room to sleep.

h. Behind the question words, such as when, where, how, who, whose, what and which.

Example of sentences :

o We don't know what to do.

o Jake doesn't know how to drive that car.

i. Behind some verbs with sentence patterns.

Formula: Subject + Verb + Pronoun / Noun + To Infinitive

Example:

o I want you to call me up tomorrow.

o He invited us to come to the barbecue tomorrow afternoon.

j. Behind adjectives in sentences.

Example of sentences:

o I'm sorry to hear the bad news.

o They are glad to me tyou here.

 Types of To Infinitive

Besides having Infinitive Types, we can also divide To Infinitive types into four types, namely:

A. Present To Infinitive

B. Continuous To Infinitive To Infinitive

C. Perfect To Infinitive

D. Passive To Infinitive.

A. Present To Infinitive

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To make the sentence Present Present Infinitive, add the word in front of the word "to".

- Example of sentences :

o I decided not to go to the tennis court.

o She told me not to close the window.

o It is right not to help others.

o The word not in the To Infinitive sentence is not the same as the word in negative
sentence.

- Example sentences To Infinitive:

o It is better not to go.

o Tell her not to come.

o She asked me not to watt.

- Example sentences Negative To Infinitive:

o It isn't better to go.

o Don't tell me to come.

o She didn't ask me to wait.

B. Continuous To Infinitive

There are 2 (two) types of Continuous To Infinitive types, namely:

Present Continuous To Infinitive and Perfect Continuous To Infinitive.

1) Present Continuous To Infinitive.

Present Continuous To Infinitive form is a form of To Infinitive which shows that an event or
action has occurred and is continuing.

Example:

o The man seems to be recovering from his illness. It looks like the man is getting better
from his illness.)

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 o The boy is likely to be waiting for you at the school. (The boy is apparently waiting for
you at school.)

2) Perfect Continuous To Infinitive.

The form of Perfect Continuous To Infinitive is a form of To Infinitive which shows that an event
or action has been completed.

Example:

o He suspects us to have been auarreling.

o We are happy to have been working with you.

C. Perfect To Infinitive

Perfect To Infinitive is a form of To Infinitive which indicates that an event or action stated by
To Infinitive occurred or was carried out earlier than the event or action stated by Finite Verb
(limited verb).

Example of sentences :

o I am sorry to have kept you waiting.

o She seems to have heard about it.

D. Passive To Infinitive

Forms of Passive To Infinitive can be divided into 2 (two) types, namely: Simple Passive To
Infinitive and Perfect Passive To Infinitive.

1. Simple Passive To Infinitive.

Simple Passive To Infinitive formula: To + be + Verb-3

Example:

o He doesn't think that there is anything to be said.

o She should be punished for being rude.

2. Perfect Passive To Infinitive.

Formula: To + Have + Been + Verb-3

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Example of sentences :

o This book is said to have been translated into many languages.

o This work ought to have been finished when our boss arrived.

3. GERUND

 Definition

Gerund is a form of verb that is given an additional letter -ing and functions as a noun or nouns.

The difference between gerund and present participle is that gerund is a kind of noun, but
present participle is a kind of adjective having a moderate meaning.

 Types of Gerunds

Gerunds are of three types, the types of gerunds are as I mentioned below:

1. Subjet of sentence (sentence subject).

2. Subjective complement.

3. Objective complement.

 Gerund shape

There are 2 (two) types of gerunds, namely:

1. The Perfect Gerund (Gerund Shaped Perfect Tense)

2. The Passive Gerund (Gerund Shaped Passive)

Do you want to know more details? Read the full explanation below:

1. The Perfect Gerund (Gerund Shaped Perfect Tense)

There are 2 (two) kinds of forms of gerund perfect tenses, namely:

 Present tense. For example: learning, (learning), walking (reading), reading (reading),
driving (driving).

 Perfect Tense. For example: having learned, having read, having written, having walked.

.The form of Perfect Gerunds is usually used to declare an event that occurs earlier than any
other event that follows it.

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Example of sentences:

o He regrets not having taken my advice.

o I don't remember having ever promised you that.

o She denied having been questioned by the police.

2. The Passive Gerund (Gerund Shaped Passive)

There are 2 (two) forms of passive gerund, namely:

 Present. For example: being written, being asked, being eaten.

 Perfect For example: having been written, having heen asked, having been eaten.

Example of sentences:

o I remembered being taken to Australia when I was small.

o Most children enjoy being taken to the zoo.

o She denied having been questioned by the police.

3. The Passive Gerund form is usually used behind verbs, such as: want, need, deserve, require,
etc.

Example of sentences:

o This car wants repairing.

o My teaching method needs improving.

o his problem requires studying with great.

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