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The development and

experimental assessment of
an analytical technique for
the determination of stresses
in mine winding drums
This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository

by the/an author.

Additional Information:

• A Doctoral Thesis. Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the award of Doctor of Philosophy at Loughborough University.

Metadata Record: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/28310

Publisher:
c R.S. de Andrade

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This item was submitted to Loughborough University as a PhD thesis by the
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 LOUGHBOROUGH
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
LIBRARY
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17 1991
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,
 THE DEVELOPMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF
AN ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF STRESSES IN MINE WINDING DRUMS

by
RONALDO SOARES DE ANDRADE
8.Sc., M.Sc., M.Tech.

A Doctoral Thesis

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of

Doctor of Philosophy of the Loughborough University of Technology

February 1982

'.

~ by R.S. de Andrade, 1982

 •
~ghuoroU9h U:"1tV\t.;-a!tw
.f T !lCh:L:t.:.' i ' :"'ii>rerJ
.,.-:.--
I-~" M~ ~z.
Clus
Acc.
"le. 1~7llo 1'1-
t
To Joana, Mariana, Daniel and Gabriel
 '.
i

AKNOULEDGEflENTS

I wish to thank the Brazilian Government who through the Conselho

Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) and the
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro provided me with the necessary
financial support to carry out this study.

My thanks also to M.B. Wild and Company Limited, 'Birmingham, for

entirely financing the experimental part of this work; for allowing me to
include FIGs. 2.3, 3.3 and 3.4 and the specifications of the winrling drum
described in section 2.3 and also for the assistance given by its personnel.

I am most thankful to my supervi sor, Mr. D. G. Smith, for hi s 'support,

advice and patience.

I wish to extend my ·thanks to all those who contributed for the

execution of this work and aknowledge the .help and assistance given by:

Professor M. Graneek and Mr. C. Rodwell who made this project

possible.

Mr. T. Kirk, technician of the Engineering Design Centre for

the advice and assistance with the drafting equipment and with
the computer used in this work.

Mrs. C: Woodiwiss, secretary of the Engineering Design Centre for

her assistance and advice when I was typing this thesis.

The shopfloor personnel of M.B. Wild and Co. Ltd. for their
assistance dudng the experimental part of the work.
 1i 1

SUMMARY

This work presents an analytical technique for the determination of

stresses in mine winding drums based on classical theories for thin shells
and flat plates. Comparison between experimental results and predictions
applying the technique showed good agreement demonstrating that it can
provide design engineers with a powerful tool for the stress analysis of
cylindrical mine winding drums. The flexibility of the technique in
allowing the examination of different winding drum configurations also
makes it a means of rapidly determining the effect of parameter changes
at the design stage.
 •
iv

CONTENTS

page
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
DECLARATION ii
SUMMARY iii
CONTENTS iv
I NTRODUCTI ON 1
CHAPTER 1
THE MINE WINDING DRUM 3
1.1 Mine Winders 3
1.2 The Winding Operation 9
1.3 Winding Drum Construction 10
1.4 Loads Acting on a Winding Drum 10
1.4.1 Self-weight 11
1.4.2 Rope pull 11
1.4.3 Rope compression 12
1.4.4 Load due to shaft bending 16
1.4.5 Driving torque 16
1.4.6 Loads due to the application of brakes 16
1.4.7 Loads due to drum movement . 16
CHAPTER 2
STRESSES IN WINDING DRUMS 18
2.1 Effects of the Rope Compression 18
2.2 Determination of Stresses on Drums 24
2.3 An Actual Drum 29
2.4 Approximate Stresses on the Actual Drum 32
2.4.1 Se1f-weight 33
2.4.2 Rope pull 35
2.4.3 Rope compression 36
2.4.4 Shaft bending 40
2.4.5 Driving torque 42
2.4.6 Application of brakes 43
2.4.7 Drum movement 44
2.4.8 Summary 45
 '.
v

page
CHAPTER 3
THE SCALE MODEL 48
3.1 Considerations on Scaling 48
3.2 Choice of the Sc.ale 52
3.2.1 Availability of materials and parts 52
3.2.2 Feasibility of manufacture 55
3.2.3 Feasibility of assembly 55
3.2.4 Construction of the rig 56
3.2.5 Operation of the rig 56
3.2.6 Instrumentation of the rig 56
3.2.7 -Manufacturing costs 56
3.3 Model and Rig Design and Construction 58
3.4 Deviations on the Model 60
3.4.1_ Shaft 60
3.4.2 Bearings 63
3.4.3 Brak~ rings 63
3.4.4 Rope 63
3.4.5 Loading 63
3.4.6 Rope storage reel 64
3.5 I-lodel Loading and Rig Operation 65
3.6 Instrumentation of the Model 66
CHAPTER 4
THE THEORETICAL MODELS 71
4.1 Drum Roll 71
4.1.1 Equations of equilibrium 74
4.1.2 Deforma ti ons 76
4.1.3 Solution of the problem 85
4.1.4 Roll with simply supported or built in edges 87
4.1.5 Roll with stiffening rings 88
4.2 Side Plates 93
4.2.1 Bendi ng moment app'l i ed by the drum roll 96
4.2.1.1 Equations of equilibrium 96
4.2.1.2 Deformations 98_
4.2.1.3 Solution of the problem 104
4.2.2 Compressive force applied by the drum roll . 104
4.2.2.1 Equations of equilibrium 104
4.2.2.2 Deformations 106
4.2.2.3 Solution of the problem 107
 vi

page
4.3 Combination of the Theoretical Models for the
Drum Roll and Side Plates 110
4.4 Action of the Bent Shaft on the Side Plates 115
4.5 Summary of Equations 119
4.5.1 Drum roll 119
4.5.2 Side plates 121
4.6 Theoretical Representation of the Scale Model 124
4.6.1 Effect of the rope pressure 124
4.6.2 Effect of the bent shaft 129
CHAPTER 5
TEST RESULTS 132
5.1 Layout of the Strain Gauges 132
5.2 Test Conditions 136
5.2.1 Loading conditions 136
5.2.2 Loads 139
5.2.3 Drum .configuration .139
5.2.4 Drum position 139
5.3 Test Procedures 140
5.4 Tests Performed 141
5.5 Data Manipulation 143
5.6 Analysis of the Results 143
5.6.1 Variation of the measurements 143
5.6.2 Effect of the drum position 146
5.6.3 Isolation of the effect of each loading 149
5.6.4 Presentation of the results 149
5.6.5 Control gauges 155
5.6.6 Effects of the self_weights and vertical loads 156
5.6.7 Comparison between the first and
second groups of tests 156
5.6.B Effect of different loads 163
5.6.9 Effect M the brake ri ngs 163
5.6.10 Effect of the drum split 172
5.6.~1 Effect of the position of the loading 182
5.6.12 Exploratory gauges 185
5.7 Extrapolation of the Results to the Full Size Drum 186
 vii

CHAPTER 6 page
VALIDATION OF THE THEORETICAL MODELS 189
6.1 Predictions for the Second Group of Tests 189
6.1.1 Drum roll 189
6.1.2 Side plates 194
6.2 Predictions for the Fifth Group of Tests 201
6.3 Predictions for the Strains Induced by the Bent Shaft 216
6.4 Summary 217
CONCLUSIONS 220
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK 221
REFERENCES 222
BIBLIOGRAPHY 225
APPENDIX 1
MODEL DRUM FABRICATION DRAWINGS 227
APPENDIX 2
STRAIN GAUGE CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 236
APPENDIX 3
A STRUCTURE FOR THE THEORETICAL MODELS FOR WINDING DRUMS 242
APPENDIX 4
COMPUTER PROGRAMS 250
APPENDIX 5
RECORDED DATA 271
APPENDIX 6
PRINCIPAL STRAINS AT GAUGES NOS. 46, 47 AND 48 283
 1

IrlTRODU CT! ON

This thesis is the result of a co-operative project betlleen fl.B.

Wil d and Company Limited, a 1eadi ng Bri ti sh manufacturer of mi n)ng
equipment and the Engineering Design Centre of Loughborough University
of Technology.

Amongst other products, the Company manufactures 'mine winding drums

which are basically comprised, of a thin cylindrical roll supported by two
circular side plates mounted on'a shaft. Their main function is to raise
or lower a conveyance in a mine shaft with a rope which is wound onto or
off the drum.

The design of such drums using elementary stress analysis techniques

has been acceptable in the past but the Company is interested in producing
more economical designs. In order to do so, more accurate techniques were
required to determine stress levels in the drums. In order to val idate the
techniques it'was considered necessary to obtain data from experiments on
actual winding drums. This was not practical because this equipment ope-
rates in very demanding production systems whe're'·al1ystoppages or delays ,are
expensive.

The Company and the Engineering Design Centre had worked together in
the past on another project also related to winding drums when a small scale
model had been built, instrumented with strain gauges a'nd tested with very
satisfactory results. This exercise opened up the potentialities of scale
model testing. Having in mind that a small model of a winding drum would
be cheaper than a full size one and permit investigation and modifications
without the cons trai nts of i nsta 11 ed equi pment, the deci s ion was made to
approach this new investigation in a similar manner.

When this research work began two new large drums of 6 metres in dia-
meter were being designed by the Company. One of these drums was selected
as the basis for the model. After deciding on the scale for the model a
specification for the test rig was prepared incorporating the instrumentation

;
 2

together with the layout of the strain gauges. The gauges were positioned
at pOints where high stresses were expected and also arranged to permit
delineation of the pattern of mechanical behaviour of the drum.

While the test rig was being manufactured the literature on winding
drum design was studied in search for analytical methods to predict their
mechanical behaviour. At this stage it became clear that most of the
authors who had studied the problem analytically applied the same thin shell
theory to determine stresses in the drum. This theory could only represent
the drum roll. For a complete representation it had to be combined with
a plate theory to represent the side plates. A method to apply both
theories was then developed and. although it was simple in its structure.
it required the manipulation of large systems of equations for which the
aid of a computer was needed. Hence. a computer program was prepared
which provided a tool for the theoretical prediction of stress levels.

After the test rig had been comissioned a comprehensive series of

tests were carried out generating approximately 10,000 measurements.
The test results were fed into a computer to be analysed and compared
with the theoretical predictions. The analysis of the results comprised
the examination of the effects of various loading conditions and drum
configurations. The comparison between the predicted and the observed
values generally showed good agreement.

With the exception of. the design of the test rig structure. the manu-
facture and assembly of the test rig and the design and installation of
the instrumentation all the work described in this thesis was carried
out by the author.

Unless otherwise stated the units in the dissertation follow the

International System of Units ( SI ). with the linear dimensions given
in milimetres.

For consistency with the notation used in the text the formulae
or equations taken from the references do not necessarily follow the
notation of the original work.
 \
3

CHAPTER 1
THE MINE WINDING DRUM

1.1 Mine Winders

One of the main handling operation in underground. mines is the trans-

portation of men and materials in vertical shafts to and from depths
that in .many cases exceed 2,000 metres.

The principal means of transportation are conveyances suspended

from wire ropes and hoi s ted by drum winders. These can be grouped into
two basic types:
(a) Friction winders or Koepe pulleys
(b) Winding drums

The first type, shown in FIG. 1. la, consits of a grooved pulley with
less than one turn of rope around it. When the drum rotates the move-
ment is transmitted to the rope purely by friction. To prevent slippage
the following methods are commonly adopted:
i- The pulley is lined with ·an adequate material, wood
being traditionally used but some plastics have been
tri ed recently.
li- An auxiliary sheave is introduced to increase the
contact angle of the rope.
iii- A balance rope is fitted so the out of balance weight
is only the payload.

Friction winders are also built to operate with more than one rope, as
shown in FIG. 1. lb. This is advantageous in very deep shafts and high pay-
loads because ropes and drums of smaller diameter can be used giving a more.
economical system.

The second type of wi nd!,!r is the wi ndi ng drum whi ch is bas i ca lly a
winch as represented in FIG. 1.2a. In this type, known as a single drum,
 4

(a )

.-
L
--,
---1
balance
rope

conveyance
four rope
win der
/
(b)

FIG. 1.1 FR ICTION WIND ER S

 5

Vl
::E
:::J
et:
Cl
.,I- C)
Z
u .....
Cl
Z
.....
3

, "
 6

the movement of the rope is achieved by winding it on or off the drum.

A drum can operate two conveyances(FIG. 1.2b) and in this arrangement
,when one of the conveyances is being raised the other one is being
lowered. This kind of winding drum,known as a double drum, normally
operates with a balance rope so that the torque required to maintain a
constant winding speed is kept constant.

A common arrangement shown in FIG. 1.2c, is when ,two single drums

are mounted on the same shaft with one or both of them clutched to the
shaft. This allows one to be rotated while the other is held stationary
by unclutching and braking it thus permitting a relative adjustment of
the conveyances to wind from different levels.

Winding drums themselves can be classified into five types, shown

in FIG. 1.3, namely:
a- Cylindrical
b- Conical
c- Cylindro-conical
d- Bi-cylindro-conical
e- Multi-rope cylindrical

Among these the cylindrical drum is the most widely used.

Winding drums are driven from a power source through the shaft on
which they are mounted. Steam engines once largely used as the driving
unit have been almost completely replaced by either AC or DC eletric motors
directly coupled or geared to the shaft. Some typical arrangements being
shown in FIG. 1.4. Both the acceleration or retardation of a winding
drum are achieved with the driving motor. The brakes fitted on the drums
are used only for parking or emergency purposes. The types of brakes and
their usual arrangements are shown in FIG. 1.5.

The study presented in this thesis has been restricted to cylindrical

drums which are described in more detail in the next section.
 7

r - h
L f-.J
.
(a ) ( b)

/ ""-t-..
r - -
--.,
L -.J

/'

( ( ) '" /

(d )

r - h
L f--I

(e )

.
. FIG_1:3 TYPES OF WINDING' DRUMS
 8
l-

r - '" , r ~
f--
h
L- r- - ..J
...F-
-
L-
- ~r--

~ .....

one motor geared two motors geared

- -
-
r - -
L-
- ..... ,.-

one motor directly coupled

fI G.1.4 TYPICAL DRIVING ARRANGEMENTS

r- h
L - r- f-J

shoe brake
"" 'l' "/""

disk brake

fIG.15 BASIC BRAKE TYPES

 9

A comprehensive discussion on the design, construction, application

and operation of winding drums and also of friction winders is presented
by BROUGHTON 1 • Multi-rope winding drums which are not discussed by
Broughton have been analysed by TUDHOPE 2.

1.2 The Winding Operation

To facilitate the presentation of the prob1em,a11 the discussion and

analysis in this work has been done for the double cylindrical drum.
However, the analysis and results can be extended to single or multi-rope
drums.

The winding operation basically consists of transporting a conveyance

between two different levels in a vertical, or sometimes inclined, mine
shaft. The whole weight of the conveyance plus the payload is supported
by a wire rope whose other end is attached to the winding drum. In a
double drum there are two such ropes each supporting one conveyance. At
the beginning of a winding operation one of the conveyances is at the lower
level and the other at the upper level. The side of the drum with the
upper conveyance has coiled onto it a length of rope equal to the distance
between the two 1eve 1s together wi th a number of "dead coi 1s" . The other
side of the drum supporting the lower conveyance has only "dead coils", their
purpose being to avoid subjecting the drum rope attachment to high loads .
. In order to move the lower conveyance upwards the drum is rotated thus wind-
ing the rope onto the empty side .. At the same time the rope on the other
·side,which is coiled in the same direction, winds off and the upper convey-
ance moves downwards reaching the lower level when the other reaches the
upper level. In some cases more than one layer of rope is wound onto the
drum so that long travels can be achieved with relatively smaller drums.

The winding operation is performed repeatedly for the whole life of

the drum. Commonly, when hoisting materials, the drum is operated
continuously except during loading and unloading or when inspection, main-
tainance and repairs are required. In these conditions the speed of wind-
ing depends on the hourly output of materials required, the weight hoisted
 '.
10

per trip and the arrangement for loading and unloading. Conveyance
speeds of lSm/s are common and some mines operate with speeds in excess
of 22m/s. Drum angular speeds of up to 7.2rad/s(70rpm) are not uncommon.
'The acceleration and retardation rates of the conveyances are usually the
. 2 2
same and normally range between 0.6 and O.gm/s but rates of up to 3.6m/s
are known. Emergency braking when transporting people is subjected to
regulation in most countries and is usually restricted to deceleration
rates not exceeding s.Om/s 2.

1.3 Winding Drum Construction

Cylindrical drums. are made as iron or steel castings, steel fabrications

or a combination of these processes. They consist mainly of a shell, or
roll, supported by side plates, or cheeks, which are bolted or keyed to a
shaft. An actual drum is presented in section 2.3. Brake paths are
either cast integral with or bolted to' the drum sides. Ring stiffeners are
cast, bolted or welded inside the drum to provide reinforcement. The
shell can be externally grooved to accomodate the rope. When operating
with more than one layer of rope, flanges are required at the sides and at
the middle to support the rope. The wire rope is attached to the drum
sides or to the shaft and is passed through a tunnel on the roll where it is
'coi 1ed. Shafts are steel forgings and rest on two or more bearings. To
facilitate transportation and assembly,large drums are made in sections.
In the most used construction the whole drum .is split into halves across
a diameter.

In thi s work the use of the word "drum" wi 11 be in reference to a

structure similar to that shOl'm in FIG. 2.3 but excluding the shaft and
bearings.

1.4 Loads Acting on a Winding Drum

The relevant loads acting on a drum are identified in this section and
 11

those considered in this research work are appropriately indicated. The

determination of the stresses induced by each load is discussed in the
following chapter.

The loads are:

1- Self-weight
2- Rope pull
3- Rope compression
4- Load due to shaft bending
5- Driving torque
6- Loads due to the application of brakes
7- Loads due to drum movement

1.4.1 Self-weight

This comprises the weight of the drum, the weight of the length of
rope coiled on it and the weight of the shaft. The effect of this load
on the drum is usually neglected but is considered in the design of the
sha ft.

1.4.2 Rope pull

This_ 10ad(FIG. 1.6} which acts tangentially to the drum comprises the
weight of the conveyance plus the payload and plus the weight of the suspended
rope. When a balance rop~ is fitted the latter weight remains constant
throughout the winding cycle whilst without it that weight increases on the
side of the descending conveyance ann decreases on the other side as the
wi nd proceeds. When the drum rota tes dynami c fri cti on forces genera ted
by the conveyance-and rope guiding systems adds to the rope pull.

The rope pull has two direct effects on the drum:

i- A bending imposed on it as if the drum were acting as
a beam.
 12

•
ii- A torsion applied to the drum roll by the pull acting
tangentially to it.

These effects are shown to be small compared with the compression of

the rope on the drum and are usually neglected in their design.

1.4.3 Rope compression

This is an indirect effect of the rope pull. The tensioned rope

coiled around the drum exerts a compressive force on it and provides the
major contribution to the stresses to which the drum is subjected. . .To
appreciate this force consider a drum of radius R with one coil of ten-
sioned rope around it and assume that the tension T is constant along the
rope as shown in FIG. 1.7. Consider an element of the rope embracing an
arc de on the drum and assume that the drum resists the action of the rope
with a uniform force F per unit of length as shown in FIG. 1.7b. Consi-
dering that the system is in equilibrium, and that the reaction of the drum
is F.R.de, the sum of forces projected on the y axis is

F.R.de - 2.T.sin(de/2) = 0

For a very small angle de, sin(de/2)~de/2 and then

F=T 1.1
If

The compressive forces due to the rope not only deform the drum roll
but also the side plates supporting it as shown in FIG. 1.B.

When winding more than one layer of rope the drum is fitted with
flanges at the sides and at the middle to support the rope. Such flanges
are also subjected to the action of the tensioned coils of the rope exert-
ing forces as indicated in FIG. 1.9.
 '.
13

FIG. 1.6 ROPE PULL

x .

de
"2

"""",,=~:::O<-r 0 pe (0iI

(a) (b)

FIG. 1.7 FORCE APPLIED BY

TENSIONED ROPE
 14

f- .J

I I
hr t---..hu b /#

,
r- j

FIG.1.8 DEFORMA liONS INDUCED BY

THE ROPE COMPRESSION
 '.
15

es~~~' rope

drum shell

drum side

FIG.1.9 FORCES ON THE DRUM FLANGES

. ,.

FI G. 1.10 DEFORMATIONS INDUCED BY

THE SHAFT BENDING
 16

1.4.4 Load due to shaft bending

The rope pull plus the drum and shaft self ~Ieights are totally supported
by the shaft which on bending induces deformations on the drum particularly
affecting the side plates as shown in FIG. 1.10.

1.4.5 Driving torque

The drum movement is achieved by the application of a torque through

the shaft which is transmitted to the drum via the side plates. Its maximum
value in normal operation is at the beginning of the wind with the fully
loaded conveyance at the lower position.

1.4.6 Loads due to the application of brakes

Regardless of the type of brake shown in FIG. 1.5 they induce a torque
either to stop the drum or to maintain it stationary. Shoe brakes also
apply a compressive load to the brake path which is transmitted to the drum
itself .

The heat generated by the braking action-gives rise to stresses due to

thermal gradients.

1.4.7 Loads due to drum movement

These comprises the centrifugal forces due to_the drum rotation, those
caused by the acceleration or deceleration at the beginning and end of the
winding cycle respectively and deceleration during emergency braking. A1 so,
. when coiling several layers of rope, an acceleration or deceleration of the
conveyance occurs every time the rope changes from one ·layer to another.
The moving rope and drum produce vibrations which also contribute to the
induction of loads.
 ,
f7

The loads discussed are present in most winding drums but in practice
designers tend to stress a drum to resist the rope compression and then
check its strength for the other loads. An important consideration in
the drum design is in regard to fatigue. Winding drums are subjected to
cyclic stresses not only during each rotation but also during the winding
cycle which in some applications is repeated for nearly 24 hours a day
all the year round.

The work described in this thesis deals mainly with the effects of
the compression applied by the rope on both the drum roll and drum sides.
The effects of the shaft bending on the side plates are also considered.
 18

CHAF'TER 2
STRESSES IN WINDING DRUMS

Available methods for stressing \~inding drums are discussed in this

chapter which also includes the determination of the stress levels induced
on an actual drum by the loads described in section 1.4. Firstly, the
effects of the rope compression, which is the more important load is
considered in more detail.

2.1 Effects of the Rope Compression

It has been shown in section 1.4.3 that each coil of rope applies on
the drum roll a force per unit of length equal to the coil tension divided
by the drum radius as given by Eq. 1.1. 110st designers work with the
pressure applied by the rope rather than the force. This pressure p, is
calculated assuming that the force is distributed across the rope diameter
d and is given by

p = F =~ 2.1
d Rd

Some designers substitute the rope diameter by the rope pitch, the
distance between the centres of two successive coils.

The reason for obtaining the pressure applied by the rope is so that
existing theories for pressure vessels and shells subjected to external
pressure can be used to assist in the stress analysis of the drums. To
simplify the problem further the pressure is assumed to be uniform along
and around the drum. This uniformity implies that all the coils are wound
under the same tension maintaining it throughout the wind. Of course, when
a balance rope is not fitted the coils are wound under varying tension and
in this situation designers calculate the pressure by either considering
the pull at the beginning of the wind, with the loaded conveyance at the
lower position, or using an average pressure with the conveyance at mid-position.
 19

On account of the drum deformation the rope coils do not maintain the
tension with which they are coiled regardless of whether or not a balance
rope is fitted. As the wind proceeds each additional coil compresses the
drum and induces a reduction in its diameter so that as a consequence the
previously wound coils have their tension relaxed. The amount of relaxation
depends on the e1asticities of the rope and drum and also depends on the
position of the coil along the drum shell. The deformations of a drum near
the roll edges are usually very small because of the strength given by the
sides and the coils close to them relax very little. At the middle of the
roll the deformation is more pronounced and the coils there relax more.
If the drum is fitted with stiffening rings its deformation is
reduced and the rope relaxes less.

The process of rope relaxation is the same when winding one or more
layers. With more than one layer each additional coil wound on not only
induces a deformation on the drum but also on all the previously wound
layers.

Its apparent that with coil relaxation the actual pressure on the
drum will be lower than that calculated with Eq. 2.1 but designers tend to
ignore this fact and- use the value given by the equation when designirig
drums to operate with only one layer of rope; the error being on the safe
side. The same procedure is sometimes adopted when designing for more
than one layer. The design pressure given by the value from Eq. 2.1
multiplied by the number of layers, overestimates the pressure leading to
designs of drums which are unnecessarily strong and heavy.-

The precise analytical determination of the tension relaxation within

each coil is complex because of the difficulty in describing the mechanical
interactions between the rope coils within each layer and with the drum.
Most of the authors who deal with the problem work towards establishing
equations to determine factors to be applied to Eq. 2.1 depending on the
number of layers of rope. The rope pressure is given by the value calcu-
lated with the equation multiplied by the appropriate factor.
 20

ATKINSON and TAYLOR 6 report a method to determine the relaxation of

each coil along a drum roll but, unfortunately without revealing it.
They also present the development of a simple formula to calculate rope
factors considering the rope diameter and cross-sectional area, the drum
roll thickness and the moduli of elasticity of the roll and rope.

Since the ropes used in winding drums are made with wire strands as
shown in FIG. 2.1, rather than as a solid section, the modulus of elasti-
city considered is not that of the strands but an apparent modulus which

,.

FIG. 2.1 WINDING ROPES

is determi ned experimentally by the rope ma nufacturers.. In order to

obtain this figure a given length of rope is tensioned and the modulus
calculated by dividing the applied tension by the rope cross-sectional
area and by the observed strain. The rope cross-sectional area, given
by the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the individual wires is known
as the rope metallic area. Further, on account of the rope construction
its apparent modulus of elasticity in the radial direction, or the trans-
verse modulus of elasticity, is smaller than that in the direction of
the 1ength. This modulus is not usually supplied by the rope manufacturers.
 21

In an extensive work on the mechanics of ropes on cylindrical hoists

DIETZ11 discusses a method for the determination of the relaxation of any
coil at any layer considering the same parameters as the previous authors
and in addition, the transverse modulus of elasticity of the rope. In the
method, the mechanical relationships among the coils are represented by a
set of simultaneous equations from whose solution the relaxation can be
determined. He also presents a series of charts for the determination
of factors for each layer together with the results of a series of expe-
riments to determine the transverse modulus of elasticity of several ropes.
The experiments showed that the modulus depend not only on the type of the
rope but also on the number of layers, on the tension on the rope and on the
existance or no~ of grooves on the drum. Experiments comparing predicted
factors of relaxation for up to eight layers with observed values generally
showed that the actual relaxations were more than predicted.

Methods proposed by other authors give factors relative to the pressure

applied by the first layer, the factor for this layer being taken as unity.
WATERS 12 , one of the first investigators to consider the problem, presents
a table of rope factors for up to six layers without showing how they have
been arrived at. The use of his table is restricted to a limited range
of drum configurations. EGAWA and TANEDA 13 developed an interative proce-
dure to determine the factors considering the same parameters as Dietz and
also the geometrical arrangement of the coils around the drum. Their pro-
cedure was verified experimentally. In an extensive investigation on data
collected from more than 460 winders DOLAN 14 discusses his own formula and
another by P.Hendry to calculate factors of relaxation considering the rope
diameter, the drum roll thickness and the moduli of elasticity of the roll
and rope.

Considering the same parameters TORRANCE 15 proposed an alternative

formula and, using the experimental results from Egawa and Taneda, compared
his method with those discussed by Do1an showing that his own approach
gives better agreement although predicting higher values than those of
Egawa and Taneda for a large number of layers.
 22

In all methods presented in the foregoing it is assumed that there 1s

no slippage between layers of rope and between the first layer and the drum.
It is also assumed that the drum is not radially restrained by stiffening
rings, although Atkinson and Taylor and also Dietz suggest that such res-
triction can be considered in their methods. When stiffening rings are
present the common practice is to add their cross-sectional areas to the
cross-sectional area of the drum roll, determine an equivalent thickness
for the roll and use this equivalent roll without stiffening rings to
calculate the factors.

In order to evaluate the various methods discussed, the drum used in

the experimental part of this work has been chosen as an example. Its
characteristics were "as follows:
Drum radius R =610mm
Drum equivalent thickness t e=21mm
Modulus of elasticity of the drum E =206kN/mm 2
Rope diameter d =10.22mm
2"
Rope metallic area AR=67.02mm
Longitudinal modulus of elasticity of rope ER=147kN/mm2
Number of layers n =6

The transverse modulus of elasticity of" the rope used was not known.
Experimental results from Dietz give a transverse modulus of elasticity of
200 to 300N/mm2 for a rope having longitudinal modulus of elasticity of
118kN/mm 2 and a ratio of 0.44 between the metallic area and the ar.ea enclosed
by a circle having the same diameter as the rope. For the experimental
rope of the example the ratio was 0.82, hence its transverse modulus of
elasticity should be higher than that determined by Dietz.

In order to make a comparison of the methods the transverse modulus

was initially assumed to be SOON/mm 2 in order that the charts given by
Dietz could be used. The factors determined with the different methods,
relative to the pressure on the first layer are shown in Table 2.1, where
the factors determi ned with Wa ter I s method had to be a pproxi ma ted because
the tables given by this author do not comprise factors for drums with the
 Table 2.1
Factors of rope relaxation

I' number Egawa &1 Dielz Waters* 1 Atkinson 1 C-clan 1 Hendry 1 Torrance 1
1 of layer s 1 Taneda 1 1 1 & Taylor 1 1 1 1
1-----------1----------1-----------1----------1----------1----------1----------1----------1
1 1 1 1.00 1 1.00 1 1.00 1 1.00 1 1.00 1 1.00 1 1.00 1
1 2 1 1.80 1 1.91 1 1.70 1 1.84 1 1.74 1 1.85 1 1.74 1
1 3 1 2.44 1 2.55 1 ~.02 1 L.55 1 <..33 1 :<.71 1 L.33 1
1 4 1 2.95 1 L.98 1 2.16 1 3.17 1 2.82 1 3.57 1 2.62 1
1 5 1 3.37 1 3.26 1 2.22 1 3.73 1 3.24 1 4.42 1 3.24 1
·1 6 1 3.71 1 3.49 1 2.23 1 4.23 1 3.60 1 5.28 1 3.60 1
N
W
* approximate

.,

Table 2.2
Pope relaxation factors for different tranverse mOduli of elasticity
( using Egawa and Taneda method )

·1 nUlTber 1 Transverse modulus of elasticity - N/mm2

1 of layer s 1 250 1 500 1 5000 1 50000 1 150000 1
I-----------I----~------I----------I-----------I------ ----1----------1
1 1 1 1.00 1 1.00 1 1.00 1 1.00 1 1.00 1
1 2 1 1.78 1 1.&0 1 1.80 1 1.82 1 1.82 1
1 3 1 2.37 1 2.44 1 L.48 1 •. 51 1 •• 51 1
1 4 1 L.81 1 2.95 1 3.03 1 3.12 1 3.12 1
1 5 1 3.14 1 3.37.1 3.51 1 3.65 1 3.65 1
1 6 1 3.39 1 3.71 1 3.91 1 4.13 1 4.14 1
 24

parameters of the example.

The methods given by Egawa and Taneda and by Dietz have been verified
experimentally and the former will be taken as reference. their results
showing good agreement for all layers. The assessment of the factors
determined with the other methods is best made by comparing them with factors
calculated for different transverse moduli of elasticity using Egawa and
Taneda's method as shown in Table 2.2.

Comparing Tables 2.1 and 2.2 it can be seen that the factors from
Waters are low while those from Hendry are high. Factors from Dol an and
Torrance show good agreement with the factors for a low modulus of elasti-
city and are low for the higher moduli. The factors given by Atkinson and
Tay10r are high for low moduli and show good agreement for the highest
modulus of elasticity considered.

It will be observed in Table 2.2 that the factors tend to stabilise as

the modulus of elasticity increases and the figures from Atkinson and·
Tay10r's method appear to give limiting values. When the transverse
modulus of elasticity is not known the use of these limits seems to be the
safest proposition when designing a winding drum.

The remaining fact about the effect of the rope compression on winding
drums is that there is still much to be understood in order to.make an
adequate analytical representation of the mechanics of the problem. In
the meantime. purely experimehta1 work relating factors of relaxation to
rope diameter. drum thickness and tension on the rope for the types of
rope most commonly used would be of great value to drum designers.

2.2 Determination of Stresses on Drums

Most methods for stressing winding drums concentrate on the drum roll
itself and the one most commonly used assumes that the net pressure applied
by the rope is uniformily distributed along and around the drum. The drum
 25

roll can then be considered as a thin-walled cylinder and the maximum hoop
stress. al' calculated using the expression

2.2

where
p - pressure applied by the rope
R - radius of drum roll
t - thickness of drum roll

This expression is derived by considering an element removed from a

thin-walled open-ended cylinder subjected to a uniform external pressure
as shown in FIG. 2.2a. Considering the external force and the stress
resu1tants acting on the element as shown in FIG. 2.2b the equations of
equilibrium in the directions x and y are

02tRde - 02tRde = 0
pRdedx = oJtsin(de/2)dx + 0Itsin(de/2)dx

where
02 - axial stress
de - angle subentending the element
dx - length of the element

For a very small value of de. sin(de/2)=de/2. and cancelling the common
factors

If the cylinder has radial restraints such as side plates or stiffening

rings the above expressions are not valid. Stresses will vary along the
cylinder and their determination requires more advanced theor.ies. However,
if the distance between the restraints is sufficiently long their effect
will not be transmitted to the central part of the cylinder where the
 ~---------------~-

26

. p

---------------

( a)

p R de dx
---~-+---.

, FIG, 2.2 FORCES ON A.THIN-WALLED

OPEN-ENDED CYLINDER

, ..
 27

stresses will be practically the same as if there \~as no restraint. The

distance L for which this occurs is giv.en by

L > srnt 2.3

for materials with Poisson ratio v=O.3 (see. e.g .• TIMOSHENKO16 • ch. 3).

The value calculated using Eq. 2.2 gives the order of magnitude of
the hoop stress on a long cylinder. the maximum stress being about 8%
higher.

The Eq; 2.2 is also commonly used when the drum is fitted with
stiffening rings. In. this case the actual drum roll thickness is
substituted by ·an equivalent thickness taking into account the area of
the rings as described in section 2.1. Although this procedure greatly
simplifies the problem the errors involved in the estimation of the hoop
stress can be large if a small number of rings is used or if the cross-
-sectional area of the drum roll is significantly smaller than those of
the rings. Also the axial stresses induced on a drum fitted with
stiffening rings can be higher than the hoop stresses calculated using
Eq. 2.2.

WATERS12 superimposes on the stress given by Eq. 2.2 the stresses deter-
mined by assuming that the drum roll also acts as a beam simply supported
at the ends and subjected to a vertical force due to the rope pull. The
effect of side plates or stiffening rings on the bending of the roll is
not considered but he derives an expression to calculate the force applied
by mUlti-layers of tensioned rope on the drum flanges from which he calcu-
lates the axial stress induced by that force on the· roll.

A general equation to calculate drum deflections and stresses was deve-

loped by TORRANCE 1S based on an unpublished work by P.Hendry who considered
hoop stresses together with the axial stresses induced by the bending of
the drum roll along its axis. Torrance solves the general equation for a
semi-infinite cylinder with built-in edges but without stiffening rings and
 28

determines expressions for maximum hoop stresses and shear forces at the
edges. There is an implicit assumption in the solution that the roll is
sufficiently long for the effect of the bending at one edge not to interact
with that at the other. The theor.y used by Torrance is a simplification
of the more exact theory of bending of thin shells which is presented in
chapter 4. The results obtained with the latter theory are higher than
those obtained with Torrance's theory by a factor of 1/(1-v 2), v being the
Poisson ratio.

From the general solution of the more exact theory given in chapter 4
CRAWFORD 1? developed a method to determine the drum roll thickness and the
cross-sectional area of the stiffening rings assuming them to be similar
in area and equally spaced along the roll. He also assumes that the roll
edges are supported by rings with the same area as the stiffening rings
and proceeds considering that all rings are radial1y elastic but otherwise
perfectly rigid. Despite the eventual limitations in cases of drums with
rings not equally spaced or with different areas Crawford's work was a
major contribution towards a more analytical treatment of the problem of
stressing winding drums.

ATKINSON and TAYLOR 3 to 10 report, in a series of papers, the develop-

ment of a computer aided method to ca1cul~te deformations and stresses in
winding drums considering the stiffening rings, the side plates and a,lso
the variation in rope tension due both to the relaxation caused by the drum
deformation and the change in rope weight which occurs when the drum opera-
tes without a balance rope. The authors, who discuss several aspects of
the design of winding drums, use the same theory as Crawford to analyse the
drum roll but unfortunately do not disclose the techniques applied to model
the drums nor the numerical methods used in the computer programs developed.
A further discussion of'the method was presented by ATKINSON and PREATTER 18
where results from an example are analysed.

In his work on the mechanics of ropes on hoists DIETZ11 suggests a

technique to analyse drum rolls based on the same shell theory as used by
Crawford,and Atkinson and Tay1or, using a numerical method known as transfer
 29

matrix ~refer to PESTEL and LECKIE I9 ). He discusses how the effects of

stiffening rings, flanges and side plates can be considered.

The stresses induced on the flanges when winding several layers of

rope on the drum, previously discussed in section 1.4.3, have been consi-
dered by WATERS 12 who developed an expression to calculate the total force
applied by the rope on the flange and from that, the stresses. BELLAMY
20
and PHILIPS who also investigated in this area through a series of expe-
riments, present a set of flange design curves giving flange forces for
four different ropes. DIETZll also considered the problem comparing
three different theories with experimental results. He also gives a set
of curves for the determination of stresses at the junction of the flange
with the drum roll.

Stresses induced by the loads discussed in section 1.4 other than the
rope compression are commonly assessed by general methods available in the
literature.

The majority of the analytical work on winding drums deals only

with the determination of the stresses induced by the rope compression on
the drum roll and most authors applied the same theory of thin shells to
solve the problem. The stresses induced on the side plates by the loads
transmitted by the drum roll were considered by Atkinson and Taylor who
applied a circular plate th~ory to analyse the sides. In their method
the authors consider the drum roll and side plates as separate entities and.
utilize the results obtained to study the drum as a complete structure.

The thin shell theory applied by most authors and a circular flat·
plate theory are presented in chapter 4 where it is shown how· they can be
combined together to represent a winding drum as a complete structure.

2.3 An Actual Drum

The study in this work was based on a drum designed by M.B.Wild and
 --- ------

30

Co. Ltd. to lift men and materials and whose cross-section is shown in
FIG. 2.3.

It is a double drum fabricated in steel with a grooved roll (i)inter-

nally reinforced by stiffening rings(g)and supported on two side plates~j
an external ~ing~bolted onto the centre of the roll divides it into two
sections. Each section winds one rope which on erection is introduced
into the drum through holes at the roll edges and attached tc the side plates
after having a length coiled around a stor~ge reel(]D. This length of rope
is necessary in order to comply with safety regulations which require a
piece of rope to be cut from the end attached to the conveyance every six
months for inspection. The original suspended length of the rope is made
up again with rope from the storage reel. The function of the ring(§)is
to provide a separation for the ropes when alternatively wound in two layers.
Cast iron rings of spherical graphite(§)act as brake disks and are fastened
to each side plate. The plates are bolted to a forged steel shaft(l)which
is supported by two self-aligning spherical seated journal bearings(§). and
directly coupled to an eletric motor (not shown). The drum roll. stiffening
rings, brake rings and side plates are split into halves across a diameter.
The two halves of the assembly are bolted together at the sides. at the
stiffening rings and at the brake rings. In addition the roll halves are
butted together and bolted by means of internal strapping plates. The drum
is to operate in a system with the same configuration as shown in FIG. 1.2b
with the ropes at an angle of about 300 with the horizontal. The main para-
meters of the system are:

Performance
-depth of wi nd 615m
. -payload 78kN
-duty 34wi nds/h
Drum
-diameter(nominal) 6100rrrn
-1 ength 3150mm
-roll thickness(nominal) 70rrrn
-side thickness(nominal) 65rrrn
 '. 31 _ . - _._-- -
~.....-r.:;;fJV-
';0 !:l?
--
r - "" ::,p;;.. ;1

T
u r"
II .
.i

I
fj
., i!
f; li
l' '\
I
1
-c - 4
-_. i-c- . -_. i f- -
..
-tt? 4

0\ ~'\
'\ ./1
11:
,- I 1

,._1
I[
IT?
"", 1
I).
,
I

!I:
I
'-
.I
If"

i"~."
i I
E ,'\
- .
H-
I
I
I
1
-!
L
::l
0::
Cl

I "- ,
I

~
.
0
-
rc"
''l - .
I
- --.-.-~-

~
v
- !

~J"ci"': . .
c I~'-
1
G~ f-.t--..
oc~_"
. i
~
- I1I
pp I
I_ "1
E~ ~
'2W6n"""'" 001'f-P-#
,.,0, I
. N

,,~ - Pi ~ I ..i. 1
.
III
'I~

r
1
--
I.!J
u..

Ij :/ I
, I;'~ • 1
I - . .. Il
-----,Jj
~

~ I
I
-n. ~V 1\ iR,
~
~ '" \" yv ...L
~~
+- -- ~_I\'
~
~u<"1'

I-~ 1-- --1-

~g~' / ~
!l \ 'fT'! I"
- .- 1 I
I•
I
~
C .. ~'? .

QC . .
 32

-sha ft di ameter 650mm

-total cross-sectional area of stiffening
rings and external ring - 95000mm 2
-weight{without shaft) 912kN
-shaft weight 224kN
-inertia 772500kgm2
-angular speed 4rad/s (38. 2rpm)
Rope
-diameter 51mm
-weight 144N/m
-number of layers{maximum) 2
-number of dead coils 4
Ba 1ance rope
-weight 144N/m
Conveyance
-weight ll3kN
-speed 12.2m/s
-acceleration and retardation O.61m/s 2
Drive
-type -electric DC motor
-power 1600kW
-weight of armature 176kN

The actual drum, also referred to in this work as the prototype or full
size drum, has been studied through a scale model described in chapter 3
but an estimation of the stresses induced in it is presented in the next
section to illustrate the effect of each type of load described in section
1 .4.

2.4 Approximate Stresses on the Actual Drum

The relevant loads acting on a winding drum were described in section

1.4 where it was stated that the rope compression is predominant. In order
to demonstrate this, approximate calculations of the stresses induced by
some of the loads on the prototype drum are presented. In order to use
 '-
33

standard formulae and methods available in the literature the following

simplifications were made:
i- The brake rings,rope storage reel and motor armature
were omitted.
ii- The stiffened roll was substituted by an equivalent plain
roll whose thickness te was given by
te = roll thickness +(area of the rings I roll length)
te = 70 +(9S000/31S0) ~ 100mm
iii- The drum structure was considered as having the confi-
guration represented in FIG. 2.4 where the shaft was
simply supported, the diameter of the side plates was
the same as the roll and the shaft flanges were consi-
dered to be perfe'ctly rigid hubs that follow the shaft
without themselves deforming. The.drum was also consi-
dered to be homogeneous, without a diametral split.
iv- The stresses were calculated for each load acting sepa-
rately.

In most cases the only stresses considered for the drum roll were the
hoop and axial stresses "1 and "2 respectively, as shown in FIG. 2.Sa and for
the drum sides the radial and tangential stresses "3 and "4 respectively, as
shown in FIG. 2.Sb. In few cases the shear stresses Tr on the roll and Tp
on the side plates have also been considered.

2.4.1 Self-weight

Only the effect of the roll self-weight on the roll itself is considered
here. From PFLUGER 2l , the maxima· stresses at the midspan of the drum roll
are given by

"11 = -pR
"21 = ±Sk2
where
L - roll length
5
p - specific weight of the drum material, 7.6SxI0- N/mm
3

The values of the stresses are

 34

te= 100

tp=65
c
0 0
~ C)
-0
11 .....
rr\

Cl: ~r- ~Ub

'" '"
~~ ~
.'--

L L=3150
-'
6000

FIG.21t SIMPLIFIED DRUM CONFIGURATION

L......:...._..... (a) (b)

FIG. S
 35

= -0.24N/1TiTl 2
= ±6.22 xlO- 2N/mm 2

The additional subscript in the notation for stress is to distinguish

the various stresses that are to be calculated in this section. A negative
sign indicates a compressive stress while a positive a tensile stress.

The above expressions for the stresses can be arrived at if the roll
is considered as a beam simply supported at the edges and under its self
weight.

2.4.2 Rope pull

In considering this load the pull on both rope ends was assumed to be
the same and with the conveyance fully loaded. The tension T in the rope
was then
T = payload + weight of conveyance + weight of rope
T = 78,000 + 113,000 + 615x144 ~ 279,560N

To account for the bending imposed by the rope pull on the roll it has
been assumed that it acts as a beam simply supported at the edges with a load
of 2xT applied at its midspan. The maximum axial stress 022 occurs at the
centre and is given by

2TL 1
°22 = ±-x-;:r.
4 "R te

which is the expression also used by WATERS12. Hence

°22 = ±0.15N/1TiTl 2
Another effect of the rope pull on the roll is to apply torsion since-
the pull acts tangentially to it. The shear stress Tn induced by this
action is given by
 36

which after substitution gives

2
Trl " O.14N/rrm

2.4.3 Rope compression

For the determination of the stresses induced by this load the pressure
p applied by the rope was obtained from Eq. 2.1 where
2
p " R~ " 1.80N/rrm

The length of 3l50rrm of the drum roll is greater than the value given
. by the expression
. 5.1tte ,,276lmm (see Eq. 2.3). Assuming the rope pressure
p to be uniformily distributed along the drum and neglecting the rope relaxa-
tion, the hoop stress 012 at the middle of the roll is approximately
pR
°12 " t;
2
012 " -54.9N/mm

The side plates restrain the drum roll radially developing axial stresses
along it but, before considering this effect it is necessary to establish
the interaction between the plates and the roll. In order to do so the
plates are assumed to be rigidly connected to the roll and the joint allowed
only to rotate without displacement as shown in FIG. 2.6. Because of the
rigidity at the joint, the slopes er and e p of .the roll and the plate res-

ro 11

J
,J

FIG.2.6 ROLL -SIDE JOINT

 37

pectively will be the same. The action of the rope pressure creates a
moment M at the joint which is equally experienced by the roll and the
side plate. Thus, the configuration in FIG. 2.6 can be represented as
in FIG. 2.7 where the moment is shown applied at the simple supports.

M M

.
.~

~
I G ---_-..rroll
I
I
I
side I ( a) ( b)
I
I
I

FIG. 2.7 EQUIVAL ENT ROLL SIDE JOINT

It has already been shown that the drum roll is long enough, hence the
bending at the edges does not interact with each other. For this case the
slope er and the moment Mon the roll are related by the following expression
(T1MnSHENKO 16 ,ch .15)

er =

where

.
. fle

E - elasticity modulus-
-v - Poisson ratio

., . . From ROARK 22 , table 24, case Sd, the relationship between e p and M
:.... "
for the side plate 1's
", '
 38

ep = -0.232 0RM 2.5

P
where

t p - side plate thickness

Considering that er=-e p because of the different sign convention

used in each expression, the solution of Eqs. 2.4 and 2.5 gives
er = -ep = 1.75xlO- 3
M = l2875N/IlII1/rrrn

The axial stress .023 induced by the moment M on the roll at the joint
is given b/ 2
6M
= ±-2-
te
= ±7.67N/rrrn 2

Stresses on the side plates can be calculated knowing the values of e. and
M. The radial stress 031 induced by the moment T·1 on the side at the joint
with the roll is given by22 .
_ +6M
---:-2
tp

The tangenti a1 stress 041 at the joint is given b/ 2

±~(Op(l-})ep + "M
..
'.
°41
=
t2
p. R )
°41 = ± 1. 60N/rrrn 2
 '.
39

At the hub the moment M induces a radial stress 032 on ·the side plates
given b/ 2
6
032 = ~1.29M
tp

032 = ±23.43N/mm2
The tangential stress 042at the hub is given by22

042 ,= v032
042 = ±7.03N/m,i

Another effect of the rope pressure on the side plates is the compres-
sion transmitted by the roll edges. In order to evaluate this it is consi-
dered that the side plate supports the roll without deflecting radially
and the force Fr applied by the roll on the plate is equal to the reaction
of the support with the sign changed. Such force is given by16

Fr = -2e;De Br - 2eeM
Fr = -4l6.94N/mm

In order to determine the stresses induced by the force Fr on the

side plates they have been assumed to be disks under external pressure
with the inner edges prevented from being displaced radially by perfectly
rigid hubs. By combining cases la and lc from table 32 of ROARK 22 the
following expressions for the radial stress 03 and the tangential stress
04 at a radius r of the plate have been developed.

°3 -['. Kr.i2 - ("K)R"~

-2- t
r p
F,
(R2_/)
1

., . [' . Kr?1 + ("K)R"lj

-
,F[2· 2
. r 2 t p(R -r.)
1

..
,
, .
,
..
t "
 40

where

rj - radius of the hub

At the joint,r=R and the radial and tangential stresses 033 and 043'
respectively, are
= -6.10N/nm 2
= -6.41 N/mm
2

At the hub,r=r i and the radial and tangential stresses 034 and 0~4'
respectively, are
2
2.90N/mm
2
9.61N/mm

2.4.4 Shaft bending

The bending of the shaft is due to the rope pull plus the drum and
shaft self-weights. In order to simplify the calculation of the stresses
the shaft-weight has been neglected and the other loads assumed to be
equally transmitted to· the shaft by the side plates in a loadin~ configura-
tion as shown in FIG 2.8. The force Ft .was determined as the resultant

!t !t
2 2

I. 1425
J. 3150
\.I. 1425
J
FIG. 2.8 SHAFT LOADING
 41

of the drum self-weight and the rope pull as shown in FIG. 2.9.

rope pull
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
,," Ft
,,-
"" "
se If-we ight

FIG. 2.9 FDRCES BENDING THE SHAFT

When the shaft bends,the hubs connecting it to the side plates suffer
an angular displacement which is transmitted to the side plates as shown in
FIG. 2.10. If this displacement is known,the stresses on the side plates

.: . ~
FIG: 2.10 SIDE DEFORMED BY BENT SHAFT
• .l. • • •

at the hub can be calculated. Assuming that each hub is totally rigid and
also that the side plates add no stiffness to the shaft, the angular displa-
cement transmitted to the side is equal to the slope ~ of the shaft at the
 42

hub. This slope is given by (see ROARK 22 ,table3)

2
Ft(axl - 2a)
1/1 = 4EI
where
1 - length of the shaft
a - distance of load to support
I - moment of area of the shaft

Hence,
1/1 = 5.00xlO-4

Assuming that the loading configuration for the side plate can be
represented as .in FIG. 2.10 where,for simplification, the side is assumed
to be built into a rigid roll, the maximum radial stress "35' induced by 1/1
is given by (ROARK 22 ,table 24,case2l)

"35 = ±BEtp 1/1

a R

where a and B are constants whose values depend on the ratio ri/R and which
are approximately 0.595 and 4.41 in this case. Hence,

"3S = ±16.27N/mm2

2.4.5 Driving torque

The maximum torque in normal operation is applied at the beginning of

the wind when the drum is accelerated. Iqnorin9·friction, this torque TOn
1
is given by (BROUGHTON )

TOn = ~d + ( 2Wc + P+~RLw)R:) + PR

where
Id - inertia of the drum
Wc - weight of the conveyance
P - payload
 '.
43

wR - weight of the rope per unit of length

Lw - depth of the wind
g- acceleration of gravity
a - acceleration of the conveyance

Hence.
TO n = 483646Nm

The total torque is transmitted through the shaft to the side plates
where the maximum stress is induced at the joint with the hub. Assuming
that the worst case is when only one side takes the whole torque. the shear
stress Tpl at the hub is

TOn
TPl = 2
2nritp
2
TPl = 2.80N/J1111
The torque is transmitted to the drum roll where it induces a stress Tr2
given by

TOn
=
2
2nR t e
0.08N/mm 2

2.4.6 Application of brakes

, Only the stresses induced by the braking torque will be considered.

:" Such torque is maximum 'in a emergency and is given by
-,

TO b = ~d + (2Wc + P + 2wRLw~ ~ + PR
where b is the braking deceleration taken as 4.9mis 2• Hence.
TOb = 22ll925Nm
 , 44

If the braking is done by the brakes only, the torque applied will
induce a stress Tr3 on the drum roll given by

If the braking is done by the motor, the high~st stress will be TP2 on
the side plates ~t the hub and is given.by

TO b
TP2 = 2
2rrritp
2
Tp2 = 12.80N/mm

2.4.7 Drum movement

The hoop stress 013 caused by the centrifugal force at the middle of
the drum roll is given by22
2 2
,013 =)JR III

where
)J - specific mass of the drum material, 7.8Q xlO- 6kg/mm 3
III - drum angular speed, 4rad/s

Hence,
2
°13 = 1. 16N/flITl

" The .stresses on the side plates may be evaluated by assuming them to
, . be built into the hub, where.the radial displacement is zero, and free at
the periphery. Considering these assumptions and the dimensions of the
plate, the radial and tangential stresses 03 and 04 at a radius r are, by
.
reference to BUDYNAS 23 , given by
"

J ',:,'

"
, 9
=' {37473 + 8.368xlO
, 2
r
 4S

9
1+3v
04 = (37473 _ B.36BxlO - - - r 2) 1101 2
r2 BOO

At the hub r=r i and the radial and tangential stresses 036 and 04S,res-
pectively, are
2
036 = 6.93N/rrrn
= 2.0BN/rrrn 2

Other effects of the drum movement are the variation caused by the
acceleration or retardation of the conveyances. During normal operation
these are, by design, 6% of the gravitational pull and the additional loads
they induce on the drum can be neglected in the presence of other loads.
During emergency braking at a retardation rate of 4.9m/s 2 , the suspended
loads would be increased by SO%. However, the rope pressure, which indu-
ces the highest stresses in the drum, would not be affected significantly
Indeed, if the drum is braked to a halt when the conveyances are at the
maximum speed of 12.2m/s, the time required to stop will be approximately
2.Ss and the distance travelled'by the conveyance approximately lSm which
corresponds to O.B coils of rope. The stresses due .to the rope compression,
as calculated in section 2.4.3, were caused by a pressure of approximately
62 coils, so that one coil having a tension SO% greater will cause little
variation in the total stress.

The increase in the suspended loads will have more effect.on the stresses
induced by the shaft bending which will increase by about 10%.

2.4.B Summary

The various stresses calculated in the foregoing may be surrrnarized as

follows:

Se 1f-wei ght
roll - at the middle 011 = 0.24
 46

°21 = ± 6.22xlO-2 N/mm2

Rope pull
roll - at the middle °22 = ± 0.15 N/mm2
Tn = 0.14 N/mm2
Rope compression
roll - at the middle °12 = -54.90 N/mm2
roll - at the edge = ± 7.67 N/mm2
°23
side - at the periphery °31 = ±lS.16 N/mri
(due to bending) N/mm2
°41 = ± 1.60
side - at the hub = ±24.43 N/mm2
°32
(due to bending) ± 7.03 N/mm2
042 =
side - at the periphery °33 = - 6.10 N/mm2
(due to compression) = - 6.41 N/mm2
°43
side - at the hub 034 = - 2.90 N/mm2
(due to compression) = - 9.61 N/mm2
°44
Shaft bending
side - at the hub °35 = ±16.27 N/mm2
Driving torque
roll Tr2 = O.OS N/mm2
side - at the hub TPl = 2.S0 N/mm2
Application of brakes (emergency)
roll Tr3 = 0.36 N/mm2
side - at the hub = 12.S0 N/mm2
TP2
Drum movement
roll - at the middle °13 = 1.16 N/mm2
side - at the hub °36 = 6.93 N/mm2
045 = 2.0S N/rrun 2

It is evident from.the foregoing approximate calculations that the

highest stresses which occur in the drum roll are due to the rope compres-
sion. These stresses vary during the winding cycle and in. practice. in
the drum considered, they will be even greater due to the fact.that two
layers of rope can be wound on either half of the drum.

Other significant stresses occur in the side plates due both to the
 47

rope compression and the bending of the shaft. These stresses not only
vary during the winding cycle but those caused by the shaft bending change
in direction for each revolution of the drum. It is towards all those
stresses that this work is directed. Stresses due to self-weight, rope
pull, driving torque, application of brakes and drum movement were not con-
sidered in the analytical models discussed in chapter 4.

For sufficiently long drums (see Eq. 2.3) without stiffening rings
the methods used in the preceding calculations would give information pre-
cise enough for design purposes. For short drums or drums with stiffening
rings the effects of the side plates and of the stiffeners on the deforma-
tion of the roll, only partially taken into account by assuming an equiva-
lent thickness, could make the actual stresses on the roll significantly
di fferent from .those ca 1cul a ted. Unl ess such effects are known or accounted
for,the results obtained from the methods have to be treated with caution.
 48

CHAPTER 3
THE SCALE MODEL

In order to study the mechanical behaviour of the actual drum pre~ ,-

sented in section 2.3 it was necessary to b~ild a model as the prototype
was not available for testing and also because it would be cheaper and
'more practical to do so. The type of model sought was such that a com-
plete similarity with the prototype, concerning the phenomena in study,
should be obtained. These phenomena were the stresses and deflections
induced by non dynamic forces and moments. In order to achieve the simi-
larity,the relationship. between the model and the prototype were anlysed
through the theory of models and dimensional analysis.

3.1 Considerations on Scaling

In order to be similar to the prototype a model has to maintain the

relationships among all the variables involved' in the phenomena. It is
necessary therefore to know which variables are involved and which trans-
formations are required from the prototype to the model.

For the problem in question stresses ,0 and deflections u can be gene-

rically described by the following functions:

o = fl(L,F,E,v,~,g) 3.1
u = f2(L,F,E,v,~,g) 3.2
where the variables represent
L - '1 ength
F - force
E - modulus of elasticity
v - Poisson ratio
~ -' specific mass
g - gravitational pull
','
Eqs. 3.1 and 3.2 can be transformed and written as'
- ..... ....:.
 49

fi(o,L,F,E,v,~,g) =0
fi(u,L,F,E,v,~,g) =0

Provided that the functions fi and fi are dimensionally homogeneous

they can be reduced to a relationship among a complete set of dimensionless
products. This is Buckingham's theorem 24 as given by LANGHAAR 25 who ·also .
states that "a set of dimensionless products is complete if each product in
the set is independent from the others, and every other dimensionless pro-
ducts of the variables is a product of the powers of dimensionless products
in the set". Although complete sets of dimensionless products can be sys-
tematically calculated as shown by Langhaar, in the present case it was
easier to determine them by inspection and the reduced functions written as

oL2 F g~L3
'¥l (T '--::2'v, F ) = 0 3.3
EL
. uLE F ~
'¥2(--F--'~'v, F ) =0 3.4
EL

Functions '¥l and '¥2describe the relationships among the variables in-
volved in the phenomena in study and, if the model is to be similar to the
prototype those relationships have to be maintained (refer to BUCKINGHAM 24 ).
Considering that Eqs. 3.3 and 3.4 describe the prototype, a similar model is
described by

3.5

=0 3.6

where the subscript m means a variable in the model. The functions '¥l and
'¥2 ' which are zero for the variables in the prototype, will also be zero
for the variables in the model .if the corresponding parameters in each func-
tion are the same. Then if
. . ~
 .,
50

the protoype and the model are similar. Defining the ratio between the
variables in the model and the prototype as the scale factor,of this varia-
ble and denoting it by S subscripted by the symbol of the respective varia-
ble. the last set of equations can be rewritten as
SF
S =-:2
a \

S\) = 1
S S3
)J L
Sg = SF

SF
Su = SLSE
.'

The scale factors have to satisfy the above equations.

In defining the scales for the model of the.actual winding drum the
first aspect that had to be considered was the decision taken in the early
stages of the proje!=t to manufacture the model in the sponsoring Company
'.
., workshop. By so doing. costs would be minimized and also it would be pos-
sible to take full advantage of the Company's technical expertise and manu-
 51

facturing facilities. It followed that the model should be made in the

same materials as the prototype if the requirements for similarity permitted.
Indeed, in problems of stress and strain where the properties of materials
play an important role, this is a reasonable decision particularly when
considering that tailoring material properties to satisfy modelling requi-
rements can be a very complex, if not an jmpossible task. With the same fTla-
terials, SE=l, S =1, S =1 and the equations relating the various factors are
v \l
reduced to

3.7

SF = S2L 3.8

S3
L 3.9
Sg =S
F
SF
Su =S 3.10
L

According to Eqs. 3.8 and 3.9 the scale factor for the gravitational
pull has to be the same as for the length. Although it can be admitted
that scaling the gravitational pull is feasible, it was not viable for the
problem in question and Sg had to be made equal to unity, implying ·that all
the other scale factors would also have to be unity if Eqs. 3.7 to 3.10
were to be satisfied, meaning that no small scale model was possible. In
order to alleviate this situation, the common procedure is to relax one or
more of the requirements for complete similarity and to build a non similar,
or distorted, model. If the departure from similarity is known and can be
accounted for, the model can be used in almost the same way as if it was si-
mi1ar. In the present ·case the requirement relaxed was that given by
Eq. 3.9, which was omitted, so reducing the conditions to be satisfied to

S = 1
a

..
~ , :I
 52

Remembering that the stresses and the disp1acements were the variables
to be measured, the scale of the model would be totally defined by choosing
either the scale factor for the forces or for t~e lengths. In thi s work
the choice has been ~eferred to the lengths.

The relaxation of the condition in Eq. 3.9 affects only the self-weight
of the parts in the model drum which will be different by a factor of S[
from a truly similar model. In section 2.4 it was seen that the effect of
self-weight was only important when considering the stresses due to the shaft
bending. The measurements of such stresses, obtained from the model, would
have to be corrected for. self-weight to give the results that would be ob-
tained with a truly similar model.

3.2 Choice of the Scale

The main factor considered in the choice of the scale was that, in or-
der to keep costs to a minimum, standard parts should be used in the model.
Some materials and parts specified for the prototype drum, such as steel.
plates and bolts, were standard sizes and, being metric, scale factors such
as 1/2, 1/2.5, 1/4, 1/5 or 1/10 would almost certainly yield sizes for which
standard parts would be available. The scales of 1/2 and 1/2.5 were rejec-
ted because the model would be too large and expensive. In order to decide
among the other scales, several aspects were considered as discussed in the
following sections.

3.2.·1 Availability of materials and parts

The parts considered were:

i- Steel plates; in order to get the right standard thick-

ness to avoid unnecessary machining.
ii- Bolts; to avoid machining special sizes.
iii- Rope; to ensure a transmission of pressure simi-
lar to the prototype.
 '.
53

The plates specified for the prototype had thicknesses of 25,40,50,65

and 7Omm. The scaled thicknesses and their nearest standards are presented
in Table 3.1 which shows that, with the scales of 1/5 or 1/10 a greater per-
centage of standard plates could be used.
'.
'I'able 3.1
Scaled and stanoard plate thicknesses

1 Scaleo thickness
-------
( nearest standard thickness )
1 Scale 1
1-------1--------------------------------------------
1 1 2~ 1 40 1 50 1 G5 1 70
1-------1--------------------------------------------
1 1 1 6.25 1 10.0 1 12.5 1 16.25 1 11.5
1 4" 1 (6.0) 1 (l0.0) 1 (15.0) 1 (H.G) 1 (10.0)
1-------1--------1--------1--------1--------1--------
1 1 1 5.0 1 1i.0 1 10.0 1 13.0 1 14.0
1 "5 1 (5.0) 1 (6.0)'1 (10.0) 1 (15.0) 1 (15.0)
1-------1.--------1--------1--------1--------1--------
1 1 1 ::.5 1 4.0 1 5.0 1 6.5 1 7.0
1 fO 1 (2.5) 1 (4.0) 1 (5.0) 1 (1i.0) 1 (8.0)

The bolts used in the prototype were specified as M30, M36, M56 and M64.
The scaled diameters are shown in Table 3.2 together with their nearest stan-
dards. It will be noticed that, for any chosen scale at least two scaled

Table 3.2
Scaled and standard bolt sizes

1 Scaled diameter 1
-------1 (nEarest standard Ciiameter) 1
1 Scale 1 1
I--~----I--------------------~--------------I
1 1 N30 1 ~i 3 6 1 I,: 5 G 1 ~; 6 4 1
I-------I---~-------------------------------I
1 1 1 7.5 1 9.0 1 14.0 1 H.O 1
1 '4 1 (~j8) 1 (3/8'1) 1 (~il4) 1 (Ub) 1
I----~--I--------I--------I--------I--------I
1 1 1 6.0 1 7.2 1 11.2 1 12.8 1
1 '5 1 (~16) 1 (5/16") 1 (7/16") 1 (1/<'1) 1
1-------1--------1--------1--------1--------1
1 1 1 3.0 1 3.6 1 5.6 1 6.4 1 1
1 fO 11M3) 1 (~j4) 1 (~;6) 1 11/4') 1
 54

di ameters cou1 d not be obta i ned as standards. I t was then deci ded . tha t the
bolts were not a good factor to consider in the choice of the scale. In
order to avoid the use of specially made bolts, they had to be selected from
different types of standard bolts after deciding on the scale of the model.
They were specified not only to approximate to the scaled diameters but also,
to the scaled strength areas. Such selection is shown in Table 3.3 for the
scale of 1/5 only.
Table3.3
Selecteci bolts

------------------------------------------------------------------
Prototype Scaled Stanciard bolt selecteci 1
1 1 1 1
1-----------------------1---------------1--------------------------1
1 tYFe 1 ciiam. 1 area 1 ciam. 1 "rea 1 diam. 1 area 1 tYFe 1
.1 1 (mm) 1 (11'.11'.2) 1 (mIr') 1 (mm2) 1 (mrr.) 1 (mn:2) 1 1
I-------I------~I-------I-------I-------I-------I-------1----------1
1 1',30 1 30.01 561.01 b.O 1 22.41 6.01 22.0 Ir,;6xO.75 1
1 ~:36 1 36.0 1 817.01 7.2 1 32.6 1 7.9 1 33.7 1 5j16"BSw 1
1 ~j56 1 56.0 1 2030.01 11. 2 1 81.2 1 11.1 1 61. 9 1 7/16'\ UNEFI
1 M64 1 64.0 1 268U.01 12.6 1 107.2 1 12.7 1 IGS.3 1 1/2"UKEt 1
------------------------------------------------------------------

The rope for the prototype was of the locked coil type with a diame-
ter of 51mm, a meta 11 i c area of lB40mm 2 and a stretch modu1 us of
1.37x105N/mm. The smallest2 rope obtainable of the' same type, was a 16mm
diameter corresponding to a scale factor of about 1/3. In order to specify
an equivalent scaled rope.of another type, not only the diameter but also
the metallic area had to be considered. An approach was ~de to the
Technical Services of British Ropes Limited were it was recommended that it
is acceptable to consider ropes to be mechanically equivalent if the product
of the stretch modulus and the metallic area is the same. Table 3.4 shows
the values of the properties of the prototype rope and those corresponding
to each scale. The values gi ven in bracket are for a· spiral strand, a type
of rope suggested by British Ropes and whose behaviour would approximate the
locked coil type.

Although for the scale 1/4 there was a very good equivalence, the dis-
'.
crepancies for the other scales were very small and, in practical terms, no
preference could be established among the scale factors.
 55

Table 3. ~
Scaled ropes
-----------------------------------------------
Scale 1 diam. larea,AA 1 mad. ,ER 1 ~x~ 1
1 (rr.m) 1 (rr,m2) 1 (10 5 N/mm2)1 (10 5 N) 1
---------1--------1--------1----------1--------1
prototypel 51.0 11640.01 1.37 12520.11
---------1--------1--------1----------1--------1
1 1 12.75 1 115.0 1 1.37 1 157.5 1
4 1 (12.89)1 (107.1)1 (1.47) 1 (157.4)1
---------1--------1--------1----------1--------1
1 1 10.2 1 73.6 1 1.37 1 100.8 1
5 1 (10.2) 1 (67.0) 1 (1.47) 1 (96.5) 1
---------1--------1--------1----------1--------1
1 1 5.1 1 18.4 1 1.37 1 25.2 1
10 1 (5.1) 1 (16.5) 1 (1.47) 1 (24.3) 1

3.2.2 Feasibility of manufacture

No significant difficulties were foreseen in the manufacturing processes

or procedures of the model compared with the prototype. 'The shaft. which is
forged on the prototype. ,would have to be build up for the model in the inte-
rest of minimizing costs. but with this modification no technical difficul-
ties were expected in manufacturing the model drum in any of the scales.
However. the drum had a large number of welded parts and since in most of the
Company's products the minimum thickness is 8mm. the welding of thinner pla-
tes .wou1d require extra care. On these grounds the scales of 1/4 and 1/5
)'Iere preferred.

3.2.3 Feasibility of assembly

The Company was used to dealing with large and heavy drums so the model
assembly would present no handiing problem. The main point considered,was
that., to tighten most of the bolts 1n the model it would be necessary to,
have access to the inside. A small scale would make this difficult and
;"',; . again. the scales 1/4 and 1/5 were preferred.
 56

3.2.4 Construction of the rig

The final scheme for.the model rig. which was agreed with the Company
in the early stages of the project. is shown in FIG. 3.1 where. the drum is
supported above the floor by a structure made of steel sections and the load
simulated by weights in a carrier hung from the rope. In this scheme the
loading is different from the prototype. the implications of which are dis-
cussed in section 3.4.6. From the point of view of the construction of
the rig. the 1/10 scale was the best being the smallest and lightest.

3.2.5 Operation of the rig

In order to simulate the action of the rope. the drum had to be rotated
so that the rope could be progressively wound under tension. The drum had
to be rota ted wi th a hand crank system and the smaller the drum the less mass
to be moved. Again preference was given to the 1/10 scale.

3.2.6 Instrumentation of the rig

The model was to be instrumented with strain gauges. the majority being
placed inside the drum roll between the stiffening rings. To accomodate the
envisaged number. special gauges would have to be used if a small scale was
chosen. The time and care required to fit them would contribute to raise
the'cost of instrumentation. The scales of 1/4 and 1/5 would permit the use
of standard strain gauges of 5mm in length.

3.2.7 Manufacturing costs

The costs of manufacture were not quantified but. in a qualitative com-

parison. the Company decided that the scale of 1/10 was not desirable.
Such a scale would make the drum too small compared with those normally
.,
made,by the Company thus increasing the labour involvement. Considering
the remaining scales of 1/4 and 1/5. the latter was preferred as the cost
of materials and components would be less.
 57

----1--- drive mechanism

manual or
motori sed

model dr um

- - r~ -
'- V
7

~ J I---- suppor t
- str ucture

~ /' "\
I
I

'-
H
""
./ ~
$ +
7

(0 a.rl
,

:; .
.~

~. I " .

.:-, , .
FIG. 3.1 MODEL RIG SCHEME
 58

After considering the aspects presented in the foregoing, the scale

factor of lIS was chosen and hence, the relevant variables in the model
would have the following relationships with those in the prototype:

i- Linear dimensions would be 1/5th.

ii- Forces would be 1/25th in magnitude.
iii- Self-weight would be11125th, i.e., 1/5th of that requi-
red for a similar model.
iv- Deflections would be 1/5th.
v- Stresses would be the same.

The relationship.' in iv and v would be valid only if the self-weight

was not. one of the forces inducing them. In that case, the deformations
or stresses measured on the model would have to be corrected for the se1f-
weight in order to obtain the correct correspondence with the prototype.

3.3 Model and Rig Design and Construction

The cross-section of the model drum is shown in FIG. 3.2. During

design the main task was to scale the existing prototype. Some modifi-
cations in specifications, such as weld preparation andtolerancing, were
necessary to' make them realistic for manufacturing purposes.. The brake
rings on the prototype are cast in two halves and, the exper1~nce of ' the
Company was that, in order to minimize distortion, the process of casting
was expensive. A1so,the process of casting each ring in . one ; piece and·
then dividing into halves, could result in distortion even after heat treat-
ment. It was then decided to cast the rings and leave as one piece.

In the prototype the shaft is a forging, the hubs being integral to it.
For the model the shaft was machined from a bar and the hubs, machined from
plates, fitted by shrinking onto it.

The prototype has a drive motor coupled to the drum shaft. On the
",;' model, this was simulated by a gear fixed to the model shaft at a position
,
,"
corresponding to the centre of gravity of the motor armature. This gear
.:;
 59

I
I

:2u
:E
""ii ::I
0:
.,~, Cl
0
'"'",+ =
=
- .-- 0
0
N
...J
uJ
Cl
'idc»nao,ij""n , "bIZc.-,~"-f---I--l'- 0
L
~ v-
-+ ~3 ,,
~SIJ ~bll qJ ---r- - N
rri
t-K---------'~ 1
:41~ , , ....
d
u...

161 ,"ze
,.. i •-
. oc:rl
O~I Ql " i •
I.
 60

was also used for manual rotation of the drum.

The prototype bearings are self-aligning journal bearings and the mo-
del was fitted with self-aligning roller bearings; their width being shor-
ter than that defined by the scaling factors. To compensate, the model
shaft diameter was slightly increased along the scaled length of the bearing
in an attempt to reproduce the same stiffness as a scaled bearing.

The fabrication drawings for the model drum are shown in Appendix 1.

The rig structure to support the drum was designed by subcontract, the
author's task being the preparation of its specification and the.checking
of its strength. The layout of the whole rig is shown in FIG. 3.3 and the
attual rig is shown in FIG. 3.4.

3.4 Deviations of the Model

In addition to the .deviations from the intended similarity already dis-

cussed for the model, others were necessary for technical and practical rea-
sons. The relevant deviations and their implications are given in the fol-
lowing sections.

3.4.1 Shaft

The stresses which would be significantly affected by the shaft were

those induced on the side plates when the shaft bends. The side plates
were less stiff than the hubs and it was reasonable to assume that, as far
as the sides were concerned, the action of the shrink fitted hubs would be
approximately that of hubs integral with the shaft. Clearly, the state of
stresses in the hubs and in the shaft, at the region of. the fit, would be
di fferent from the prototype but, thi s was o'uts i de the scope of the i nves:-
tigation.
 '(fQ)
in st rti"men ta t 10 n
ca b I e pulleys
I

O!O
" -,8;J ----
: ..... ;
I "._-'
I
I

''-Y...-/
"

: I"~

~
JJ
1 y
~ht
art i er
o
R
...,

Il
I

weWhts I

I
FIG.l3. MODEL'RIG AYOUT
I

~ ~
I
 \; .
62
.. -~

,-

.•

, ,

FIG. 3.4 MODEL RIG'

 63

3.4.2 Bearings

The bearings in the model, although narrower than the scaled width,
were also self-aligning and as such, were expected to behave as simple sup-
ports like those on the prototype. The increase in the model shaft diame-
ter to reproduce the bending stiffness of the correctly scaled bearings, was
a reasonable approximation and any differences introduced by it were neglected.

3.4.3 Brake rings

The use of brake rings as one piece castings was a major deviation be-
cause they were expected to increase the bending stiffness of the side pla-
tes to which they were to be bolted. Thus, the increase provided by the
model rings would be different than if they were in halves. Simple analy-
tical procedures to evaluate the two cases could not be found and, as tests
were to be carried out with and without the brake rings fitted, it was deci-
ded to await actual results. Should the changes in the levels of stresses
between the two conditions be significant, the rings would be split .. correc-
ted for any deformation and fitted to the drum.

3.4.4 Rope

The cross-sections of the ropes for the prototype and for the model are
shown in FIG 3.5. It seems that because of its construction the locked coil
type of rope, used in the prototype, has a prop~rtionally larger area of con-

ype model
( loc -, co it ) (spiral strand)
: I=IG. 3.5 CROSS-SECTION OF THE ROPES (not to scale)
 64

tact with the drum roll than the spiral strand used in the model. Conse-
quently, the rope on the model would induce somewhat greater bearing stresses
on the roll than if the proper type of rope was used. On the other hand,
because of its construction, the spiral strand can "flatten" somewhat more
than the locked coil thus increasing the area of contact with the model roll.
After these considerations, it seemed reasonable ,to assume that for the mo-
del, the transmission of pressure by the spiral strand'would be practically
similar to that of a locked coil rope.

3.4.5 Loading

On the prototype drum the rope pull acts at an angle of 300 to the ho-
rizontal. On the model however, it was more practical to apply this pull
downwards together with the self-weight. A procedure was then devised to
isolate the effects of both the self weight and the vertical pull when mani-
pulating the results of the tests so, a correction for the load direction
could be made if necessary. This procedure will be discussed in chapter 5.

3.4.6 Rope storage reel

The rope storage reels shown in FIG. 2.3 were omitted on the model.
These elements'were considered to contribute little to strength of the side
plates and it was more economical not to model them.

Summarizing the foregoing, the only deviation which might prove to be

significant was that due to the brake rings which could be modified if ne-
cessary. Otherwise, the model was a reasonable representation of the pro-
totype in that the results obtained from tests could be extrapolated to pre-
dict its performance. The model could also be considered as a winding drum
"
in its own right and, 'as such, any theoretical or empirical analysis develo-
. '.1, ped for winding drums would apply •
 65

3.5 Model Loading and Rig Operation

The model drum, as shown in FIG. 3.3, was loaded by the weights(§)in
the carrier@). As the drum was r~tated by the hand crank@th'e rope was
wound on one side and wound off the other in a similar fashion to the nor-
mal operation of the prototype. The rope pull was equal at both sides and
maintained constant. This situation corresponrls to a winding system fitted
with a balance rope hOisting conveyances equally loaded. The length of ro-
pe wound off one side was' wound onto the other. The length of rope was
sufficient to have both sides fully coiled with a single layer of 26 coils
each or one side with 26 coils on the first layer and 21 coils on a second
layer. This would leave the other side with 4 coils representing the dead
coils in exactly the same arrangement of the prototype.

The rig operation consisted in rotating the drum with the hand crank
in one direction or the other to wind the desired number of coils on each
side. With the rope tensioned, the coils formed neatly on the drum grooves
or on top of the first layer without the need for guidance. When the rope
was not tensioned guidance was necessary. The second layer would start for-
mi ng by itself when the rope reached the drum divi der where it wou1 d cl imb
on the last coil of the first layer. The drum could be left stationary in
any pos iti on by ho1 di ng the dri vi ng gear0with a plunger mechani srn. The
rope ends were clamped inside the drum where they were introduced through
holes on the drum poll edges.

The weights simulating the loads were slotted steel disks which could
slide on or off the carrier to make up the required load. Disks weighing
720 and 360N were used and were handled manually.

The weight carrier could at any time be lifted by a pa,ir of hand-chain

hoists to release the tension on the rope. The drum could be freely rotated
when the carrier was in this position allowing the rope'to be wound on or off
without tension. This procedu're was used during tests to return the drum
to an iin10aded condition'after being loaded.
 66

3.6 Instrumentation of the Model'

The stresses and deflections induced by the different loads on the

model were assessed from the strains measured.with 61 single, electrical
resistance, precision foil, strain gauges manufactured by Micro Measure-
ments limited. They were type EA-06-2508G-350 with a resistance of 350n .
and temperature self-compensating for steel. The layout of the gauges on
the drum is shown and discussed in chapter 5.

Each strain gauge was connected to an arm of a Wheatstone bridge from

which the variations of the strains could be measured as variations in
voltage. The fundamental gauge circuit is analysed in Appendix 2 where it
is shown that the variation in voltage measured across the Wheatstone bridge
is directly proportional to the variation in strain on the gauge. The
scheme for the ,gauge circuits used in the model is shown in FIG. 3.6. Each
gauge was connected to a precision resistor with the same resistance forming
half of a Wheatstone bridge. A potentiometer across them provided an
adjustment to set the voltage across the bridge to an adequate value to be
used as reference. The other ha If of the bri dge was cOlTlllon to a 11 gauges.
For convenience and simplicity, each gauge was connected to its half of the
bridge by two wires rather than three as is common practice in strain gauging.
This type of connection is sensitive to temperature changes introducing a
spurious component in the measured strain variation. This component could
be significant at low levels of strain so a correction was applied to all
results from the tests to compensate for this fact. The effect of,tempera-
ture changes on the measured strains and how it was corrected is presented
in Appendix 2. The temperature was monitored by means of a thermometer
hanging from the rig structure near the drum.

To allow for eventual measurements of strains with the drum rotating,

the signals from the gauges were transmitted by a cable brought through the
drum shaft, coiled on a reel([),shown in FIG. 3.3, passed around a system of
pull eys @ and fi xed at the end. The sys tem of pull eys was to ma i nta in the
cable in a stretched condition when wound off the reel in order to avoid tan-
gling. The 'cable could only transmit signals from up to 30 gauges at once,
so that the gauges were grouped into two sets, each connected to a different
 . '"
. 350 R 350 R ;JSOR
A A .&.
-YT

- - -
I J ••••• L
I •
II
500K ~ 50011
&
> 50011
• •
• 350R > 350 R ~ BOR
'> ••
. ,
_I •••• L
IY
R EGU (ATO R

I ~ 11 III '""
L - -
CONNECTOR
- BOARD
- ~

\ir~:ilij
CABLE A : : : l 0
Bn IOGE
COMPLETION
BO~

11
~ • IlY
.... 2.2"..
VOLT }K 1
METE
'IK'"
L ONNECTO~
SHORT CABLE AND OUTPUT BOARO
CONNECTooj -I
P'W. - ~§WIIII I
-
.. -
FIG. 3.6 GAUGES CIRCUIT SCHEME

L__ --======~
 68

circuit board fixed to one of the drum sides, as shown in FIG. 3.7, where a
connector at the end of the cable could be alternatively plugged in. The
other cable end was fitted to a box~shown in FIG. 3.8, containing the com-
mon half of the Wheatstone bridge, the connector for the power supply, a re-
sistor to calibrate the factor of proportionality between voltage and strain
(this calibration is explained in Appendix 2) and another connector to which
a shorter length of cable could be connected. The circuit diagram of the
components in box~is shown in FIG 3.6. At the other end of the short ca-
ble was an output board(S)with pins corresponding to each gauge on the set
to which the main cable was connected and a pin corresponding to the common
half of the bridge. To know the voltage across any gauge bridge, it was
only necessary to measure at the output board the voltage between the common
pin and the pin corresponding to the gauge.

The main operation with the instrumentation basically consisted in plug-

ging the main cable into the board of the chosen set of gauges and then mea-
suring, at the outout board .with a voltmeter~, the voltage across the
bridge of any selected gauge. In order to obtain a strain measurement, a
reference voltage had to be obtained and recorded, the drum loading condi-
tions changed and the voltage read again. The voltage variation multiplied
by the factor of proportionality, would give the variation in strain between
the two loading conditions. During the tests, the voltages were initially
measured with a FLUKE B050A digital multimeter shown in FIG. 3.B, and their
values manually recorded. Later on, they were measured with a SOLARTRON
343080 data logger which printed the values on a strip of paper.

The results of the tests performed with the model are discussed in
chapter 5.
 69

.- :
r" • ..
-f"'i... ~

FIG. 3.7 CIRCUIT BOARDS·

 70

@
voltmeteL
o
main cable box

p~r
supply

FIG. 3.8 INSTRUMENTS

.'

; .
 71

CHAPTER 4
THE THEORETICAL MODELS

Winding drums are basically cylindrical shells supported at the edges

by circular plates centrally attached to a shaft. In this chapter, theories
for the shell and the plates are firstly considered separately and then com-
bined to represent a winding drum as a whole structure. Subsequently, the
effect of the shaft on the side plates is also considered. Later in the
chapter, a theoretical representation of the scale drum is presented.

The purpose of developing the theories in full, is to provide winding

drum designers with a specific reference giving the complete theoretical ba-
sis for the analytical procedures proposed.

4.1 Drum Roll

In the development of the theoretical model ,the drum roll is taken ini-
tially as a plain hollow cylinder and the effects of the action of external
forces discussed. Later on, a technique for the inclusion of stiffening
rings is presented. First, the roll is taken as the cylinder shown in
FIG. 4.1.

Any point on the cylinder can be defined by a system of coordinates x,

<p and z where
x - is the distance to a reference plane normal to the cylin-
der axis.'
<p - is the angle of the arc on the cylinder circumference
from the point to a reference plane containing the cylin-
der axis.
z - is .the distance from the point to a reference plane normal
tO,a radius of the cylinder.

Consider an element of the cylinder, isolated as if it were a free body,

with the forces and moments acting on it as shown in FIGs. 4.2 and 4.3, res-
pectively, and where the symbols represent
 72

. FIG. 4.1 DRUM ROLL

Px'P~'Pz - components of the external loads per unit of area in the

~ directions x, 4> and z respectively.
N ,N4> - normal forces along the directions x and 4>.
X
Nx4> - shearing force acting on a surface normal to direction x
and a)ong direction 4>.
N4>x - shearing force acting on a surface normal to direction 4>
and along direction x.
Qx,Q4> - shearing forces acting on surfaces normal to directions x
and 4> and along direction z.
Mx - bending moment on a section normal to direction x.
M4> - bending moment on a section normal to direction 4>.
M4>x - twisting moment acting on a surface normal to direction x
and in the 4> direction.
Mx~ - twisting moment acting on a surface normal to direction 4>
~ and in the x direction.

All the forces and moments are per unit of length •

. .-
'
 73

NQj.~ Oq'+~d<$
. OQj ~(jQj 0<$ ""

FIG. 4.2. FORCES ON A CYLINDER ELEMENT

i .

,.

: -,
.
~
M~+ OMcI> d(j \ __
,\ ~

'..1: ..: '

~

a~ -.. \
!!b~:'"
.~. ~
-
." MA + O~Xd(j
~tS~·
1-.....
...X act>
. FIG. 4.3 MOMENTS ON A CYLINDER ELEMENT
 74

Some simp1ifications can be made in this system of moments and forces

if it is assumed first, that the load on the roll is a uniformi1y distribu-
ted pressure p around and along it and secondly, that the roll itself is a
uniform cylinder. The former assumption is not strictly true as the pres-
sure applied by the rope varies as the wind proceeds, as described in sec-
tion 2.1. The latter assumption is only strictly true for drums without a
split at the centre line. However, for drum rolls whose edges at the sp1 it
are butted and securely fastened together, this assumption is reasonable.
Both assumptions allow great simplification in the analysis of the problem.

Then, due to the symmetry of the load N~x' Nx~' Q~, M~x and Mx~ vanish
and N~ and M~ are constants. The simplified system of forces and moments
thus becomes as shown in FIG. 4.4.

In order to establish relationships for the solution of the problem,

the equations for the 'equi1ibrium of the element are considered first.

4.1.1 Equations of equilibrium

The equations of equilibrium are obtained from FIG. 4.4 by projecting

the forces onto the. axis x, ~ and z and taking moments relative to these.
axes. A moment is taken as .positive if it acts clockwise to an observer
placed at infinity and otherwise negative. The equations are:
Forces on x

-Nld~ + (N x+ 3 'dx)Rd~ = 0
ax

.•. 3
ax
dx = 0

:. Nx = constant 4.1

Forces on ~
 75

MX+~dx
c)x .
oNx dx
~x\
\

FIG. 4.4 ELEMENT OF CYLINDER

UNDER SYMMETRIC LOAD
 76

Forces on z

-N~sin(d~/2)dx - N~sin(d~/2)dx + Qld~ - (Qx + aQx dx)Rd~ - pRd~dx = D

ax
If d~ is very s~~ll, sin(d~/2)=d~/2 and hence

-N - RaQx - pR = D 4.2
~ ax

.Moments relative to x

Moments relative to ~

Neglecting the second order term

Qx = aM x 4.3
ax

As there arc no components of moments relative to z, the equations of

equilibrium are reduced to Eqs. 4.1,.4.2 and 4.3. Since there are three
equations and four unknowns,
. Nx , N'I'A • Qx and Mx • the prob1em.is indeterminate
and hence is necessary to consider the deformations of the element.

4.1.2 Deformations

The discussion of deformations is based on FLUGGE 26 and it starts by

defining as "middle surface" the surface in the cylinder whose radius is
the mean between the outer and the inner radii of the cylinder.
 77

Consider an arbitrary point A of the cylinder (refer to FIGs. 4.5

and 4.6) with coordinates x, 9 and z, where z is measured from the middle
surface, being positive outwards. The displacement of point A can be des-
cribed by its components in the directions x, $ and z using the following
notation:
u - displacement along x
A
v - displacement along $
A
w - displacement along z or radial displacement
A

The difficulties encountered in determining uA' vA and wA in the three

dimensional state of stress to which the cylinder element is subjected, can
be greatly reduced by making certain assumptions and approximations. The
first of these is that, straight lines normal to the middle surface remain
straight, normil to it and do not change their length after the cylinder de-
formation. This is a fundamental assumption, known as Love-Kirchhoff ap-
proximation, used in the development of classical theories for beams, plates
and shells. DDNNEL27 discusses these theories and the implications, of the
approximation. This assumption means that, if the initial and final posi-
tions of points on the middle surface are known, the position of points
laying on straight lines passing through the points on the middle surface
will also be known. Consequently, the deformation of any point in the
cylinder is known. Thus, a three dimensional problem is reduced to two
dimensions.

The implication of the assumption is that, the effects on deformation

due to stresses in the z direction are neglected.

A second assumption is that, the normal stresses 0z' in the direction z

can be neglected when compared with the normal stresses Ox and 0$ in the di-
rections x and ~, and the cylinder element considered to be in a state of
plane stress.

Both assumptions introduce negligible errors if the cylinder shell is

. ,~
thin. Comparing the shell theory developed with these assumptions with mo-
re exact theories, DDNNEL27 shows that, for a cylinder whose'thickness is
 78

10% of its radius, the error 1s about 5%. In practical winding drums the
thicknesses are normally less than 3% of the radii so that, the errors due
to the assumption _ are acceptable.

A further assumption, due to LOVE 28 , is that, all displacements can be

neglected in comparison with the cylinder radius R and also their first de-
rivatives neglected in comparison with unity. With this assumption the
equations of the problem will be· linear and the theories developed with them
are known as·linear or first order theories.

'Using the three foregoing assumptions, the relationships between the

displacements uA' vA and wA of an arbitrary point A and the displacements
u, v and w of the point Ao on the middle surface which lies on the normal
from A can be established. Those displacements are shown in FIGs. 4.5
and 4.6 where A' and A~ are the positions of A and Ao after the deformation.

FIG. 4.5a shows the displacements on a section transverse to the cy-

linder generator for a cylinder under arbitrary load. The assumption of a
uniform axisynrnetric load implies that displacements on the transverse sec-
tions are also axisymmetric. Hence, vA and v have to be zero and the dis-
placements can be represented as in FIG 4.5b from where it will be seen that

4.4

From FIGA.6

uA = u - zsin:~
or
u = u - z~
.A ax 4.5

The normal strains EX' E~ and the shear strain yx~ at point A can be
established as functions of the displacements given by Eqs. 4.4 and 4.5.
In order. to do so, it is necessary to consider the cylinder element shown
in FIG 4.7a where an element under arbitrary load is represented. As
.before, because of symmetry, vA vanishes and also the displacements are
independent of ~ so, the deformations can be represented 1IIO.re simply as 'in
 79

middle surface
a'tter deformation

(a )

'viA z
-+----".. 1 A
middle surface
z after deformation
Aa

middle surface
(' b)
before deformation

FIG. 4.5 DISPLACEMENTS ON A SECTION

TRANSVERSE TO THE CYLINDER
GENERATOR

Aa I
R
I: ~a-.~
~f

U
~ .1
FIG. 4.6 DISPLACEMENTS ON A SECTION
ALONG THE CYLINDER GENERATOR
 80

"- ,,
\
\
\

~~~r=-\X ----
- _J
(a )
>I","" QC\) ~ cC\)
~ cC\)
z
,----- .....
., ; . . . . . . '-1
)-~

(b) (e)

FIG. 4.7 DEFORMATIONS ON A CYLINDER ELEMENT

 '.
81

FIG. 4.7b. It will be seen that the strain EX is given by

E = (u + aUA dx - u ) .=auA 4.6,

x A ~ A ax

The strain 'E~ is arrived at by noting in FIG. 4.7c that. the original
length of the element (R + z)d~ changes to (R + z + wA)d~ after the deforma-
tion. The strain is then
E '= '(R + z + wA)d~ - (R + z)d~ = wA 4.7
~ (R + z)d~ R+ z

The shear strain. given by the angular displacements of the element si-
des, is zero in this case.

By combining Eqs. 4.4 to 4.7. the normal strains EX and E~ can be ex-
pressed as functions of the displacements of point Ao on the middle surface.
Then
2
aw
z-- 4.8
ax2
4.9

The normal stresses Ox and o~' acting on the cylinder element, can be
related to the strains EX and E~by Hooke's ,law. Then

Combining the expressions above with Eqs. 4.8 and 4.9 gives
~ , '.
(' 2
E au
'~ .'
°x = (1 - ,,2) (ax-- zaw + vW ) 4.10
~ 1~
: ... ax 2 R + z
.'...
.\;;
',2
-, I E w au aw 4.11
o~ = (1 - ,,2) (R + z +'''-
ax - "z-)
ax 2
 82

Considering again the cylinder element, the stresses acting on a slice

of it are shown in FIG. 4.8. The stress resultant acting on the elemental
slice, in the direction ~, is given by

a~dxdz

The total normal force N~ acting on the element is given by

t/2
N dx =
~
J a~dxdz
-t/2

N~ =
J t/2a dz 4.12
-t/2 ~

The stress resultant also applies a moment to the middle surface given
by
za dxdz
~

The· total moment M~ is given by

4.13

where the negative sign is to be consistent with the directions of the mo.-
ments represented in FIG. 4.4.

The force acting on the slice in the direction x is given by

The total normal force Nx is given by

 83

FIG. 4.8 STRES5ES ON CYLINDER ELEMENT

 84

N
x
=

/'' .
-t/2
(R + z)o dz
R x 4.14

and the total moment Mx is given by

=
_ z(R + z)ox dZ 4.15
Mx
J'" -t/2 R

Combining Eqs. 4.12 to 4.15, for the forces and moments, with the ex-
pressions in Eqs. 4.10 and 4.11 for the stresses, yields

N", = Itt'
-t/2
(1 -
E (w + au
\)2) R + z \)ax- \)Z-
ax 2
2
aw )d z

2
M", =-
/'"
-t/2
E (w au aw
(1 - \)2) R + z + \)ax - \)z-)zdz
ax 2 .

2
Nx =
/'"
-t/2
E (au zaw + \)w )(R + zldz
(1 - \)2) ax - ax 2 R + z R

. ',.
M __
x-
/'"
-t/2
·E~;.
(1--. \)2)(ax
z~ + \)w
ax 2 R+ z
)(R + zlzdz
R

',' \ :
.1 A further approximation adopted in the analysis of thin cylindrical
shells and introduced by DONNEL 29 , assumes that the distance z can be neglec-

"
 ,
, '

85

ted in the presence of the radius R, i.e., R+z = R. Introducing the appro-
ximation and integrating the expressions for the .forces and IOOments, gives

Et w + au 4.16
N4> = (1 - ,,2)(R "ox)

3
2
Et aw 4.17
M4> = 12 (1 - ,,2)"ax 2

Nx = (1 Et au + w 4.18
- ,,2) (ax "R'!..)
2
·M = Et 3 aw 4.19
X 12 ( 1 - ,,2)ax2

Eqs. 4.16 ·to 4.19 represent the elastic law for a cylindrical shell
under axisymmetric load. These equations combined with the equilibrium
equations will allow the solution of the problem of the action of the rope
pressure on the drum roll.

4.1.3 Solution of the problem

Combining Eqs. 4.16 to 4.19 with Eqs. 4.1 to 4.3, yields:

N
x
= K(au + w) = constant
oX "If 4.20

2 2
K(w + }u) + R~Daw ) = -pR 4.21
. R oX ax2 ax 2

where
Et
K = (1 _ ,,2)

Et3
o= 12 (1 _ ,,2)

The quantities K and 0 are generally called the "extensional" and the
 \
86

"f1exura1 stiffness". respectively. of the shell.

Considering that the cylinder has constant thickness and combining

Eqs. 4.20 and 4.21 gives

It
aw + 4S lt w = -~(p + ~N ) 4.22
axlt Rx

where

Sit Et 3(1 _ ,,2)

= --=
4R 2 O R2 t 2

The problem of circular cylindrical shells subjected to axisymmetric '

load is reduced to the solution of the differential equation in Eq. 4.22.
The solution. whose development can be found in reference 21. is

where
w(x) - radial displacement at x
Cl' C2 • C3 • CIt - constants of integration

The axial force Nx ' appearing in the solution. represents in the winding
drum problem. the resiStance offered by the side plates to disp1acements of
the roll edges and also the force applied by the rope to the side flanges in
the multi -1 ayeri ng conditi on. . Although the drum bei ng s tudi ed is wound with
two layers of rope. the second layer does not apply forces to the side plates
so that the axial force is reduced to the reactions due to the plates. This
axial reaction •. common1y neglected in the discussion of.pressurized cylindri-
cal, she11s 16 • will be taken as zero in the remainder of this discussion.

The four constants of integration in Eq. 4.23 are determined by conside-

ring the conditions at the edges of the cylinder as boundary conditions. In
order to,il1ustrate the application of the solution. the cases for simply sup-
ported and built in edges are considered in the next section.
 87

4.1.4 Roll with simply supported or built in edges

Consider first, a roll under external pressure p with the edges simply
supported. as shown in FIG. 4.9.

, , , -. , , p , ,
IJ ~
0 0::
N
.. X - -

if
I I I
II I I I
f/
I- Ll2
I• •
L12
1.. 1

FIG.4.9 SIMPLY SU PPORTED ROLL

For convenience. the origin of the·x axis is taken as midway along the
length L. At the edges. x=±L/2, the deflections and the moments are zero.
Then.

w(-L/2) = 0 w(L/2) = 0
M (-L/2) = 0 Mx (L/2) = 0
x
2
Considering that, Mx = D~~2' the equation for the moment Mx(x) at point
x is obtained by twice differentiating Eq. 4.23 and multiplying by D.

The four constants of integration are determined by solving simultaneous-

ly the four equations given by the boundary conditions. The solution is

C2 = C3 = 0

_.J?E..2 2s i n"s inh"

Cl - Et cos2" + cosh2"
_ ~ 2cos"cosh"
C4 - Et cos2" + cosh2"
where
,,--.m:..2
 88

A roll with built in edges can· be analysed in a·si'11ilar.~/ay,and;·in this

case, the radial deflections and the slopes w' are zero at the edges. The
boundary conditions are represented by the equa~ions

w(-L/2) = D w{L/2) =D
w' (-L/2) = D , w'{L/2) = D

With the equations for the slopes obtained by differentiating once

Eq. 4.23, the solution for the system of equations is

C2 = C3 = D
Cl - pR22(sinacosha - cosasinha)
- Et sin2a + sinh2a.
C.. =~2(sina70sha + :osasinha)
, tt; sln2a + slnh2a

Different boundary conditions can be analised in a similar way.

HETENYI 3D shows that the equation obtained for the radial deflection of a
cylinder under axisymmetric load is the same as that for the deflection of
a beam on elastic foundations. His analyses of several cases of beams under
different loadings and boundary conditions are a good reference for the study
of cylinders under axisymmetric load.

The solution in Eq. 4.23 can be directly applied to describe the beha-
viour of a winding drum if there are no stiffening rings; if the drum si-
des can be assumed perfectly rigid and if the roll is considered either
simply supported or built in to the sides. A more accurate analysis re-
quires the consideration of the elasticity of the sides and the effects
of the stiffening rings when these are present. The introduction of elastic
sides is discussed in section 4.3.

4.1.5 Roll with stiffening rings

To demonstrate how the effects of stiffening rings can be taken into

.~.-;
account, assume a drum roll simply supported at the edges and with a stif-
 89

fening ring at x=O as shown in FIG. 4.10.

I I 1"1 I I P, I
~t'ff .
S I .enlng ~T9 a:
_____r_1 n..9. I--x _ _ N

J.
I_I I 1. I I
•••
I I I
Ll2 L12
FIG.4.10 ROLL WITH STIFFENING RING

At the edges. the deflections and moments are zero. However. these
conditions are 'not sufficient to fully describe the stiffened cylinder.
One technique is to assume that the ring acts on a circle. split the cylin-
der roll at this circle and represent the two resulting sub-cylinders as
isolated free bodies. This is shown in FIG. 4.11 where wi(O). wj(O). Mxi(O)

f
, I
Wj(O)
d:.,._. .
1_ .....1_P___a.I-.

WJ(O )
j
f
Mxj( 0)
o.xj(O) ~
'f'I- I I
1./
SUB-(YLI NDERS

and Qxi(O) are. respectively. the deflection. slope. moment and shear force
of the sub-cylinder i at the 'position of the ring. wj(O). wj(O). Mxj(O)
and Qxj(O) are the corresponding variables for sub-cylinder j.

Eq. 4.23 and its derivatives may now be applied to each sub-cylinder
" ,
resulting in a set of four constants of integration to be determined for.'
each sub-cyl i nder. The boundary conditi ons at x=±l/2 provi de four equa tions
-,
 '.
90

and four more equations are obtained from the conditions at the ring where,
because of the continuity of the cylinder and of the equilibrium it can be
written that

wi(O) = wj(O)

wi(O) = wj(O)

Mxi(O) - Mxj(O) = -M s

Qxi (0) - Qxj (0) = -Qs

where M is the moment reaction and Q the force reaction offered by the
s· s
ring which are both unknown. However, if it is assumed that the ring is
thin, i.e., th~ dimensions of its cross-section are small compared with the
radius; that the ring axis passes through the centroids of the cross-sections;
that the loads are applied at the axis and the ring radius is approximately
equal to the radius of the roll, then, from FLiiGGE 26

where
o - radial deflection experienced by the ring
y - rotation experienced by the ring cross-section
As area of the ring cross-section
Is - moment of area of the ring cross-section in relation
to an axis passing through the ring centre and the
centroid of the cross-section
Es - modulus of elasticity of the ring

Supposing that the ring perfectly follows the deformations of the roll
it'can be written that
 91

and then
EA
Qs =w i (0) ~2 s

. , Es Is
Ms = wi(O)--w-

The above expressions combined with the equations representing the con-
tinuity and equilibrium of the roll at the ring and with the equations for
the roll boundary conditions, form a system of simUltaneous equations whose
solution gives two sets of constants of integration, each set being valid
for only one of the sub-cylinders.

Generalizing, if the roll had N stiffening rings, it could be split into

N+l sub-cylinders and the solution of a system of 4x(N+1) equations would be
required to describe the whole cylinder.

Several authors have dealt with the problem of stiffened circular shells
under uniform pressure, trying to establish a solution in a single equation.
NOVOZHILOV 3l approximates the stiffened shell with an equivalent, without
rings, exhibiting different elastic properties in the axial and circumferen-
tial directions and remarks that the method involves small errors if the
rings are sufficiently closely spaced and in sufficiently large numbers:
FLUGGE 26 and WILSON 32 consider equally spaced rings and assume that the de-
formation of the cylinder, between the rings,is symmetric in respect to a
plane passing midway between the rings.

The advantage of the method presented here over those of the referred
·authors is that there are no restrictions on the spacing of the rings and few
on their shapes. Furthermore, it can be extended to account for conditions
between the cylinder edges other than stiffening rings, provided they are
axisymmetric, For example, consider a simply supported. roll partially. loaded
as shown in FIG. 4.12. Splitting the roll at x=O, where the load disconti-
nuity occurs, the equations representing the conditions at the edges and at
t. the split are
 ----------

'.
92

, I I " PI I
~ Io J;
X j
+--'

if I
~
I I I I
1-' Ll2
I.
Ll2
.I
FIG. 4.12 PARTIALLY LOADED ROLL

w.1 (-L/2) = 0 Wj (L/2) = 0

M .(-L/2) = 0 Mxj (L/2) = 0

Xl ,

4.24

wi (0) = wj (0)
Mxi (0) = Mxj (0)

Q
xi (0) = Qxj (0)

The condition that p=O f.or the sub-cylinder j is implicit in Eq. 4.24.

As a rule, a cylinder can be split into sub-cylinders at any axisymme-

tric geometrical or loading discontinuity. However, it must be kept in
mind that for a geometrical discontinuity such as a stiffening ring. the me-
thod is an approximation for it cannot fully show the mechanical interaction
between the cylinder and the ring at that point. Nevertherless, the experi-
mental results discussed in chapter 5 show that the approximation is ,valid.

Theoretica lly, there is no 1imit' to the numbe'r of sub-cyl i nders into

which a cylinder can be split. The only restriction is related to the mani-
pulation of the simultaneous equations created. While with two sub-cylin-
 93

ders the task is possible by manual means, as the number of splits increases
manual techniques become infeasible and computer aided techniques become ne-
cessary.

The theoretical model for the winding drum problem, considering stiffe-
ning rings and also side plates, is presented in Appendix 3 in a structure
suitable for implementation into a computer.

4.2 Side Plates

The drum side may be assumed to be a thin uniform circular plate as

shown in FIG. 4.13 and any point in it defined by a system of coordinates r,

--Itl--
p
FIG. 4.13 SIDE PLATE

e and y where
r - is the distance to the axis of the plate.
e - is the angle that the diameter passing through the point
forms with a reference diameter.
y - is the distance to the middle surface along a normal to
the plate.
 94

The middle surface is defined as the surface equidis'tant to the two fa-
ces of the plate.

An element of the plate isolated as a free body is represented in FIGs.

4.14 and 4.15 with the forces and moments acting on it. The notation in
the figures is

Pr' Pe' Py - components of the external loads per unit of area in the
directions r, e and y'respectively.
N , Ne - normal forces along the directions rand e.
r
N - shearing force acting on a surface normal to direction r
r and along direction.e.
N - shearing force acting an a surface normal to direction e
er and along direction r .
Qr' Q - shearing forces acting on surfaces normal to directions r
e and e and along direction y.
Mr - bending moment on a secti on norma 1 to di recti on r.
Me - bending moment on a section normal to direction 6.
M - twisting moment acting on a surface normal to direction r
re and in the e direction.
M - twisting moment acting on a surface normal to direction 6
er and in the r direction.

All forces and moments are per unit of length.

The assumption of uniformity of the side plate is not strictly true for
drums split diametrically. However, split side plates are commonly securely
fastened to the drum roll and shaft' and also butted and bolted together. In
such a case, it seems reasonable to consider that the effects of the discon-
tinuity are localized near the split and that the split plate overall behaves
similarly to a uniform ~late. Allowing the use of the assumption results in
a more simplified approach than would 'otherwise be the case.

In a similar procedure to the one adopted for the analysis of the drum
roll, the system of forces 'and moments on the plate element can be simplified.
This can be done by considering the symmetry of the loading which, in this
case, comprises a bending moment around" the plate edge and a compr'essive
force acting in the plane of the'plate; both transmitted by the drum roll.
 95

~r dr
Nr+ Tr
Ne+ ~~de
o Ur+ oo.r d r
>.n_ 5&e ~r
Qe+~de NrS+ dr dr
oc c1lerde
Ner+ de
FIG.4.14 FORCES ON A PLATE ELEMENT

FIG. 4.15 MOMENTS ON A PLATE ELEMENT

 96

Solutions for the problem of circular plates subjected to the combined action
of these types of loads have been discussed by several authors as, for exam-
p1e, MANSFIELD 33 ,ch. 3. They involve four constants of integration which
can be readily determined if the applied moment and force are known. In the
winding drum,prob1em however, they are not known but can be represented as
expressions derived from Eq. 4.23. In this case they will be functions of
the constants of integration appearing in that equation which are also un-
known. The moment and force expressed in this manner, when combined with
the solution for the plate, produce a system of equations where the constants
of integration are related non-linearly, making their determination very
complex. To simplify the analysis, the effects of the moment and compres-
sive force will be considered separately and their combined effect obtained
by superposition, This is an approximation that for small deflections,
which is the case for winding drums, introduces only small errors.

4.2.1 Bending moment applied by the drum roll

4.2.1.1 Equations of equilibrium

Considering only a bending moment symmetrically applied around the peri-

phery of the,p1ate, the' system of forces and moments acting on an element of
the plate is reduced to that shown in FIG. 4.16 where, because of the symme-
try, Nre , Ner , Qe' Mre and Mer do not apply and Meis, constant. The forces
. Nr and Ne are commonly taken as zero in small deflections problems not in-
volving in plane loads (refer, e.g., to DONNEL 27 , ch. 4). Also, because
of the nature of the load, the components. pr , Pe and py are zero.

For the element to be in equilibrium, the sum of forces in the direc-

tion y has to be

or, ignoring the small ,terms of higher order

aQr
r- = 0
ar 4.25
 97

FIG.4.16 ,!LEMENT OF PLATE UNDER

SYMMETRIC MOMENT
 '.
98

The sum of moments relative to the e direction is given by

aM aQ
(t1r + a/dr)(r + dr)de - (Qr + a/dr.)(r + dr)dedr/2 - Mrrde -

- Qr rctedr/2 - 2r"edrsi n(ne/2) ": 0

Negl ecti ng the terms of hi gher order, the sma 1.1 di fference between the
shear forces on the two opposite curved sides of the element and also taking
sin(de/2)=de/2, then

aMr
rar- + Mr - rQ r - Me = 0

Differentiating in respect to r and substituting in Eq. 4.25 gives

oMe
- -
or = 0 4.26

The consideration of the equilibrium of the element does not provide

other equations and, in order to determine the unknowns Mr and Me it is neces-
sary to consider the deformations.

4.2.1.2 Deformations

Assuming that the plate is thin in relation to its radius and using the
Love-Kirchhoff approximation discussed in section 4.1.2, the stresses and
strains in the y direction can be neglected such that is only necessary to
examine the normal strains Er and Ee in the directions rand e respectively.

In order to establish the expression for Er' the deformed plate may be
represented by a cross-section through a diameter as shown in FIG. 4.17a.

It will be seen in the figure that the length dr, before deformation,
of a lamina taken at' a distance y from the middle surface, as shown in
FIG. 4.17b, changes to a length

{Pr + y)dlj> = (1 +L)ds

Pr
 99

middle
surface
tp ,
T
4 I====:f:i-=Y-dy
_ L _ _ _- '

I b)
d~

ds
(c)
'Wp-- ---
la)
FIG.4.17 CROSS- SECTION OF DEFORM EO PLATE

o
o

la)

- -- -... \
I
( b)
.... - --- ~." "
r

FIG.418 TANGENTIAL CURVATURE

 '.
100

,
after deformation. For small deflections dsedr and the radial strain Er is
given by

4.27

The curvature 11P r of the deformed surface in the direction r is then

_1 e~_~
Pr as - dr

Because of the small deflections, it will be seen from FIG. 4.17c that
dw
~ e tan~ e ~
where
wp - deformation of the plate in the direction y

The expression for the radial strain Er can thus take the form
2
aw
Er e y~ 4.28
which is written as partial differential equation in order to be consistent
with the mathematical development to follow.

The ·tangentia1 strain Ee of a point in the plate at a distance y from

the middle surface, is given by an· expression similar to Eq. 4.27, i.e., it
is the product of the curvature lips of the deformed surface in the direction
e and the distance y as given, e.g., by TIMOSHENK0 16 , ch. 3. In order to
determine the curvature, reference should be made to FIG. 4.18a where, be-
cause of symmetry, norma1s taken at any point on a circle of radius r on the
deformed plate intercept at a point 0 on the axis of the plate. It follows
that the distance from 0 to any of the points is the radius of curvature Pe
in the direction s. Assuming small deflections and from FIG. 4.18b
 '.
101

_ awp
As already seen ~ - ar' from which it follows that

Thus, the tangential strain is given by

4.29

In order to relate the radial and tangential strains £r and £e to the

moments Mr and Me it is necessary to investigate the stresses acting on an
element of the plate as shown in FIG. 4.19.

On a side of the element normal to direction e, a lamina of thickness

dy and at a distance y from the middle surface, is subjected to a stress re-
sultant

This resultant applies a moment to the plate, in relation to its middle

surface equal to

The total moment Me' applied by the resu1tants at all laminas is, by re-
ference to FIG. 4.16, given by

4.30

Applying the same reasoni ng, the moment f1 r , on a section normal to the r
direction is given by

4.31
 '.

102

y
.--r~ dy

FIG.419 STRESSES ON A PLATE ELEMENT

 103

The radial and tangential stresses or and 0e' are related to the radial
and tangential strains Er and £e' by Hooke's law as

E
a
r = p
(1- ,,2)
(£
r +
p

where
Ep - modulus of elasticity for the plate
"p - Poisson ratio for the plate

Using Eqs. 4.28 and 4.29, the expressions for the stresses or and 0e
can be rewritten as
2
E aw aw
= P y(' D + " ~)
or (1 - ,,2)
p
arz rar

Substituting the above equations into Eqs. 4.30 and 4.31 and integrating,
yields the values of the moments Mr and Me,as

2
aw aw
Mr -- 0 p ('arTD + ~----2.)
rar 4.32

4.33
where
 104

4.2.1.3 Solution of the problem

The expressions for Mr and Me in Eqs. 4.32 and 4.33, substituded into
Eq. 4.26 result in

or, more conveniently

This differential equation represents the behaviour of a circular plate

under axisymmetrical load. Its general solution, obtained by successive in-
tegra ti ons, is

wp(r) = Cpl + Cpz·

logr + Cp3 rZ + CP4 rZlogr 4.34

giving the plate deflection wp(r), at a radius r. The constants of integra-

tion, C ' Cpz ' Cp3 and Cp4 ' are determined in each case by examining the
pl
boundary conditions at the edges of the plate.

4.2.2 Compressive force applied by the drum roll

4.2.2.1 Equations of equilibrium

The system of forces and moments acting on a element of the plate, shown
in FIGs. 4.14 and 4.15, is reduced to that shown in FIG. 4.20 if the plate is
subjected only to the action ofaxisymmetric forces in its plane.

Resolving the forces in the direction r results in the expression

aN
(N r + arrdr)(r + dr)de - Nrrde - 2N esin(de/2)dr =0
 105

FIG. 4.20 ELEMENT OF PLATE UNDER

SYMMETRIC IN PLANE FORCE
 106

Since de is small and neglecting terms of higher order

4.35

Once again; the conditions of equilibrium are not sufficient for the
solution of the problem and the deformations have to be considered.

4.2.2.2 Deformations

In order to consider the deformations, reference has to be made to

FIG. 4.21 where ur is the displacement in the radial direction. The radial

FIG. 4.21 DEFORMATIONS OF

PLATE ELEMENT-
strain Er is then

1 au aU r
Er -- (u +_r
err r ar dr - u')=-
r ar 4.36

In the tangential direction, an elemental fiber, having an initial length

rde is stretched to a length (r + ur)de and the tangential strain ta is

4.37

The radial stress a and the tangential stress a can be related to the
r " e
radial strain Er and the tangential strain Ea by Hooke's law. Hence,
 "
107

aU r 1
£r =ar- =T(or - "poe) 4.38
p

ur 1
£e = -:r- =r(oe - "par) 4.39
p

By differentiating Eq. 4.39 and combining with Eq. 4.38 gives

aO aO r
rar-e- r,,'-
par + (1 + "p)(oe - or) = 0 4.50

In the element. the radial stress or and the tangential stress 0e are
·given by

N dr N
°e =ah-p =~p
Substituting these expressions into Eq. 4.50

aNe aN'r
r- - - +
r" par 4.51
ar

This equation combined with the equilibrium equation in Eq. 4.35 would
allow the solution of the problem.

4.2.2.3 Solution of the problem

Taking Eq. 4.35 and its first differential in respect to r and substitu-
ting into Eq. 4.51 gives

',:
 108

A general solution for this equation is

4.52

And, from Eq. 4.35, it can be established that

4.53

where
normal force at a radius r in the radial
direction
normal force at a radius r in the tangential
direction
C ' C - constants of integration to be determined by
pS p6 the examination of the boundary conditions

As an illustration, consider a plate with a concentric hole and subjec-

ted to forces Fo and Fi' per unit of length, acting on the outer and inner
edges, respectively, as shown in FIG. 4.22.

FIG. 4.22 PLATE WITH A HOLE

Adopting the convention that radial fo\ces acting outwards are positive,
the boundary conditions in this case are:
at r=R
-Fo
 109

,
at r=r.

Substitutin~ these conditions in Eq. 4.52 gives

-Fo

Fi = Cps + *r,
C

Solving for the constants of integration Cps and CPG gives

FoR2+ Fir~
Cps = (R2 - rfl 4.54

= rf R2(F j + Fol
C (R2 - rp 4.55
pG

In the winding drum problem, the plate is fixed to a hub on. the shaft,
at the edge of the central hole and, the radial reaction Fi of the hub is
not known. However, this force can be related to the force Fo applied at
the outer edge of the plate if it is assumed that, the hub is perfectly rigid
and the plate built into it. In this case, the radial deflection of the.
plate at the hub is zero. The radial deflection ur(r) at a radius r of the
plate can be derived from Eq. 4.39 and, after the proper substitution, wri~ten
as
r?R2
)(F o
+ vp F·)~l
+, rL 4.56

By making Eq. 4.56 equal zero at r=r i and solving for Fi yields

4.57
 110

Hence, a circular plate built in at the edge of a central hole and sub-
jected to an in plane force at the outer edge, would suffer a reaction at the
inner edge, proportional to the applied force and given by Eq. 4.57. There-
fore, forces, stresses, strains and deflections at any point of the plate can
be expressed,as functions of'the 'force Fo only.

4.3 Combination of the Theoretical !'1odels for the Drum Roll and
Side plates

Consider a drum roll without stiffening rings, supported by two side'

plates identified as side plate 1 and side plate 2,centrally built into per-
fectly rigid hubs attached to a perfectly rigid shaft. Such configuration
can be represented in the manner shown in FIG. 4.23

b
side side
plate1 plate
,/

"d
0::
N
a
<-
x ("0.1

FIG.4.23 ROLL WITH SlOE PLATES

Further consider that the roll and the side plates have the same thick-
ness, are made of the same material and that the drum roll is subjected to
a uniform external pressure p.

By reference to Eqs. 4;23 and 4.34, it can be seen that, the solution of
 111

such a problem requires the determination of twelve constants of integration,

four for the roll and four for each side plate. It is necessary, therefore,
to identify twelve independent equations relating the constants. Four of
these equations can be established from the conditions of each side plate at
the hub wher~, because of the built in support, the deflections and slopes
are zero. Other equations can be established from the conditions at the
joints of the roll with the side plates by assuming that each joint is per-
fectly rigid in the sense that the roll and the plate experience no displa-
cement relative to each other. Thus, at the joint, the slopes of the roll
and of the side plate will be the same as also will be the axial" moment on
the roll and the radial moment on the plate. These conditions provide a
further four equations. The remaining equations can be" obtained by assuming
that, at each joint the side plate suffers no deflection normal to its plane
and that the roll moves inwards by 0 as shown in FIG. 4.24.

6
Lr-- - - - --
I

FIG. 4.24 DEFLECTION AT lHE JOINT

The conventions adopted in setting up the twelve equations are:

i- The origin of the coordinate x for the roll is taken at
the middle surface of the side plate 1 and positive to the
right. "
ii- The moments are positive if"acting as shown in FIG. 4.25.
iii- The notation is the same used throughout sections 4.1 and
4.2 with the variables for the side plate 1 and side p1a~
te2 being identified by subscripts 1 and 2 respectively.
 '.
112

~Oll 'L, ) r y
'.

side

FIG.4.25 POSITIVE MOMENTS

With reference to FIG. 4.23 the twelve equations describing the problem
are:
at point a
wpl (r i ) = 0

w'(r.)=O
pI 1
at point b
wpl(R) = 0

w(O) = ob' 4.58

will (R) = -w' (0)

MrJ (R) = -Mx(O) 4.59

at point c
wp2 (R) =0
w(L) = 0c
w' (R) = w'(L)
p2
Mr2 (R) = Mx(L)
at point d
wp2 (r i) = 0
w'(r.)=O
p2 1

where
Ob' ° - radial
.c
deflections of the roll at points band c
respectively.
 113

The negative signs in the equations involving moments and slopes of the
roll and the plates are for. consistency with the system of coordinates and
with the direction of the moments.

All the expressions in the equations may be obtained from Eqs. 4.23 and
4.34 and their derivatives. The deflections 6b and 6 are obtained by assu-
c
ming that they are equal to radial disp1acements of the side 'p1ates caused
only by in plane forces equal to the shear forces 0x(O) and Qx(L) on the roll
at points band c.

From Eqs. 4.3 and 4.19 the shear force Ox is'

a~x Da~
Ox =a;z= ax 3

By combining Eqs. 4.56 and 4.57, the radial deflections of the side pla-
tes at points band c, where r=R, can be expressed as

4.60

6 = -KpOx (L) 4.61

C
where
R 2rf 2R2
Kp = E(R2-r? )t {(\I-1 )R2 [1- (R2+r?)+\I (RL r ?)1 - (\1+ 1 )rf [1- (R2trp+\I{R2_ r p]}
1 1 1

The negative signs in Eqs. 4.60 and 4.61 are to indicate that the forces
are compressive. These equations,combined with the previous set of twelve
equations,permit the determination of the constants of integration to give
the solution of the, problem of a drum roll supported by elastic side plates.

For drums with stiffening rings, the ,number of constants of integration

would be increased by four for each ring. The additional equations required
would be established from the conditions at the rings as shown in section
4.1.5.

Some winding drums are fitted with brake rings, as is the case of the
drum being studied. To illustrate how these rings may be included in the
 \
114

theoretical representation, suppose that the drum in FIG. 4.23 is fitted with
one brake ring at the joint b as shown in FIG. 4.26.

,'- ,b roll
I
brake' -,~
ring

side

FIG.4.2' BRAKE RING

If the same assumptions made for the stiffening rings in section 4.1.5
are made for the brake ring, the moment reaction Mb and the force reaction
Qb,of the brake ring at the joint of the roll with the side plate, can be
wri tten as
I E
Mb = w' (0) ~2b
AbEb
Qb = °bRZ
where
Ib - moment of area of the brake ring cross-section in
relation to an axis passing through the ring centre
and the centroid of the cross-section
Ab - area of the brake ring cross-section
Eb - modulus of elasticity for the brake ring

These two reactions have to be considered in the equations representing

the'conditions at point b. The moment reaction is introduced into Eq. 4.59
considering the equilibrium of moments at the point and modifying the equa-
tion relating the moments.to
 115

The force reaction is introduced considering the equilibrium of forces

at the point b. The force -Qx(O) applied by ~he drum roll to the side plate
and brake ring is reacted by a force 0b/Kp from the plate, and, by a force Qb
from the ring such that

Ob
-+Q =-Q(O)
Kp b x

(By reference to Eq. 4.60, the ratio 0b/Kp gives the force necessary to pro-
duce a deflection ob on the plate)

Substituting the expression of Qb and solving the equation above for ob

yields

The,substitution of this expression for ob into ,Eq. 4.58 introduces the

force reaction of the brake ring into the conditions at point b.

A brake ring fitted to the joint c would be considered in a similar

manner.

4.4 Action of the Bent Shaft on the Side Plates

In order to simplify the analysis of the problem, it is assumed firstly,

that the effect of the action of the bent shaft on the plates can be determi-
ned separately and then. superposed on the effects of other loads. Secondly,
in addition to the plates being built to perfectly rigid hubs, these follow
exactly the slope of the'shaft. Thirdly, it is assumed that the side plates
are built into a perfectly rigid drum roll.

Suppose that the bent shaft acfs on a side plate in the manner shown in
!,
fIG. 4.27.where wis the slope of the shaft at the hub and M is the moment
applied by the shaft to the plate. Such a moment is asymmetric in relation
to the axis of the plate and hence. the solution for the bending of plates,
derived in section 4.2 cannot be applied.
 116

r
I
,
I
I
I

.¥
Y

R I
I
I
I

FIG.4.27 ACTION OF BENT SHAFT

,.
 117

The establishment of a solution applicable to the present case involves

the development of a theory for the general bending of circular plates.
The full development of this theory is beyond the scope of this work.
Instead, the main steps of it will be discussed and only the final results
presented. The full development of the theory can be found, e.g., in
16
TIMOSHENK0 , ch. 9.

In the first step of the development, the forces and moments acting on a
plate are considered as in FIGs. 4.14 and 4.15. Assuming that there are no.
forces acting in the plane.of the plate and, examining the equilibrium and
also the deformation of the element in the plate, the following relationship
can be arrived at:

--~
D
P

where the notation is the same as in section 4.2.

A solution for this differential equation is the solution of the problem.

In the .present case, the load component py is zero and a solution is

w (r,a) = (C + C p3 + Cp p-l + C plogp)cosa 4.62

p P7 pe 9 PlO
where
wp(r,a) - plate deflection at a radius r and an angle a
Cp7 ' Cpe ' Cp9 ' CplO - constants of integration
r
p = If

Using Eq. 4.62, REISSNER 34 solved the problem represented in FIG. 4.27
taking the directions rand y as shown in the figure; the origin of the
angle a in the plane of the figure and the boundary conditions as follows:

at the hub
wp(r i ,a) = .0

wp(ri'a) = 0
 118

at the roll
wp(R,e) = Rsin~cose
w~(R,e) = Rtan~cose
considering small deflections, these become
wp(R,e) = R~cose
w~(R,e) = R~cose

The constants of integration arrived at by Reissner can be written in

the following form:

Cp7 = cIR~ = 2 1 ~l - Pfpi ++ 2(1 + pi)logpi

, ,
(1 + p?)logp.

Cpe = c 2R~ = ~[
2 1 _
1
pi + (1 + Pf)lOgpi]

Cp9 = c3R~ = 1 - Cp7 - Cpe

where
cl' c 2' C3' C4 - auxiliary constants
ri
Pi =R

With Eq. 4.62, its derivatives and the constants of integration given
above. the variables at any point of the plate can be determined if the slo-
pe ~ is known. Expressions for some of the variables are presented in the
next section. . The slope ~ may be related to the moment M applied by ~he
shaft by consideration of the equilibrium at the outer edge of the, plate
where the sum of moments along it has to be equal to M, which is represen-
ted bi 4
 119

Substituting the expressions for Mr' Mre and Qr' by reference to section
4.5.1. and integrating gives

4.63

Hence. the variables on the plate can also be determined if the moment M
is known.

In order to determine either the slope or the moment. it is necessary to

analyse the deflection of the shaft combined with the plate. This analysis
is illustrated in section 4.6.2 where the shaft of the scale model is consi-
dered.

The formula given by ROARK 22 and used in section 2.4.4 for the determi-
nation of the stresses induced by the bent shaft on the side plate. is deri-
ved from the solution given by Reissner.

4.5 Summary of Equations

Before describing the scale model theoretically. it is advantageous to

summarize the relevant equations obtained in the previous sections of the
chapter. Where applicable. the equation number previously used is repeated.
References in brackets indicate the equations. section or bibliographic refe-
rence from \·/hich the expression was obtained. The notation is the same as
that used throughout the chapter.

4.5.1 Drum roll

Radial deflection'
w(x)=Clsinsxsinhsx+C2sinsxcoshSx+C3Cossxsinhsx+C4CoSSXCOShSX-:~P (4.23)
: ..

Slope
aw
w' (x) = ax
 120

Axial moment 2
aW 4.19
MX(x) = Dax 2

Shear force 3
_ Daw (4.3. 4.19)
Qx(x) - ax 3

Axial strain 2
aw
£x(x) = _vw~x) - Zai2 (4.8. 4.20)

Circumferential strain
£4>(x) = W~x) (4.9)

Axial stress
°x(x) (4.10. 4.20)

Circumferential stress
E ~1 - v2 ) aw
VZ 2 2 J (4.11. 4.20)
04>(x) = (1 - v2) [ R w(x) -
ax

Moment reaction of stiffening ri ng at x=a

EI
Ms = ~2SW' (a) (sec. 4.1.5)

Force reaction of stiffening ring at x=a

EA
Qs -- 2.2
R2 w(a) (sec. 4.1.5)

Moment reaction of brake ring at x=b

EI
.' Mb = ~}w' (b) (sec. 4.3)

(sec. 4.3)
 121

4.5.2 Side plates

i- Radial bending only

Deflection
wp(r) = C~l + Cp2 10 gr + Cp3 r 2 + Cp4 r 21ogr 4.34

Slope

4.32

Tangential moment
2
law aw
M (r) = D (_=-..E. + \I~ p) 4.33
e p rar ~

Shear force

(sec. 4.2.1. 1 )

Radial
4.28

Tangential strain
Ea (r) 4.29

Radial stress·
(sec. 4.2.1.2)

Tangential stress
. 12
a (r) = ~M6(r) (sec. 4.2.1.2)
e p

.",.
 122

ii- In plane force only and plate with a central hole

Constants
FoR2 + F.r?
, ,
Cps = - (R2 - r?) , 4.54

4.55

Reaction of built in hub

2R2
4.57

Radial strain
.
Er(r) = 1 [ (1-
Et (s ec. 4.2.2.2)
p p

(sec. 4.2.2.2)

Radial stress
C
0r(r) = -{-(C ps + ~~) (4.52 )
p

Tangential stress
1 (4.53)
°e(r) =T(C ps
p

Radial displacement
ur(r) = r£e(r) 4.37

ii1- Action of bent shaft on plate with built in inner and outer edges

Constants ~1 - Pi2 + 2 (1 + Pt?)1 ogPi ]

Cp7 = clR~ = 1 - P,? + (1 + P,?)1.0gPi (sec. 4.4)
 123

(sec. 4.4)

(sec. 4.4)

(sec. 4.4)

Oef1 ecti on

Radi a 1 moment
o
Mr(r,e) =~1/1[2(3 + Vp )c 2P + 2(1 - Vp )c 3P- 3 + (1 + Vp)cltP-I]cose (ref. 34)

Tangential moment
o
Me(r,e) =r1/l[2(3vp + 1)c 2P + 2(v p - 1)c3P-3 + (1 + vp)CltP-I]cose (ref. 34)

Twi s t i ng moment
o
Mre(r,e) = -r"er(r,e) =-/1/1(1 - vp)(2c2P - 2c 3P-3 + c~p-I)sine (ref. 34)

Shear force

(ref. 34)

Radial stress

(ref. 34)

Tangential stress·
12 (ref. 34) .
. Cl (r ,e) = -tb'Me (r ,e)
~ . -- e p
. ,
 '-
124

Shear stress

T(r,6) ,(ref. 34)

Moment applied by the shaft

4.63

4.6 Theoretical Representation of the Scale Model

4.6.1 Effect of the rope pressure

The following, is a general procedure to represent theoretically the

effect of the rope pressure on a winding drum:

1 - Identify all the relevant geometrical and loading discontinuities

o~ the roll and build the equations to represent the conditions

at each of, them.

2 - Examine the joints between the roll and the side plates and wri-
te the equations to describe them considering the effects of bra-
ke rings if present.

3 - Consider the conditions of support of the side plates at the hubs

and formulate their equations.

. >
4 ·Put the equations in a .form where the only unknowns are the cons-
tants of integration for either the drum· roll or the side plates.

5 -. Solve the resulting ·system of simultaneous equations.

At this stage, the problem is completely solved. 'Variables such as de-'

flections, stresses, strains, etc ••• can be determined by numerical substitu-
..
tion. into the equations expressing them •
I.' .'.;
 125

Following the steps of the procedure, the theoretical representation of

the scale model started with the identification in s.tep 1, of the disconti-
nuities on the drum roll, marked from 1 to 13 in FIG. 4.28,

6 8
1

\? 34 5
1 I 1
7I r11 910 11
I I I
12]J13
• • I • • • • •
If . :t
~
~

V
FIG.4.28 DISCONTINUITtES ON THE ROLL

Considering initially the stiffening rings, it was assumed that their

force reactions, which were actually distributed along the rim, could be
substituted by forces localized at the edges and at the centre of the rim.
The force reactions of a ring were included in the theoretical model through
the consideration of the cross-section of the ring as in section 4.1.5.
In order to represent the stiffening rings of the scale model, the areas of
their cross-sections were assumed to be concentrated at the points of the
localized force reactions and distributed as shown in FIG. 4.29. As for

3
19
I
4 5
11 0 111
I I 1
•
3
19
rt
4 5
O
11
\
I
A~2
As,
IS1
3
I As2

As1 + As2
-3-
3

Is1 + Is2
actual· representation
,,
FIG.4.29 REPRESENTATION OF STIFFENING
RINGS
 126

the moment reactions it was assumed that they were localized at the centre
of the rim and included into the theoretical model through the consideration
of the moments of area of the rings concentrated as shown in FIG. 4.29.
In the illustrations in FIGs. 4.29 to 4.31, the various As and Is represent,
respectively, the cross-sectional areas and the moments of area of the rings
as indicated. The subscripts are only to differentiate between the various
parts and rings.

The stiffening ring at the centre of the drum and the drum dividing ring
lie on the same centre line and the edges of their rims were almost on the
same vertical lines. These rings were represented as shown in FIG. 4.30.

16 18
A53.'"' ,.. :..:As3
Is3 Is3
As4 17
Is L. ~ I I
I I I I I \ I I I I
I I .~ .

I
........... As 2 As2 +As3 +As4
Ast Is2 3 3
Is1
Asl +As2+As4
3"-3-
Is1 +ls2+Is3 +Is4
actual representation
FIG.4.30 STIFFENING RING AND
DIVIDING RING

The discontinuities marked as 1 and 13, defined the position of the side
ledges. These were reinforced by gussets, making difficult the simulation
·of their force and moment reactions. This was overcome by assuming that·
the ledges were rings attached to the roll and not to the side plates.
The cross~sectiona1 areas and moments of areas were assumed to be concentra-
ted at the edges. The edges of the roll were then assumed to be directly
connected to the sides as .shown in FIG. 431 , which, in antecipation to step
2 of the procedure, also shows how the. areas Ab and the moments of area Ib
 127

Is5
sidE R

; .
-'" .~ .
'actual~ , representation
FIG. 4.31 REPRESENTATION OF THE JOINT

of the brake rings have been considered.

The positions marked as 2 and 12 in FIG. 4.28 indicate the last of the
dead coils on each side of the drum roll. It was assumed that the pressure
transmitted by the dead coils was zero and hence, between positions 2 and 12
and each side plate there was no rope pressure acting on the drum roll.

The examination of the conditions on the drum roll was concluded with
the consideration of the pressure applied by the rope, between positions 2
and 6 and 8 and 12, in the following manner;

i-With a si ng1 e layer of rope on both sides of the drum,

the app1 ied pressure PI was calculated 'with Eq. 2.1 where
the rope diameter was sUbstituted by the rope pitch, hence
T
PI = Rxpitch
ii - With ,two layers acting on one side, the pressure there was
taken as PI = 2xP2 while the pressure on the other side
was taken as zero.

,,'
This determination of the pressures did not take into account the effect
of the rope relaxation as discussed in section 2.1. In order to consider
.. ," this effect, factors of rope relaxation were calculated with the following
formula derived by ATKINSON and TAYLOR 6 which gives the factor of relaxation
 128

FRn for n layers of rope and where the parameters and its values were the
same as given in section 2.1:

n 1 +' 0.'2513K
FR n = L 1 + -Cf - nK ~---,-;.l_~ 4.64
; =1
-n-.7ss-6l< 1 + (i - J)K
1 + 1 + (i - l)K

The net pressure P~ applied by n layers of rope was given by

Pn' = FR npj

The expression has been derived for winding drums without stiffening
rings and, to account for them, an equivalent thickness te for the drum roll,
obtained as' described in section 2.1, was used.

For the scale model the factors of relaxation were FR j = 0.90 and
FR2 = 1.65.

The equations representing'the conditions at each discontinuity point

on the scale drum roll are not presented here.

Part of step 2 of, the procedu're was implemented earlier when the sides
and the brake rings were considered. In order to complete this step, it was
necessary to represent the side plates which extended beyond the radius R of
the drum roll to a radius ro as shown in FIG. 4.31. In order to do so, each
plate was considered as comprising an inner plate of radius R to whose peri-
phery an outer plate, the drum roll and a brake disk were rigidly joined.
The conditions at the joint were described by examination of the equilibrium
and continuity between each element, similarly to that developed,in section
4.3. However, the inclusion of an outer plate meant that four additional
constants of integration had to be determined to de'scribe its,behaviour.
, :. The conditions at the joint provided only two additional equations, namely"
.
that the inner and outer plates would have the same'def'lections and same
 129

slopes at that point. Two more equations were obtained by considering that
the radial moment and the shear force at the free edge of the outer plate
were zero.

The representation of the conditions on the side plates was completed

with step 3 where the plates were assumed to be built into perfectly rigid
supports at the pitch circle diameter of the bolts.

The side plates of the scale model had a ring of six holes symmetrical-
ly placed, as shown in drawing no.79VDD9/XD1D8 19 in Appendix 1. In order
to overcome the computational complexity of a more precise method of analysis,
such as that presented by KRAUS 35 , it was assumed that the side plates would
behave, as a whole, like solid ones.

The theoretical model built with the foregoing assumptions, reduced the
scale model problem to the solution of a system of seventy two simultaneous
equations interrelating the unknown constants of integration, which would
permit the determination of deflections" strains, stresses, etc ..• at any
point on the drum. In order to manipulate such a system of equations, a
computer program written in enhanced BASIC language was prepared for a
Hew1ett-Packard 9845B desktop computer available at the Engineering Design
Centre. The program builds the whole system of equations arranging the'
coefficients of the constants of integration in a matrix and the independent
term of each equation into a vector. The matr;'x is then inverted and multi-
plied by the vector, resulting in another vector whose elements are the cons-
tants sought. The program can also provide the display of the values of any
variable along the roll or the side plates in form of a graph on a visual
display screen. Although written specifically for the scale model, the pro-
gram structure is such that it can be generalized to enable the analysis of
other wi ndi ng drum configLira tions • A program 1 i s ti ng for the sca 1e model is
presented in Appendix 4.

'4.6.2 Effect of the bent shaft

The procedure to represent theoretically the effect of the bent shaft on

 130

the side plates requires the following steps:

.1- Consider the shaft as a beam and define its loading configuration
representing the influence of the side plates as moment reactions
applied at the position of the hubs.

2 - Write the system of equations representing the conditions of the

shaft at each geometri ca 1 and '1 oadi ng di scont i nuity.

The solution of this system of equations would give the values of the
moment reactions of the side plates. These reactions are equal and opposite
in sign to the moments applied by the shaft to the side plates with whjch the
deflections, stresses, strains, etc .•. at any point on the side plates can be
determined as discussed in section 4.4.

In the first part of the procedure to represent the scale model, the
shaft loading configuration was considered as shown in FIG. 4.32 where the

M1 M2
FIG. 4.32 MODEL SHAFT LOADING
·,
nota ti on is
s - shaft weight per unit of length
Ft - drum self weight plus rope pull
G - 'weight of driving gear
M1, M2 - moment reaction of each side plate

As the moment reactions M1and M2 were unknown, the system of equations

written in the second part of the procedure was indeterminate. However,
from Eq. 4.63, these,moments could be related to the slopes $1 and $2,respec-
tive1y at points I and 2 of the shaft, by the expressions
, ." .
 131

These two additional expressions permitted the determination of the sys-

tem of equations.

The solution of the system was obtained with the program presented in
Appendix 4.

As before, the side plates have been assumed to be solid .

.~.

",
 132

CHAPTER 5
TEST RESULTS

The main objectives of the tests with the model drum were:

i-To observe the mechanical behaviour of the drum under dif-

ferent conditions and investigate how this behaviour was
affected by factors such as the drum position, the loads,
the brake rings and the drum split.

ii - To compare the results with the predictions made using the

theoretical models discussed in chapter 4.

Thi s chapter deals not only with the tes ts performed on the drum but a1-
so with the fulfilment of the first objective; the second objective is the
subject of the next chapter.

The information required for the accomplishment of both objectives was

obtained through the measurements of strains at several points on the model
drum. The test rig and the instrumentation were described·in· chapter 3,
however, it is necessary to discuss the layout of the strain gauges .in more
deta i 1.

5.1 Layout of the Strain Gauges

The strain gauges, whose layout is shown in FIG. 5.1, were placed either
on a plane AA away from the drum split or on a plane BB near the split. The
purpose of those on plane AA was to show the pattern of strains in the drum
without the influence of the discontinuity due to the split; those on plane
BB were intended to show the effect of its influence.

The gauges nos. 1 to 18 and 38 to 45 were placed on the inside of.the

drum roll on either the circumferential or axial directions. Results will
not be given for gauge no. 1 as it was damaged during the drum assembly •.
Gauge no. 19, which was to be fitted to the outside of the drum roll was
 I
7" 3D'
1
r- QJ
133

instrumentecl
bo Its

---+--t

· Instrumen~ .....'., .....

side viewed
"""rom inside
(a)

Strain gauges
, ' numbered in Brackets
were outside the
drum

FIG.S.1 LAYOUT
.:
.
OF
STRAIN GAUGES
 134
SECTION AA
instrumented side
1 r non-instrumented side
LJ
~4
I 2 , 65 " 91012 11 \/,\3 18 17 43 44 45 L--- 1

ring~th recess
t& c(ea r au es
I 90 I 150 140
.

.... 1
I
5 ..!l1 11
I
11 t ~ I~
I..
17 +
~ ~C!D 10 Ii) ~ Mi
,.~
-~ ~0045 0

-
r;'"
J..

49
~
r-
~ . u
+
I~ - 11- --I~ -IJ.: ...H-
0
5 ~5 5 5 5
instrumented
bol t
( b)
SECTION BB
~ 1
lJ L- L
~40 42 41
'9

instrumented
bolts
r--
I -+5~ ~
• + .... - .~~ .... +-+
+ .....
++-f
1++ ....
11
~l
1-+
+~

~
4i 1- +
-
+
~
40
~ -t -+ +-

~ ~ ~ +- +
5l~..\1-5 J
240
FIG.5.1 LAYOUT OF
STRAI N GAUGES
(continued)
 135

omitted because of technical difficulties.

The gauges on the side plates, nos.> 20 to 37, were placed in pairs, one
on the outside and the other on the inside as mirror images of each other,
in either the radial or tangential directions.

During a first group of tests referred to in section 5.4, gauge no. 31

was inoperative but was in operation for the other groups of tests.

Three gauges forming a rectangular rosette, nos. 46 to 48, were fitted

on one of the plates used for strapping the roll halves together.

Six bolts in all were instrumented. Two were placed at the joint be¥
tween the ro 11 and the side support; one of them, no. 49, bei ng away from
the split and the other, no. 50, near the split. Two other bolts, nos. 51
and 52, were at the strapping plates. The remaining two, nos. 53 and 54,
were at the joint of the side plate halves.

The gauges on the instrumented bolts were fitted diametrically opposite

to each other, as shown in FIG. 5.2, and connected in series in an arrange-
ment which cancels the strains due to bending showing only those due either
to axial tension or compression. In order to provide room for the gauges,

gauge

'--
»

FIG.5.2 > INSTRUMENTED BOa

the instrumented bolts nos. 49 to 52 were bigger than the scaled bolts on
the model but the grooves on them were machined to leave a cross-sectional
area approximately equal to that of the scaled bolts. The instrumented
 136

bolts nos. 53 and 54 were the same as the scaled bolts so that the machining
of the grooves left them with a cross-sectional area only one half their ori-
ginal area.

After all tests were performed it was found that the strain gauges on
the instrumented bolt no. 50 were faulty; for this reason, the results from
this bolt have been omitted.

Strain gauges nos. 46 to 54 were exploratory gauges for which no theore-

tical analysis was done in order to predict the strains at them.

Two strain gauges, nos. 55 and 56, were placed on the shaft in the axial
direction midway between the hubs. These gauges were fitted mainly for con-
trol purposes a,s the behaviour of the shaft could be predicted theoretically
without difficulty.

For purposes of identification, the side of the drum with the majority of
gauges will be referred as the "instrumented side" while the side with the mi-
'nority of gauges will be referred as the "non-'instrumented side" as indicated
in FIG. 5.1b.

5.2 Test Conditions

5.2.1 Loading conditions

Tests were carried out for the foi10wing five static loading conditions:

1 - No load condition
,For this case the untensioned rope was wound as shown
in FIG. 5.3b; the weight carrier, referred in FIG. 3.3,
'being supported by means of two chain hoists. In this
situation, the drum was subjected to its self-weight. plus
the rope self-wei ght.

The observations at this loading condition were necessary in order to

 137

oo~ 11 1 IVYV

1I f---J L-.,; L
..
'.

( a)

00, )000 1 1
1I ~ ~ L
..

( b)

0000
11 1'nrnl •,.; nr. """""""

L1 ~ . .' ~ 1-
"

(c)

FIG. 5.3 LOADING CONFIGURATIONS

 138

set the datum for the effects of the other loading configurations. It
also served as a means of assessing the effects of the drum and rope se1f-
weight.

2 - Vertical load condition

With the untensioned rope as in the configuration
for the previous case. the carrier was loaded and the'
hoists removed. The drum was then subjected to a verti-
cal load in addition to the self-weight due to the drum
plus rope.

Tests with this loading configuration were required in order to observe

the effects on the drum of the vertical load alone.

'3 - One layer of rope on both sides of the drum

This loading condition had the configuration shown
in FIG. 5.3b where the whole rope. with the exceptjon of
the dead coils. was tensioned.

This loading condition will also be referred as "one layer of rope".

4 - Two layers of rope on the instrumented side

For this situation, shown in FIG. 5.3a. both layers
of rope were wound under tension on the instrumented side
of the drum. the dead coils remaining untensioned.

5 - Two layers of rope on the non-instrumented side

This configuration. shown in FIG. 5.3c. is a ref1ec-
tion of the previous condition. Both layers of rope were
wound under tension on the non-instrumented side. the dead
coils remaining untensioned.

In the last three loading configurations the drum was simultaneous·1y

subjected to its self-weight. to the rope self-weight. to the vertical load
and to the rope compression . . The fourth and fifth configurations represen-
ted the most severe loading conditions enforced on the drum. which occur at
the beginning or at the end of the winding cycle. The third configuration
'.
139

represented the loading condition occuring at the middle of the winding cycle.

5.2.2 Loads

The self-weight of the drum was 7260N.excluding the shaft,and the weight
of the rope was 10BON.

The vertical load applied in most of the tests was 2l.0kN which, for
the full size drum, was equivalent to the weight of the suspended rope plus
the weight of both conveyances loaded with BO% of the design payload.

To evaluate the effect of different loads tests were also carried out
with loads of 27.BkN and l4.4kN.

5.2.3 Drum configuration

Most of the tests were performed without the brake rings bolted in posi-
tion but hanging on the drum shaft. Later, they were bolted in position;
this configuration will be referred to as the "complete model ".

5.2.4 Drum position

One of the aspects to be observed in the tests was the distribution of

strains around the. drum' circumference. Since the main loads were acting
either vertically or radially. it was considered sufficient to measure strains
with the gauges at four positions, namely, at the top and bottom of a vertical
plane containing the drum axis and on the right and left hand sides of a hori-
zontal plane also containing the drum axis.

This choice of positions was based on the assumption that the whole drum
would behave like a beaM, hence, a gauge positioned in the horizontal plane
would not show strains caused by vertical loads, whilst a gauge at the top
or bottom positions would show the effect of these loads. The effect of
 140

radial loads would remain constant at all positions.

The four drum positions wi 11 be referred as the "reading positions".

5.3 Test Procedures

For each strain gauge a "reading" is defined as the voltage across its
Wheatstone bridge, recorded at a given instant. A "set of readings" is de-
fined as the readings for all strain gauges at all four drum positions for a
given loading condition.

The main operation' carried out during the tests was the setting of the
drum into a loading condition and the recording of a set of readings. The
reading positions were marked from 1 to 4 on the drum and the readings of
all sets were recorded after moving each mark, successively, to the top posi-
tion starting with position 1.

All the tests carried out with the various drum configurations and loads
followed a similar general procedure. They were commenced by putting the
drum in the desired configuration, setting it in the no load condition and
taking a set of readings. The drum was· rotated through the four positions
and finally back to the first position. The carrier was loaded with the re-
quired weight and the chain hoists removed; the drum was then in. the verti-
ca1 loading condition. After taking readings at the first drum position,
the carrier was lifted by the hoists, the drum rotated to the next position,
where the hoists were again removed and the readings for this position taken.
These steps were repeated. until the readings at the fourth position had been
. taken thus completing the.set of readings. This operation was to prevent
the rope becoming tensioned around the drum. In actual fact, it was impos-
sible to prevent the first two to four coils of the rope being tensioned.
However, the method adopted helped to minimize the effect.

The next action in the procedure was the tensioning of the rope which
.. ' was achieved by rotating the loaded drum. First, the layer of rope on the
instrumented side of the drum was transfered as the second layer on the
 141

non-instrumented side. Both layers were then transferred, under tension,

back to the instrumented side where a set of readings would be taken. At
this stage, the loading conditions could be alternatively changed to a sin-
gle layer of rope on both sides of the drum or two layers on.either side.
Where it was nec.essary to repeat a set of readings, the procedure adopted was
to move the drum to another condition and then return to the loading condi-
tion to be repeated.

When changing the magnitude of the vertical load, the weight carrier
had to be hoisted up, the tension on the rope relaxed by rotating the drum
in the same manner as to tension it and the whole procedure repeated with
the new load.

As part of the general procedure, the environment temperature was moni-

tored at the beginning and at the end of each set of readings and their ave-
rage recorded.

5.4 Tests Performed

Before describing the tests in more detail, it is necessary to define a

"group of tests" as the collection of all sets of readings taken with a given
load and a given drum configuration.

The sequence of tests started with a pre1iminar group being carried out
to ~heck various aspects of the experiment such as the 'performance of the
instrumentation, the consistency of readings, the temperature effect 'and test
procedures. The results of these test are not presented in this disserta-
tion.

Following this, five groups of tests were performed generating approxi-

mately 10,000 recorded values which are listed in Appendix 5. The tests ha-
ve been classified by sets of readings numbered from 1 to 46. A summary of
the tests is presented in table 5.1 where the number of the sets taken for
each condition are shown.
 Table 5.1
Sets of readings taken in eaeh group of tests

1 Group of tests
1 1 12 13 14 5 1
-------------1------------1------------1------------ -------------1
brake rings 1 brake ringsl brake ringsl brake rings brake rings 1
not fitted 1 not fitted 1 not fitted 1 not fitted fitted 1
-------------I--~---------I------------I------------ -------------11 ....
~

digital 1 data 1 data 1 data data N

multimeter 1 logger 1 logger 1 logger logger 1
-------------1------------1------------1------------ -------------1
21.0kN 1 21.0KN 1 14.4kN 1 27.6kN 21.0kN 1
============================= =============1============ ============1============ =============1
1 no load 1 1 18 29 1 35 41 I
m 1 1 1 1
c
------------------------- ------------1------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ 1
~I ver Heal load 2 1 19 30 36 42 1
~I 1 1
.~

~ 1------------------------- ------------1------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ I

B lone layer ot rope 3,4,6,6,9,111 21,22,24 32,34 36,40 44,46 1
o 1 12,14,15,17 1 26,28 1
~1------------------------- ------------1------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ I
5 I two layers on the 5,7,10,13 I 23,27 31 37 43 1
~ 1 instrumented side 1 1
o 1------------------------- ------------1------------ ------------ -------~----I------------ 1
~I two layers on the 16 1 20,25 33 39 1 45 1
1 non-instrurrented side 1 1 1
============================= =============1============ ============ ============1=============1
total of sets 17 1 11 6 6 1 6 I
--------------~--------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
 '.
143

The first group of tests was carried out using a mu1timeter as the read-
out equipment. For the other groups, carried out a few· weeks later, a data
logger was used as the read-out equipment.

The second group of tests was a repetition of the first group.

5.5 Data Manipulation

All the test data, recorded in micro-volts, was keyed into a Hew1et-.
Packard 9845B_desktop computer, checked and stored on a magnetic tape.

The first step on the data manipulation was the correction for tempera-
ture using the .method described in Appendix 2 and adopting a temperature of
0
20 C as datum •.

Secondly, the readings were converted from micro-volts to strains by .

multiplying them by the factor of proportionality, 2.506x10-7~/~V, between
strain and voltage established in Appendix 2. The symbol £ will be used
to represent strain for the remainder of this dissertation.

After these two steps, the results were analysed as described in the
following sections.

5.6 Analysis of the Results

5.6.1 Variation of the measurements

In order to assess ·the degree of variation in the measurements, the sets

of readings taken in the first group of tests with one layer of rope on both
sides of the drum were used as a basis because they were the sets with the
greatest number of repetitions. Estimates of the standard deviations of the
, measurements for each Clrum position and each gauge were calculated using the
following expression given by DAVIES 36 ,ch. 3:
_.
 144

n
k= 1
L (xi·J - x. ·k)2
1J
n - 1.
where
Sij - standard·deviation for gauge i at position j
xijk - readings of gauge i at position j in set k
n - number of sets considered
n
l
k=l
x. ·k
.1 J
= n

In calculating the standard deviations one of the ten sets of readings,

no. 17, was not included as it showed a discrepancy in relation to the others
identified as a settlement in the drum structure which is discussed in sec-
tion 5.6.7.
The calculated standard deviations are shown in Table 5.2 where the po-
sition of the gauge on the drum is identified. The direction of some of the
gauges is indicated by the letters c and a respectively for the circumferen-
tial and axial directions on the drum and by the letters t and r respectively
for the tangential and radial directions on the side plates.

From the tab1e,it can be seen that for most gauges the deviations for
each of .the four positions are very close, indicating a COnlmon source of
error; possibly the accuracy of the read-out equipment which. in this case
was the mu1timeter with an accuracy of ±20~V. The differences in the devia-
tions between gauges is possibly due to an imperfect correction for tempera-
ture effects, resulting in a bias in the readings. The temperature during
tests was measured outside the drum when, ideally, it should have been taken
at each strain gauge wire but, this was impracticable.

Table 5.2 also sho\'/s the standard deviations, si' for each gauge i,
which were calculated with the expression 36
 \
145

Table 5.2
Standard deviations ( mier 0-5 tr a ins )
First group ot tests - readings for one layer ot rope

For the drum position For the

Gauge Top Right Bottom Left gauge
-c- l
I a 2 8 7 7 6 7
I e 3 7 8 7 8 8
I a 4 5 5 5 6 5
I e 5. 4 5 4 5 4
I a 6 9 7 7 7 8
I e 7 7 7 6 7 7
I a 8 15 15 15 13 14
...... I e 9 6 3 3 4 4
..
0 I a 10
I e 11
4
13
5
7
4
9
5
9
5
10
I a 12 15 3 4 11 10
• I e 13 11 5 6 7 8
I a 14 17 5 6 12 11
I e 15 8 6 6 7 7
I a 16 4 2 3 2 3
I e 17 7 8 7 7 8
-a- 18 15 8 7 8 10
19
-t- 20 6 7 8 6 7
r 21 6 7 7 6 7
r 22 2 2 2 2 2
r 23 6 6 5 5 6
t 24 5 8 7 7 7
t 25 3 4 3 3 3

.....,. r
r
t
26
27
28
7
3
6
6
5
6
6
3
7
7
3
5
7
4
6
.,'" t 29 5 4 4 4 4
6
'C
....III r 30 7 6 5 6
r 31
r 32 7 6 7 6 6
t 33 8 8 7 7 8
t 34 3 4 4 3 4
r 35 4 4 5 5 4
r 36 8 6 7 7 7
-t- 37 14 13 12 13 13
-e- 38 5 6 5 3 5
I a 39 7 5 5 4 5

...... I e 40 5 5 10 4 6
8
. 0 I e
I a
41
42
9
14
7
7
8
6
7
11 10
I e 43 3 3 3 3 3
le 44 4 3 3 4 4

....
"'.,
.....
.. co
-e- 45
46
47
3
6
13
3
5
10
4
5
11
3
5
12
3
5
11
III '" 48 4 5 5 4 5
8 8

.....
49 9 8 7
III 50
51 9 8 9 8 8
0
$l 52 5 4 4 9 6
22 22
.. c::
'H
co
53
54
55
22
11
11
22
10
9
9
8
23
11
9
10
9
..
.c 56 14 12 11 13 13
 146

In calculating these deviations it was assumed that, for each gauge, the
distributions of the errors in the readings for each position were the same,
though, the averages were not necessarily so. .By further assuming that the
distributions were the same for any position and any gauge, the standard de-
viation s, for all nine sets of readings, was calculated using the expression

Us?
1 1J
s = 4x52

The standard deviation of 7~£ calculated as above can be taken as the

standard deviation for the whole experiment by further extending the assump-
tion of the same distribution to any group of tests.

For the second to the fifth group of tests, the error is likely to be
less since their readings were taken with a data logger whose accuracy,±10~V,
was greater than that of the mu1timeter used for the readings in the first
group of tes ts.

5.6.2 Effect of the drum position

One of the factors to be examined in the test results, concerned the ex-
tent to which the drum position influenced the levels of strains on each gau-
ge. In order to investigate this effect, the same nine sets of readings used
in the previous section were taken as a reference. Then, the average xi k of
the strains at the reading positions was calculated for each gauge i in each
set k with the expression

(j=l,2,3,4)

Subsequently, the average for each gauge was subtracted from the strains
at each reading position ,in the expression

(j=l,2,3,4)
 147

The four residues e ijk obtained, should give an indication of the effect
of the drum position. If they were all zero or very small it would mean
that the values of the strains at each position.were close to each other and,
the influence of the drum position would be zero or very small. The greater
the difference i.n the values of the strains the greater the residues and the
effect of the drum position.

Considering the residues as indicators of such an effect, a measure

could be the average ei of the absolute values of all. residup.s associated. with
a gauge and given by

Table 5.3 shows the averages for all gauges and, it will be noted that,
gauges nos. 55 and 56 are those with the highest deviations. Indeed, these
were the gauges on the shaft where the strains clearly depend on the position
'of the drum.

The gauges with the next greatest deviations were nos. 23, 26 and 35,
positioned in the radial direction on the side plate near the hub whe~e the
effect of the bent shaft was the greatest. Oddly, gauge no. 32 which is 1n
the same position of the other three did not show the same effect.

Gauges nos. 53 and 54, on the instru.mented bolts at the side Joint, also
showed some of the effect of the drum position but, for the other gauges, it
was difficult to know whether the results on the table were due to this ef"
fect or purely due to the variations in the measurements.

A conc1usion·that could be drawn from this analysis was that, the effect
of the drum position was most significant at the shaft and at the side plate
near the hub. At the other poi nts, it was not great enough to be detected
'within the level of accuracy present in the readings.
 148

Table 5.3
Average influence 01 the drum position
( in micro-strains )

Gauge
-c- l
a 2 2
c 3 3 -
a 4 1
c 5 1
a 6 1
c 7 1
a 8 2
c 9 4
....
....0 a 10 1
.. c
a
11
12
6
9
c 13 5
a 14 9
c 15 4
a 16 2
c 17 2
-a- 18 5
19
-t- 20 4
r 21 4
r 22 3
r 23 18
t 24 5
t 25 2
r 26 19
..
.....
CD
r
t
t
27
28
29
4
2
4
Il.
CD
r 30 6
'tl
..... r 31
ID r 32 7
t 33 9
t 34 3
r 35 16
r 36 8
-t- 37 2
-c- 38 3
I a 39 2
I c 40 4
I c 41 5
........ I a 42 5
e I c 43 1
I c 44 1
-c- 45 1
....
.. .
Il.CD

......
46
47
48
2
2
1
ID Il.
49 1
..
..
ID
....0
50
51
52
1
2
Jl 53 14
10
....
'H
54
55
56
46
46
.rI
ID
 149

5.6.3 Isolation of the effect of each loading

For purposes of analysis .it was necessary to isolate the effects of the
rope pressure, vertical load and drum and rope self-weights.

The effect of rope pressure was present in the sets of readings obtained
for the loading conditions with one layer of rope on both sides of the drum
and with two layers on either side. These readings also contained the ef-
fects of drum and rope self-weights and of the vertical load. These two
effects together were present in the set of readings obtained for the ver-
tical,loadi.ng condition. Thus, to isolate the effect of the rope pressure,
the readings from the vertical loading condition set at the top, right-hand
side, bottom and left-hand side positions of' each gauge were subtracted from
the readings at the same positions in the sets containing the rope pressure
effect.

The vertical' load effect was isolated by subtracting from the readings
in the vertical loading.condition set those obtained with the no load condi-
tion which, comprised only the effects of drum and rope self-weights.

The effect of drum and rope self-weights could not be isolated as the
set of readings from the no load condition was used as datum. ,However, as-
suming that the drum behaved like a beam, the maximum strain induced by the
self weight on each gauge could be assessed by taking the average of the dif-
ference between the absolute values of the readings at the top and bottom po-
sitions.

5.6.4 Presentation of the results

,, The results for each group of tests are presented in Tables 5.4 to 5.8
showing the isolated effect of each loading condition. In order to obtain
the figures given in columns; (C), (D),and (E) the values for all drum posi-
f. ,
, tions and for all sets in the same loading condition were averaged. A po-
sitive value indicates tensile strain and a negative value', compressive
strain.
 "
150
Table 5.4
FIRST GROUP OF TESTS
Nicro-strains induced by a load of 21.0\:N

Loading conditions
Gauge (A) (~ ) ( C) ( D) (E)
-c- l
a 2 3 3 -1 15 -10
c 3 3 3 -47 -136 -7
a 4 3 0 54 152 32
c 5 3 0 -135 -300 -16
a 6 5 0 85 237 -14
c 7 3 3 -164 -333 -7
a 8 3 3 113 219 29
c 9 3 0 -160 -320 19
..... a 10 3 3 95 222 -42
.....
e c 11
a 12
3
3
3
3
-149
79
-260
236
15
-102
\;hcre:

c 13 3 3 -87 -143 -12 (A) No load

a 14 3 3 -46 19 -117 (B) Vertical load
c 15 3 3 -51 -51 -41 (C) One layer of
a 16 3 3 -120 -101 -116 rope on both
c 17 3 5 -128 13 -255 sides
-a- 18 0 10 64 -104 203 (D) Two layers ot
19 rope on the
-t- 20 3 5 39 44 18 in str umented
I r 21 5 3 40 36 33 side
I r 22 3 5 41 36 85 (E) TwO layers of
I r 23 10 23 -60 -50 -102 rope on the
I t 24 3 5 -40 -36 -42 non-instrumen-
I t 25 3 0 0 5 3 ted side
I r 26 10 23 -78 -48 -94
I r 27 3 8 37 31 25
$1 t 28 3 3 6 20 7
~I t 29 3 5 0 -14 -4
"'I r 30 3 8 -56 -65 -64
-81 r 31
-;:1 r 32 5 10 12 15 19
I t 33 3 l3 26 4 45
I t 34 3 5 0 2 -2
I r 35 8 18 40 10 57
I r 36 5 10 -41 -43 -58
-t- 37 0 0 -18 -36 -37
-c- 38 3 3 -27 -67 7
I a 39 3 3 19 46 26
I c 40 0 3 -40 -132 6
..... 1 c 41 0 0 -212 -314 -18
~I a 42 3 0 16 239 -110
.. I c 43 0 j -160 -11 -309
I c 44 3 0 -160 -14 -311
-12 -299
....
"'Cl>
.......
.. ..
m
I
-c-
---
___
45
46
47
0
3
3
3
5
0
-160
0
30
66
50
-56
-13
~

48 0 0 0 16 -22
49 3 0 -48 -60 -46
I 50
:1 51 3 3 -40 -40 -46
~I 52 3 3 -40 -4 -47
.1>1 53 18 18 - 369 -423 -221
54 . 8 8 -90 -106 -82
55 23 58 -3 -4 -16
.::. 1===
od
56 28 58 7 14 -13
m
<
.,
 151

Table 5.5
SECOND GROUP Of 1'ES'fS
Micro-strains induced by a load of 2l.0kN

Loading conditions
Gauge ( A) (8) (C) ( D) (E)
-c- l
I a 2 0 3 19 45 21
I c 3 0 0 -82 -175 -11
I a 4 0 3 99 202 54
I c 5 0 3 -181 -344 -2
I a 6 3 5 172 313 34
I c 7 0 3 -166 -365 19
I a 8 0 5 140 253 15
I c 9 0 10 -169 -336 36
.....
..... 1 a 10 0 3 120 249 -36
gl c 11 0 15 -141 -276 3B .. here:
I a 12 0 15 66 216 -122
I c 13 3 13 -85 -140 2 (A) No load
I a 14 3 5 -61 -15 -140 (8 ) Vertical load
I c 15 U 13 -64 -56 -40 (e) One layer of
I a 16 u 3 -130 -120 -117 rope on both
I c 17 0 8 -120 22 -231 sides
-a- IB 0 3 76 -95 216 (0 ) Two layers ot
19 rope on the
-t- 20 3 5 19 34 1 instrumented
I r 21 3 3 36 42 37 side
I r 22 3 0 76 Bl 61 (E) 'rwo layers of
I r 23 10 23 -61 -32 -80 cope on the
I t 24 3 8 -44 -34 -51 non-instrumen-
I t 25 0 0 -4 4 -2 ted side
I r 26 13 23 -64 - 36 -81
.,1 r 27 0 6 17 34 14
"'1 t 28 0 5 12 21 3
~I t 29 0 5 -8 -17 -10
""I r 30 3 10 -61 -62 -64
~I r 31 3 0 -BO -97 -54
~I r 32 5 5 12 12 6
I t 33 3 0 32 12 46
I t 34 3 5 -B -3 -17
I r 35 0 18 30 3 41
I r 36 5 10 -31 -30 -43
-t- 37 0 5 -B -24 -6
-c- 3B 5 5 -38 -91 2
I a 39 3 0 19 52 17
I c 40 3 5 -76 -lBB -6
..... 1 c 41 0 5 -233 -332 -14
'61 a 42 3 5 44 217 -128
"'I c 43 3 5 -160 -6 -296
I c 44 0 5 -160 -7 -297
-c- 45 0 3 -15B -11 -296
Cl. Cl) - - - 46 0 5 -55 39 -146
= ~I
........
CD Q. - __
47 3 0 11 3B -23
48 0 0 -10 9 -32
49 0 3 -14 -23 -12
10 1 50
"'1 51 0 0 3 12 3
'61
.0
52 0 U 17 45 -2
1 53 10 40 -313 -348 -139
54 5 23 -92 -108 -6B
55 28 60 7 13 -8
. . C==
Cd
'H 56 28 58 5 18 -13
od
10
 152 "

'r able 5.6

THIRD GROUP OF TES'fS
Nicro-strains indl,lced by a load of 14 .4 kN

LoaDing conDitions
Gauge ( A) (B) (e) ( D) (E)
-c- l
a 2 0 0 16 27 10
c 3 IJ 5 -62 -120 -9
a 4 0 3 75 138 31
·c 5 0 3 -124 -229 -3
a 6 0 0 III 208 18
c 7 0 3 -120 -239 5
a 8 0 0 91 161 13
c 9 3 5 -104 -214 21
.... a 10 0 5 77 157 -25
....0
. c 11
a 12
0
0
10
13
-92
42
-176
139
23
-79
Where:

c 13 0 B -50 -83 3 (A) No load

a 14 0 3 -52 -17 -90 ( 13 ) Vertical loaD
c 15 0 8 -37 -37 -22 (C) One layer 'of
a 16 0 3 -83 -74 -77 rope on both
c 17 3 10 -93 3 -162 sides
-a- 18 (j 5 53 -53 145 (D) Two l"yers of
19 rope on the
-t- 20 0 3 16 29 7 ins tr umented
I r 21 3 0 24 23 27 side
I r 22 3 3 40 44 32 (E) 'fwo layers ot
I r 23 10 18 - 39 -18 -51 rope on the
I t 24 3 5 -24 -19 -24 non-instrumen-
I t 25 0 0 3 6 4 ted side
I r 26 13 18 -49 -29 -53
I r 27 3 3 16 16 19
...Cl)
I t 2a 0 3 8 13 5
....co I t 29 3 3 0 -7 3
"" I r 30 3 8 -38 -38 -33
Cl)
I r 31 3 8 -51 -5S -37
...
'0
III I r 32 3 8 8 4 15
I t 33 0 0 25 4 45
I t 34 3 3 0 B 4
I r 35 8 10 23 -6 43
I r 36 5 8 -24 - -19 -20
-t- 37 3 3 -9 -21 -3
-c- 38 3 3 -13 -49 b
I a 39 0 3 29 45 18
I c 40 3 0 -37 -113 4
.... I c 41 3 0 -160 -220 -11
.... I a 42 0 5 19 136 -91
2 I c 43 0 0 -104 0 -19B
I c 44 0 3 -110 -1 -204
-c- 45 0 3 -107 -1 -200
46 10 13 -30 34 -51
""'"co
co ...
......
.. 47 0 3 8 21 -15
48 0 0 -6 7 -11
III ""
49 0 0 2 -5 1
50
.......0
III
51 0 3 0 -1 3
52 U 0 4 22 -11
-60
. 108 -225 -277
.Cl 23
53
54 13 -60 -78 -22
...
OH
55 28 38 -5 -2 . -3
-6
co 56 28 . 40 -9 -9
.,
od
 " 153

Table 5.7
FOURTH GROUP OF 'rESTS
Micro-strains induced by a load of 27. BIIN

Loading conditions
Gauge (A) (B) (C ) ( D) (E)
-c- l
a 2 0 0 6 17 5
c 3 3 3 -12B -244 -23
a 4 0 3 117 216 45
c 5 3 3 -256 -471 -17
a 6 3 3 207 378 30
c 7 3 3 -270 -515 -1
a B 3 5 173 305 10
c 9 0 10 -236 -469 29
........0 a 10 3 5 152 303 -51
,.. c 11 3 20 -lBl - 380 44 ~ here:
a 12 3 20 86 281 -157
c 13 3 20 -112 -199 -1 (A) No load
a 14 3 10 -108 -31 -182 ( 13 ) Vertical load
c 15 3 15 -69 -94 -59 (C) One layer of
a 16 0 5 -lBO -164 -161 rope on both
c 17 0 8 -164 14 -309 sides
-a- IB 3 5 B3 -141 271 (0 ) Two layers of
19 - rope on the
-t- 20 0 5 12 23 -8 instrumented
r 21 3 3 41 34 37 side
r 22 3 3 82 91 60 (E) Two layers of
r 23 8 35 -86 -49 -106 rope on the
t 24 3 8 -56 -47 -58 non-instrumen-
t 25 0 0 -7 -8 -5 ted side
r 26 13 28 -8B -59 -99
r 27 3 8 26 35 24
....Cl>
t 28 0 5 13 15 10
....." t 29 3 5 -23 -43 -12
r 30 0 13 -75 -90 -63
Cl>
r 31 0 13 -107 -130 -78
..."ID r 32 5 8 9 -11 22
t 33 3 0 45 3 75
t 34 0 8 -9 -16 -6
r. 35 8 23 40 4 71
r 36 3 15 -39 -51 -40
- t - 37 0 3 -23 -49 -4
-c- 38 3 10 -54 -117 -3
I a 39 0 0 23 52 15
-251 -17
.... I c 40
....0 I c 41
0
0
8
0
-124
-305 -413 -22
,.. I a 42 0 3 75 298 -158
I c 43 3 3 -222 -14 -411
I c 44 0 3 -22B -15 -417
-c- 45 0 5 -219 -19 -406
......
."CI>
,..
.......
46
47
8
0
5
3 10
1 88
39
-66
-29
ID ." 48 0 0 -12 4 -23
49 3 3 -24 -17 -25
I 50
...ID

....0 II 51 0 0 1 20 -11
-22
52 0 0 14 61
$l
I 53 8 58 - 353 -377 -206
54 5 28 -107 -127 -76

......... ,===
.Q
ID
55
56
25
23
7B
78
4
9
-3
-1
6
7
 "
154
Table 5.8
FIF'fH GRoJUP OF TESTS
l1icro-strains induced by a load of 21.0~N( complete model )

Loading conditions
Gauge (A) (Ij) (e) ( D) (E)
-c- l
a 2 3 8 -22 -51 14
c 3 3 5 -26 -74 6
a 4 0 5 65 106 50
c 5 3 3 -171 -320 1
a 6 3 8 161 287 32
c 7 3 5 -189 -359 11
a 8 3 3 141 251 20
c 9 3 10 -168 - 337 36
...... a 10 0 3 124 246 -35
.
0 c 11
a 12
3
3
3
18
-142
69
-288
221
40
-116
Where:

c 13 3 13 -76 -139 14 (A) No load

a 14 5 3 -66 -6 -125 (6) Vertical load
c 15 3 13 -52 -56 -28 (C) One layer of
a 16 5 3 -127 -113 -116 rope on both
c 17 3 13 -124 15 -236 sides
-a- 18 5 3 81 -88 227 (D) Two layers of
19 rope on the
-t- 20 3 5 24 28 17 instrumented
r 21 5 3 50 69 33 side
r 22 5 5 25 23 26 (E) Two layers of
r 23 10 20 -30 -25 -37 rope on the
t 24 0 8 -28 - 33 -16 non-instrumen-
t 25 0 3 9 9 11 ted side,
r 26 13 18 -43 -41 -35
r 27 0 5 17 40 9
t 28 0 8 13 0 16
..,Q).. t 29 5 0 -4 -23 10
...
Cl. r 30 0 13 -52 -78 -29
Q) r 31 0 10 -54 -73 -33
.
....
'" r
t
32
33
8
5
3
5
12
9 -19
4 21
34
t 34 0 5 8 1 12
I r 35 3 23 -8 -32 19
I r 36 5 3 -23 -39 -17
-t- 37 5 5 -12 - 32 1
-c- 38 3 8 0 -25 15
I a 39 3 8 44 64 21
I c 40 3 5 -1 -22 8
...... I c 41
I a 42
0
3
5
8
-225
54
-315
228
-8
-133
e I c 43 5 3 -146 -2 -276
I c .44 3 3 -146 0 -275
-c- 45 3 3 -145 -5 -269
46 8 3 -40 26 -96
. ..,
....
Cl.Q)

.......
47
48
3
5
0
5
3
-6
23
9
-25
-17
.. Cl.
49 3 0 -18 -15 -12
50
51 0 3 10 14 11
......
III
52 0 3 12 47 -10
0
J) 53 3 13 -186 -226 -36
54 0 10 -100 -151 -24
55 25 58 0 0 -2
......
..,.. c== 56 23 65 -3 -4 -3
III
 155

For the vertical load loading condition, the values given in columns
(B) of the tables are the averages of the absolute values of the effects of
this loading condition at the top and bottom positions.

For the drum and rope self-weights, the no load.condition, columns (A),
the figures in the tables are the absolute values of the maxima effects de-
termined as discussed in the previous section.

The discussions presented in the following sections will always refer

to the results in Tables 5.4 to 5.B •

. . 5.6:5 Control gauges

For the control gauges, nos. 55 and 56 on the shaft, the strains induced
by the self weights were approximately the same for all groups of tests as
indeed they should be.

For purposes of comparison, the strains calculated using standard me-

thods for stressing beams, and neglecting the restraint of the side plates,
was 2311£.

The effect of the vertical. load on the control gauges was. almost the.
same for the first, second and fifth group of tests, performed with the same
load. The calculated value for this case was 6311£.

For the thi rd and fourth group of tes ts, the results a 1so compared well
with the calculated values of 4311£ and 8511£. respectively.

In all groups of tests, the strains induced on the control gauges by the
pressure due to one or two layers of rope should, theoretically, be zero.
The non zero values shown in columns (C), (D) and (E) can be attributed to
the accuracy of the instrumentation.

The closeness of values predicted for the control gauges with those ob-
tained in the tests was an indication that the test results could be conside-
 156

red as an adequate representation of the behaviour of the scale model.

The control gauges will not be considered again in the remaining dis-
cussion.

5.6.6 Effects of the self-weights and vertical loads

In all groups of tests, the strains induced by the drum and rope self-
weights, columns (A), and by the vertical load, column (8), were consistently
higher for gauges nos. 23, 26 and 35, on the side plate near the hub, and
for gauges nos. 53 and 54, on bolts on the joint of the side halves, thus
confirming the analysis presented in section 5.6.2.

The strains on gauge no. 32 were expected to be close to those on gauge

no. 23, being fitted opposite to it, but we~e significantly lower in all
groups of tests. The reason for this could not be determined.

In some groups of tests a few gauges on the drum roll, nos. 11 to 15,
showed relatively high strains induced by the vertical load. Those gauges
were near to the central part of the drum where the load was applied in that
loading condition.

Generally, the strains induced by the self weights and vertical load
were much lower than those induced by the rope pressure. However, the re-
sults indicate that the effects of the self-weights and vertical load on the
side plates near the hub require particular attention in the design of the
drum.

5.6.7 Comparison between the first and second groups of tests

The first and second group of tests were carried out with the same load
and same drum conditions, hence, they should give similar results.
,
' .
.
. ,'.
 157

In each group of tests, the sets of readings comprising the largest

number of repetitions were for the loading condition of one layer of rope.
The results obtained from these sets, given in columns (C) of the tables,
were then taken as the reference.

In order to facilitate the comparison, only the gauges on the roll and
side plate, away {rom the drum split, namely those on plane AA in FIG. 5.3,
were considered. They were grouped according to their directions on the
roll or on the side plate and their strains, for both groups of tests, are
shown in FIGs. 5.4 to 5.7.

Clear discrepancies between the results in the two groups of. tests can
be observed for some gauges. One possible cause for the discrepancies could
have been the different read-out equipment used in .each group of tests, but,
that would have been Hke1y to affect the results of all gauges. In order
to investigate the causes of the discrepancies, the results of the sets of
readings in the first group of tests were examined individually. The re-
sults are illustrated in FIG. 5.8 where the average of the strains in all
four reading positions for each gauge in the circumferential direction is
plotted. The numbers on the lines represent the order in which the tests
have been carried out.

The results of the last test, no. 10, although having a similar pattern,
showed a marked variation in relation to all the others. One possible ex-
. p1anation was that the drum could have been plastically.deformed by the load ..
but all the strains observed during all tests were well below the yielding
point of the drum and this hypothesis was discounted. The most plausible
cause for the differences was that the drum structure had settled after a
few load cycles. However, due to the complexity of the structure.with se-
Veral bolted joints,· it was impossible to identify where and what· sort of
accomoda tion had occurred,· . The fact is that, all sets or readi ngs taken
subsequently to the settlement·maintained the pattern even after the drum
had been unloaded four times and also after the brake rings had been bolted
in posi tion.
 158
•

'"
••• - _ •• _ •• - •••• - - -' - - - - - - - - - - _. _. - - ~- _. - -- - - -- _.- _. __ A - - - - - - _ •• - - _ .... - _. _. _. - - - - _ . __ • • - _ • • • • • • • • _. _ . __ • • ___ - - - _. - - _. - _. - _. - - _ • • • _. _ •• _ •

5 . 7 ' 9 11 13 17 43 45
44

flrGt group of t.~~~

" ( ICDd- 21 ~t'l~N )
obse rved va 1<<\es

b &8cond gr-D~P of tests

( ICDd- 21 ~t'lkN )

Scale:
Hor tzont.al d 1V. slon= 2S"1I 1 trr.etoro,
Veriic:al div~siDn- 25mi'c:rc-~tr~ins

··
In

"

"
.- ...
. ',"
" .
.j ,

FIG. 5.4 CIRCUMFERENTIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE LAYER OF ,ROPE

( comparison between the first and s~cond g~oups of tests)
','
'.

,"
.. '

"
 159

_ .......... _ .. -_ ... ------_. _.... _.- ~ .... - ... - -- -- --_. _..... _.. _. _... - _. -_. _. -- -_. _.. _. _. -_..... -_.. ~ ..... -- - _... - _... - - _.. _.... _._. _.. .
4 6 8 lIa 12 14 18

.. fIrst grou~ af tBStS

( load = 21.8kN

observed vc. ur::s

,'" sBcond gra~p of t&stB

( lead - 21.(lkN )

Se& le:
Ho r·1 ze.n'!; al d1vl~10n= 25mll1me~ers
Vert ;cDl divikion- 2~micrD-:~rD ,ns
on
I

FIG. AXIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE LAYER OF ROPE

( cO~lparison between the first and second groups of tests)

, , , .

"
 160

-5' , -21!la 31!1C sac

21

~J I
31 22
. '"

• f1r&t g~oup of 1&3~S

( 1cOld - 21, BkN )
obBe· rvcd
Vb 1uCt

fl second gr-Dup of te.1..

( 1 C Old - 2 1 ,0. N )

23

'. Scale:
Ho" 1 zon,. .. l d1v1S10n= 2Smlcro-&tra1
Vc,.t rca.l divisicn- 2Smilirnctcrs

--'-_L _______,__________ _

FIG. 5.6 RADIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE LAYER OF ROPE

( comparison between the first and second groups of tests)

,. .
,
 161

-5 ' -HlO -201:1 -me 21:10 30e

~I N 29 11 * 211)

• flrst group of '8Bts

: r""d '- 2l.!jkN)
observed
vDluet

a second group Df tBG~G

( Icad - 21.l2IkN )

~I
24 33

Scale:
Hor 1zont a I dlVl&lon= 2Smlcro-stral
Vert i ca 1 divis::ien- 25mi 1 imet-er:

-'

FIG. 5.7 TANGENTIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE LAYER OF ROPE

< comparison between the first and second 9ro~ps of tests)
.. "! .

I' ,
..
 \

162

5· I I 4345
3 44

-
1

Seal. :
• HO'IIontal I d 1:", t", on= 25m 1 1 1r.'."t ,·ea
Vertical 1 di!v'~iDn-
, 25mic:rc-=~rain:

'.

FIG. 5.8 AYERAGE CIRCUMFERENTIAL MICRO-STRAINS

FOR EACH SET OF READINGS WITH ONE LAYER
OF ROPE IN THE FIRST GROUP OF TESTS
,' ( load = 21.0kN )
~
.' .
,~

,.

'-'
 163

The first group of tests· has been, therefore, excluded from the remain-
der of the discussion.

Apart from the extraneous results of the tenth set of readings, the va-
riations in the other sets seemed to be only caused by the inherent errors
in measurement. The box in FIG. 5.8, showing the results for gauge no. 11,
illustrates that they followed no logical sequence. Therefore, the analyses
done in sections 5.6.1 arid 5.6.2, with the results of the first group of
tests, appear to be valid.

5.6.8 Effect of different loads

The effects of different loads on the drum were examined by comparing

the results from the second, third and fourth groups of tests and carried
out with loads of 21.0kN, 14.4kN and 27.8kN.

The comparison is illustrated in FIGs. 5.9 to 5.12 where are plotted

the results of the strains induced by one layer of rope on the gauges away
from the drum split.

The ratios between the results for each load agree well with the ratios
between the loads. The same applies to other 10adings as can be observed
from the Tables 5.5 to 5.7.

5.6.9 Effect of the brake rings.

The brake rings were bolted in positon for the fifth group of tests.
Their effect can be observed by comparing the results with the second group
of tests which were done with the same load but without the rings.

The strains·induced on the gauges away from the drum split by one layer
of rope are shown in FIGs. 5.13 to 5.16 which reveal that the rings had a .
.. ,
 \
164

'"
•••••••••••• - _. _. _ ••• _ ••••••••• _ • • _~ • • • • • • • • • • • - __ . _ • • _ ••••••••• _ . . . . . __ • • • • - __ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • _ . - _ ••• 0 ••• 0 ___ • • • • • • • • • • • _ ••• ____ • • • • • •

5 7 9 11 13 17 4345
3 44

A secDnd 9 ~oup :of test ..

( 10 ad 21 ~akN ) =
ob&erved valueS> <> thi rd group cif te .. t ..
( 10 "d
= 14~4kN )

c fourth 9 ~oup :of test ..

( load = 27)81:N )

SCale:
Hor1zont41 dlvl~lon= 25ml 11meter"
Ve.rt ;c:al divikion- 25mit:ra-~tral.ns
11'1
1
, ~
','. ". ~-

:-;
...
,- . '

.....-
,

.,
.' , '...
-
.
FIG. 5.9 CIRCUMFERENTIAL 'MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE LAYER OF ROPE
"" .
: s: . . , ;
-~
( effect of different loads)
,,,,,,
"' ~ ~
:'J;:". ... \.'
':: ..
!-;-. ;
" -,:

"
 165

. -___ -_........ _.... _.... _.. _.,_. __ _._. _.. _... _. __ ._ ..... -_... _..... ___ ........ _.. ___ . _.... ___ ... _...... -_0. __ ..... __ ......... __ . __ .
~. ~

B 113 12 14 IB

secdnd group of tC&ts

( load = 2 I • DkN )

obscr-";e.d vCllues o thj~d group of testt

( ~oad = 14.4kN )
.
o fou~th group of tCGt~
Se Cl 1e : . ( load = 27.BkN )
Hor·12ontal. d1vlk1on= 25m111roe'tes
. Ve.rt iCDl divi;'icn- 25micrc-s:tra ,ns
on
I
.
; ....

": .

..
l'
.. t.'
..

FIG. 5.10 AXIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE LAYER OF ROPE

., ( effec~ of differen~ loads)
;. ,t
•.i
:" ;.<.
;.:- . ~

,., ~,

-ii'" .
~t:': '.
.
/-
 166

-31'11'1 2 eH)

N
I
2I

N
N
I
31 22

6 &econd group of ~es~&

( IDad - 21.l'IkN )

obs-srved o ~htrd group of ~e&t&

values ( load = 14.4kN )

c fourth group of test&

( load = 27.8kN )
-N
'" I
N
'" 23 32

.. ,"
Se a I B :
Horizcnt.al 1 divisicn- 25m;~rc-:~rAin:
Vertic .. 1 1 division- 25mi I imc'trcB
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
~.

FIG. 5.11 RADIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE LAYER OF ROPE

( effect of different loads)

I' -•
..-: ..
.
j-
'.'
 167

r , , ,
.
• • ... .. .• ,
-3 ill!) -20eJ -leJeJ loa 2a0 100

29 20

- ~ cecond gtoup of ~es'c

( Icod - 21.f1IkN)

ob&-er-ved o ~hlrd group of ~ectc

values ( load = 14.4kN )

D fourth 9 toup of t eB~C

( load = 27.BI:N )

~I ,
~)

24 33

.. :-,
Sc a I • :
-r Horizontal 1 div;~;cn- 25micro-~~rains
Vertical I di vi&ion- 25mi I i rnette.
------_._-----------_._------------------------
• I

.' '. FIG. 5.12 TANGENTIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE LAYER OF ROPE
( effect of different loads)
: \ .- ~.

i _;, ; :.
",. ','

. ,~, ...
"i' ., .

..
 "
168

. -_ .. _. -_. ----. --_.. _.. -_. --_.. -_ .. ~- _. _. - ... -- -_ ... _-- - -_ .... _. - .~- ... _... -- --_.. -_. _. _._ ..... -- _.. _...... _. _... _._. - _. _........ -_._.
5 7 9 11 13 17 43 45
3 44

II second growp o-f tcst.x

( loed - 2j.0kN )
ObSB rved ve 1 u8;s

V f'iTi.h srcup' of "tc:s:1.,;

( loed - 21.BkN )
( b ~ ak" t1 ~g. , I t"tec::l

SCClle:
Ho r-' =ont 0 I c::I1vlSlon= 25ml1 lme"t~.~
Vert icel divi~icn- 2Smicro-stra ,ns
In
I

"

FIG. 5.13 CIRCUMFERENTIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE LAYER OF ROPE

( effect of brake rings )
• 1

; (0
 170

-5 -HIE! -me 500

3e 21

~I 31 22

" Eecond group of te&t&

( le"e! - 21.1310.11 )
abse roved
Va 1ues
v fifth group of tects
( load =21.Bkll )
( brake rings fi~~cd)

l31 23 32

Se ale:
Hor lzon-t.,l d1V1810n= 25m1crO-ttra1nS
Ve.rt ir::::Zll divi.:icn- 2Smil ime.~ers

, . --'-_L ______ -'__________ _

FIG. 5.15 RADIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE LAYER OF ROPE

( effect of brake r;ng$ )
, '

,
,,

"
"
 171

-5[ /i!l
.~ r .
_

-oHHJ
I
,
-3~[OI
•
-2[01e1 -Hlel
,I
J01:l
,I
21:l[Ol 31l[Ol
,I
i0e1
I

sele

~I C\I 29 oil Lsl 20

-
I:. second 9'ouP of te~ts
( lOGd 21, 0kN )
observed
va 1ueG
- V fifth e roL4 p ef tes:t.s
( lOGd 21.01<N )
( brake rings fltte.d )

VI
C\I iJi 24
I:.V _ VI:.
33

["" Seals :
. e- Ho "I Ionta 1 1 d1v1~1onc. 25m 1 c ro-, 1. r-a 1n&-
: Ve r t. ; c a,l 1 d;vis;cn- 25mi 1 j med.ers

...,::-
. - -----'-------------,-------------------------
"

, '._'"
.. 1 "_.
FIG, 5.16 TANGENTIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE LAYER OF ROPE
.'
.... . .
( effect of brake rings)
'.. \,.r~' '

"
 - - - - -----------

172

localized effect near the edges of the roll but no influence farther from
theM •. Hence, the brake rings do not significantly contribute to the
strength of the drum roll. However, they do assist in strengthening the
side p1ates.as the graphs for the radial and tangential strains on the side
plates, shown in FIGs. 5.15 and 5.16, reveal.

5.6.10 Effect of the drum split

This effect was investigated by considering the results from the fourth
group of tests as they showed the highest strains.

The effect was assessed by comparing the strains induced by one layer
of rope and two layers on the instrumented side on the gauges near and away
from the drum split.

Examining initially the gauges on the drum roll, their strains are plot-
ted in FIGs. 5.17 to 5.20 where those corresponding to the gauges near the
split are identified by the gauge number.

Generally, the strains shown by the gauges near the split were approxi-
mately the same as those shown by the gauges away from the split and on the
same circumference; the exception being gauge no. 41 whose strains were
higher than those on gauge no. 11 as shown in FIGs. 5.17 and 5.18.

Although there was no gauge on the same circumference as gauge no. 38,
the results for this gauge seem to follow the same pattern as gauge no. 40
which showed results similar to gauge no. 3 on the same circumference but
away from the drum split. Thus, it seems reasonable to assume that, a gau-
ge on the same circumference as gauge no. 38 but away from the split would
have shown the same results as the latter •
. ,'.,

Examining the results shown in FIG. 5.17 for gauge no. 41, it was ob-.·.
served that for one layer of rope the difference relative to the result of
, . ga~ge no. 11 was greater than for two 1ayers,.as shown in FIG. 5.18, although
the .pressure applied in this loading condition was nearly twice as much as
 173

••••• _••• _•• _. _. _. _••• _. _. _. _. _. - __ '. - _. - ___ •• - _. _. _. - - __ • _•• __ • __ ...... __ • _•• - _••• - __ • - - - _••• _•• - _. - - _._. _0 _. __ ••• _. _••• __ •• ___ • _•••••

5 9 11 13 17 4345
3 44
8 4C3 41

D obscr'ved VD 1~eB

FDurth grDJp of te&tB

I gad - :27 .81..N

Scal" :
Hor1zontal dlvl tolon= 2510111 'r,,,Ha,,
Vert icel divikicn- 25micrc-~tra ,nx

.'" I

,-;

"
..:
~
-
,

-, FIG. 5.17 CIRCUMFERENTIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE LAYER OF ROPE

( effect of the drum split)

"
 174

'"
............ _... _.. ---_......... _.. , _. _. --. -_.. -_.. -_ ............ -.... _. _... _.... _...... --., -... -_. _. _...... --_..... -_...... -_.. -_..... .
5 7 9 11 13 17 4345
3 44
413 41

c obse rvcd va. iuc,

fou'th grQup of ~9~t~ )
lead ~ 27.8kN )

Seal. :
Hor'IIontal 1 dlyt~10n= 25Inlll.\.~r·"8
Vcr-t;r::al 1 d;vis:icn- 25mic::"o-:;'trains
·on
I

.....
"

FIG. 5.18 CIRCUMFERENTIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR TWO

LAYERS OF ROPE ON THE INSTRUMENTED SIDE
'. ( effec~ of the drum split)

. .i:' .~

, \
;. ' .
 175

-- -----......... _.. -_.. _. _. _. -_.. _. ----. --. ---- _. ------- --------... --------.- -_ .. _. -_. --. _. -_. _. _. _._ .... _.. _. ----- --_. _.... -_.. -----
\..

6 B 1111 12 14 1B
42

D obser'ved v<ilue~

( fourth 9P'OUP of te8t& )

( load;= 27.BkN )

Scale:
Hor-tzontal dlVI~lon= 25mlI1me~r.&
V~rt ical divikicn- 2Smic~a-~~rB ,n.
,,
on
I ,

" .
;~ :
,
•
t, ! ~
• -! ~ ~
FIG. 5.19 AXIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE LAYER OF ROPE
( effect of the drum split)
 176

.S>

- _. _. _. _ . , . _ •••• - - - - - _. - _ ••••••• _. - \ ____ • • • • • 0 _. _. _ • • • __ • • • __ • • • _ ... _ ••••• 0 _. __ • • • _ •• _ ••• _ •••••••••••••• 0 •• 0 _ • • • • __ • _ •• _. _ • • • _0 • • • • • • • •

6 B 10 12' J4 1B
42

D--~2

D ob&er'ved v~lue&;

( fourth g~oup of teBte ,

( lo.d '= 27.8kN ,

Scale:
Hor'1zorltal d1VI~10n= 25ro111 met.roG'
Vert ical divi:'icn-
, 25m i c ra-:Et.r a qn:r:
on
.
I

",... ' .
. \ . , ..
:. l '

..,
,
~-. j . L·
.l', .. FIG. 5.20 AXIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR THO LAYERS
.' OF ROPE ON THE INSTRUMENTED SIDE
( effect of the drum split)

.,

'.,..'
 17.7

in the former condition.

The most probable cause for ~his effect was that, due to the manufactu-
ring process, namely cold rolling, it is not possible to make perfectly semi-
cylindrical roll halves. The regions near the straight edge of the drum
roll are not cylindrical but flat. On the other hand,the stiffening rings
can be made almost c.ircu1ar and it is not uncorrmon for a gap to be found be-
tween a ring and a drum roll at the split after the assembly.

When the drum is loaded, the rope pressure forces the flat regions of
the roll to follow the shape of the ring -and induces bending moments in the
circumferential direction whose strains add to the circumferential strains
induced by the rope compression.

_The results from the scale model suggested that those bending moments
were proportionally greater for smaller loads possibly because the disp1ace-
ments of the straight edges were less restricted, As, the external pressure
was increased,the two halves of the drum were pressed against each other
more firmly, the bending of the flat regions was reduced and hence, the
strains shown by gauge no. 41 approached those on gauge no. 11.

It is worthwhile mentioning that the prototype drum was designed to have

a gap between the roll halves which is filled with_ shims during assembly to
reduce the effect of the discontinuity of the drum roll at the split. This
procedure, also adopted in the model drum, seems to be effective as the test
results indicate.

In order to consider the gauges on the side plates, their strains were
plotted in FIGs. 5.21 to 5.24 where the result for each gauge has been iden-
tified-by the gauge number. The results suggest that the strains near the
split are either the same or lower than away from it and hence, do not re- ,
quire special consideration. The results from gauge no. 32 were the excep-
tion in that they did not follow the same trend. However, because the
, .
strains showed by that gauge in all groups of tests varied within a range of
33)1£ as compared to_the ranges
.
of 88)1£, 70)1£ and
-
103)1£ for the gauges nos.
23, 26 and 35 in a -similar_position, it is reasonable to assume that the
gauge no. 32 had not been functioning correctly.
 '.
178

-5 ' -~OEl -30El -2E1El -!eEl 200

31l .......
D
"'N
" -I 0w
C,) (T,

36

Gauges near- t.he sp 11 t..:

28. 27. 35. 36

22

c Ob&81'ved va lues

fou,th group of te~ts

load = 27. SkN

50 a I. :
HOl"1Iont.al 1 d1v1s1on= 25m1cr-o-&:t.r"a1ns
Vr::.rt.ic:al 1 d;v;s;cn- 2Sm; 1 ime1.res

-------------------------

FIG. 5.21 RADIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE LAYER OF ROPE

( effect of the drum split)
 179

-300 -2Em -lOO 201!l 500

31il

Gaug ... nGQI" t.h6 "P 1 It:

2£, 27, 35, 36

"', 3J 22
'" '"

D ObSB r'ved V3 lues

fDucth group of te"tE

load = 27.BkN

")(" I C"lJ l./)

NN ("1-, ,'"T,

",,~-------, Sca" :
Hor-1lonta 1 d1V1&10n= 25m1cro-c1.r"a1ns
Vr=rt.;I:: al d;v;~ion-'2Sm; ljmc~r~s

FIG. 5.22 RADIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR TWO LAYERS OF ROPE

ON THE INSTRUMENTED SIDE
< effect of the drum split)
 180

I I I
, I
, ,I ,I ,I ,I
-5 /i'l -Hll'l -31:]1'l -21!Je -me HlI:I 21:11') 30e! il'lEl 500

29~--" .-21il
co '" I , D
NN CoJ (T)

-
."'-
37 2B

Gauges nio ar 'the sp 1 11.

25. 2B, 31. 37

c observed val UC&

Fourth group of '~~t~ )

+ le.d - 27.8~N )

24, 33
/
If)
NN
v I m ...
~('T) " D Q
- D

/
/ '- ,
25 , 34
'-
, Se a le :
:-' d1v1&1on= 25mlCrO-&~ra1nS
Hor-' zonta 1
r Vert.";I::Zll div;x;on- 2Smi 1 ime'ln::r

--------------------------~----------------------------------

FIG. 5.23 TANGENTIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE LAYER OF ROPE

( ~ff~ct of thE< drum spl; t )
,;
 181

r , , , , ,
-5 ~ --Hm -3<10 -200 -100 WI!! 2110 300 11')0 500

29, 21i!
(D OS> I Il:J al~

"'''' ' " (T)

,! "'."
37 - 28

G4l~ge& near- 'the Spl1t.

25, 28, 31, 37

o obse rvcd VIlI uc&'

fourth group of ~e.t~ )
- lead - 27.8kN )

"' ...
C\I ~J I

Se a 1 B :
Ho r 1 Ionta 1 1 d1v1&-1on= 2Sm'crO-&~ra1nS
+ Ve.rt.;cal 1 divis:icn- 2Sm; 1 im~d.re:t

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

FIG. 5.24 TANGENTIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR TWO LAYERS

OF ROPE ON THE INSTRUMENTED SIDE
( effect of the drum split)
 182

5.6.11 Effect of the position of the loading

This effect was observed on gauges on the side plate and is illustrated
in FIG. 5.25. It, shows the radial strains induced on gauges away from the
drum split b~ one layer of rope and by two layers on either side of the drum.
Once again. the results were from the fourth group of tests.

For the instrumented side. the loading conditions in order of increasing

pressure were two layers of rope on the non-instrumented side one layer of
rope on both sides' and two layers of rope on the instrumented side. This in-
crease in pressure was reflected by the results of all gauges except those
near the hub. namely nos. 23 and 32. These apparent1y contradi ctory resu1 ts
from these gauges can be understood by examining the action of the rope
pressure.

When the rope compressed the drum roll. each side plate was subjected
to a radial moment which tended not only to rotat~ it at the joint with the
roll but also to displace it towards the other plate. If both side plates
were subjected to the same moment. which was the case when one layer of rope
was compressing both sides of the drum. the disp1acements. being transmitted
by the roll. would cancel each other and the moments would only cause rota-
tions at the jOints., However; if the moments were different on each side
plate. as was the case when two layers of rope were compressing only one of
the drum sides. a displacement would take place towards the side not compres-
sed and the pattern of ,bending on each plate would be different. This chan-
ge in pattern can be observed in FIG. 5.25 if the distribution of the strains
induced by one layer of rope is considered to be the normal pattern. The
strains induced by two layers of rope on the instrumented side should be
greater than those induced by one layer by a factor of about two which was
the ratio between the pressure applied by each loading, but this was not the
case. The reason seems to 'be' the freedom of di sp 1acement afforded by the
plate which allowed part of the load action to be transmitted to the other
plate. increasing the strains there. This also ~eems to be the reason why
for the loading condition of two layers of rope on the non-instrumented side.
which transmitted much less pressure to the instrumented side plate. the
strains were in the same order of magnitude as those for one layer of rope.
 183

-5' ' -2~0 -100 loa 300 500

31 22

C,D,E Dbssrvsd Vi:J1U6E;

( fourth group c; te~~s :

( load - 21.8kN

23

Se .. la :
HO'l Iont-a I 1 d1V1&1on= 25M1CrO-&~ra1n&
Ve r t.; I:: a 1 1 divisicn- 2Smi limetre~

~_L __________________________- L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

C on. layer of rope on both sides of the drum

D two layers of rope on the instruroented side
E two layers of rope on the non-instrumented side

FIG. 5.25 RADIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE AND TWO LAYERS OF ROPE
( effect of the position of the loading)
 184

r ,I ,I ,I I
,I ,I
-5~ fiJ -HID -30e! -2e!0 -lOO 100 20e! 3e!e! -tElO 500

c
",I
29
D 2a
'" -

C,D,E Dhss rved Via 1ues

( iaurth eroup of te~t~ :

( load - 21.81-;rl

24 C E 33

-
Se a I • :
Hor1zontal 1 d1v1s10n= 25m1c.r'o-s'tra1t-'s
Ve.rt.ical 1 div;:s;;:;on- 2Sm; 1 imeirl:::

_ '_ _ _ ' - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- 1_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

C One layer of rope on both sides of the drum

D two lay~rs of rope on the instrumented side
E two layers of rope on the non-instrumented side

FIG. 5.26 TANGENTIAL MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE AND TWO LAYERS OF ROPE
( effect of the position of the loading>

" .
 185

The effect of the loading position could be also observed in the tangen-
tial strains, shown in FIG. 5.26, despite the very small variation shown by
most gauges

5.6.12 Exploratory gauges

These gauges, nos. 46 to 54, were introduced in an attempt to observe

the behaviour of the drum structure at points where little information was
available.

The gauges to be considered first are those on the strapping plate, na-
mely nos. 46 to 48. They were placed in an arrangement known as a rectan-
gular rosette which is used when the directions of the principal strains are
not known. The va 1ues of these pri nd pa 1 s tra ins, ,determi ned with the re-
su1ts from the gauges as described in Appendix 6, are shown in Table 5.9 for

Table 5.9
Micro-strains calculated with tne
results trom gauyes nos. 46,47 and 48

-------------------------------------------------
---------1 Loading conditions I
I group I (A) (a)' I (C) I (D) (E) I
..
!
I of testslmax minlmax minlmax minlmax minlmax
1---------1---------1---------1---------1---------1-------~-I
mini
I first I 1 -41 5 -51 36 -61 70 -4121 -561
I second I 1 -41 5 -51 57 -561 45 21 91 -1461
I third I 10 -10110 -131 33 -311 35 -'7125 -511
I fourtn I 8 -81 5 -81 10 -121 9J -471 14 -661
I fifth I 0 -81 5 01 37 -4012tl 4154 -961
-----------------------------------------------------------
'I.

each group of tests and each loading. The results did not follow any con-
sistent pattern and the only conclusion that could be drawn from them was'
that the level of strains.on the strapping plate did not exceed the levels
on the drum roll.

One possible explanation for the inconsistency of the results was that,
,',"
, although the strapping plates were fastened to the,drum by six bolts, there
. -
was no guarantee that they would exactly follow the deformations of the roll.
 186

Any relative movements between the strapping plate and the roll would change
the pattern of strains on the plate. Those relative movements were observed
with the results from the exploratory gauges nos. 51 and 52, positioned on
bolts on the strapping plates, which showed positive strains in most tests.
This indicated that the strapping plates were forced to move away from the
roll thus tensioning the bolts.

The remaining exploratory gauges, nos. 49, 53 and 54 , also placed on

bolts, generally showed compressive strains indicating a reduction in their
assemb!ying tensions. The levels of strains on these bolts did not suggest
they required special attention during design. However, a more a dequa te
assessment could only be made if the strains due to bending had also been
measured.

5.7 Extrapolation of the Results to the Full Size Drum

The deviations in the scale model drum from complete similarity with
the prototype generally made the conditions in the model worse than they
I actua lly woul d be and, consequently, the s tra ins observed on the model, wou1 d
I, represent upper limits for the strains on the prototype. The exceptions'
were the strains induced by self-weights which on the model were a fifth of
those to be induced on the prototype. Further, the brake rings on the model
were continuous rather than split as on the prototype drum, which possibly
contributed to lower the strains on the roll and side plates. However, the
results of the tests without brake rings showed that the diametral split on
the side plate did not have the effect of significantly raising the strains.
Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that, if the model had been fitted with
split br'ake rings the results would not be higher than those obtained.

The strains on the full size drum were extrapolated from the results of
the fifth group of tests with the model. The maximum expected strains induced
.. by the combined effects of the' loadings are shown in Table 5.10. The values
in column (A) are the absolute values of the strains induced by the se1f-
" :
'weights on the model, multiplied by 5 to account for the 'deviation from the
model similarity due to the scaling of gravity as discussed in section 3.1.
 '.
187
Table 5.10
11ax ima micro-strains expected to be induced
on the full size drum by a load ot 25x21.0kN

Loading ccnditions
Gauge ( A) ( B) (C) ( D) (E)
-c- l
1 a 2 15 23 -45 -74 37
1 c 3 15 20 -46 -94 26
1 a 4 0 5 70 111 55
1 c .5 15 18 -189 -338 19
1 a 6 15 23 184 310 55
1 c 7 15 20 -209 -379 31
1 a 8 15 18 159 2&9 38
1 c 9 15 25 -193 -362 61
....
.... 1 a 10 0 3 127 251 -38
o 1 c 11 15 18 -160 -306 58 Where:
.. 1 a 12 15 33 102 254 -149
1 c 13 15 . 26 -104 -167 42 (A) No load
1 a 14 25 28 -94 -34 -153 (B) Vertical 10ad+(A)
1 c 15 15 28 -80 -84 -56 (C) One layer of
1 a 16 25 28 -155 -141 -144 rope on both
I, c 17 15 28 -152 43 -264 sides+(B)
-a- 18 25 28 109 -116 255 (D) Two layers of
19 rope on the
-t- 20 15 20 44 48 37 instrurrented
1 r 21 25 28 78 97 61 side+(B)
1 r 22 25 30 55 53 56 ( E) Two layers of
1 r 23 50 70 -100 -95 -107 rope on the
1 t 24 0 8 -3& -41 -24 non-i nstr un,en-
1 t 25 0 3 12 12 14 tea side+(B)
1 r 26 65 83 -126 -124 -118

....
., 1 r 27
1 t 28
.... 1 t 29
0
0
25
5
8
25
22
21
-29
45
8
-48
14
24
35
.,
"'1 r 30 0 13 -65
-64
-91
-83
-42
-43
"'I r 31 0 10
;1 r 32 40 43 55 47 64
1 t 33 25 30 39 -49 64
1 t 34 0 5 13 6 17
1 r 35 15 38 -46 -70 57
1 r 36 25 28 -51 -67 -45
-t- 37 25 30 -42 -62 31
-c- 38 15 23 23 -48 38
1 a 39 15 23 67 87 44
c 40 15 20 -21 -42 28
......... 11 c 41 0 5 -230 -320 -13
.
0 1 a
1 c 43
42 15
25
23
28
77
-174
251
-30
-156
-304
1 c 44 15 18 -164 18 -293
-c- 45 15 18 -163 -23 -287
....
....
", .. 46 40 43 -83 69 -139
......
ID ",
47
48
15
25
15
30
18
-36
38
39
-40
-47
49 15 15 -33 -30 -27

,
.
ID
....
0 1
1
1
50
51
52
0
0
3
3
13
15
17
50
14
-13
od
I 53 15 28 -107 -127 -32
. 0
.... 54
55
56
125
115
10
183
180
-55
183
183
-81
183
184
-17
185
183
od
ID
 188

Column (B) shows the absolute values of the strains induced by the vertical
10ad,which would be the same on the prototype and on the model, added to the
values in column (A). The values on columns (~), (D) and (E) are the
strains due to one layer of rope on both sides and two layers on either side
of the drum, which would be the same on the prototype as on the model, added
to the values from column (B) taking into account the sign of the strains.

For all columns, the values of the strains at the bolts with gauges nos.
53 and 54 have been calculated taking into account the strength area of the
scaled bolts as discussed in section 5.1.

The maximum strain, in absolute value, observed in the whole table was
379~~ for gauge no. 7, column (D), which is well below the yield strain for
the roll, being 900~~ minimum.

The test results ·indicated that the strength of the full size drum is
adequate to cope with the loads applied by the rope in conditions similar to
those in the tests.

'.

. . ,
 189

CHAPTER 6
VALIDATION OF THE THEORETICAL MODELS

In order to validate the theoretical models discussed in chapter 4, pre-

dictions made with them have been compared with the results from the tests
presented in chapter 5. The comparison was initially done with the results
from ttie second group of tests' where the load was 2l..0kN and without the bra-
ke rings. Subsequently, the comparison was done with the results from the
fifth group of tests which was carried out with the same load but with the
brake rings bolted in position.

The theoreti ca 1 predi cti'oris, made usi ng the computer programs 1i s ted in
Appendix 4, were plotted in graphical form showing the micro-strains induced
along the drum roll or side plates. The test results considered in the
comparison were those from the gauges away from the drum sp1 it.

The test results shown in sections 6.1 and 6.2 are from columns (C) or
(D) of Tables 5.5 to 5.8.

6.1 Predictions for the Second Group of Tests

6.1.1 Drum roll

The predictions, of the strains induced on the roll by one layer of rope
and two layers on the ins'trumented side are shown in FIGs. 6.1 to 6.4.' Each
figure shows the predictions with and without the consideration of rope rela-
xation. In both cases there was a fair correlation with the actual results
both in the pattern and also in magnitude. However, it is self-evident that
the predictions considering rope relaxation are in closer agreement. It can
be concluded that, the rope relaxation is an effect to be considered although,
if neglected! predicted strains will be higher than the actual strains and
therefore will be on the, "safb side'" for design purposes.
 '.
190

& ri
:t:":"=':"J'~"="='="='~'~;"='="='="='~'7'~"~'~"~':~'~"~'~"='~"="~'="~'?"='="="='~"i'~"~'.~.~..~..~.;..~.=..=..=.~..~..=.=..=.=..=..=.~..~.~..~'~"~";'="='="="='~"~'~"~'~"="~'=":'["='~":':3"
~+:; ~ S 11 13 17 4~:5

.
I

Wl1h ,-c'pa :rol;,.>.:a't Ion

pt'Eod let tons
W;i.hDUi. rr::la._etion

c>
...
[;; obCBr'V€oD valu&.c E~cond gr'dUp of ,~~t&
( lead . 21.0~N )

-&+,-,-,~--'---+--~I---+--+-'~--1--~--+-~~-+~:~I--~--r--t--~---~~--~--+-~---+--~I-/--tl

~ -~,
.~" :
.
t.......,..~
: .. "='-. /,'
/'
/.'
.:" :~"
..,,""'" ! ", "'~' ,t. , lJ."~/,,
r, " '~','£..
c~
r~
- ---~--+
"

....... _:' . ,"'

...... : ".
"" ------__ --~ ..
'. -. -... ;... __ .. .
/,'

Se is 1(0 :
H:.r 1:c,r,t.,.1 dl\1l~tcin= 25rnl11mfo1rac
Vr:.rt lcal d~vi~ion- 2Sm;crD-~LrDi~n%

FIG. 6.1 CIRCUI1FEF:EIHIAL I1ICF:O-STF:RlIlS FOP OllE LR'IEF: OF F:OPE

( predicted vs. observEd)
 '.
191

'"c
~~..:..:.:..;.:;=..~.=. ~.~~=.=..=.=..=..~~;..~.~..~..~.~,.~.~..~.~~~~..=.=..=..~~~.~~.=..=..~;~~~..~.~..~.~"~'~";"~'="="='="~:B2"="~'="="~'~"~'~"~:~''~";'="="~'="~'="='="="~'="='="l':":":':"~.
2

c;.
:.
c .",

'" j / •••• '---....~ ...

.~......... . :,'.
. . .
.
.;./
"

;- "
',:,' "

".: ..
"
' .. .

c·
c

lv 1 1 t I " Co~, u : r El I Co;. a' I Cl n

pr'ud let tonE.

EGcond g"dUp of '&&tE.

( lc.d"';21.0U~ )

-:.( i:I I .; :
He, r' 1 : .) r I t Cl. I cl 1',/1 ~ 1 (on= 25rl1 t 11 rne-l r'sc
In Vcrt iccl divi~ion- 25micrD-:lrai~n~
I

FIG. 6.2 RXIRL fllCRO-STF:RItIS FOF' OIlE LR'IO: OF F:(,F'E

( pt"edicted V~. olo:=(r've-d )

.'
 '. '.
192

c.
'"
;l="='~"='3:"r":':":':"="~~~"=':"=':"~;~'~"~..~.~,.~.~..~~~.:..=.:..=..~:~;.=.:..=..:.~;~~.~..~..~-~"~'~"~'~"=":':"~'I~';~":':"="=':"~"~'~"~'~..~..;.:..=..:.:..~~~.~~.~:~~~.=..=.:..~.[..:.:..:..~·r

l\111h rot:,e :rel Cr.":a't I on

pr't-'d 1et 10ns
wii..hcu;' rqp~ reI a ..... r:.t ,on

ObSBJ'Veod va luE':& second 9'"aup of ,~&t&

( lcod., 21. (lI.l; )

[)

P:
I

!?+
,., :
I

~
... .'
I
........ ,.:. .. '
.'

::;:.c
Cl 1G;
Ho:, r l=(·r,t <a 1 25 rn 1 I 1 rilE-' r B t.
. d 1 V I 1: 1 Cl "I =
Vert ;ccl d;'~i~ion- 25mic:rD-=trai~n~

FIG. 6.3 CIF:CUI1FEREHTIAL I'1ICRO-~.TF:AIIIS FOF: HIC' LAYEF:S OF F:OPE

( pred,ct£d V~. ot.:::Er"VEd )
 '.
193

~ -..................
........................... ..............................
~
~ ······ .... ·.. ·· .. ·.. ·· .. ·· .. ·· .. ·.... ·....3

"

'. :1'
: :'
: :
: .'

, '/
.,,

Oh&8 t'v€od Vii lu~& Do E€ocond 9'"dUP of 1Eo£..t£

( 1c.d ' 2 I . m rJ )
...
I
~,,: a I",,:
c:'
c: H:;r 1:::o:.r,t41 d1vl~1on= 2' 5 rll 1 I , rile. t r 13 &- :
Vert icel di"ikion- 2Smicrc-::;lrZli;n:::
'"I

FIG • .0.4 A:,IAL r11CF:O-STF:AII1S FOF: 1IJ(o LAYEF:S OF F:OF'E

( predictEd vs. ob~ErvEd )
 194

It is interesting to observe that the rope, factors of. relaxation ca1cu1a-·

ted with the formula developed by Atkinson and Tay10r, presented in section
4.6.1, appear to provide satisfactory correction despite the fact that the
formula was developed for non-stiffened drums.

The other predictions presented in the remainder of this chapter had

been made taking into consideration the effect of rope relaxation.

One final point to"be made about the predictions on the drum roll, con-
cern gauges nos. 2 and 3 placed under the side plate ledge. The test re-
sults for these gauges have been plotted together with those for the gauges
on the roll to give an idea of the levels of strains near the joint with the
side plates. The comparison between the predictions and the results for
gauges nos. 2 and 3 has to be made with caution because of the number of as-
sumptions made to simplify the theoretical representation of the joint.

6.1.2 Side plate .

The predictions of the strains induced by one layer of rope are shown
in FIGs 6.5 and 6.6.

The radial strains predicted for gauges nos. 22 and 31 were lower· than
the test results as shown in FIG. 6.5. This was an expected outcome since
the theoretical model did not take into account the ring of holes in the si-
de plates. Using the predicted values,an estimation of the actual. results
can be made if it is assumed that the average stresses and strains between
the holes are proportional to the stresses and strains on the unperforated
plates at the same points. It is. also assumed that the factor of proportio-
nality is the ratio between the total cylindrical area delimited by the cir-
cle passing through the points where the gauges were ( FIG. 6.7 ) and the
area left after the holes were cut. By reference to FIG. 6.7, this ratio
is approximately equal to
2X1!x430
6x220 = 2.05
 '.
195

I .~ I I
•
I
•
I
• .
I I
•
-~dJ -"\00 -3DD -200 -100 lOll 200 3[":[J 100 SOD

~I c,;• 38 "- [j,

2I
......
-

-
31 22

prcth e1. ion:::

L~ oh~l:r"ed "al~u:s.
( £ccor.d gr'otJp _of 1c~1~ )
( le.• d ; 21.0i:IJ )

( •., I I\J
('J f'--!:2.. 23 32

,-
Sed 1 s:
Hor-1Iont.:a.l dtvt£!or'; 25rn1crc·-c"all)t
- Vertical div;:icn- 2Smilim.r1.rc~

_'_ _ _ L-- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

FIG. f..~ F:RDIRL "1-11 CF:O-S1F:R illS FOF: OIlE LR"o'U" OF F"Or"E
( pr'E'dicted v~. ob;:€r~VEd )
( predictions considerir)9 ro,)e rEl~x&tion )
 '.
1%

~ --+-. I I--+-
-:. ) --tOO -300 -200 -100 100 20" 300 100 SOD
-------
' ::J 29 t:. 20
~I (.J

prerH c:1. ions:

.fJ. cb:::;:er\·ed \.alurs:

( ~~cond group of tCEt& ,
( \e•• d= 2J.0I:1-J )

r,', 24 33
;"1 (0",
t:. t:.

-.~--- Se u 1 El :
Hor" Ic,nt·a 1 dlVl&101)= 25M1CrO-'1raln&
Vc r tic: a 1 divi:;:icn- 2Smilim~i.re1

FIG. 6.6 TRllGEIU I RL 111 CF:O-STF:R IllS FOF: OIlE LRYEF: OF F:OPE
( pr"Edicted V!. Clt:.~e"'·vEd )
( predictions considerlng ro,)€ r€~bXblion )
 197

circle passing
through the- gau§es

FIG.6.7 SIDE PL ATE

The predicted strain for the unperforated plate was 33~£, hence, the
average strain between the holes becomes 2.05x33 = 68~£ which compares with
the observed absolute values of 76~£ and 80~£.

The radial strains predicted for the other gauges showed good agreement
despite their proximity to the joints.

For the tangential strains shown in FIG. 6i6, the predictions for gauges
nos. 24 and 33 were lOw. The differences can be accounted for on the assump-
tion that the side plate was built into a· perfectly rigid hub. In practice,
not only does the hub deform but also the bolts which fix the plate to it al-
low some displacement making tangential strains near the hub different from
predicted. The observed tangential strains. were generally low in magnitude
and, consequently, more sens i tive to sma 11 di s turbances in the drum structure
than the strains shown by other gauges. Such disturbances could signifi-
cantly change the pattern of strains and hence, observed values for. tangen-
tial strains should be regarded with caution .

. -.Considering the predictions for the strains induced on the side plate by
the action of two layers of rope on the instrumented side, as shown in FIGs.
6.8 and 6.9, it will be noted that the predicted radial strains were signifi-
cantly different from the- test results. Thi s was due to the assumption made
 '.
198

-5 -100 -301l -2(')0 -100 lOO 1(')0 500

~I
30 21

~I 31 22

pr-eeli [:1. ion::l;;

ob:.:er,·~cl \':llur:x
&ec.ofld group of tCEt' )
lD.d = 2J.BkN )

23 32
,',',

SCaIEl:
Hor 1 zonta 1 1 d1v1c1orl= 25M1cro-~'ra1'1&
Vertlcal 1 di v ix;on- 25m; 1 i ml:1 re':.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
" _____________________ __

F1G. 6.8 RADIALMICRO-STRAIHS FOR TWO LAYERS OF ROPE

( predicted VI. observed)
( pr-edict ions ce'n::ide'"'ing r"ope reldAdt icon)
 '.
199

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'-I~~I~I~~I~I~~~~I~I~I~I~~I~I~~~I~I~I
--lOO -300 -2r.u -lOO lOO 201'1 300 1 1'10 ~oo

~I I .
N 29 20

prr::di ci. ions-

ob:.r::rven VBlut.s:
( tcccr,d gr-ollp (.f tC.Et. ,
( 100d = 21.0kt~ )

24 33
'J
Se d 1 B :
He,r-' Iont a 1 dtvt&10"= 2S',11CrO-&1raln,
Vr:. r lie al di v;:;;on- 2Sm; 1 j me1.re:

-------------------------

FIG. 6.9 TF1I~GEIHIRL MICRO-STF:RIIlS FOR HlO LR'rEPS OF F:OF'E

( pr-Edlctfd vs. ob~€rVEd )
< prEdiction~ considEring rope r€la)'ation )
 200

in the theoretical representation of the model drum that the points at the
junctions of the side plates with the roll would not suffer any displacement
in the direction of the drum axis. However, as seen in section 5.6 •.11, such
displacement occurs when two layers of rope are compressing the drum sides.
The predictions therefore,· were for a worse case where the prevention of the
axial displacements did not allow a distribution of the load between the two
sides and, in consequence, the calculated strains were higher than those
actually occuring.

In an attempt to improve the predictions, the theoretical representa-

tion was modified ~o allow axial displacements of the junctions. This was
done by replacing the assumption that both joints would not move ,by the as~
sumption that both joints would move axially by the same amount as illustra-
ted in FIG. 6.10. This new assumption implied that the drum roll would
transmit the load from one plate to another without itself deforming.

Sa
- - - - - - - ---1'1
- !:1-LS c
r--------...- 1

I
1
I
I
I

FIG. 6.10 DISPLACEMENTS OF THE JUNCTIONS

The initial assumption was described in the theoretical representation

of the model drum by two separate expressions equating to zero the deflection
of each side plate at the junction with the drum roll. In order to include
the new assumption, those two expressions were replaced by one equating the
deflections of each side plate at the junction with the drum roll and by
another equating the shear forces acting on each plate also at the junction.
 201

The predictions made with the new assumption are shown in FIGs. 6.11 and
6.12, the effect on the radial strains being self-evident.

Strains predicted for the third and fourth group of tests showed the
same degree of agreement with the actual results as for the second group of
tests. This is illustrated in FIGs. 6.13 to 6.16 where the predicted
strains, taking into account the axial disp1acements of the side plates, are
shown together with the test results for one layer of rope and two layers on
the instrumented side of the drum.

6.2 Predictions for the Fifth Group of Tests

The predictions and the test results of the strains induced by one layer
of rope and two layers on the instrumented side, for the fifth group of tests,
are shown in FIGs. 6.17 to 6.24. The strains predicted include rope relaxa-
tion and axial movement of the side plates.

There was, generally, the same sort of agreement between the predictions
and observations as obtained for the second group of tests without the brake
rings, However, it is necessary to comment about the differences shown by
some gauges measuring radial strains. It will be noted in FIGs. 6.19 and
6.23 that the strains predicted for gauges nos. 21 and 30 were low. The
main cause for this seemed to be the assumption in the theoretical represen-
tation of the model that each brake ring acted as an integral part of the
side plates. and their action concentrated at the junction between the side
plates and the drum roll. Actually, that action was distributed over an
annulus of each side plate. . Furthermore, the brake rings were fastened to
the side plates by bolts which, because of their elasticity, would allow some
relative displacement between the side plates and the rings changing the dis-
tribution of strains.

Further in FIGs. 6.19 and 6.23, it can be seen that the test results for
gauge no. 22 were, in absolute values, lower than those for gauge no. 31 at .
the same radial position. The results for gauge. no. 22 were practically the
same irrespective of whether the·10ading condition was one layer of rope or
'.
202

r , ., ,, I
,
,
-5'~J -"lOO -30['1 -2"0 -100 100 201') 3['10 ~OO 500

~I , c;:, 38 t> t> 2I

0".
-

-
(oJ
",'
,- M 3I A A 22

- prt::d,ciion:s:

\ - ~ t> ob:.:£::rvl::d valur:z;:

( &eccnd group of tCEt~ )
( lOad = 2 I . (JI:r~ )

~:~ I

L....
~
('J 23
J- \ 32

..

., Bc- a 1 B :
:J
Hor'1Iont-al 1 d1V1&1on= 25rnlcr 0-&1 r a 1,.."
- VerticIl1 1 divl:::;.:;on- 2Smi 1 i mr:1. res

-'- - ------------------- -----------------------

FIG. 6.11 RRDIAL .MICRO-STRAINS FOR TWO LRYERS OF ROPE

( predicted vs. ob~Erved )
( prediction~ considerjng '~Cope rEl~xation )
( and ax; al di spl acerr_Ent of thE drurr. roll)

-.
 203

~~HY~~-+-+-+-+~~~~4-~+-+-}-r-~~~-+-+~~~~4-~~.~ I I I I I I I

-5 J --lOO -300 -200 -wo lOO· 300 1[10 500

~I 29

prct"l\cticnX"

6b:.:t:: r"cd "a I u~.s:

( cecond group of tcst~ )
( 1" .. d=21_0kt~ )

(,) 2'1 33
~I ."

..
~.
Sca.lo:
HorIzontal d1Y1t101)= 25M'CrO-t1ra1n~
Vr= ,.. l 1 c: a 1 d;v;x;on- 2Sm; limetrr=~

FIG. ;;. 12 TRI1GEIlTIRL t1ICRO-SH:RIII~- FOR TWO LR'l'EF:S OF F:('PE

( prEd~ctEd V~. ub~ErvEd )
( pred~c~jon5 considering ropE r'£l~)~~tion
( cnd axial displ.a.cerliEnt of thE drurll r'u11 i
 205 -

(b)

-. ...." .,.." ~..,a -,.." ,.....

~ •
,oo ... ,.., .aa .... •

v ~

- L~ -
r (c) r (d)

-~------------- ..:.. _. ---~-----------------

h observed values

FIG. 6.14 THIRD GROUP OF TESTS ( load = 14.4kN )

MICRO-STRAINS FOR TWO LAYERS OF ROPE
( predicted vs. observed)
',T'
( predictions con~idering rope relaxation)
( and·axial displacement of the drum roll)

..,-. (a) Circumferential

(b) Ax; al
(c) Radial
(d) Tangential
 206

• t

• •
• •

( a) (b)

-. ~
-0J -"., : :
~.".
: , ; :
-Ll'I!I
I

0\ •
''''' ~II 're ... ''''' ~ -<re
I--'
~ .. ... '" -111 lB. . ..
.., , 1.., >BD

• •

J .\ • •

·· : (c) ~
. : (d)

, \::
c observed values
.;

FIG. 6.15 FOURTH GROUP OF TESTS ( load 27.8kN ) =

MICRO-STRAINS FOR ONE LAYER OF ROPE
( predicted vs. observed)
.. ( predictions considering rope relaxation)
( and axial displacement of the drum roll)
."" ".
~ ~ 'f\
•... ;1 I .'
..
f " (, I
,
~.'.
' ... " ~
;'. -
(a)
(b)
Circumferential
Axi al
.. .. ~ (c) Radial
(d) Tangent i al
.. "

'. ,
 207

(a ) (b)
• ~.----

,eo. Z!B 300 in :u'tO ll. 200 ~II 10Q ~'D

• •

\V
I- /. ~ •

I~, : (C) .~ (d)

,c:. :' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
c., _ _ _ ~
, ,' _ _ _ _ _' - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
c.. _ _ _

: '.

c observed values

- . ..
-
"
- FIG, 6.16 FOURTH GROUP OF TE STS ( load = 27.8kH )
~ , : MICRO-STRAINS FOR TWO LAYERS OF ROPE
, ; ( predicted v s. observed )
\' :
~ :1 ( predictions cons;de ring rope relaxation )
• ( and axial displacem ent of the drum ro 11 )
~ ;.
""
.-, . ,
,
:; 1':'

.~'.
.
' ,

(a) Circumferent i a I
- - (b) Axial
(c) Rad i a 1
.,.; (d)' Tangential

-
-- - - . - ~-
.. - --- ._-' ---- .

-
 '.
208

p
t:.

~
........
Ir.~~:.¥ =?
......~
........~
:;
........==;:
...... :~ ........~
7
.......~
....... _~.-
9
......==;
11
........~
13
........~
.......
17
#;:.: ==:
....~
...... .......==[
43 45
........g
..... .
;: 3 44

~-
'" pre-d 1 C'\ I clns{

C-
t.. . ,
'" V
c.bser .... t-cI vilu6r;
( f ; f th ~r~up of 'texts: )
( 21,O~f~ )
~
)" od
( 1:or al.:.e '" ~ng& f'~' .. d )

';t ...........
t:.
t·- -.~-'~~-~,.
,,
,
''
---'----
N
I

'"r<,~-
I

[)
~
T
~.c a I.;.:
Ho:. r 1 =0 r, t Q. I d1vIZ'10r.: 251u111 hlE<1r-DC
'.le r t 1r e 1 divi~'iDn- 2Smi~rc-s:lrAi~s

FIG • .0.17 CIRCUf1FEF:EtnlftL f1ICRO-STRRltlS FOP. OtlE LAYER OF ROPE

( predict£d vs. observed) - COlllplete Model
( pr"€ die t ; oriS C on£; der- i ng r ope re 1 aY-at j or. )
( and axial displacerr,Ent of thE dr"urn roll)

•.
 '.
209

t:o
r::
r" .~ .
D
r:: ~//~ ~/
~-L---. .
'" .I/
[) /
C; - I
,

r::- pre-d1C'tlonc.(
r::
,
r"

v obt.£-rv~d valu€-,
( fifth grql.lp of i.~=t:s;;: )
( 10Qd-:21.0"~ )
( brake r 1ng& fl~,.,d )

:::;C Cl 1(0 :
Hor' 1::or.t Cl I dl\1I~10n= 25tul11nlEotrss
,
. '" Ve ,.. tic I! 1 divi~icn- 2SmicrD-:s;;:trai~~

FIG. f..18 R>:IRL MICRO-STRRIIIS FOF: OIIE LRYEF: OF POPE

( predicted vs. obsErved) - ComplEte Model
( prEdiction~ con!iderirl9 ror-,€" relayat;or.)
( cnd axial di~pl.acEm£.'nt o( the drurTl r'ol1 )

,
 '.
210

r-+-tT+-~--+-4-~--r-;--~+I-+I~--~+-;-~~-+-4~~~+-;-~~-+~~~~+-~~~-+-+~--~+-;-~-t-4-;
-:; -1(;0 -300 -200 -100 10D 20D 300 100 500

;::;1 I (l.
3B 21
M

~I M 31 22

predit:i. ion:s:::

CblOt! r ved 'vDI uex

( f i flh grvup c.f le"t& )
( lc·ad ; 21.(3'1~· )
( b'3~& r1119E f1t1ed )

~I 'oJ
23 32
'"

Se a I • ,
"'--- Hor-'lc.ntal dl v1&lon= 2~,rr1lc.rO-£1 r air.&.
Vert ;c1L1 divilOlcn- 2Smi 1 ime1.rt::l

FIG. £'1~ RRDIRL MICRO-STRAINS FOR OIIE LAYER OF ROPE

( pr~diCl~d vs. obsErved) - COffiplet~ Modfl
( pr€dict~ons considering rope relaxation)
( and axia.l displac€luent of thE' drUI(1 r'o11 )
 '.
211

r I I
-"- I. I

-100 -30D -2DD -HlD loa 200 30D SOD

~I ,\J
29 v

11

prcdic1. ions:

ob=:;~r\>c:d va I L.<I~:
( f i f t h grollp of tc<t. )
( 1 c. ud = 21. (H. rJ ,
( I)rahe rlngE f't~&d )

24 33

- Se ill B :
:... Hor1zont.al d1V1c10n= 2Slnlc-rO-ttraln~
-I- ' Ve r l ; eel d,vi:ion- 25milim~tr~%

-'- - - - -------'------------~-------------------------

FIG. 6.20 TAHGEtHIAL MICfW-STF:AltIS FOR OtlE LA,{E~: OF F:OF'E

( pr~dict~d vs. ob~erved ) - COfilrl~te f10del
( predictions consjderjng rope rEl~x~tion )"
(and axial dj~pl.a..cer.. ent of the dr'um "·011 )
 '.
212

o
1:-

......p
~~ ........~
.......~
........~
...... ,.~
.......~
........~
.......~
....... -~:
.......~
.......~
........~
........~:
......~-.------~-------~-------~-------1
~t=== 5 7 9 11 13 17 43 45
;. 3 ~4

, ---;:""
----
C'
S- \ \,

\ ,

o
\ ob;;;.,.z.rved valuEo&

!?+
f',
\ t',
( fifth grqup of
( load ~ 2I.0"~
i.t:::.:t:.;: )
)
I "-... v ( bra~.6" ~r,gc f lt1eod .)
'----",:....----+----
~
...
I

Se d 1",,:
Ho:.r 1 zorlt 41 rJ 1 \/ I t.
101". = 25'11 1 I 1 Ilia' r B"
d;vi~~cn- 2SmicrD-:trai~ns
VI::' r t "C El 1 ,

FIG. '::.21 CIRCUJ1FEREtHIAL MICRO-STF:AI1l5 FOR TWO LAYERS OF F:OPE

( predict~d vs. ob~Erved ) - (O~,plEtE Model
( predictiorl£ con£idering rore rEl&~&tion )
( and oxial di~plaCE'UlEnt of the drum r'011 )
 '.
213

...... -.- ........... - ............ -.~ .............................. ......................................... ......................... .

~

10 12 14 16
2

fTJ -\,
,/

I1
I
I
C- I
C I
I
'" !
D
I
C UII ~

!
-t I ' ' \ :

C:I
C
" /
v clbs.€Jrv~d v,alu,",t.
( fifth Drql~p of ~C'~t~ )
( load .; 21.0~N )
( l:>,.k~ '" ~rlgc flt16d )

Se a 1&:
on
Hor 1;::c,ntal d'VI~10n= 25 rnl I 1 (liE- 1 r B (;. .
I Vc r t i r:: rJ 1 divi=icn- 25miE:::rc-=t.rG.i!nx:
: '

FIG. t .. 22 AXIAL MltRO-STRAIHS FOR TWO LAYERS OF ROPE

( predicted vs. observed) - Complete Model
( prEdiction~ considering rapt r(t~):ation )
( and a.xial displaCErnent of thE' drurn r·ol1 )
 '.
214

~~~r~~-+~~~~~:~~~~~1-+-+-~~~~~~-+-+-+~~~1-+-+-+-~~~~~~~~
-S(!.] --lOO -30D -2~0 -lOD 100 20~ 300 100 SOD

;;;. 30 v cl

31 v 22

pred'ic1.ionx

obloll:r ..... ed vlllu~x

fifth ~rDup of te&t& )
1 <>.d = 21, eUI )
l)r3~.~ rlng~ ilt~ed )

23 32

:-'
-
... __ ._-----'
E,c Ca
Horizontal
1 11

Vt=: r l 'C D 1
,
dlV'&10tl= 2SM,cro-c1ra,n,
div;:ion- 2Smilimll:'tre:l

J - _ l ____________________ _
-'-

FIG. 6.23 RRDIALMICRO-STRAINS FOR TWO LAYERS OF ROPE

( prEdict~d vs. ob~erved ) - CO~lpletE Model
( predictions con!.ider'ing ror..e rela>:istion )
( .&.nd axial displacement 0(' thE drurr. r"o11 )
 215

-5 . -100 -300 -200 -100 J 00 . 200 300 100 500

::;; I ~,:(;,;,=;:====~ 29 .V 20

p,..e~ 1 e1. i on~

ob:o:erved yafurx
( fifth group of t~&t~ )
( lOad = 21.0kN )
( brak& rIngs ~ttled )

24 33

St:ille:
Her I :zon1.i:ll d1V1Ll011= 25mlcrO-~1r'~1'1t
VE:r1.ice.1 divix;cn- 2Smilimc:trcJ;

FIG. C.24 TRI1GENTIRL M1CRO-STRRII1S FOR TWO LAYERS OF ROPE

( prEdicted vs. observed) - CO~lplete Model
( predictions considering rope relaxation)
( and axial displa.ceruEnt o( the drurh r-ol1 )

•
 216

two layers on either side of the drum. This suggests that for some reason
the gauge was working incorrectly.

6.3 Predictions for the Strains Induced by the Bent Shaft

The strains induced on the side plates by the bent shaft were predicted
separately using the otheory discussed in section 4.4 and with the aid of
another computer program listed in Appendix 4.

The comparison between the predictions and the test results was ~ade
by examining the strains shown by gauges nos. 23 and 24 near the hub but away
from the drum split. These gauges being chosen because they generally
showed higher strains than the other gauges fitted in the same relative posi-
tion on the side plate.

The test results were those in columns (A) and (B) of Tables 5.5 to 5.8
indicating the strains induced by the self-weights and vertical load respec-
tively. The results and predictions are shown on Table 6.1 where good 0

agreement will be noted.

Table 6.1
Micro-strains induced by the bent
shaft on gauges ne~r the hub

--------------~-------~-----I gauge micro-strains 1

Load Inumber observed predicted
----------~-----------------I------
self-weights 1 23
-------------------
10 9
( all groups of tests) 1 24 3 2
-----------------------~----I------
21.0 kN 1 23
-------------------
23 25
( second group of tests) 1 24 8 5
------_0_--------------------1------ __________________ _
14.4 kN 1 23 18 17
( third group of tests) 1 24 5 4
-----------------~----------I------I-------------------
27.8 kN 1 23 1 35 34
I ( fourth group of tests) 1 24 1 8 7 1
1----------------------------1------1-------------------I
1 21. 0 k N 1 23 1 20 25 1
1 (fifth group of tests) 1 24 1 8 5 1
 '.
217

6.4 Surrmary

From the discussion in the previous sections. the assessement of the

theoretical models can be summarized as follows:

1 - The predictions for the strains on the drum roll showed

good agreement with the results both in pattern and magnitude.

2 - The observation of rope relaxation considerably improved

the predictions and. although in the actual rope relaxation the
tension on each coil of rope is thought to be relieved by a diffe-
rent factor. the assumption that they are relieved by the same
factor proved to be an adequate approximation.

3 - The predictions for the strains on the side plates also

showed good 'agreement for one layer of rope because actual strains
were not affected by the position of the loading ..

4 - When the actual strains were affected by the position of

the loading. i.e .• for two layers of rope. the predictions were
very conservative. However. a great improvement was achieved when
the theoretical representation was modified to allow axial disp1a-
cements of the side plates.

5 - The ring of holes on the side plates seemed to have only

affected the strains local to them and .• predictions considering a
factor of proportionality based on the areas between the holes
agreed well with the actual results.

6 - The predictions made for the strains induced by the bent

shaft on the side plates also agreed well with the test results.

From the assessement. it can be concluded that the theoretical represen-

tation of the model drum as discussed i'n chapter 4 is adequate for design,
purposes •
. ,
; ,
 218

In order to appreciate the accuracy of the theoretical model, the pre-

dictions made for the strains induced by one layer of rope and two layers on
the instrumented side have been compared with t~e test results from the se~
cond to the. fifth groups of tests for the gauges on the drum roll and on the
side plates and away from the drum.spJ it. Gauges nos. 2 and 3 were not in-
cluded in the comparison.

A histogram of the frequency of the errors is shown in fIG. 6.25 where

it can be seen that they follow a Gaussian distribution, the average being
2.6IJE.

It will be noted from the histogram..that the maximum absolute error was
75IJE. If this is compared with the maximum strain observed among the re-
sults, namely -515IJE for gauge no. 7 in the fourth 'group of tes ts, it will be
seen that the error is 14.6% of the result. This degree of accuracy being
satisfactory in this type of aesign work.

This level of accuracy of the theoretical model was confirmed when pre-
dictions were compared with results of further tests performed with the scale
model by M.B.Wild and Co.Ltd. during the preparation of this thesis but
without the participation by the author. For these tests the drum was mo-
dified and wound with up to seven layers of rope on one side. Using the in-
formation made available by the Company, the computer program was modified
to cater for the modifications done on the drum. The average percentage
error of the predictions for the new tests was less than 8%. The model drum
has been loaded up to yielding point and, for a maximum observed strain of
g40IJE the prediction was 10% higher.

:!,
 '.
219

:.[1
L I
--l :.
w
c,
I

W,
40
0:
LL
-,c
.=. -'

~:O

·2:.

.:' (1

1 :.

10

C"
-'

f--. 1 I I I
Cl
0:0
I
Cl
r~
I
Cl
LD
I
CO)
lfl
I
0
-;r
I
0
(Y)
I
c;J
(\J
I -
c;J

I
c;J
-
c;J c;J
(\J
IS'
er,
c;J
v
.0
lfl
c;J
ID
0
f"-
c;J
ro

ERROR ( micro-strains)

FIG. 6.25 FREQUEIICY OF THE PELRT I VE

ERRORS OF THE PREDICTIONS
( Error c prediction - ob~~rv~tion )
 220

CONCLUSIONS

The research showed that classical theories for thin cylindrical shells
and for circular flat plates combined together can provide a very satisfacto-
.
ry theoretical model for the analysis of cylindrical mine winding drums.

Such a theoretical model will not only allow the determination of stresses
on the drum as a whole structure but also give information about deflections,
slopes, shear forces and moments. The possibility of introducing different
stiffening rings or loads at any position and of rapidly changing geometrical
parameters such as drum diameter, drum length, drum roll and drum sides thick-
nesses makes it extremely flexible and a powerful tool for the investigation
of alternative .drum configurations.

The theoretical model can also be used as a simulator of a winding drum

operation to examine the variations in stresses and deflections induced in a
drum as each coil is wound.

The author hopes that this work will contribute to confirm the belief of
several authors and design engineers in the field that, winding drums behave
like thin shells under uniformi1y distributed axisymmetric pressure and
further, that drums can be analysed as a complete structure by combining flat
plate theory with the shell theory.

The author also hopes that the work will provide design engineers with
an effective and reliable technique for the analysis of drum structures
allowing the stresses and deflections to be predicted with much greater
accuracy than at present. The application of the technique should, there-
fore, result in a better understanding of the behaviour of drum structures
and in more economical designs .

. ".
 221

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK

There is still 'a fair amount of research that could be done in'regard
to mine winding drum analysis in order to further improve the theoretical
models presented in this thesis and also to generate information to support
its application. The author would like to suggest the following topics for
further work:

1 - Rope relaxation. The expression used to determine the rope

relaxation given by Eq. 4.64 produced results showing good agreement'
with actual test figures for the drum studied. Its advantages in re-
lation to other methods are its simple structure, requiring very little
computational effort, coupled with the fact that it can be used to cal-
culate factors for only one layer of rope. Further work to examine
the delimitations of this approach would be useful.

2 - Effect of the drum split. Although the results from the tests
suggested that the effect of the drum split was minimized by filling
the gap between the drum roll halves with shims, the split is a
"weakness" in the drum structure and more specific investigation to
establish its influence would be valuable.
, ,
3 - Drum stability. There is very little experimental data and
very 'little known about the stability of winding drums. Experimental
work examining, for instance, the influence of the drum split and of
the stiffening rings on the drum stability, could provide valuable in-
'formation to assist drum designers in defining design criteria concer-
ning the stressing of the drums.
 222

REFERENCES

1 - BROUGHTON, H.H.
Eletric Winders, 2nd edition. '. Spon, London", 1948.

2 - TUOHOPE, I.S.D.
"Multi-rope winders fro high capacity hoisting". Paper 12, Internatio-
nal Conference on Hoisting Men, Materials and Minerals; Marshalltown,
South Afri ca", Oct. 1973.
3 - ATKINSON, L.T.J. and TAYLOR, G.L.
"Winding ilrums", part I. Colliery Engineering, vol 43, Oec 1966,
pg. 524-530.
4 - ATKINSON, L.T.J. and TAYLOR, G.L.
"Wi ndi ng drums", part II. Co 11 i ery Engi neeri ng, vo 1 44, Jan 1967,
pg. 32-39.
5 - ATKINSON, L.T.J. and TAYLOR, G.L.
"Winding drums" ,part Ill. Colliery Engineering, vol 44, Feb 1967,
pg. 79-84.
6 - ATKINSON, L.T.J. and TAYLOR, G.L.
"Winding drums", part IV. Colliery Engineering, vol 44, Mar 1967,
pg. 115-12l.
7 - ATKINSON, L.T.J. and TAYLOR, G.L.
"Wi ndi ng drums", part V. Co 11 i ery Engi neeri ng, vol 44, Apr 1967,
pg. 158-164.
8 - ATKINSON, L.T.J. and TAYLOR, G.L.
"Wi ndi ng drums", part VI. Coll i ery Engi neeri ng, vo 1 44, May 1967,
". pg. 201-206.
9 - ATKINSON, L.T.J. and TAYLOR, G.L.
"Winding drums", part VII. Colliery Engineering, vol 44, Jun 1967,
pg. 236-243.
10 - ATKINSON, L.T.J. and TAYLOR, G.L.
"Winding drums", part VIII. Colliery Engineering, vol 44, Aug 1967,
pg. 315- 32l.
11 - DIETZ, P.
"Ei n Verfahren zur Berechnung ein-und mehrlagig bewickelter
Sei 1trommel n". Fortschritt-Beri clite Der VD I Zeitschriften, part 3,
n 12, Jul 1972.
12 - WATERS, E.O.
"Rational design of hoisting drums". Transactions of the ASME, vol 42,
1920, pg. 463-485. "
 223

13 - EGAWA, T. and TANEDA, M.

"Externa 1 pressure produced by multi -layers of rope wound about a
hOisting drum". Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Mechanical
Engineers, vo1 1, no 2, 1958, pg. 133-138.
14 - DOLAN, J. ,
"Winder drum tread design investigation". The South African
Mechanical Engineer, vo1 13, Dec 1963, pg. 97-138.
15 - TORRANCE, B.McK.
"The design of winding drums". The South African Mechanical
Engineer, vo1 15, Dec 1965, pg. 123-128.
16 - TIMOSHENKO, S.P. and WOINOWSKY-KRIEGER, S.
Theory of Plates and Shells, 2nd edition. McGraw-Hi11 Kogakusha,
Tokyo, 1959.
17 - CRAWFORD, W.R.
"Design of colliery machinery and equipment" ,part 1. Coll iery
Engineering, Ju1 1949, pg. 260-263.
18 - ATKINSON, L.T.J. and PREATTER, R.W.T.
"Theoreti ca 1 and experimenta 1 'techni ques used in the des i gn of
wi ni ng engi ne drum structures ','. Paper 24, Interna tiona 1 Conference
on Hoisting Men, Materials and Minerals, Marsha11town, South Afri"a,
Oct 1973.
19 - PESTEL, E.C. and LECKIE, F.A.
Matrix Methods in E1astomechanics. McGraw-Hi11 , New York, 1963.
20 - BELLAMY, N.W. and PHILLIPS, B.D.A.
"An investigation into flange forces in winch drums". Proceedings
of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, vol 183, part I, 1968/69
21 - PFLUGER, A.
Elementary Statics of Shells, 2nd edition. F.W. Dodge, New York,1961.
22 - ROARK, R.J. and YOUNG, W.C.
Formulas for Stresses and Strains, 5th edition. McGraw-Hi11 Kogakusha,
Tokyo, 1975.
23 - BUDYNAS,R.G.
Advanced Strength and Applied Stress ~na1ysis. McGraw-Hi11 Kogakusha,
Tokyo, 1977.
24 - BUCKINGHAM, E.
"On physically similar systems". Physical Review, vol IV, no 4,
1914, pg. 345-376.
25 - LANGHAAR, H.L.
Dimensional Analysis and Theory of Models. John Wiley and Sons,
.' New York, 1951.
26 - FLUGGE, W.
Stresses in Shells. Spring-Ver1ag, New York, 1967.
 '.
224

27 - DONNEL, L.H.
Beams, Plates and Shells. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976.
28 - LOVE, A.E.H.
A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity, 4th edition.
Cambridge University Press, 1952.
29 - DONNEL ,. L. H.
"Stability of thin walled tubes under torsion". NACA Report 479, 1933.
30 - HETENYI, M.
Beams on Elastic Foundations. University of Michigan Press, 1946.
31 - NOVOZHILOV, V.V.
The Theory of Thin Shells. P. Nordhoff, Groningen, 1959.
32 - WILSON, L.B.
"The deformation under uniform pressure of a circular cylindrical shell
supported by equally spaced circular ring frames". Naval Construction
Research Establishment, Reports NCRE/R337A, Band C, Dec 1956.
33 - f1ANSFIELD, E. H.
The Bending and Stretching of Plates. Pergamon Press, London, 1964.
34 - REISSNER, H.
"Uber die unsymmetrische Biegung dunner Kreisringplatten".
Ingenieur-Archiv, vol 1, Sep 1929, pg. 72-83.
35 - KRAUS, H.
"Flexure of a circular plate with a ring of holes". Journal of
Applied Mechanics, Sep 1962, pg. 489-496.
36 - DAVIES, O.L.
Statistical Methods in Research and Production, 3rd edition. Oliver
and Boyd, London, 1957.
 225

BIBLIOGRAPHY

List of books and papers also consulted but not referred to in the text.

ADINI, A.
Analysis of Shell Structures by the Finite Element Method.
Ph.D. Dissertation, California University, Berkeley, 1962.
AMEME (The Association of Mining Electrical and Mechanical Engineers)
"The transportation of men and materials in shafts and underground".
Proceedings of the Symposium held at Harrogate, Oct 1975.
BAKER, E.H.; KOVALEVSKY, L. and RISH, F.L.
Structural Analysis of Shells. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
BEERKIRCHER~ G.
"Mine hoist - proper selection to fit the application~. Hoisting.
Conference, 104th AI~lE Annua 1 Meeti ng, New York, Feb 1975.
BEHR, H.C.
"Winding plants for great depths". Transactions of the Institution
of Mining and Metallur9Y, vcl 11,1902.
BURFFIT, A.J.
The Stress Analysis of Friction Winder Drums. M.Eng. Thesis,
University of Sheffield, 1968.
FUNG, Y.C. and SECHLER, E.E.
Thin Shell Structures. Theory, Experiment and Design.
Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1974.
GILL, S.S.
The Stress Analysis of Pressure Vessels and Pressure Vessel Components.
Pergamon Press, 1970.
HALLET, A.W. and PLUMSTEAD, E.R.A.
"Some thoughts on deep level hoisting". Mining Magazine, Jun 1964,
pg. 374-381.
HETENYI, M.
Handbook of Experimental Stress Analysis. John Wiley and Sons,
New York, 1950.
IMM (Institution of Mining and Metallurgy)
"Wire ropes in mines". Proceedings of a Conference held at
Lemington Spa, Sep 1951.
IPSEN, D.C.
Units, Dimensions and Dimensionless Numbers. McGraw-Hill.
New York, 1960.
 226

JAEGER, L.
Elementary Theory of Elastic Plates. Pergamon Press, 1964.
KRAUS, H.
Thin Elastic Shells. John Wi1ey and Sons, 1967.
KRAUS, H.
"A comparison of measured and calculated stresses ;n pressure vessels".
Journal of Engineering for Power, Ju1 1967, pg. 344-341.
LATHAM, R.W.
"Basic factors of hoist design". Transactions of the Institution
of Mining and Metallurgy, section A, vo1 85, Jan 1976, pg. A8-A21.
MEYER, M. L.
"Silicone rubber models for design and stress analysis of large
components". Journal of Strain Analysis, vol 11, Jul 1976, pg. 161-167.
MURPHY, G.
"Models with incomplete corespondence with the prototype".
Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol 292, no 6, Dec 1971, pg. 513-518.
PALACIOS, J.
Dimensional Analysis. MacMi11an, London, 1964.
PIGGOT, B.R.
"Stresses in winding drums". British Welding Research Association
Bulletin, vol 7, no 3, 1966, pg. 69-72.
PRICE, A.B.
Winding Engine Calculation for Mining Engineers. GEC, Kent, 1957.
ROARK, R.J. .
"Stresses produced in a circular plate by eccentric loading and by
transverse couple". Bulletin of the University of Wjsconsin, Jan 1932.
SCHURING, D.J.
Scale Model in Engineering. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977.
TAYLOR, LS.
Dimensional Analysis for Engineers. C1aredon Press, Oxford, 1974 .

. ;,..
 227

APPENDIX 1
MODEL DRUM FABRICATION DRAWINGS

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DIMENSIONS IN:. mm ChKked 0_00 11.. 79Voo, B AD

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1/5 5lAL( MODEL f:PlJN,
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1/5 SCAL[ MODE. L DRU/.'
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UnspecIfl.d ToIerances:- U...., 2: C l: mfT" Angular:!: Sarface Flntsh Oat. 1·5·79
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DIMENSIONS_ IN:.
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 '.
236

APPENDIX 2
STRAIN GAUGE CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

The basic circuit for the strain gauges used in the scale model drum
was a Wheatstone bridge with one strain gauge forming one of the arms. This
is represented in FIG. A2.l where the notation is

FIG. A2.1 BASIC CIRCUIT

rg - gauge resistance
rd "dummy gauge" resistance. equal to rg ,
rw - resistance of the wires connecting the gauges to
the bridge
,' rb - bridge completion resistance
r cal '- calibration resistance

A voltage V applied between a and d induces currents i1 and 12 in the

arms of the bridge. Since the 'voltage drop v between any two points in the
" , bridge is given by Ohm's law. it follows that:
 237

vab = (rg + rw)i2

vbd = r di 2 = r gi2

Vac = rb i !

and the voltage vbc across the bridge is given by

V
A2.l
2

The application of electrical resistance strain gauges for measurement

is based on the property that electrical conductors change their resistance
when subjected to mechanical strain. Such changes can be monitored through
the variation in voltage across. band c in the bridge.· Indeed,- if a gauge
is strained and its resistance changed to rg + 6rg. the voltage vbc will
change to vb c + .6V given by

= (rg + V
A2.2
(2rg + 2

Subtracting Eq. A2.l from A2.2 and manipulating the res~lting expression.
... yields
: .
 238

In the actual circuit 2r is equal to 700n; rw is equal to 0.9n for

" g
the strain gauge with the longest wire and 6rg would be 0.7n if the scale
model drum reached yielding poi~t. Then. since rw and 6rg are small in
comparison with 2rg it "can be written without significant error that

A2.3

Since the voltage V is maintained constant

6r
-g-=k6V A2.4
rg

where k is a factor of proportionality.

If any other resitance in the bridge was varied.the corresponding varia-

tion in voltage between band c would be related to the relative resistance
variation by the factor k. Comparing Eqs. A2.3 and A2.4 it can be seen that
k = 4/V. If V is known k can be immediatly calculated. However. in order
to determine k, the common practice is to induce a known relative variation
to one of the resistances in the bridge. measure the variation in voltage
between band c and then use Eq. A2.4. This procedure is known as bridge
calibration.

If, for example.a resistance real is connected in paralel with one of

the resistors rb shown in FIG. A2.l. its resistance will change to rb + 6r b
where

Calling 6vcal the voltage variation caused by that change in resistance,

"from Eq. A2.4

k =
 239

In the instrumentation circuit of the scale model drum rb = 10000;

r ca1 = 2.2x1060 and the measured voltage variation was 6V ca1 = -880~V, then

k = 5.163x10-70/n/~V

A2.1 Relationship Between Voltage and Strain in the Scale Model

Drum .

The relative change in resistance of a gauge subjected to a strain £ is

A2.5

where GF is known as gauge factor or sensivity and is specified by the gauge

manufacturer. For the gauges in the scale model GF = 2.06.

Combining Eqs. A2.4 and A2.5

£ k
6V = GF

Then, the factor of proportionality between strain and voltage for the
scale model drum is

A2.2 Temperature Effect and Correction

Returning to FIG A2.1 and assuming that together with a change in the
gauge resistance there is also a change in the resistance of the wires to
rw + 6 r w which changes the voltage vbc to .v bc + 6V\. Then,

A2.6
,.-,
..
 \
240

By subtracting Eq. A2.1 from A2.6 and manipulating

Again, since r w' 6rg and 6rw are small compared with r g, then

6r + 6r 6rg + 6rw
~l ~
= 4rg W V - krg

In order to isolate the variation induced by the strain from that

induced by the change in resistance of the wire, the component 6rw has to
be obtained. The only important source of variation in the wire,resistance
is that due to -temperature. If the temperature change 66 is-known, 6r w can
be calculated using

6r w = Lra66
where
L - length of the gauge wire
r - wire resistance per unit of length; O.214n/m for
the wires in the scale model.
a - temperature coefficient of resistance;
- ' -3 0
4.27<10 n/n/oc, for copper at 20 C.

In order to correct the measured voltage 6vl for the effect of tempera-
ture, it is necessary to subtract from it the value given by

The result will be the variation induced by the strain applied to the gauge.

", :
Table A2.1 shows the wire lengths of each gauge on the scale model drum
together with the variation induced by one degree of change in temperature.
"
241

Table A2.1
Strain variation induced by one
degree of change in temperature

Gauge l'iire Vai: iation

Number Length(m) n,icro-strains )
-c- l
a 2 4.20 5
c 3 4.10 5
a 4 4.10 5
c 5 3.95 5
a 6 3.95 5
c 7 3.90 5
a 8 3.90 5
....
....0 c 9 3.50 4
. a 10
c 11
3.50
3.40
4
4
a 12 3.40 4
c 13 3.35 4
a 14 3.35 4
c IS 3.00 4
a 16 3.00 4
c 17 2.90 4
-a- 18 2.90 4
19
-t- 20 4.20 5
r 21 4.20 5
r 22 4. SO 6
r 23 4.40 6
t 24 4.40 6
t 25 4.40 6
r 26 4.40 6
....co r 27 2.75 3
.... t 28 2.75 3
'"., t 29 4.20 5
.
....
't:I r
r
30
31
4.20

4.40
5

6
r 32
t 33 4.40 6
t 34 3.80 5
r 35 3.80 5
r 36 2.75 3
-t- 37 2.75 3
-c- 38 2.65 3
I a 39 2.65 3
....
.... I c 40. 2.60 3
e I c
I a
41
42
1.95
1. 95
2
2
I c 43 2.40 3
I c 44 2.40 3
-c- 45 2.40 3
.....
.
",co
....... 46 2.10 3
. '
. '" 47 2.10 3
48 2 .10 3
.. .
.......
49
50
2.20 1

51 1.60 1
.& 52 1.60 1

......
53 1.60 1
54 1.60 1
55 1.40 2
.c 56 1.40 2
ID
 242

APPENDIX 3
A STRUCTURE FOR THE THEORETICAL MODEL FOR WINDING DRUMS

The aim of this Appendix is to show how the theoretical model which'des-
cribes the effect of the rope compression on a winding drum and which was
di scussed in chapter 4" ,can be structured to facil ita te its mani pul a tion on
a digital computer. Unless otherwise stated, the notation is the same as
that in chapter 4.

As an illustration, consider in FIG. A3.l a drum roll under an external

pressure p supported by side plates built into rigid hubs at positions 1 and N.
2 3 4 N-2 N-1

1 N

1 N

2 3 4 N-2 N-1

FI G.A 3.1 DIS(ONTINUJTIES

ON A DRUM'

Assume that the roll and plates are made of the same material. Further,
consider that the roll is stiffened at positions 3 to N-2 by rings with cross-
sectional areas As' moments of area Is and elasticity modul i Es' As discus-
sed in chapter 4, a set of four constants of integration is associated with
,
.
......
", '
. each region between any two adjacent discontinuities, defining a total of 4xN
constants of integration and requiring 4xN simultaneous equations to determine
/,;' ; them. Suppose Cml , Cm2 , Cm3 and Cm4 constitute the set of constants for the
.. ' ~"
region between positions m and m+l for l~m<N. The equations involving the
'. ,
 243

constants of integration represent the conditions of the drum at each discon-

tinuity point from 1 to N. Writing the equations for each point successively
and starting at point 1 gives:

1- Conditions at point 1. as discussed in section 4.3.

Using Eq. 4-.34 ii-nd its first derivative

These equa t16iis-can be represented in' miltricia 1 form as

Al Cl = B1
where

, ,
"[ :
logr i r~ r21ogr.
Al 1
ri 2r i (ri + 2r i 1ogr i )

Cl = [C l l C12 C13 C14J

,.
B1 = [0 DJ

As Cl and B1 • all vectors in this Appendix will be wri tten as row vectors.

Before writing the equations for point 2 it is necessary to define

 244

where
~ - coordinate of point m

2 - Conditions at point 2, as discussed in section 4.3.

wp(R) = 0

W(Xl) + KpQ(Xl) = 0

wp(R) + w' (xl) = 0

Mr(R) + MX(Xl) =0
Using Eqs. 4.23 and 4.34 and their derivatives and refering to section
4.5, the equations can be written as

1
~12 + 2RC 13 + (R + 2R10gR)C 14 + a[(X l + Yl)C 21 +
+ (Vl + ZllC 22 + (~Vl + ZllC 23 + (-Xl + YllC 24 ] = 0

Dp [ (v RZ-1) C12 + 2(v.+ 1)C 13 + ( 3 + v + 210gR + 2v10gR)C 14 ] +

+ 2Da2(-ZlC21 - YIC22 + XIC23 + VIC24 ) =:0

Representing these equations in matricia1 form

where
A2 ·- is given on page 245
 .• ,0'
.
o . . . .: •• ' '••

'.

1 logR RZ RZlogR 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 V1+2K pDa 3(-X 1+Yl) Xl+2KpDa3(-Vl+Zl) Yl-2KpDa3(Vl+Zl) Zl-2K pDa 3(X 1+Yl)
Az " I'
0 1 2R R+2RlogR
If" a(X1+Y 1) a(V1+Z)) a(-Vl+Z)) a(-Xl+Y))

o ' Dp~
R 2Dp(V+l) Dp(3+v+21ogR+2vlOgR) ~2DazZl -2Da zY1 2Da ZX1 2Da 2V1

..,
N
<TO

Vm Xm Ym Zm -V m -X m -Y m -Zm

a(Xm+Y m) a(vm+Zm) S(-Vm+Zm) a(-Xm+Ym) -a(Xm+Ym) -a(Vm+Zm) -a(-V m+Zm) -S(-Xm+Ym)

Am "
-aZm-b(Xm+Y m) -aYm-b(Vm+Z m) aX m-b(-V m+Z m) aVm-b(-Xm+Y m) aZ m aYm . -aX m -aY m
,

c(-Xm+Ym)-dV m c(-V m+Z m)-dX m ' c(-V m-Zm)-dY m c(-X m-Zm)-dZm -c(-X m+Y m) -e(-V m+Zm) -e(-V-m-Zm) -e(-X m-V m)
. '

Es Is EsAs
Where a " 2Da z b " a'R2 e " 2Da 3 d " R'2
 246

~ o 0]
Et "

3 - Conditions at points 3 to N-2, as discussed in section 4.1.5.

At any point m, 3 m N-2, the equations have the form

wj (xm) - wj (~) = 0

EI
+
Mxi (x m) - Mxj (xm) R2 ssw~(x) = 0
1 m

EsAs
Qxi(xm) - Qxj(x m) + RTWi (x m) = 0

The subscripts i and j represent, respectively, the sub-cylinder at the

left-hand side and the sub-cylinder at the right-hand side of the point m.

For brevity, these equations will not be rewritten explicitly, their

matricial" representation being

AmCm = Bm
where
Am - is given on page 245

C
ml

o o
 247

4 - Conditions at point N-l.

The equations representing the conditions at this point have the same
form as those representing the conditions at point 2. Their matricial re-
presentation is

where

JlR2
Et o oJ
The matrix AN_I is as the matrix A2 with VI' XI' VI and ZI substituted
by VN_I , XN_ I , VN_I and ZN_I and with the sign of the elements of the last
four columns of the last row changed.

5 - Conditions at point N.
The matricial representation of the equatio~s representing the condi-
tions at this point is

where
AN = AI' given in the conditions at point 1.

At this stage, the whole set of 4xN simultaneous equations has been
., ,' , established. This whole set can also be written in matricial form as

..'1: AC =B
,'-
~'.",' The matrix A is shown in FIG. A3.2 where the sub-matrices in the boxes
 248

--- --

A2
-(41(8)

A=

AN-2
(4 I( 8 )

AN-1
(4)(8)

---

.. - FIG_ A3.2 MATRIX A

• !' .• '
~i

...- ,
 249

are those presented in the foregoing and the numbers in brackets represent
their dimensions. All elements of matrix A not in the boxes are zero.
The vectors C and Bare

C= [c 1 .C2 ...... CN]

B = [Bl B2 BN]
where the elements are the vectors also presented in the foregoing.

The matrix A is a square matrix and the expression in Eq. A3.1 can be
solved for C and written as

where
A-I - inverse of A

Thus the constants of integration can be determined by forming the

matrix A, finding its inverse and multiplying the vector B by it. The
elements of the resulting vector C are the constants of integration sought.

The winding drum problem when put in the form discussed above can be
readily programed into most digital computers operating with a high level
language such as FORTRAN or BASIC. Both the matrix A and the vector B can
be totally generated in the computer and subroutines for matrix inversion
are provided for most of them. The maximum number of discontinuity points·
that the program can accept will be limited by the size of the computer memo-
ry. However, it seems that the. size of memory required can be reduced if
the matrix A is transformed into a diagonal matrix of submatrices. In this
case, it will only be necessary to operate with the subma tri ces rather than
with the whole of the matrix A. Another alternative is the use of the
ma tri x transfer method 19.

': ...
 250

APPENDIX 4
COMPUTER PROGRAMS

" ..
"

.,
.- ..., .
:-.. .

•• t'
 251

113 WINDI --------------------

213
30 Program to calculate th~· constants of integrat
ion for
413 ! th~ ~cale model problem. All the paramet~rs or con
stants
513 ! are ~pec i f i ed in t he program it se 1 f. The program a 1
~o allo ... s
613 ! the calculation of deflections, slopes, moments, she
ars,
713 ! strains and stresses at any point of the drum roll 0
r sides.
813 ! Graphs for any of those variables can also be displa
yed.
913
11313 Copyright 1981 R.S. de Andrade
1113
1213
1313 OPTION BASE I
1413 COM A(72,72),B(72),C(72),Bb(13),Bq(13),Value(17),A$(17
) [35J, H( 17)
1513 CO~1 L(13: 14),Cr(4),Cp(4),Ko
1613 OVERLAP
1713 DEFAULT ON
1813 DEF FNV(P)-SIN(P)*(EXP(P)-EXP(-P»'2
1913 DEF FNX(P)=SIN(P)*(~XP(P)+EXP(-P»'2
21313 DEF FNY(P)=COS(P)*(EXP(P)-EXP(-P»'2
2113 DEF FNZ(P)=COS(P)*(EXP(P)+EXP(-P»'2
2213
2313
2413 Parameters and constants
250,
2613 Layers= I
2713 Ropefac=.913
2813 IF Layers=2 THEN Ropefac=I.65
2913 Pull=21513'2_9.81
31313 Length=6313
" '
310 T=14 Thickness of the roll
3213 Tp=13 ! Thickness of the side plates
3313 Rro=6613 Radius of the outer edge of the plate
3413 Radius=6113
3513 Rri=1313 Radius of the plate at the hub
3613 Ropep;tch=11
3713 Ab=(86+58+61)*10*1 Area of the brake ring
380, Ib=I*(86*10 A3'12+86*10*22 A2+58*I13 A3'12+59*10*49 A2+113*6
, '
I A3'12+61*10*14 A2) Moment of
,l
nert;a of the brake ring
3913 Poisson=.3
41313 E=206000 Elast;clty modulus for the roll a
nd plate
4113 Eb=176500 Elast;c;ty modulus for the brake r
;ngs
\ .0.
4213 !
4313 !
4413 Pressure-Pull/(Radlus*RopepitCh)*Ropefac
4513 D=E*T A3/(12*(I-Po;sson A2»
4613 Dp=E*Tp A3/(12*(I-Po;sson A2»
4713 Beta=(3*(I-Po;sson A2)/(Rad;us*T)A2)A.25
 252

480
490
500 Position of the discontinuity points on the roll
510
520 READ L( *)
530 Data: DATA 0,40,44,140.0,165.0,190.0,290.0,315.0,340.0,
440.0,465.0,490.0,566,590,630
540
558
560 .! Generation of the matrix of coefficients
570
560
590 MAT A=ZER
600
610
620 Conditions at the roll between the joints wit
h sides
630
640 FOR Mu=1 TO 13
650 Facl=Fac2=0
660 IF (l(Mu)=40) OR (l(Mu)=165.0) OR (l(Mu)=315.0) OR (l(
Mu)=465.0) OR (l(Mu)=590) THEN Facl=1
670 IF (l(Mu)=140.0) OR (l(Mu)=190.0) OR (l(Mu)=290.0) OR
(l(Mu)=340.0) OR (l(Mu)=440.0) OR (l(Mu)=490.0) THEN Fac2=1
660 P=Be~a*l(Mu)
690 I =4*Mu+6
700 J=4*Mu+4
710
720 Deflections
730
740 A(I+I,J+I)=FNV(P)
750 A(I+I,J+2)=FNX(P)
' .. 760 A(I+I,J+3)=FNY(P)
. ,. 770 A(I+I,J+4)=FNZ(P)
760 A(I+I,J+5)=-FNV(P)
790 A(I+I,J+6)=-FNX(P)
S00 A(I+I,J+7)=-FNY(P)
810 A(I+I,J+6)=-FNZ(P)
820 !
B30 Slopes
., 840 !
. E:50 A(I+2,J+I)=Beta*(FNX(P)+FNY(P»
B60 A(I+2,J+2)=Beta*(FNV(P)+FNZ(P»
.. B70
SB0
A(I+2,J+3)=Beta*(-FNV(P)+FNZ(P»
A(I+2,J+4)=Beta*(-FNX(P)+FNY(P»
B90 A(I+2,J+5)=-Beta*(FNX(P)+FNY(P»
900 A(I+2,J+6)=-Beta*(FNV(P)+FNZ(P»
910 A(I+2,J+7)=-Beta*(-FNV(P)+FNZ(P»
920 A(I+2,J+B)=-Beta*(-FNX(P)+FNY(P»
930 !
, 940 ,! Moments
·950 !
960 Introduction of the inertia of the stiff,ning ring
s
970 . !
9B0
990 Is=Iner
1000 IF'(l(Mu)=40) OR (l(Mu)=590) THEN Is=12*40 A 3/12

" ."-1>
'. '.
 " 253

1010 IF L(Mu)=315.0 THEN Is=Iner+8*64 A3/12

1020 IF (L(Mu)=290.0) OR (L(Mu)=340.0) THEN Is=46*10 A3/12
1030 Mom=E*Is*Fac1/Radius A2
1040 A(I+3,J+1)=-FNZ(P)*(2*D*Beta A2)-Beta*(FNX(P)+FNY(P»*M
om
1050 A(I+3,J+2)=-FNY(P)*(2*D*Beta A2)-Beta*(FNY(P)+FNZ(P»*M
om
1060 A(I+3,J+3)=FNX(P)*(2*D*Beta A2)-Beta*(-FNY(P)+FNZ(P»*M
om
1070 A(I+3,J+4)=FNY(P)*(2*D*Beta A2)-Beta*(-FNX(P)+FNY(P»*M
om'
10BO A(I+3,J+5)=FNZ(P)*(2*D*Beta A2)
1090 A(I+3,J+6)=FNY(P)4(2*D*Beta A2)
1100 A(I+3,J+7)=-FNX(P)*(2*D*Beta A2)
1110 A(I+3,J+B)=-FNY(P)*(2*D*Beta A2)
1120
1130 Shears
1140
1150 Introduction of the areas of the stiffening ring
1160
1170 Area=50*10
11 BO As=Area
1190 IF (L(Mu)=40) OR (L(Mu)=590) THEN As=12*40
1200 IF L(Mu)=315.0 THEN As=(Area+10*64)/3+60*B
1210 IF (L(Mu)=140.0) OR (L(Mu)=190.0) OR (L(Mu)=440.0) OR
(L(Mu)=490.0) THEN As=Area/3
1220 IF (L(Mu)=165.0) OR (LCMu)=465.0) THEN As=Area/3+8.60
1230 IF (L(Mu)=290.0) OR (L(Mu)=340.0) THEN As=(Area+10*64)
/3+46*10
1240 Qt=Fac1*(As*E)/Radius A2+Fac2*CAs*E)/Radius A 2
1250 A(I+4,J+1)=C-FNXCP)+FNYCP»*C2*D*Beta A3)-FHYCP)*Qt
1260 ACI+4,J+2)=(-FNYCP)+FHZCP»*C2*D*Beta A 3)-FNX(P)*Qt
, 1270 A(I+4,J+3)=C-FNV(P)-FNZCP»*C2*D*Beta A 3)-FNYCP)*Qt
1280 ACI+4,J+4)=C-FNXCP)-FNY(P».C2*D*Beta A 3)-FHZ(P)*Qt
1290 ACI+4,J+5)=-C-FNXCP)+FNYCP»*(2*D*Beta A3)
1300 A(I+4,J+6)~-(-FNVCP)+FNZCP»*C2*D*BetaA3)
1310 ACI+4,J+7)=-C-FNYCP)-FNZCP»*C2*D*Beta A3)
.-...
. 1320
1330
ACI+4,J+B)=-(-FNXCP)-FNYCP»*C2*D*Beta A3)
NEXT Mu
1340
1350
1360
1370 Conditions at the hubs and at the roll-side join
ts
1380
1390 FOR M=0 TO 1
1400 P=Beta*L(14)*M
1410 I=C4*14+6)*M
1420 J1=(4*14+4)*M
1430
1440 Deflection at hub
1450
1460 J=J1+B*M
1470 A(J+l,J+I)=l
1480 ACI+l,J+2)=LOGCRri)
1490 ACI+l,J+3)=Rri A 2
1500 ACI+l,J+4)=LOGCRri)*Rri A2
1510 , !

-,
: ...
 254

1520 Slope at hub

1530
15413 A(!+2,J+I)=0
1550 A(!+2,J+2)=I/Rri
1560 A(!+2,J+3)=2*Rri
1570 A(!+2,J+4)=Rri+2*Rri*LOG(Rri)
1560 !
1590 Deflections of side at joint
1600
1610 A(!+3.,J+I)=1
1620 A('! +3, J+2)=LOG(Radi us)
1630 A(I+3,J+3)=Radius A2
1640 A(!+3,J+4)=LOG(Radius)*Radius A2
1650 !
1660 Deflection of roll at joint
1670
1660 J=JI+6"(I-M)
16913 !
1700 Ko=-2*RadiusA2/(Radius~2+Rr;A2+Poisson*(RadiusA2-Rr;A2
) )
1710 Kp=Radius*«Poisson-!)*(Radius A2+Ko"Rri A2)-(Poisson+l)
*Rri A2*(I+Ko»/(E*Tp*(Radius A2-Rri A2»
17213 Kq=Kp*Radius A2/(Radius A2+Ab*Eb*Kp)
17313 !
17413 A(!+4,J+I)=FHV(P)-2*D*Beta A3*(-FHX(P)+FNY(P»'Kq*(-I)A
M
17513 A(!+4,J+2)=FNX(P)-2*D*Beta A3*(-FNV(P)+FNZ(P»'Kq*(-I)A
M
1760 A(I+4,J+3)=FNY(P)-2*D"Beta A3*(-FNV(P)-FHZ(P»'Kq*(-I)A
M
17713 A(!+4,J+4)=FNZ(P)-2*D"Beta A3*(-FHX(P)-FHY(P»'Kq*(-I)A
M
1760
1790 Slope of roll at joint equal slope of side
1600
1610 Ro 11 slope
16213
1630 A(I+5,J+I)=Beta*(FHX(P)+FHY(P»
1640 A(!+5,J+2)=Beta*(FHV(P)+FHZ(P»
1650 A(!+5,J+3)=Beta*(-FHV(P)+FHZ(P»
" 1660 A(!+5,J+4)=Beta*(-FHX(P)+FHY(P»
1670
1660 Side slope
-. 1690
1900 J=JI+6*M
1910 A<I+5,J+I)=0
1920 A(!+5,J+2)=1/Radius
1930 A<!+5,J+3)=2*Radius
1940 A<!+5,J+4)=Radius+2*Radius*LOG<Radius)
1950 !
1960 Moment at side equal moment at roll
\.
,' 1970
1980 Moment at the inerpart of the side
1990
2000 A<I+6,J+1>=0
2010 A<I+6,J+2)=Dp*«Poisson-l)/Radius A2)
2020 A<I+6,J+3)=2*Dp*<I+Poisson)
2030 A<I+6,J+4)=Dp*<3+Poisson+2*LOG<Radius)+2*Poisson*LOG<R

."." .

"'
 255

2040
2050 Moment at the outerpart of the side
2060
2870 J=J1+4
2080 A<I+6,J+I>=0
2090 A<I+6,J+2)c-Dp*«Poisson-1)/Radius A 2)
2100 A<I+6,J+3)=-2*Dp*<I+Poisson)
2110 A<I+6,J+4)=-Dp*<3+Poisson+2*lOG<Radius)+2*Poisson*lOG<
Radius»
2120
2130 Roll moment
2140
2150 J=J1+8"<I-M)
2160 Mo=Eb"lb/Radius A 2
2170 A<I+6,J+1)=2*D*Beta A 2*FHZ<P)*<-I)AM-Beta*<FHX(P)+FHV<P
»*Mo
2180 A<I+6,J+2)=2*D*Beta A2*FHV<P)*<-I)AM-Beta*<FHV(P)+FHZ<P
»*Mo
2190 A<I+6,J+3)=-2*D*Beta A 2*FHX<P)*<-I)AM-Beta*<-FNV<P)+FHZ
(P»*Mo
2200 A(I+6,J+4)=-2*D*Beta A 2*FHV(P)*(-I)AM-Beta*<-FNX(P)+FHV
(P»*Mo
2210
2220 ! Deflection of inerpart of side equal deflection
of outerpart
2230
2240 Inerpart
2250
2260 J=J1+8*M
2270 A<I+7,J+1)=1
2280 A(I+7,J+2)=lOG(Radius)
2290 A<I+7,J+3)=Radius A 2
2300 A(I+7,J+4)=lOG(Radius)*Radius A2
2310 !
2320 ! Outerpart
2330 J=J1+4
2340 A<I+7,J+I>=-1
2350 A<I+7,J+2)=-lOG(Radius)
2360 A(I+7,J+3)=-Radius A 2
2370 A(I+7,J+4)=-lOG<Radius)*Radius A2
2380 !
2390 Slope of inerpart of side equal slope of outerpa
rt
2400 I
2410 Inerpart
.. '~ . 2420
2430 J=J1+8*M
2440 A<I+8,J+l)a0
2450 A(I+8,J+2)=I/Radius
",t. ''.;..
.
~ "')

t~.
.
;'
f 2460 A(I+8,J+3)=2*Radius
2470 A<I+8,J+4)=Radius+2*Radius*lOG(Radius)
2480 !
2490 I Outerpart
2500 I
2510 J=J1+4
2528 A(I+8,J+l)=0
2530 A(I+8,J+2)=-I/Radius

-.;"'
":-- ..
 255

2540 A(I+B,J+3)=-2*Radius
2550 A(I+8,J+4)=-(Radius+2*Radius*LOG(Radius»
2560 !
2570 ! Moment at outer edge of side
2580 !
2590 A(I+9,J+t>=0
2600 A(I+9,J+2)=Dp*«Poisson-I)/Rro~2)
2610 A(I+9,J+3)=2*Dp*(I+Poisson)
2620 A(I+9,J+4)=Dp*(3+Poisson+2*LOG(Rro)+2*Poisson*LOG(Rro)
)
2630
2640 Shear at outer edge of side
2650
2660 A<I+10,J+t>=0
2670 A(I+le,J+2)=Dp*(I/Rro~3)
2680 A(I+10,J+3)=Dp*(4/Rro)
2690 A<I+10,J+4)=0
2700
2710 NEXT ~1
2720
2730
2740 Generation of the vector of independent terms
27513
2760 ~IAT B=2ER
2770 MAT Bb=2ER
2780 MAT Bq=2ER
2790 FOR S=I TO,I3
2800 F ac I =F ac 2= I
2810 F ac cl = I
2820 IF (S=I) OR (S=7) OR (S=13) THEN Facl=Fac2=Faccl=0
2830 IF S=2 THEN Facl=Faccl=0
2840 IF S=12 THEN Fac2=Faccl=0
2850 IF S=6 THEN Fac2=0
2860 IF S=8 THEN Facl=Faccl=0
2870 Area=50*10
28813 As=Area
2890 IF (S=3) OR (S=4) OR (S=5) OR (S=9) OR (S=10) OR (S=II
) THEN As=Area/3
2900 IF (S=4) OR (S=10) THEN As=Area/3+60*8
2910 IF (S=6) OR (S=8) THEN As=(Area+10*64)/3+46*IB
2920
2930 IF (Layers=2) AND (S>=8) THEN Facl=Fac2=Faccl=0
2940 I
29513 Bb(S)=Pressure*Radius~2/(E*T)*(Facl-Fac2)
2960 Bq(S)=-Pressure*Radius~2/(E*T)*(As*E/Radiu5~2)*Faccl
, ..: ' ~ 2970 IF (Layers=2) AND (S=12) THEN Bq(S)=2*Pull/Radius
" ,0-, 2980 NEXT S
2990 Comeco=ll
, " 3000 Fim=4*14+3
3010 S=B

,.
. "
t , . t
3020
3030
FOR I=ComecO TO Fim STEP 4
S=S+I
. . ~.

.. t . ; ,
3040 B(I)=Bb(S)
3050 B(I+3)=Bq(S)
:~\'.~'.::'
.: \ .
.. '....
'
• _'I ~
, 3060
3070
NEXT I
;•
.,'
......t "l.
- ~
'
3080
3090 Inversion of the matrix of coefficients
, ~ ~:.'
.' :
.' ,
J '
".' ,

,'. :
 257

3100
3110
3120 DISP "MATRIX INVERTING"
3130 MAT A=INV(A)
3140 DISP " "
3150
3160
3170 Determination of the constants or integration
3180
3190 MAT C=ZER
3200 MAT C=A.B
3210
3220
3230 Tap€ r€cording of th€ constants
3240 ASSIGN .7 TO "CONS00"
3250 PRINT .7;C(.)
3260
3270
3280
3290 Determination or display of the variables
3300
3310
3320 PRINTER IS .16
3330 PRINT TAB(8),"VARIABLE CODES",LIN(2)," 1 - Roll d€flec
t ; on" , L I N (1 ) ,tI 2 - Ro 11 slope 11
3340 PRINT" 3 - Roll moment",LIN(I)," 4 - Roll shear",LIN(
1),11 5 - Roll longitudinal strain"
3350 PRINT" 6 - Roll longitudinal stress",LIN(I)," 7.- Rol
1 circumferential strain",LIN(1),1I e - Roll circumferential
stress " ,LIN(l)," 9 - Side deflection ll

3360 PRINT "10 - Side slope",LIN(I),"11 - Side radial momen

t",LIN(I),"12 - Side tang€ntial moment",LIN(I),"13 - Side ra
d i a I strain"
, ;0 ,:;.
3370 PRINT "14 - Side radial stress",LIN(I),"15 - Side tang
ential strain",LIN(1),"16 - Side tangential stress",LIN(l>,1I
· .'.' . 17 - Side shear ll
3380 PRItHER IS 16
3390 A$(1)="Roll def I ec t i on at "
~
·""'. 3400 A$(2)="Roll slope at "
; ,'- ~
3410 A$(3)="Roll moment at "
i~ ~ : 3420 A$(4)="Roll shear at "
...- 3430 A$(5)="Roll ax i al strain at "
3440 AH6)="Roll ax i al st.ress at "
·".. 3450 A$(7)c"Roll circumferential strain at "
3460 A$(8)="Roll circumferential stress at "
3470 A$(9)="Sid€ deflection at "
3480 A$(10)="Side slope at "
3490 A$(II)="Side radial moment at "
3500 A$(12)c"Side tangential moment at "
. '.' 3510 A$(13)="Side radial strain at "
3520 A$(14)="Side radial stress at "
3530 A$(15)="Side tangential strain at "
3540 A$(16)="Side tangential stress at "
3550 A$(17)="Side shear at "
3560 B$(I)="mm"
3570 B$(2)="rad"
3580 B$(3)="Nmm/mm"
3590 B$(4)c"H/mm"
 258

3600 Et(5)="micro-strains·
3610 BS(6)="H/mm2"
3620 BS(7)="micro-strains "
3630 B$(8)="N/mm2"
3640 B$(9)="mm"
3650 B$(10)="rad"
3660 B$(II)="Nmm/mm"
3670 B$(12)="Nmm/mm"
3680 BS(13)="micro-strains·
3690 B$(14)="N/mm2"
3700 B$(15)="micro-strains"
3710 B$(16)="N/mm2"
3720 B$(17)="N/mm"
3730
3740 New condition: INPUT "VALUES OR GRAPHS OF THE VARIABLES
? (answer V or G and press CONT)",O$
3750 INPUT "Press the variable code and CONT",W
3760
3770 IF OS="G" THEN GOTO 4590
3780
3790 Determination of the values
3800
3810 IF W)=9 THEN GOTO 4210
3820
3830 Values on the roll
3840
3850 INPUT "Input the distance of the point to the left han
d side e-dge",Dx
3860 FOR 1=1 TO 14
3870 IF Dx<L(I) THEN GOTO 3910
3880 NEXT I
3890 PRINT "ERROR - The point";Dx;" is not on the roll"
3900 GOTO 3850
3910 J=4*I+4
3920 FOR M=I TO 4
3930 Cr(M)=C(J+M)
3940 NEXT M
3950 Fac=1
3960 IF (1=1) OR (1=2) OR (1=7) OR (1=8) OR CI=13) OR (1=14
) THEN Fac=0
" 3970 IF (Layers=2) AND «1=1) OR (1=2) OR (1)=7)) THEN Fac=
e
3980 H=Beta*Dx
3990 Deflection
4000 Value(I)=Wx=CrCI)*FNV(H)+CrC2)*FNXCH)+Cr(3)*FNY(H)+Cr(
4)*FNZ(H)-Fac*Pressure*Radius A 2/(E*T)
4010 I Slope
:'J
~ :':. 4020 Value(2)=Wpl=Beta*«Cr(2)-Cr(3»*FNV(H)+(Cr(I)-Cr(4»*
,'f.
, FNX(H)+(Cr(I)+Cr(4»*FNY(H)+(Cr(2)+Cr(3»*FNZ(H»
1',- 4030 Moment
4040 Value(3)=Mx=2*D*Beta A 2*C-Cr(4)*FNVCH)-CrC3)*FNX(H)+Cr(
2)*FNY(H)+CrCI)*FNZ(H»
4050 Shear
'4060 Value(4)=Qx=2*D*Beta A 3*(-(Cr(3)+Cr(2»*FNV(H)-(Cr(4)+C
r(I»*FNX(H)+(Cr(1)-Cr(4»*FNY(H)+(Cr(2)-Cr(3»*FNZ(H»
4070! Axial strain
4080 Value(5)=Strainx=(T/2*Mx/D-Poisson*Wx/Radius)*IE6
4090! Axi al stress

., ,.
,

, '
 259

4100 Value(6)=Stressx=6*Mx/T~2
4110 ! . Circumferential strain
4120 Value(7)=Straino=Wx/Radius*IE6
4130 Circumferen~ial stress
4140 Value<S)=Stresso=6*Poisson*Mx/T~2+E*Wx/Radius
4150 !
4160 PRINT AS<W)iDxi"mm is "iValue<W)iBf<W)
4170 GOTO 3740
41S0
4190 Values on the side
4200
4210 INPUT "Input the distance of the point to the (enter 0
f the plate ,Dx
ll

4220 J=0
4230 IF Dx>Radius THEN J=4
4240 FOR M=I TO 4
4250 Cp<M)=C<M+J)
4260 NEXT M .
4270 Z=Dx
42S0 Qx=-(2*D*Beta~3)*«C<10)-C<II»*FNZ(0»
4290 Pe=Qx/Tp
4300 ! Radial stress due in-plane force
4310 Sir=Pe*(-Ko*Rri~2-Radius~2+(Radius*Rri/Z)~2*(I+Ko»/(R
adius~2-Rri~2)
4320! Tangential stress due in-plane force
4330 Sit=Pe*(-Ko*Rri~2-Radius~2-(Radius*Rri/Z)~2*(I+Ko»/(R
adius~2-Rri~2)
4340 Deflection
4350 Value(9)=Wp=Cp(I)+Cp(2)*LOG(Z)+Cp(3)*Z~2+Cp(4)*LOG(Z)*
Z~2

4360 Slope
4370 Value(10)=Wpsl=Cp(2)/Z+2*Z*Cp(3)+(Z+2*Z*LOG(Z»*Cp(4)
4380! Radi al moment
4390 Value(II)=Mr=Dp*(Cp(2)*«Poisson-I)/Z~2)+2*(I+Poisson).
*Cp(3)+(3+Poisson+2*LOG(Z)+2*Poisson*LOG(Z»*Cp(4»
4400! Tangent i al moment
4410 Value(12)=Mt=Dp*«I-Poisson)*Cp(2)/Z~2+(2+2*Poisson)*C
p(3)+(3*Poisson+I+2*LOG(Z)+2*Poisson*LOG(Z»*Cp(4»
4420! Radial strain
4430 Value(13)=Strr=(-Tp*(-Cp(2)/Z~2+2*Cp(3)+(2*LOG(Z)+3)*C
p(4»/2+(Sir-Poisson*Sit)/E)*IE6
4440! Radi al stress
4450 Value(14)=Stsr=-6*Mr/Tp~2+Sir
4460! Tangential strain
4470 Value(15)=Strt=(-Tp*(Cp(2)/Z+2*Z*Cp(3)+(2*2*LOG(Z)+Z)*
Cp(4»/(2*Z)+(Sit-Poisson*Sir)/E)*IE6
4480! Tangential stress
4490 Value(16)=Stst=-6*Mt/Tp~2+Sit
4500 I Shear
4510 Value(17)=QrcDp*(Cp(2)/Z~3+4*Cp(3)/Z)
4520 I
4530 PRINT AS(W)iDxi"mm Is ";Value(W);BS(W)
4540 GOTO 3740
4550
4560
4570 I Graph p I ott i ng
4580 I
4590 IF 'W>=9 THEN GOTO Side
 260

4600 Ja: Ji=0

4610 MOVE 0,0
4620 FOR 1=1 T.O 14
4630 Fac=1
4640 IF (1=1) OR (1=2) OR (1=7) OR (1=8) OR (1=13) OR (1=14
) THEH Fac=0
4650
4660
4670 IF (Layers=2) AHD «1=1) OR (1=2) OR (1)=7» THEH Fac=
o
4680 !'
46'30
4700 J=4*1+4
4710 FOR M=I TO 4
4720 Cr(M)=C(J+M)
4730 HEXT M
4740 Lem=L( I-I)
4750 Le=L< 1)-
4760 OH W GOTO 4770,47'30,4810,4830,4850,4870,48'30,4910
4770 SCALE -20,630, -. 85, • I
47813 GOTO 4'320
47'313 SCALE -20,630,-4E-3,4E-3
4800 GOTO 4'320
4810 SCALE -20,630,-'3500,'3500
4820 GOTO' 4'320
4830 SCALE -20,630,-200,200
4840 GOTO 4'320
48513 SCALE -20,630,-5.5E-4,5.5E-4
48613 GOTO 4920
48713 SCALE -20,630,-100,100
48813 GOTO 4920
48'30 SCALE -20,630,-5.5E-4,5.5E-4
4'300 GOTO 4'320
4'310 SCALE -20,630,-100,100
4'320 GRAPHICS
4'330 I
4'340
4'350 Tot=630/50
4'360 I
4'370
4'380 OH W GOTO 5040,5110,5240,5370,5500,5650,57'30,5930
4'3'30
5000
5010
5020 Roll deflect ion
,. 5030 I
5040 IF 1=1 THEH MOVE 9,9
.' ; ;. ~ r
5050 FOR Z=Lem TO Le STEP Tot
\ "t' . 5069 H=Beta*Z
'''; I
5070 Wx=Cr(I)*FHV(H)+Cr(2)*FHX(H)+Cr(3)*FHY(H)+Cr(4)*FHZ(H)
", ", -Fac*Pressure*Radiu~A2/(E*T)
. '., . , 5989 DRAW Z,Wx
59'30 HEXT Z
5109 GOTD Mun
5110 I
5129 I

,
.. ...
Ho"

.,. ,.
:~,
.
5130
5140 'Roll ~lope
.., - :.
. .

, .....
. .'
 261

5150
5160 IF 1=1 THEN MOVE 0,0
5170 FOR 2=Lem TO Le STEP Tot
5180 H=Beta*2
5190 Wpl=Beta*CCCr(2)-CrC3»*FNVCH)+CCrC!)-CrC4»*FHXCH)+CC
rCI)+CrC4»*FNYCH)+CCrC2)+CrC3»*FN2CH»
5200 !F 2=0 THEN MOVE 2,Wpl
5210 DRAW 2,Wpl
5220 NEXT 2
5230 GOTO !1un
5240
5250
5260
5270 Roll moment
5280
5290 !F 1=1 THEN MOVE 0,0
5300 FOR 2=Lem TO Le STEP Tot
5310 H=Beta*Z
5320 Mx=2*D*Beta A 2*C-Cr(4)*FNVCH)-Cr(3)*FNX(H)+CrC2)*FNYCH)
+CrCI)*FNZCH»
5330 IF Z=O THEN MOVE Z,Mx
5340 DRAW Z,Mx
5350 HEXT Z
5360 GOTO Mun
5370
5380
5390
5400 Roll shear
5410
5420 IF 1=1 THEH MOVE 0,0
5430 FOR 2=Lem TO Le STEP Tot
5440 H=Beta .. Z
5450 Qx=2*D*Beta A 3*C-CCr(3)+CrC2»*FHVCH)-CCrC4)+CrC!»*FHX
CH)+CCrCI)-CrC4»*FHYCH)+CCrC2)-Cr(3»+FHZCH»
5460 IF Z=O THEH MOVE Z,Qx
5470 DRAW Z,Qx
5480 HEXT Z
·, 5490 GOTO Mun
5500
55!0
5520
5530 Roll axial strain
5540
5550 IF 1=1 THEH MOVE 0,0
5560 FOR 2=Lem TO Le STEP Tot
,.. 5570 H=Beta*Z
5580 Wx=CrC!)*FHVCH)+CrC2)*FNXCH)+CrC3)*FHYCH)+CrC4)*FHZ(H)
-Fac*Pressure*Radius A 2/CE*T)
" : 5590 Mx=2*D*Beta A 2*C-Cr(4)*FHV(H)-Cr(3)*FHX(H)+Cr(2)*FHY(H)
, . +Cr<l )*FHZCH»
5600 Strainx=T/2*Mx/D-Poisson*Wx/Radius
5610 IF Z=O THEH MOVE Z,Strainx
5620 DRAW Z,Strainx
5630 HEXT Z
5640 GOTO Mun
5650
5660
5670
 262

5680
5690
5700 IF 1=1 THEN MOVE 0,0
5710 FOR Z=lem TO le STEP Tot
5720 H=Beta*Z
5730 Mx=2*D*Beta~2*C-Cr(4)*FNVCH)-CrC3)*FNXCH)+CrC2)*FNYCH)
+CrC I HFNZCH»
5740 Stressx=6*Mx/T~2
5750 IF Z=0 THEN MOVE Z,Stressx
5760 DRAW Z,Stressx
5770 NEXT'Z
5780 GOTO Mun
5790
580e
5810
5820 Roll circumrerential strain
5830
5840 IF 1=1 THEN MOVE 0,0
5850 FOR Z=lem TO le STEP Tot
5860 H=Beta*Z
5870 Wx=CrCI)*FNVCH)+CrC2)*FNXCH)+CrC3)*FNYCH)+CrC4)*FNZCH)
-Fac*Pressure*Radius~2/CE*T)
S880 Straino=Wx/Radius
5890 IF Z=0 THEN MOVE Z,Straino
5900 DRAW· Z,Stra;no
59113 NEXT Z
5920 GOTO Mun
5930
5940
5950
5960 Roll circumrerential stress
5970
5980 IF 1=1 THEN MOVE 0,0
5990 FOR Z=lem TO le STEP Tot
6000 H=Beta*Z
6010 Wx=CrCI)*FNVCH)+CrC2)*FNXCH)+CrC3)*FNYCH)+CrC4)*FNZCH)
-Fac*Pressure*Radius~2/CE*T)
6020 Mx=2*D*Beta~2*C-Cr(4)*FNV(H)-Cr(3).FNX(H)+CrC2)*FNY(H)
+Cr<1 HFNZCH»
6030 Stresso=6*Po;sson*Mx/T A 2+E*Wx/Rad;us
6040 IF Z=0 THEN MOVE Z,Stresso
6050 DRAW Z,Stresso
6060 NEXT Z
, .
6070
6080
. I.
" . ~ ~
6090
t ~~. ~
6100 Mun: NEXT I
"
, ., ~ .
f.: ~: : ,_ 6110 BEEP
6120 PAUSE
6130 GOTO New_condition
6140
6150
6160
6170
6180 Side: Side .,
6190 !
6200
6210 FOR Sus=l TO 2

," t·.

,,,,'
 263

6229 FOR 1=1 TO 2

6239 IF 1=1 THEH In c 0
6249 IF 1=1 THEH Fim=Radius
6259 IF 1=2 THEH In=Radius
6269 IF 1=2 THEH Fim=Rro
6279 Tot=5
6289 FOR M=1 TO 4
6290 Cp(M)=C(4*(I-l)+M)
6399 IF 'Sus=2 THEH Cp(M)=C(72-4*I+M)
6319 HEXT M
6329
6339 Determination of the stresses due the in-plane
forces
6349
6359 0=P=9
6369 IF Sus=2 THEH 0=52
6379 IF Sus=2 THEH P=Beta*L(14)
6380 Qx=2*D*Beta A3*(-(C(11+0)+C(19+0»*FHV(P)-(C(12+0)+C(9+
0».FHX(P)+(C(9+0)-C(12+0»*FHY(P)+(C(10+0)-C(11+0»*FHZ(P»
6390 Pe=Qx/Tp*RadiusA2/(RadiusA2+Kp*Ab~Eb)
6400 IF Sus=2 THEH Pea-Pe
6410
6420 GRAPHICS
6430 OH W GOTO 11379,11379,11379,11379,11379,11379,11379,11
379,6460,6590,6720,6850,6980,7150,7300,7470,7620
6440 !
6450 !
6460 Side_deFlection: I
6470
6480 SCALE -.85,.85,9,669
6490 MOVE Wp,ln
6500 FOR Z=ln TO Fim STEP Tot
6510 Wp=Cp(I)+Cp(2)*LOG(Z)+Cp(3).Z A2+Cp(4)*LOG(Z>*Z A 2
6520 IF Z<Rri THEH Wp=9
6530 DRAW Wp,Z
r 6540 HEXT Z
6550 GOTO Mac
6560
6570
6580
6590 Side_slope: I
6600.
,. 6610 SCALE -4E-3,4E-3,9,660
,'I ";-.•
6620 MOVE Wpsl,ln
' . .;. 6630 FOR Z=ln TO Fim STEP Tot
6640 Wpsl=Cp(2)/Z+2*Z*Cp(3)+(Z+2*Z*LOG(Z»*Cp(4)
6659 IF Z<Rri THEH Wpsl=9
6669 DRAW Wpsl,Z
6679 HEXT Z
6680 .GOTO Mac
... '.
,",'
~ 6690
.6799
6719 !
6729 Side_rad_rnornerit: !
6730 !
6749 SCALE -9599,9599,9,660
6750 MOVE Mr,ln
6760 FOR Z=ln TO Fim STEP Tot

_. ,,
• I

.. '
 264

6770 Mr=Dp*(Cp(2)*«Poisson-l)~ZA2)+2*(I+Poisson)4Cp(3)+(3+
Poisson+2+LOG(Z)+2+Poisson 4 LOG(Z»4Cp(4»
6780 IF Z<Rri THEN Mr=0
6790 DRAW Mr,Z
6800 NEXT Z
6810 GOTO Moc
6820
6830
6840 !
6850 Side_tan moment:
6860 ! .
6870 SCALE -9500,9500,0,660
6880 MOVE Mt,ln
6890 FOR Z=ln TO Fim STEP Tot
6900 Mt=Dp*«I-Poisson)*Cp(2)~ZA2+(2+24Poisson)4Cp(3)+(34Po
isson+l+2 4 LOG(Z)+2 4 Poisson 4 LOG(Z»4Cp(4»
6910 IF Z<Rri THEN Mt=0
6920 DRAW Mt,Z
6930 NEXT Z
6940 GOTO Moc
6950
6960
6970
6980 Side rad strain: !
6990
7000 SCALE -5.5E-4,5.5E-4,0,660
7010 MOVE Strr,In
7020 FOR Zein TO Fim STEP Tot
7030
adius A 2-Rri A2)
7040 Sit=Pe4(-Ko4RriA2-RadiusA2-(Radius*Rri~Z)A2*(I+Ko»~(R
adius A2-Rri A2)
7050 Mr=Dp*(Cp(2)*«Poisson-l)~ZA2)+24(I+Poisson)*Cp(3)+(3+
Poisson+2*LOG(Z)+24Poisson4LOG(Z»4Cp(4»
7060 r1t=Dp*«I-Poisson)*Cp(2)~ZA2+(2+2*Poisson)*Cp(3)+(3*P0
isson+l+2*LOG(Z)+2*Poisson4LOG(Z»4Cp(4»
7070 Strr=-Tp4(-Cp(2)~ZA2+24Cp(3)+(2*LOG(Z)+3)*Cp(4»~2+(Si
r-Poisson*Sit)~E
'.'
,. , 7080 IF Z<Rri THEN Strr=0
'~.' .
, 7090 DRAW Strr,Z
. '.r
,).'/' . 7100 NEXT Z
7110 GO TO Moc
'. 7120
7130
7140
7150 Side rad stress:!
7160
7170 SCALE -100,100,0,660
7180 MOVE Stsr,In
7190 FOR Zein TO Fim STEP Tot
7200
adius A 2-Rri A 2)
7210 Mr=Dp4(Cp(2)4«Poisson-l)~ZA2)+2*(I+Poisson)*Cp(3)+(3+
Poisson+2*LOG(Z)+2*Poisson*LOG(Z»*Cp(4»
7228 Stsr=-6*Mr~TpA2+Sir
7230 IF Z<Rri THEN Stsr=0
7240 DRAW Stsr,Z
7250 NEXT Z

.: ..'~ .
 265

7260 GOTO Moc

7270
7280
7290
7300
7310
7320 SCALE -5.5E-4,5.5E-4,0,660
7330 MOVE Strt,ln
7340 FOR Z=ln TO FiM STEP Tot
7350 Sir=Pe*(-Ko*Rri~2-Radius~2+(Radius*Rri/Z)~2*(I+Ko»/(R
a.dius .... 2-Rri .... 2>
7360 Sit=Pe*(-Ko*Rri~2-Radius~2-(Radius*Rri/Z)~2*(I+Ko»/(R
a.di us."'2-Rr; "'2)
7370 Mr=Dp*(Cp(2)*«Poisson-I)/Z~2)+2*(I+Poisson).Cp(3)+(3+
Poisson+2*LOG(Z)+2*Poisson*LOG(Z»*Cp(4»
7380 Mt=Dp*«I-Poisson)*Cp(2)/Z~2+(2+2*Poisson)*Cp(3)+(3>Po
isson+I+2*LOG(Z)+2>Poisson>LOG(Z»>Cp(4»
7390 Strt=-Tp*(Cp(2)/Z+2*Z*Cp(3)+(2*Z>LOG(Z)+Z)*Cp(4»/(2*Z
)+(Sit-Poisson*Sir)/E
7400 IF Z<Rri THEN Strt=O
7410 DRAW Strt,Z
7420 NEXT Z
7430 GOTO Moc
7440
7450
7460
7470 Side tan stress: !
7480
7490 SCALE -100,100,0,660
7500 110VE Stst,ln
7510 FOR Z=ln TO FiM STEP Tot
7520 Sit=Pe*(-Ko*Rri~2-Radius~2-(Radius>Rri/Z)~2*(I+Ko»/(R
adius~2-Rri~2)
7530 Mt=Dp>«I-Poisson)*Cp(2)/Z~2+(2+2*Poisson»Cp(3)+(3*Po
isson+I+2*LOG(Z)+2>Poisson*LOG(Z»*Cp(4»
7540 Stst=-6'Mt/Tp~2+Sit
7550 IF Z<Rri THEN Stst=O
7560 DRAW Stst,Z
7570 NEXT Z
7580 GOTO Moc
7590
7600
7610 !
7620 Side >-hear: I
7630
7640 SCALE -200,200,0,660
7650 MOVE Qr,ln
7660 FOR Z=ln TO FiM STEP Tot
7670 Qr=Dp*(Cp(2)/Z~3+4*Cp(3)/Z)
7680 IF Z<Rri THEN Qr=O
7690 DRAW Qr,Z
.. 7700 NEXT Z
7710
7720
7730 Moc:NEXT I
7740 NEXT Sus
~ . 7750 BEEP
) .. 7760 PAUSE - ........---_.
_" __ c____ . -7770
GOTO New_condition
7780
7790 END

~ :.
'. t,
 266

10 SHAFT2
20 This program calculates deflections, slopes and m
oments.
30 ! ·or. the model drum shaft tak;ng into account. the rest
re"; nt
40 ! of the side plates. It also calculates strains on \
he plates
50 !
60 OPTION BASE 1
70 DIM Ash(lB,lB),Bsh(lB),Csh(lB),L(0:7)
B0 !.
SO G=1720 ! Weight of the driving gear
100 S=1.236 ! Weight of the shaft per unit of length
110 Self_weight=B340*0! Drum plus rope self-weight
120 Load=21000
130 Ft=Self_weight+Load
140 P=Ft/2
150 Tp=13 Plate thickness
160 E=206000
170
IS0 Position of the discontinuity points on the shaft
190 L(0)=0
200 L(I)=350
210 L(2)=470
220 L(3)=630
230 L< 4) = 1250
240 L(5)=1410
250 L(6)=1530
260 L(7)=1660
270
2BO ! Determination of the parameters of the plate
290 !
... 300
310
Radius=610
Rri=130
320 Gauge_position=160
330 Rho=Gauge_position/Radius
340 Rhoi=Rri/Radius
350 F2=(1+Rhoi A 2)*LOG(Rhoi)
360 Fl=1-Rhoi A 2
370 Ccl=.500*(Fl+2*F2)/(Fl+F2)
3B0 Cc2=.500*1/(Fl+F2>
390 Cc3=1-Ccl-Cc2
400 Cc4=2*(1-Ccl-2*Cc2)
410 F3=2*(3+.3>*Cc2*Rho+2*(1-.3)*Cc3*Rho A (-3)+(1+.3)*Cc4*R
hO A (-l)
420 F4=2*(3*.3+1)*Cc2*Rho+2*(.3-1)*Cc3*Rho A (-3)+(I+.3)*Cc4
*Rho A (-l)
430
<• 440
450 Alfa=12*(1-.3 A 2)/(4*PI*Cc4)
.. ....
", '
460
470
T=Tp A 3/Alfa
Il=PI*140 A 4/64
4S0 12=PU130 A 4/64
~ '" ' . 490 T=T/I2
500 U=(P*(2*(120+160)+620)-G*350-S*350 A 2/2+S*1310 A 2/2)/11B
0
.t-·
..... 510 Q=2*P+G+S*1660-U
520
, . , , ,.:
~

. ',!:
 267

530 ! Building up of the equations for the determination

of the
540 shaft deflection line
550 MAT A~h=ZER
560 MAT Bsh=ZER
570 MAT Csh=ZER
5S0
590
600 Ash(I,I)=1
610 Ash(I,3)=-1
6Z0 AS'h( 1,17)=-L< I )~2/2
€30 !
640
€50 Ash(2,2)=1
660 Ash(2,4)=-1
670 Ash(2,17)=l(I)A3/6
6S0 !
690
700 Ash(3,3)=12
710 Ash(3,5)=-11
720 Ash(3,17)=(11-12)*(l(2)A2/2-l(I)*l(2»
730 B~h(3)=(II-12)*(G*l(2)~2/2.S*l(2)~3/6)
740
750
760 Ash(4,3)=I2*l(2)
770 Ash(4,4)=I2
7S0 Ash(4,5)=-II*l(2)
790 Ash(4,6)=-II
B00 Ash(4,17)=(II-12)*(l(2)A3/6-l(I)*l(2)~2/2)
BI0 Bsh(4)=(II-I2)*(G*l(2)~3/6.S.l(2)~4/24)
820
830 !
. '. ~. 840 Ash(5,5)=!
S50 Ash(5,7)=-!
860 Ash(5,!5)=-l(3)
870 Bsh(5)=-P*l(3)A2/2
8S0
S90
900 Ash(6,5)=L<3)
,. 910 Ash(6,6)=!
920 Ash(6,7)=-l(3)
930 Ash(6,S)=-!
940 Ash(6,!5)=-l(3)~2/2
950 Bsh(6)=-P*l(3)~3/3
960 !
"1' ." 970 !
! tit- ~ 9S0 Ash(7,7)=!
. l· ~
, ,
990 Ash(7,9)=-!
1000 Ash(7,!6)=l(4)
1010 Bsh(7)=-P*l(4)A2/2
1020 I
1030
1040 Ash(S, 7)=l(4)'
1050 Ash(S,S)=!
1060 Ash(S,9)=-L<4)
1070 Ash(S,!0)=-1
10S0 Ash(S,!6)=l(4)~2/2
1090 Bsh(8)=-P*l(4)~3/3

,.' .~

':.~"",j,
, '
 268

I 100
1110
1120 Ash(9,9)=1I
1130 Ash(9, 11 )=-12
1140 Ash(9,IS)=-(12-11)*L(S)
IIS0 Ash(9,16)=(12-11)*L(S)
1160 Ash(9,17)=(12-11)*(L(S)A2/2-L(I)*L(S»
1170 Bsh(9)=(12-11)*(G*L(S)A2/2+S*L(S)A3/6+P*(L(S)A2-(L(3)+
L(4»*L(S»)
1180
1190 ! .
1200 Ash(10,9)=II*L(S)
1210 Ash(10,10)=1 I
1220 Ash<l0, I !)=-12*L(S)
1230 Ash <I 0, 12) =- 1 2
1240 Ash(10,IS)=-(12-11)*(L(S)A2/2)
12S0 Ash(10,16)=(12-11)*(L(S)A2/2)
1260 Ash(10,17)=(12-11)*(L(S)A3/6-L(I)*L(S)A2/2)
1270 Bsh(10)=(12-11)*(G*L(S)A3/6+S*L(S)A4/24+P*(L(S)A3/3-(L
(3)+L(4»*L(S)A2/2»
12S0
1290
1300 Ash(lI,II>=1
1310 Ash(lI,13)=-1
,"
1320 Ash(J 1,IS)=-L<6)A2/2
1330
1340
13S0 Ash(l2,12)=1
1360 Ash(12,14)=-1
1370 Ash<l2,IS)=L(6)A3/6
13S0 !
1390
1400 Ash<l3, I>=L( I)
1410 Ash(l3,2)=1
1420 Esh(13)=-G*L(I)A3/6-S*L(I)A4/24
1430
1440
" t..
14S0 Ash<l4, 11 )=U6)
1460 Ash(14,12)=1
1470 Ash(14,IS)=L(6)A2/2
14S0 Ash(14,16)=-L<6)A2/2
1490 Ash(14,17)=-(L(6)A3/6-L(I)*L(6)A2/2)
IS00 Bsh(14)=-G*L(6)A3;6-S*L(6)A4/24-P*(2*L(6)A3/6-L(3)*L(6
t- .".
)A2/2-L(4)*L(6)A2/2)
ISI0
.. ,; ..
...
• r:.-
~ ~ ,
IS20
IS30 Ash<lS,S)=T
.s':
." .,
~<. IS40 Ash(lS,lS)"-l'
.1., .
ISS0 Ash(IS,17)=-T*(L(3)A2/2-L(I)*L(3»
- t ,:
,: '. ~ .. IS60 Bsh(IS)=-T*(G*L(3)A2/2+S*L(3)A3/6)
IS70 I
ISS0 I
IS90 Ash(16,7)=T
1600 Ash(16,IS)=T*L(4)
1610 Ash<l6,16)=1
1620 Ash(16,17)=-T*(L(4)A2/2-L(1)*L(4»
1630 Bsh(16)=-T*(G*L(4)A2/2+S*L(4)A3/6+P*(L(4)A2/2-L(3)*L(4
»)
 269

1649
1650
1660 Ash(17,15)=-I~lla9
1670 Ash(17,16)=I~lla0
1689 Ash(17,17)=1
1699 Bsh<l7)=Q
1799
1719
1729 Ash(18,15)=I~1180
1739 A~h(18,16)=-I~1189
1749 Ash(la,la)=1
1759 Bsh<l8)=U
1760
1770
1789 MAT.Ash=INV(Ash)
1799 MAT Csh=Ash*Bsh
1899
1819 MI=Csh<i5)
1829 M2=Csh(16)
1839 Ra=Csh( 17)
1849 Rb=Csh<l8)
1859 IF Tp=0 THEN GOTO 2050
1869
1870 Calculation of th~ strains on th~ plate
1889
1890 Sr=3*F3~(Radius*TpA2"2*PI"Cc4)"MI
1999 St=3*F4~(Radius"TpA2"2"PI*Cc4)"MI
1919 Strainr=(Sr-.3"St)~E"1000000
1929 Straint=(St-.3*Sr)~E"1000000
1930 PRINT "Strains at th~ gauges near the hub"
1940 PRIHT "Radial strain=";Strainr
1959 PRIHT "Tangential strain=";Straint
1969
1979 Display of the deflection,slope and moment
1989
1990 CODES
2099 D~flection=1
2919 Slope=2
2929 Mrment=3
2939 Shear=4
2940
2050 Aga in: INPUT" GRAPH CODE", Gc
· ... 2969 ON Gc GOTO 2970,2090,2110,2139
'. 2979 SCALE 0, L(7), -I, I
, 2989 GOTO 2140
.: < •
I.! '.: 2999 SCALE 0,L(7),-4E-3,4E-3
-.. ' 2109 GO TO 2140
2119 SCALE 0,L(7),~6E6,6E6
.,
•• 1
" 2129 GOTO 2140
2139 SCALE 0,L(7),-2E4,2E4
2149 FRAME
2159 GRAPHICS
2169 MOVE 0;0
2179 LINE TYPE 9
2189 DRAW L( 1),0
2199 DRAW L(3), 0
2209 DRAW L(4), 0
2219 DRAW L(6),0

1
.~. "
 270

2220 DRAW U7>, 0

2230 LIljE TYPE 1
2240 MOVE 0,0
2250 FOR Z=0 TO L(7) STEP L(7)/100
2260 El=E2=E3=E4=E5=E6=0
2270 F0=Fl=F2=F3=F4=F5=F6=0
2280 IF Z<L(I> THEN F0=1
2290 IF (Z)=L(I» AND (Z<L(2» THEN FI=1
2300 IF (Z)=L(2» AND (Z<L(3» THEN F2=1
2310 IF (Z)=L(3» AND (Z<L(4» THEN F3=1
2320 IF (Z)=L(4» AND (Z<L(5» THEN F4=1
2330 IF (Z)=L(5» AND (Z<L(6» THEN F5=1
2340 IF Z)=L(6) THEN F6=1
2350 IF Z)=L(I) THEN El=1
2360 IF Z)=L(2) THEN E2=1
2370 IF Z)=L(3) THEN E3=1
238{l IF Z)=L(4) THEN E4=1
239{l IF Z)=L(5) THEN E5=1
2400 IF Z)=L(6) THEN E6=1
2410 Ei=-E+«F0+Fl+F5+F6)*II+(F2+F3+F4>*12)
242{l
2430 Determination of the variables
2440
2450
2460 Shear
2470 Qr=G+Z*S+E3*P+E4*P-El*Ra-E6~Rb
2480 Mrment .
2490 Mr=G*Z+Z A2/2*S+E3*P*(Z-L(3»+E4*P*(Z-L(4»-El*Ra*(Z-L(
1»-E6*Rb*(Z-L(6»+Ml*E3-M2*E4
2500
2510 Kk=Csh(I>*F0+Csh(3>*Fl+Csh(5>*F2+Csh(7)*F3+Csh(9>*F4+C
sh(II>*F5+Csh(13>*F6
2520 Kkk=Csh(2)*F0+Csh(4>*Fl+Csh(6>*F2+Csh(8>*F3+Csh(10>*F4
+Csh(12)*F5+Csh(14>*F6+Kk*Z
2530 ! Slope
2540 Wpsl=(G*ZA2/2+ZA3/6*S+E3*P*(ZA2/2-L(3>*Z)+E4*P~(ZA2/2-
Z*L(4)>-El*Ra*(Z A2/2-Z*L(I>>-E6*Rb.(Z A2/2-Z*L(6))+(Ml*E3-M2*
E4)*Z+Kk)/Ei
2550 ! Def I ec t i on
2560 Wp=G*ZA3/6+ZA4/24*S+E3*P*(ZA3/6-L(3>*ZA2/2>+E4*P*(ZA3/
6-ZA2*L(4)/2>-El*Ra*(ZA3/6-L(I>*ZA2/2)-E6*Rb*(ZA3/6-ZA2*L(6)
/2>+Kkk
2570 Wp=(Wp+(Ml*E3-M2*E4)*Z A2/2)/Ei
2580 !
2590 Determination of the strain on the shaft
2600 Stf=Mr*130/2/12/E*1000000
!,'
2610 IF Z=946.2 THEN PRINT ·Strain at the middle of the sha
f't",Str
., 2620
2630
ON Gc GOTO 2630,2650,2670,2690
DRAW Z,Wp
2640 GOTO 2700
2650 DRAW Z,Wpsl
:."' ',,~. '.t: . 2660 GOTO 2700
'.
,
. 2670 DRAW Z,Mr
.: ...
(
• ;' !'.; ; 2680 GOTO 2700
"
2690 DRAW Z,Qr
. ," ..
I ' :-.: 2700
2710
NEXT Z
BEEP
2720 PAUSE
2730 GOTO Again
2740 STOP
~.
 ,
271

APPENDIX S
RECDRDED DATA

The readings recorded during the tests with the scale model are presented
in Table AS.l. The units are micro-Volts and for each set of readings the
values in the lost, 2nd, 3rd and 4th columns are, respectively, the readings
with the gauges at the top, right-hand side, bottom and left-hand side positions
as defined in section'S.2.4.

The environment temperature recorded during each set of readings is shown

in Table AS.2.
 Ceuqe SET 1 SET 2 SET 3 SET 4 SET 5
1
2 10 11 10 12 13 15 13 14 18 17 17 17 11 11 10 10 20 17 22 22
3 16 16 16 18 17 16 15 19 0 -2 -2 0 -4 -7 -6 -4 -42 -35 -39 -39
4 7 7 7 8 9 9 8 10 38 37 37 J7 30 30 31 30 74 bl 73 75
5 5 5 6 7 7 6 8 8 -42 -43 -43 -43 -48 -48 -47 -48 -116 -110 -112 -114
6 10 10 11 14 13 14 14 18 59 58 58 58 50 49 50 51 110 107 111 112
7 -1 0 -1 1 0 1 0 1 -54 -54 -55 -54 -61 -62 -61 -61 -134 -131 -131 -132
8 .22 22 22 24 21 21 21 24 66 63 62 64 56 57 56 57 101 103 103 103
9 0 0 0 2 -2 -2 -1 0 -54 -54 -5t -55 -64 -60 -62 -63 -130 -129 -129 -129
10 15 14 15 16 20 19 19 20 62 61 61 60 57 56 56 57 106 108 107 107
11 -493 -492 -491 -491 -497 -495 -493 -495 -541 -540 -545 -543 -560 -554 -556 -559' -610 -609 -608 -609
12 ~s -5 -6 -3 -1 -1 -2 0 28 28 34 27 37 26 33 36 93 94 94 93
13 9 9 9 10 6 7 7 7 -18 -17 -20 -21 -35 -28 -30 -33 -53 -53 -52 -53
14 -1 0 -1 1 -5 -4 -7 -4 -25 -26 -23 -25 -17 -28 -22 -19 1 2 3 2
IS 6 7 7 8 10 12 11 12 -12 -10 -13 -14 -24 -20 -21 -24 -23 -22 -22 -23
16 -107 -107 -107 -106 -113 -113 -115 -114 -156 -158 -158 -156 -158 -160 -160 -159 -153 -152 -152 -152
17 -1389-1389-1388-1387 -1395-1393-1395-1395 -1441-1436-1439-1442 -1449-144 8-144 9-1449 -1393-1391-1392-1393
18 402 403 402 403 411 410 416 417 444 441 440 447 431 435 435 435 373 374 374 374
19
20 3 3 3 4 -1 -4 -2 0 13 9 10 14 14 8 11 12 14 14 19 18
21 6 6 8 9 4 3 6· 8 22 19 21 23 18 14 17 18 17 17 21 21
22 6 6 8 8 7 5 9 11 30 28 31 34 25 24 25 27 30 28
~ 23 9 13 9 31 34
6 10 22 8 -3 -12 -2 -17 -26 -16 -8 -21 -32 -8 3 -11 -22
Q> 24 5 8 6 6 3 9 6 3 -10 -6 -9 -13 -13 -12 -11 -16 -10 -6 -7
er 4 -13
.... 25
26 ,3
5
7
5
11
6
8
1
-8
2
4
2
18
4
7
7
-29
7
-16
7 8
-1 -13
5
-35
2
-22
4
-7
4
-20
4
-25
5
-13
6 5 N
.....
IT>
27 6 2 -10 N
7 5 6 8 6 2 5 21 17 15 18 18 13 13 IS 18 17 16 18
:>- 28 6 5 4 6 6 4 2 5 13 12 10 12 10 8 7 7 14 12
<.n 29 109 108 10 10
109 110 110 lOb III 113 113 III 113 116 108 105 108 110 105 105 107 107
.... 30
31
9 10 9 8 8 12 8 5 -7 -3 -7 -10 -14 -10 -15 -16 -16 -10 -20 -21
32 8 7 8 10 6 2 7 12 17 13 18 24 12 7 13 18 11 8
9 13 17
33 10 1'3 9 8 5 12 13 28 21 29 35 18 11 18 24 8 15 11 17
34 5 6 4 6 7 7 3 7 11 8 6 9 7 5 3 4 8 7 5 6
35 10 8 5 7 16 10 -2 3 33 28 1& 21 28 24 11 H 16 13
36 7 9 10 2 3
10 6 11 16 12 -5 -2 3 0 -10 -8 -1 -4 -12 -5 -1 -2
37 12 12 12 13 17 17 17 19 16 14' 13 15 13 12 10 12 7 7
38 9 9 8 10 6 6
13 12 10 13 7 5 3 5 5 2 1 4 -17 -14 -15 -16
39 -2 -1 -1 0 -4 -2 -1 -2 9 9 8 8 2 3 4 4 19 14 15 15
40 4 4 4 3 7 6 5 5 -3 -5 -8 -5 0 -2 -6 -4 -48 -42 -44
41 -182 -182 -182 -181 -188 -188 -188 -186
-47
-266 -265 -263 -266 -277 -271 -269 -274 -313 -313 -313 -313
42 -9 -9 -10 -9 1 0 0 1 24 22 23 20 37 27 28 30 94 94 94
43 6 95
6 5 6 6 5 5 6 -57 -57 -57 -57 -59 -59 -59 -59 4 2 3 3
44
45
6
6 •• 7
6
7
6
7
5
7
5 7 • •7
-57
-55
-57
-56
-57
-56
-57
-55
-5'
-58
-59
-58
-5. -5.
-57 -57
5 3 4 4
4 2 3 3
46 -1 0 0 1 1 -2 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3 -2 -1 23
2 3 3
24 25 25
47 3 4 5 5 5 15 13 13 14 19 16 17 19 23 24 26 24
48 5 5 5 6 8 6 8 8 7 6 6 7 3 2 2 3 11 10
49 508 508 508 506 11 11
506 507 507 505 490 490 489 489 486 489 489 488 485 487 483 483
50 2365 2356 2354 2349 2382 2378 2377 2370 1658 1660 1662 1660 1666 1664 1670 1667
SI 439 438 437 437 1632 1629 1628 1628
439 438 436 438 429 429 429 429 426 426 427 426 426 425 426 426
52 -216 -217 -217 -218 -215 -216 -217 -218 -229 -228 -228 -227 -228 -230 -228 -228 -217 -217 -217 -217 .~
53 823 818 809 810 832 821 805 807 699 694 684 687 680 679 670 671 652 654 652
54 931 928 925 927 929 926 923 650
934 907 901 893 899 903 898 869 893 890 809 804 885
55 -2 6 IS 6 -23 7 39 9 -24 8 44 12 -29 4 41 8 -28 5 41
56 -806 -796 -785 -795 -831 -797 -765 -799 8
-826 -793 -756 -789 -832 -798 -762 -794 -830 -799 -760 -793
 Gauge SET 6 SET 7 S~T 8 SET 9 SET 10
1
2 14 16 1~ 14 23 20 24 24 18 17 16 16 25 24 25 25 30 32 34 29
3 0 -2 -2 0 -40 -35 -39 -38 1 1 0 2 11 7 9 13 -19 -20 -26 -17
4 l4 35 l4 35 76 63 7~ 77 36 36 36 36 41 Cl 4J 42 72 73 84 72
5 -45 -44 -44 -44 -114 -109 -Ill -112 -43 -43 -43 -43 -36 -37 -36 -3~ -99 -99 -102 -98
6 54 55 55 SS 113 109 113 114 56 56 57 56 60 ~9 61 61 117 116 119 117
7 -57 -56 -57 -57 -129 -127 -127 -129 -SS -55 -SS -56 -50 -SI -SO -H -120 -120 -121 -121
8 61 63 61 62 105 106 106 106 66 66 65 65 76 77 76 76 123 122 121 124
9 -61 -~7 -59 -61 -126 -126 -125 -126 -57 -56 -58 -61 -S~ -~2 -~3 -S~ -121 -12U -121 -121
10 ~9 59 59 58 107 110 109 109 61 61 61 61 68 67 68 68 119 119 118 121
11 -553 -~49 -542 -554 -601 -602 -602 -601 -548 -546 -549 -555 -548 -543 -545 -548 -600 -60~ -601 -601
12 39 28 36 38 100 100 100 100 29 30 38 J9 46 3~ 43 44 102 101 100 101
13 -29 -25 -27 -29 -44 -45 -44 -45 -26 -23 -25 -31 -26 -20 -22 -25 -45 -46 -46 -46
14 -10 -25 -20 -13 7 7 7 7 -23 -23 -18 -12 -7 -20 -13 -11 12 12 11 12
15 -20 -17 -20 -21 -15 -15 -IS -IS -19 -16 -IH -21 -18 -IS -16 -18 -IS -IS -16 -IS
~
16 -158 -159 -159 -159 -154 -155 -154 -154 -157 -158 -158 -156 -150 -153 -152 -151 -143 -143 -144 -143
Cl 17 -1446-1447-1447-1447 -1387-1387-1387-1387 -1447-1442-1444-1443 -1436-1438-1438-1437 -1378-1378-1379-1378
C- 18 438 444 443 442 375 374 375 374 445 443 441 440 443 448 447 446 381 382 381 381
..... 19
'"". 20
21
15
22
13
19
IS
22
17
23
16
20
16
19
21
23
21
24
16
23
15
22
1&
24
19
26
22
32
18
28
23
31
23
32
26
32
25
30
25
33
28
34
22 28 26 28 30 25 24 2~ 27 29 28 31 JJ 36 33 36 38
""
.....
23
24
-13
-10
-2
-6
-17
-8
-27
-12
-6
-7
6
-3
-9
-4
-19
-9
-13
-9
-1
-4
-IS
-6
-27
-11
-8
-3
1
-1
-12
-2
-23
-7
28
0
0
26
13
28
-3
30
-15
5 3 -3
25
26
8 7
-31 . -19
1
-)
8
-16
7
-22
8
-10
8 8
-1
9 9 9 10 15 13 15 15 15 16 16 16 ....,
N
5 -31 -11 -2 -15 -22 -ll 4 -6 -14 -1 16 1 w
n· 27 20 18 H 18 20 19 11 19 22 20 11 19 25 21 20 21 26 24 22 22

.....
0
::I

:l
28
29
30
31
13
112 109
-10
11

-7
10
112
-12
11
114
-16
17
107
-14
15
101
-8
14
109
-17
13
110
-20
14
113
-11
14
112
-6
12
114
-11
13
116
-14
20
121
0
18
116
2
17
121
-3
18
122
-6
23
119
-3
22
117
2
21
119
-6
20
121
-9
.~

c 32 16 11 11 22 14 10 16 20 17 14 20 24 27 22 28 32 26 21 28 32
f1' 33 22 15 22 28 11 7 13 19 25 19 26 32 34 27 34 40 26 19 26
34 11 6
JJ
Q, 8 8 11 10 8 9 11 10 8 10 17 14 13 14 19 17 16 16
35 31 25 12 17 18 16 4 6 33 29 16 20 41 35 23 27 32 25 15 18
36 -6 -4 1 0 -9 -3 1 1 -6 -2 4 1 -2 -1 6 2 -1 2 7 8
37 16 14 13 14 9 9 8 8 17 16 14 16 19 17 16 11 13 12 12 13
38 8 6 4 6 -13 -11 -13 -14 7 7 5 6 10 6 7 8 -7 -9 -11 -7
39 6 6 1 6 23 16 17 1& 5 7 8 7 8 7 9 8
40 18 19 19 14
1 0 4 -2 -46 -40 -42 -44 1 0 -3 -1 3 0 -2 0 -36 -39 -41 -37

.
Cl -276 -212 -270 -274 -312 -312 -311 -311 -272 -270 -268 -273 -272 -266 -264 -270 -307 -308 -308 -308
42 38 29 30 31 96 95 96 96 31 29 30 32 40 31 31 34
4J -57 -58 -51 -57 99 99 99 100
4 3 4 4 -60 -60 -59 -59 -55 -SS -55 -55 6 8 8
-~6 -~8 -~1 -~6 6 4 ~
U -SS -~6 -5~ -5~ ~ 3
~
4
5
4
-60
-58
-59 -58
-~8 -58
-59
-~8
-55 -55 -54
-~3 -~4 -~3
-5'
-~3
6
~
8
7
9
8
4
4
46 3 0 1 0 25 26 26 27 1 2 2 2 7 4 ~ 4 32 32 33 34
47 17 15 17 16 2~ 2~ 26 26 16 15 18 18 32 29 30 31 33 31 33 34
48 7 4 6 6 13 12 12 12 7 7 7 7 11 9 10 10 16 16 20 19
49 488 486 486 486 484 487 483 483 H5 486 487 466. 484 486 484 4B3 483 483 479 482
~O 1610 1609 1613 1612 1~96 1~&4 1586 1586 1557 1560 1564 1561 1563 1571 1575 1566 1652 1653 1663 1619
51 427 427 427 427 425 424 425 425 426 426 427 426 421 422 422 422 420 420 421 421
52 -230 -231 -230 -229 -216 -217 -216 -216 -231 -231 -230 -239 -230 -231 -230 -229 -217 -21B -218 -217
53
54
55
56
682 677 669 670
904 e 96 889 b 94
-26 6 43 10
-828 -796 -759 -792
651 653 651
690 889 884
-26 7 45
-827 -794 -757
649
885
11
-789
b83
903
-24
-825
b79 668
898 890
7
-794 -757
.. 669
895
13
-790
b75 672 663 6b4
903 697 890 894
-19 14 SO 18
-820 -786 -749 -783
6~0

-19
649
894 890
14
-818 -787
649
886
SI
-750
647
887
20
-781
 ·Gauge SLT 11 SET 12 SET 13 SET 14 SET IS
1
2 )0 )0 29 28 9 12 9 8 20 21 21 18 11 1) 1) 12 0 1 2 1
) 15. 14. 14 16 -2 -4 -4 -2 -46 -4) -4) -)b 0 -1 -1 1 -10 -11 -11 -8
4 46 47 46 47 29 30 29 29 76 77 75 65 32 32 )) 32 22 24 22 22
5 -33 -33 -33 -32 -48 -47 -47 -48 -118 -117 -115 -112 -47 -46 -4S -46 - 56 -57 -SS' -55
6 6) 64 63 64 46 47 47 47 109 III III lOb 49 49 49 49 36 39
7 39 3b .<
-51 -48 -50 -49 -62 -63 -61 -63 -136 -134 -134 -131 -59 -60 -59 -60 -70 -68 -6b -6b
8 82 82 81 81 67 69 67 68 117 lib 119 119 7) 73 71 71 60 6) 60 61
9 -49 -48 -50 -5) -6) -58 -61 -63 -130 -130 -129 -129 -58 -57 -59 -62 -69 -64 -67 -69
10 71 71 70 71 59 59 57 58 105 106 107 107 60 61 61 61 52 52 52 52
11 -540 -53b -541 -545 -556 -549 -552 -555· -605 -605 -604 -604 -545 -546 -549 -554 -561 -555 -557 -561
12 )7 38 45 47 36 26 32 )) 87 87 88 89 27 27 )) 36 )0 19 26 27
1) -20 -17 -19 -23 -)3 -27 -27 -31 -50 -49 -49 -49 -25 -24 -25 -)2 -)6 -)0 -3) -37
14 -15 -IS -11 -4 -1) -27 -20 -20 1 1 1 1 -26 -27 -21 -15 -2) -35 -28 -26
15 -17 -12 -16 -18 -24 -19 -21 -25 -19 -19 -18 -18 -20 -19 -20 -24 -29 -24 -28 -30
...:; 16 -149 -151 -150 -151 -158 -161 -160 -158 -156 -157 -155 -155 -158 -159 -159 -158 -166 -166 -167 -165
17 -14)8-14)3-1435-1435 -1445-1448-1446-1448 -1)90-1)89-1388-1388 -1448-1446-1447-1447 -14 56-14 56-14 56-14 58
'".....0- 18
19
453 451 450 449 429 435 434 433 372 371 )7) 373 446 44) 442 440 429 437 434 4))
m 20 25 24 25 26 12 6 9 14 14 14 19 18 8 14 16 18 1 3 6 6
21 J4 33 )5 36 18 13 16 20 17 18 21 21 18 20 22 24 7 8 10
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7
38
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41
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25
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22
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29
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27
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25
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29 18 18 19
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20
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25
26
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3
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0 27 26 25 22 24 17 13 11 15 17 17 15 16 17 Ib 15 17 10 8 7 9
0 28 22 23 21 21 9 8 7 8 14 12 11 10 12 11 10 10 3 ) 1 2

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:l 29 123 121 124 125 108 103 107 110 103 104 106 105 109 109 III 114 99 100 102 102
)0 1 6 0 -3 -15 -13 -17 -20 -20 -14 -22 -25 -13 -9 -13 -17 -24 -20 -24 -28
31
:l J2 )0 26 )2 )6
c: 11 6 12 16 9 6 11 14 14 9 15 20 2 0 4 8
t1) )) )7 Jl 38 43 18 9 18 24 7 4 10 15 22 15 2) 29 8 2 10 16
C' 34 20 19 16 18 7 4 2 4 7 7 5 5 9 8 6 7 0 -1 -4 -2
35 4) 39 26 30 29 23 12 15 16 14 3 4 )1 27 15 18 22 19 6 8
36 0 3 9 7 -12 -11 -4 -6 -14 -7 -2 -4 -12 -6 0 -1 -21 -16 -11 -14
)7 21 20 18 20 4 2 1 2 -2 -2 -) -3 6 5 4 5 -5 -6 -6
)8 -6
11 11 9 11 7 5 4 4 -15 -15 -14 -12 8 6 4 6 4 3 1 0
39 9 12 12 11 5 5 7 6 22 18 18 17 8 8 9 7 4 3
·40 2 1 -2 0 -4 -6 5 3
-8 -7 -52 -50 -47 -45 -2 -4 -7 -6 -7 -8 -10 -10
41 -268 -266 -264 -269 -272 -267 -264 -270 -309 -308 -308 -30B -268 -267 -265 -270 -274 -268 -265 -272
42 34 lJ 34 34 J7 26 28 30 93 94 94 94 28 27 27 29 II 23 25 25
43 -55 -54 -54 -55 -62 -62 -61 -61 4 3 3 3 -60 -61 -60 -60 -65 -64 -63 -64
U -55 -55 -55 -54 -61 -61 -60 -60 6 5 4 5 -59 -59 -59 -59 -62 -62 -61 -62
45 -54 -54 -53 -53 -59 -60 -59 -58 5 4 4 4 -57 -57 -57 -57 -61 -61
46 8 9 9 9 4 1 2 2 26 7 60 -61
27 2B 27 1 2 2 2 -2 -4 -4 -4
47 27 23 25 25 20 15 IB 19 22 22 25 24 13 13 15 14 9 9 8
48 13 14 14 9
14 6 4 5 5 13 12 14 1) 8 7 B B 1 0 1
49 482 (8) 482 4B4 1
486 486 4b6 486 (8) 482 462 486 487 4B6 486 486 490 4Bb 489 48b
50 1577 1581 1586 1581 1574 1575 1581 1577 1621 1633 1633 1633 1571 1575 1579 1575 1572 157) 1576 157)
51 422 422 422 422 420 421 421 421 420 420 420 420 422 421 422 421 421 421 421 421
52 -232 -2)2 -231 -230 -232 -234 -232 -231 -219 -218 -21b -21b -233 -233 -232 -231 -233 -234 -234 -2))
53 678 675 665 666 670 667 658 658 643 644 644 641 672 667 65B 658 667 665 655 657
54 903 898 B91 896 896 890 883 887 883 883 879 879 896 890 883 8a7 892 887
-17 880 884
55 15 53 19 -30 3 )9 7 28 3 -42 8 -28 4 41 8 -34 -6 34
56 -818 -784 -748 -780 5
-833 -798 -764 -795 -832 -80U -762 -795 -831 -799 -762 -794 -838 -807 -773 -802
 Gauge SET 16 SET 17 SET 18 SET 19 SET 20
1
2 2 2 5 6 9 7 7 7 13 13 13 13 14 16 ·15 15 22 19 18 21
3 12 9 6 6 -22 -24 -23 -21 32 31 31 30 31 34 30 30 16 23 21
4 7 8 22 17
24 41 40 40 40 11 12 12 11 10 13 12 11 43 27 26 40
5 -2 -2 -5 -7 -75 -76 -75 -74 9 8 8 8 10 11 9 10 -1 5 4
6 2 1 7 8 1
63 62 63 63 9 8 8 8 9 14 12 10 21 Ib 14 19
7 -5 -8 -7 -8 -88 -99 -89 -89 -1 0 -1 -2 -2 3 0 0 0
8 28 28 -1 2 2
27 28 79 78 77 77 49 49 49 48 40 46 44 41 45' 46 45
9 1 1 45
1 0 -77 -77 -79 -81 5 6 5 5 -2 6 5 0 16 11 11 11
10 -1 -1 -3 -4 60 60 60 61 21 22 21 21 23 21 21 24
11 -494 -495 -494 -494 3 5 5 3
-563 -562 -566 -570 -488 -486 -488 -489 -505 -492 -493 -502 -487 -485 -486 -487
12 -45 -46 -46 -47 24 25 32 33 -2 -1 -2 -3 16 6 5 17 -42 -38 -40 -41
13 -2 -4 -3 -2 -36 -34 -37 -40 18 20 19 18 1 11 12 5. 7 9 8
14 -56 -56 -57 -57 7
-37 -34 -31 -29 2 4 3 2 9 11 7 9 -51 -48 -51 -51
15 -20 -21 -21 -21 -29 -26 -29 -31 13 14 13 12 -5 4 4 -1 -15 -14 -15 -15
16 -165 -163 -164 -165 -169 -169 -170 -168 -107 -106 -107 -107 -106 -104 -105 -106 -156 -155 -156 -156
'-? 17 1500 1501 1500 1501 -1457-1452-1455-1455 -1392-1391-1391-1392 -1403-1396-1396-1400
I!J 18 -1496-1494-1495-1495
0- 490 490. 490 492 436 433 432 432 409 410 409 408 414 418 412 412 499 499 498 499
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20
21
22
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11
36
0
12
33
14
36
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13
38
7
15
24
2
11
24
5
13
26
6
15
28
11
15
5
11
13
4
9
13
3
10
14
5
10
13
8
6
10
9
4
10
6
7
11
9
8
25
29
6
23
27
4
21
24
8
24
27
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..... 24
25
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26 -53 -39 -23 -37 -48 -35 -20 -32 0 5 10
13
5
8 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 .....
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0
27
28
13
4
12
3
9
2
9
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5
11
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4
11
4
19
18
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18
18
18
19
18
14 11 8 10 22 19 16 16 '"
0 9 9 6 7 13 12 11 10
29 102 102 104 103 101 99 101 103 126 125 125 126 119 116 115
...,.,.
::l 118 114 114 113 115
30 -21 -17 -26 -27 -26 -20 -26 -29 17 19 20 18 1 7 12 6 -24 -16 -11 -20
31 249 249 251 250 240 235 242 239 225 233 237 227
::l 32 8 3 8 13 5 1 7 12 26 25 23 26 16 13 9 14 21
C 21
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33 15 21 27 13 7 14 21 29 27 25 28 21 14 9 15 40 3S 28 35
." 34 2
0. - 1 -2 1 2 1 -1 -1 24 23 23 24 12 11 8 8 10 9 6 7

- 35
36
37
38
35
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0
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28
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9
16
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10
17
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11
23
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19
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7
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12
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30
19
22
22
27
20
22
20
24
23
22
19
25
21
22
20
24
3
14
24
18
14
20
9
4
15
11
18
6
11
12
19
43
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12
26
36
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12
22
23
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11
22
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10
20 19
39 3 3 4 5 7 9 8 8 6 6 5 5 3 2 2 1 14 12 13 12
40 6 5 3 2 -20 -21 -25 -23 9 8 7 8 14 11 8 10 7 4 2
41 -197 -198 -197 -197 1
-283 -283 -280 -285 -173 -172 -173 -173 -194 -183 -187 -193 -192 -193 -193 -194
42 -45 -46 -46 -47 23 22 24 26 -5 -6 -7 -6 6 3 9 10 -43 -44 -46 -46
43 -121 -120 -120 -120 -64 -63 -63 -63 7 8 8 7 10 9 8 8 -107 -106 -106 -107
44 -120 -120 -U9 -119 -62 -62 -61 -61 12 13 12 11 8 14 12 13 -104 -103 -104 -104
45 -117 -117 -116 -115 -60 -60 -60 -60 13 13 13 13 12 15 13 13 -102 -102 -102 -101
46 -25 -26 -26 -25 -8 -9 -7 -7 61 61 61 69 4 6 7 7 -22 -22 -22 -23
47 -3 -4 -1 -4 7 6 10 10 5 5 6 6 0 2 1 2 -5 -5 -4
49 -6
-4 -5 -4 -3 -1 0 1 2 25 24 25· 25 12 13 12 11 5 4 5
49 489 487 484 494 3
485 487 485 494 484 494 484 483 495 487 486 4B5 47B 483 482 478
50 1580 15B3 15B9 1587 1561 1562 1564 1560 1507 1507 1507 1505 1579 15BO 1585 1579 1564 1569 1573 1574
51 419 419 419 41& 415 415 416 415 403 403 402 403 409 408 408 40B 406 406 406 405
52 -236 -237 -236 -236 -230 -231 -229 -228 -244 -245 -245 -245 -241 -243 -241 -23B ~241 -242 -242 -242
53 744 733 720 714 658 657 651 652 192 789 784 7B7 808 798 767 772 745 734 721 713
54 904 897 86B B89 88B 884 877 981 17 15 13 14 12 5 -9 -3 -11 -19 -27 -26
55 -]4 -4 3S 3 -32 -2 35 4 11 19 32 25 -26 -2 42 17 -29 -4 18
Cl
56 -939 -907 -772 -B03 -&3& -904 -770 -801 -808 -799 -786 -794 -852 -831 -785 -807 -852 -832 -783 -807
 _""t-:-
GaUge . SET 21 SET 22 SL"T 23 SET 24 SET 25
1
2 15 16 17 15 19 18 20 20 36 29 31 34 21 19 20 20 22 18 18
-7 -7 21
] -8 -8 -2 -] -4 -4 -47 -4] -44 -47 2 -1 -2 -2 2B ]5 ]2 28
4 47 CB 4B 46 50 CB 50 49 10] 90 91 100 50 47 49 4B ]6 19 20 ]]
5 -69 -69 -69 -69 -64 -65 -64 -64 -1]] -1]2 -131 -1]3 -61 -63 -63 -62 7 12 11 10
6 72 73 73 70 74 74 74 73 134 130 130 131 73 72 72 72 22 1~ 15 21
7 -79 -77 -76 -BO -75 -BO -75 -76 -149 -154 -149 -150 -73 -Bl -75 -75 3 5
B 5 4
95 9B 9B 94 9B 100 100 98 143 143 143 142 101 101 102 99 51 52 51 50
9 -74 -6B -69 -71 -70 -67 -66 -69 -133 -134 -133 -134 -71 -6B -67 -69 14 14 14 14
10 66 66 67 66 70 69 70 69 120 121 122 120 72 71 72 72 B 11
11
10 9
-563 -553 -554 -560 -559 -553 -552 -557 -605 -608 -606 -607 -559 -555 -552 -557 -482 -483 -483 -4B3
12 )9 II 12 J7 40 )) l4 )9 98 96 97 97 43 30 31 3b -)6 -)5 -36 -37
13 -32 -24 -23 -28 -30 -26 -24 -27 -43 -44 -44 -44 -31 -27 -24 -27 10 10 9 10
14 -22 -2B -28 -25 -16 -29 -28 -25 ] 1 2 1 -lb -29 -28 -23 -45 -45 -4& -4&
IS -26 -22 -20 -24 -24 -23 -20 -23 -16 -17 -16 -16 -25 -24 -20 -23 -12 -12 -12 -12
..., 16
17
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-14 52-14 51-144 B-14 51
-157 -15B -158 -159 -157 -159' -15B -159 -159 -160 -161 -161 -153 -153 -153 -153
-144~-1448-1445-1447 -1390-1392-1392-1392 -1446-1450-1446-1447
n' IB 442 447 445 442 442 446 445 444 376 37. 376 37&
-1490-1490-1490-1490
0- 440 444 443 441 501 500 500 501
~ 19
m 20 IS 12 9 13 18 17 14 17 24 25 22 24 21 20 17 20 14 13 10
21 24 21 20 22 14
30 29 2& 29 II 31 27 30 32 32 29 ]1 33 31 2B )2
:J>< 22 30 2B 26 29 34 34 3l 31 37 3& 32 35 35 32 30 ]2 29 25 2) 26
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24
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25
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20
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18
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25
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23
26
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28
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32
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123
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4
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116 118
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4
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9
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218 207 214 21B 210 217 221 225 220 224 231 236 22B
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c: 29 3B 33 29 34 42 )& 32 ]8
m 33 31 23 17 26 50 45 J7 44 36 )J 25 30 52 46 40 47 62 55 49 5~
n, H 9 B 7 7 26 23 20 22 25 22 20 21 2& 24 22 23 2B 25 2)
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10
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20
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10
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52
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11
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33
16
18
36
13
20
64
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26
56
13
25
44
17
25
24
45
17
25
6 5 3 5 21 20 20 20
39 14 14 12 12 11 11 11 10 26 26 28 3U 9 10 11 II 7
40 -16 -18 -24
6 B 9
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.
41 -276 -276 -276 -281 -279 -278 -276 -280 -321 -320 -319 -318 -285 -2B3 -2BO -2B3 -191 -191 -191 -191
42 24 23 23 26 25 24 24 26 93 93 93 94 26 2S 26 28 -42
-52 -SO -0 -0 -44
Cl -51 - 52 -SI -52 -52 -54! B 5 7 6 -59 -62 -61 -60 -11) -115 -114 -114
-48 -47 -48 -48 -48 -48 -48 -48 11 9 11 11 -SS -58 -57 -56 -112 -11) -112 -112
45 -47 -47 -47 -47 -47 -47 -47 -47 12 9 11 11 -54 -56 -56 -54 -106 -109 -106 -108
46 -6 -~ -3 -4 51 47 47 48 73 73 72 82 49 47 46 57 35 30 29 52
47 3 4 S 4 21 20 20 21 28 27 26 27 20 19 19 19 10
48
49
7
484 4~5
7 8
485
7
4B5
25
479
23
48U
22 23
480 479
30 29 29
471 477 477 471
29 23 24 24
477 477 477 47&
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SO 1513 1515 1515 1514 1505 1513 1514 1509 1602 1624 1629 1627 1592 1~92 1~~5 1593 1597 1599 1604 Ib04
SI 404 404 404 404 401 401 401 401 408 409 409 410 409 40B 407 40B 402 40~ 403 402
52 -231 -232 -231 -231 -234 -234 -234 -233 -223 -22) -223 -222 -23B -23B -237 -23& -243 -243 -243 -243
53 671 6&B 661 661 675 672 6&5 bb5 65& 654 &53 651 &14 671 &b4 bb5 764 753 738 731
54 -22 -2B -35 -31 -12 -17 -25 -20 -23 -2B -32 -32 -12 -lb -24 -20 9 I -B -6
55 -29 -6 40 19 -8 15 59 35 -10 13 5B 34 -6 14 59 36 -7 14 59
56 37
-B53 -832 -787 -809 -B26 -B02 -75& -7BO -82B -B03 -760 -7B2 -B24 -802 -757 -779 -825 -B02 -757 -7BO
 Gauge SET 2b SET 27 SET 28 SET 29 SET 30
1
2 21 22 21 21 30 26 27 29 20 19 20 20 14 13 14 14 14 13
3 1 0 14 14
-3 -2 -36 -31 -31 -36 0 -1 -3 -2 Jl Jl 31 30 32 31 29
4 52 53 52 52 30
93 78 80 90 SO SO 49 50 12 12 12 11 10 11 11 11
5 -62 -63 -64 -63 -129 -125 -124 -128' -63 -64 . -65 -63 7 6 7 7 8
6 77 75 'H
7 7 8
77. 1'32 126 127 130 72 72 71 71 11 11 11 10 7 8 7 6
7 -76 -75 -77 -76 -149 -149 -147 -149 -78 -79 -78 -79 -3 -4 -3 -4
8 100 102 100 -5 -3 -4 -4
99 'IH 145 146 lU 100 102 101 100 48 48 49 48 CS 46 46 45
9 -69 -65 -65 -67 -137 -137 -136 -13b -71 -68 -67 -69 4 4 5 4
10 72 71 71
-3 1 2 -2
72 121 123 123 121 73 70 71 71 22 21 22 21 . 25 21 22 24
11 -556 -550 -551 -555 -611 -614 -611 -612 -560 -553 -552 -556 -487 -487 -487 -488 -sou -491 -492 -498
12 46 36 36 43 98 96 99 97 Cl 34 33 40 -2 -2 -3 -4
13 -26 -22 -22 -H
11 2 1 10
-SO -52 -SO -SI -30 -25 -24 -27 18 19 18 17 7 12 13 9
14 -16 -23 -26 -20 5 3 5 4 -14 -26 -26 -22 l' 2 1 0 4
IS -21 -18 -17 -20 5 3 4
-20 -22 -21 -21 -24 -22 -20 -22 11 11 11 10 0 5 6 3
8 16 -157 -156 -159 -159 -151 -152 -151 -151 -159 -159 -160 -160 -107 -'107 -107 -107 -107 -108 -108 -108
ru 17 -1445-14 46 -14 44-144 5 -1389-1391-1389-1390 -1446-1449-1446-1448 -1388-1388-1387-1388 -1397-1391-1389-1395
'0- 18 444 448 '444 443
....m 19
378 375 377 377 442 447 444 443 407 408 407 407 412 414 408 410
20 21 18 17 21 26 24 22 26 20 19 16 19 10 9 9 9 12
21 32 31 29 10 9 10
~ J3 3J 31 29 33 31 29 28 30 14 13 12 13 IS
22 34 33 32 32
14 13 14
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11
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16
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25 16 16 16 16 IS B 14 15 15 IS IS 15 13 13 13 14 14 13 14 14 ......
......., ....
26 -34 -21 -5 -19 -26 -12 5 -9 -36 -22 -6 -20 -1 3 8 4 -7 4 IS 5
n 27 30 29 27 28 3J 31 28 31 31 29 27 28 20 18 18 19 21 20 17 19
0 28 H 24 22 22 27 25 24 24 26 25 22 24 19 18 18 18 19
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120
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213
126
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4
227
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17
248
123
19
249
123
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124
18
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126
IS
246
124 123
19 23
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125
18
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c: 32 39 34 30 35 36 30 26 32 39 33 29 34 26 2S 24 25 29 25
3J 46 22 26
11' SI 41 47 40 34 27 34 SI U 38 46 30 28 26 28 33 29 24 29
0, 34 27 26 23 23 25 24 22 23 26 24 22 23 23 23 22 23 25 24 22 23
35 SI 47 33 36 40 34 22 24 SI 45 32 36 29 27 23 25 34 31 20 23
36 8 13 19 14 6 10 14 13 5 9 IS 11 19 20 22 21 17 21 25
J7 23 22 18 19 22
13 12 11 11 21 20 17 19 22 22 21 22 23 23 21 22
38 11 8 5 8 -12 -12 -14 -14 9 7 4 6 21 20 20
39 '14 14
19 21 18 18 19
13 IS 18 20 22 24 14 14 13 13 5 5 4 4 2 2 3 2
40 -16 -19 -24 -21 -59 -60 -63 -65 -19 -20 -25 -22 7 6 5 5 7 6 5 6
41 -276 -276 -274 -278 -319 -317 -316 -317 -281 -281 -279 -282 -170 -170 -171 -171 -179 -177 -180 -184
42 26 24 2S 28 94 94 9S 9s 27 26 27 29 -3 -4 -4 -3
43 -56 -56 -58 -58 6 4 2 6 7
1 6 S -59 -60 -59 -59 6 7 6 6 6 6 6
cc -52 -53 -54 -54 8 3 7 7 6
-55 -56 -56 -56 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 11
45 -SI -SI -52 -52 8 3 7 8 -53 -53 -54 -53 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12
46 SO 54 53 72 81 84 84 100 60 57 56 80 67 60 60 81 72 71 74 86
47 20 21 21 19 27 27 27 27 18 18 18 17 5 5 5 5 10 11
48 11 11
23 23 22 21 28 28 29 29 23 23 24 23 24 24 24 25 25 26 25 25
49, 479 479 479 479 473 476 478 473 477 479 478 477 479 480 479 478 479 478 479 479
SO 1584 1587 1589 1587 1600 1604 1606 1605 1573 1576 1577 1575 1423 1420 1419 1417 1410 1413 1419 1419
SI 402 402 402 402 406 406 407 407 406 406 406 406 397 397 396 397 396 395 397 397
52 -234 -235 -235 -233 -224 -224 -224 -223 -238 -238 -238 -237 -247 -247 -247 -248 -246 -247 -246 -244
53 676 674 665 665 657 656 656 653 676 673 665 665 769 766 761 764 783 775 757 762
54 -8 -13 -22 -18 -18 -22 -27 -26 -11 -15 -23 -19 14 11 8 10 19 4
14 9
55 -7 16 62 38 -7 13 60 36 -9 15 60 36 14 22 36 27 -3 IS 49 JJ
56 -824 -803 -756 -777 -826 -801 -759 -780 -826 -803 -757 -780 -804 -795 -782 -790 -820 -802 -766 -783
 " Gauge SET Jl SET 32 SET 33 SET 34 SET 3S
1
2 24 20 20 22 16 17 16 16 17 12 13 IS 16 16 16 16
3 -21 -17 -19 -21 2S 23 2S H
4 S 3 3 23 26 2~ 23 4 3 1 2 42 39 40
4 68 60 ~9 66 38 40 40
36 38 27 IS 1~ 24 37 38 37 37 20 18 20 20
S -87 -84 -86 -87 -42 -42 -43 -43 2 ~ 4 3 -4S -46 -46
6 89 88 86
-4~ 18 15 16 17
87 48 48 47 47 15 8 8 13 49 ~O 49 49 22 18 20
7 -102 -100 -102 -103 -S2 21
-~3 -S3 -S4 -~ -4 -~ -~ -S6 -S6 -~7 -~7 8 6 7 7
8 107 108 107 106 78 80 79 78 48 47 47 46 79 80 79 78 61 5H ~9 60
9 -88 -87 -88 -89 -4~ -42 -42 -u S S S ~ -48 -4~ -46 -47 11 9 10 10
10 83 84 84 82 49 SO 49 49 10 11 11 10 S3 ~2 ~2 ~3
11 -S68 -S66 -H8 -S69, 32 30 31 32
-S36 -~29 -~30 -~34 -488 -488 -490 -489 -~39 -~34 -S37
-~36 -481 -483 -482 -482
12 60 60 S9 S7 22 IS 1~ 19 -27 -27 -29 . -29 26 20 19 23
13 -24 -23 -H -26 -13
S 2 3 3
-9 -9 -11 10 10 8 10 -15 -12 -12 -13 25 23 24
14 -4 -3 -S -6 -14 -20 -22 -20 H
-34 -34 -3S -3~ -16, -19 -21 -18 7 5 6 6
IS -12 -12 -13 -14 -14 -12 -11 -13 -7 -8 -8 -7 -IS -13 -12 -14
16 18 15 17 17
-139 -138 -139 -140 -143 -140 -142 -143 -141 -141 -141 -141 -143 -143 -144 -144
o-'! 17 -1395-1392-139S-1396 -100 -101 -100 -100
n, -1433-1433-1431-1433 -14 60-14 60-146 0-14 60 -14 31-14 32-14 30-14 31 -1363-138~-1384-1384
IT 18 388 389 .388 387 429 433 01 429 467 466 466 466 428 431 428 428
19 416 413 414 US
I-'
tI) 20 21 18 17 20 16 14 13 14 11 9 7 10 1~ 14 13 14
21 22 20 16 16 IS 1~
18 21 21 20 18 20 23 21 19 22 22 20 19 20 23 22
:to 22 23 21 20 21 20 21 23
18 17 18 18 H. 14 16 21 19 18 20
'"
I-'
23
24
-15
1
-3
3
8
7
-5
S
-23 -12
-3 0
-1 -14
3 1
-28 -16
-2 1
-7 -19
4 2
-24
-3
-12
-1
-2
4
-1~
1
17
8
16
13
15
1~
18
12
2S 13 14 13
20 20 22 22
14 12 12 12 13 12 12 12 13 12 12 12 12 N
26 -21 -10 2 -10 -30 -19 -7 -18 -31 -20 -6 -20 -30 -19 -7 -19
21
10
21
14
21 22 .....
27 2S H 22 24 26 20 15 ex>
n 24 22 24 27 2~ 23 24 25 24 21 23 26 24 24 24
0 28 23 22 21 20 21 21 19 19 19 19 18 18 20 20 18 19 26 2& 27 27
......
::l

'
29
30
Jl
120
-4
219
119 119 120
2 6
22S 228 222
-1
123 122 121 122
-3 2 S
223 226 230 226
1
123 122 121 123
-1 4 8
227 233 23& 231
1
123
-3
120
0
120
4
121
0
133
26
131
26
131
27
133
28
::l 222 225 230 22S 2~8 257 258 259
32 28 24 21 25 30 25 22 26 32 28 24 28 30 25 22
c: 33 32 27 22 28 40 34
27 37 34 33 37
.I'l 30 36 48 4J 38 4J 4l 34 30 36 42 39 37 41
0, 34 23 22 28 20 22 22 20 20 23 22 20 21 22 22 19 20 29 28
- 35
36
37
38
30
8
13
2
26
12
13
-2
16
15
11
-4
17
14
11
-3
40
6
17
14
35
9
17
12
25
13
15
28
11
16
49
8
19
U
12
19
34
15
19
3~
12
19
39
6
16
36
10
17
2~
14
IS
28
12
16
42
29
31
40
29
30
29
37
31
31
29
38
29
30
10 11 22 19 19 20 15 13 10 12 29 30 31 32
39 19 18 18 19 13 12 12 11 8 6 7 8 12 11 11 10
40 -37 -39 -42 -43 5 6 6 7
-9 -11 -14 -13 7 5 5 5 -8 -10 -12 -10 11 11
41 -268 -269 -270 -268 11 12
-24S -243 -243 -246 -186 -187 -186 -186 -246 -246 -244 -248
42 59 57 57 58 -169 -168 -169 -168
10 8 6 10 -32 -33 -33 -33 13 12 13 1~ 0 0 0
4J 4 ~ ~ 4 -38 -37 -38 -38 0
-73 -H -7~ -7~ -37 -37 -38 -37 11 8 10 10
44 10 9 10 9 -34 -)4 -3~ -15 -71 -73 -73 -72 -33 -34 -34 -34
4~ 10 9 10 1~ 13 15 14
10 -33 -32 -33 -33 -69 -70 -70 -70 -33 -32 -33 -32 16 14 IS
46 93 83 90 86 62 62 61 68 15
~3 49 49 6~ 58 66 63 58 101 107 108 99
47 17 18 18 19 11 11 11 11 3 3 4 4 12 14
48
12 13 15 14 IS 14
27 26 27 27 22 23 23 22 19
49 474 477 477 473 477 478 478 477
19 19
476 479 479 476
20 20 21 20 21 30 a 31 31
476 478 478 477 479 478 478 478
SO 1380 1386 1388 1388 1390 1392 1394 1392 1402 1403 1407.140~ 148~ 1387 1390 1387
SI 39S 395 395 395 1405 1408 1409 1408
397 397 397 397 397 396 396 396 394 393 394 394 395 395 395
52 -237 -238 -238 -238 -247 -247 -248 -246 395
-2S0 -HI -2~1 -HI -243 -244 -245 -243 -250 -250 -250 -2S0
53 661 659 6S7 6H 683 680 671 672 H7 748 739 734 687 684 6n 676
54 -IS -19 -24 -23 755 7S3 7S0 H2
-9 -12 -19 -16 8 ) -4 -2 -6 -10 -17 -13 8 6
SS -S IS SO )0 -6 11 47 S 7
29 -~ 12 49 )0 -5 12 49 30 2) 27 42
56 -82S -806 -769 -788 -826 -807 -771 -790 3S
-823 -804 -771 -787 -824 -80) -771 -788 -79S -787 -776 -782
 SET 36
Gauge
.- SET 37 SET 38 SET 39 SET 40
1
2 13 13 13 13 24 16 17 21 15 14 16 14 19 12 13 16 17 17 18 16
3 33 33 29 31 -69 -63 -64 -68 -17 -18 -20 -20 19 28 25 18 -17 -18 -20 -20
4 10 11 9 10 106 87 87 102 56 55 55 54 40 18 18 35 59 60 59 59
5 10 8 7 9 -lB2 -17B -178 -181 -91 -93 -93 -92 -1 4 5 0 -90 -92 -93 -91
6 5 6 4 4 159 152 151 156 8b 85 85 84 21 13 13 18 91 90 90 89
7 -3 -2 -3 -2 -209 -208 -207 -20B -110 -Ill -111 -112 -4 -1 -2 -s -108 -107 -108 -109
B 43 CS U 41 165 165 163 163 III 113 113 110 47 4B 47 45 III 114 113 110
9 -7 0 0 -4 -190 -191 -190 -190 -100 -97 -96 -99 9 9 B 8 -96 -93 -93 -96
10 H 20 20 24 141 143 144 141 84 B3 B3 83 1 4 3 0 B4 B3 B3 82
11 -512 -498 -498 -50& -G5S -656 -656 -656 -581 -514 -574 -579 -486 -4B6 -487 -488 -580 -572 -572 -578
12 22 6 4 19 125 125 124 123 53 41 40 48 -49 -48 -49 -52 56 43 43 51
13 -4 7 9 1 -76 -76 -76 -77 -45 -40 -39 -43 3 4 3 2 -44 -37 -37 -41
14 12 11 4 9 -3 -3 -4 -4 -23 -4Q -41 -35 -63, -62 -63 -65 -27 -37 -3B -32
15 -6 2 4 -2 -38 -38 -38 -39 -38 -38 -35 -38 -24 -23 -23 -H -37 -34 -32 -36
..., 16
17
-105 -107 -108 -108
-1405-1402-1400-1403
-172 -173 -172 -173
-1397-1397-1397-1397
-179 -178 -1&0 -180 -170 -170 -171 -172 -177 -177 -179 -178
IIJ
-1466-1470-1466-1468 -1525-1524 -1 52 5-1 527 -1467-146B-1464-1467
er 18 418 421 413 414 360 360 360 359 446 453 450 448 525 524 524 523 448 454 450 447
..... 19
f!l 20 13 10 8 11 22 17 15 21 1B 14 12 16 11 6 4 10 19 15 14 17
21 16 13 13 14 30 26 23 28 31 27 26 29 32 28 26 30 34 31 29
:J> 22 7 4 3 5 32
.."
45 41 36 40 41 37 34 36 33 28 25 2B 39 3B 35 37
23 -11 B 23 4 -30 -12 3 -lB -43 -26 -11 -30 -51 -36 -20 -3B -42 -25 -10 -29
..... 24 10 12 IB 15 -10 -6 -1 -4 -13 -10 -4 -6 -15 -10 -4 -7 -12 -9 -4 -7
25
26 -12
13 13-
2
13
20
14
5
9 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 10 11 12 13 12 12 12 13 ....,
N
-37 -22 -3 -19 -48 -32 -13 -29 -53 -37 -17 -34 -46 -31 -13 -28 \0
27 22 20 14 19 34 32 29 33 32 29 27 30 31 29 25 27
n 2B IB 18 16 16 25 23 21 22 25 23
31 2~ 26 29
20 21 22 21 I ~ 2IJ
0
........
:l 2~
30
J i':h
13
D"
19
li'j ) ;~ h
23 ' 17
J (.:.
-25
JId
-16
106
-10
10.
-22
llS
-17
116
-11
114
-6
116
-13
122
-14
121
-5
119
2
122
-12
'"
120
:i':"-
118
~u
115
7J
11B
-16 -10 -4 -12
31 246 250 256 249 192 200 205 BS 203 209 213 206 212 221 n7 216 2~4 210 215 20B
-:l 32 31 24 20 26 27 21 14 21 35 28 22 29 40 3J 2B l4 36 31 25
c: 31
IT'
0,

-
33
34
35
36
37
35
26
3.
IS
22
22
26
24
32
21
21
21
15
27
21
29
23
20
24
22
36
20
40
-3
5
26
17
31
0
2
20
14
16
3
0
2B
17
21
5
1
53
23
SS
-1
IS
44
20
49
4
14
36
17
31
10
10
45
19
37
7
12
65
24
69
-1
21
58
22
60
5
21
..
SO
18

10
19
57
20
45
10
20
55
24
55
3
16
47
22
49
7
14
39
19
32
13
11
47
21
37
10
13
3B 22 19 17 20 -24 -26 -29 -29 1 -2 -6 -3 20 1& 17 18 2 -1 -6 -3
39 3 1 4 2 23 21 23 24 12 12 12 12 8 8 8 9 13 12
40 12 9 6 9
13 12
-87 -89 -93 -96 -36 -38 -44 -41 5 3 1 1 -35 -38 -cc -41
41 -188 -186 -lB8 -196 -354 -355 -354 -354 -312 -310 -308 -313 -197 -19B -199 -198 -309 -309 -308 -313
42 9 5 11 IS 128 12B 129 129 42 41 42 44 -52 -53 -54 -54 38 37 38 Cl
43 B 7 6 7 2 0 2 1 -82 -82 -83 -82 -156 -157 -156 -157 -80 -80 -80 -81
44 13 12 11 12 6 4 7 6 -78 -79 -79 -78 -153 -155 -154 -155 -76 -76 -76 -87
45 14 13 11 13 6 3 6 5 -74 -75 -76 -75 -148 -150 -149 -149 -72 -72
46 63 65 67 75 -74 -74
104 101 103 100 67 62 60 7B 41 36 32 56 75 61 60 77
47 12 14 14 16 29 29 2B 30 19 IB 17 IB 2 3 2 3
4B 18 18 17 IB
23 24 24 24 26 25 24 26 21 20 19 20 15 15 14 15 19
49 484 485 484- 4B4 IB IB IB
414 481 480 474 475 477 476 475 472 478 477 471 475 476 476 474
SO 1499 1502 1504 1500 1456 14B6 1497 149B 1478 1482 1487 1484 1545 1546 1549 1547 1563 1566 1566 1565
SI 403 403 403 403 411 410 411 411 40B 407 407 407 400 399 398 398 399 39~
52 -241 -243 -241 -236 399 39~
-216 -216 -217 -216 -235 -236 -236 -234 -248 -249 -249 -248 -233 -235 -234 -233
53 B22 BID 771 776 648 646 643 642 660 656 650 651 732 720 704 695 661 658
54 30 22 6 652 652
13 -26 -32 -37 -36 -17 -23 -33 -27 0 -10 -20 -16 -17 -22 -32 -26
SS -18 9 62 l4 -19 7 62 32 -18 9 64 3b -17 10 66 36 -17 8 65
56 -B37 -BID -758 -7B4 37
-840 -BID -756 -784 -B36 -B07 -751 -7BO -B37 -80B -753 -7BO -B36 -80B -753 -779
 ·.
Cauge SET 41 seT 42 SLT 43 SET 44 SET cs
1
2 59 61 60 5& 60 65 66 61 42 39 41 Cl 51 52 SO 49 64 66 63 63
3 -4 -5 -7 -6 2 1 -4 -2 -35 -3D -)) -35 -11 -12 -IS -IS -5 1 -3 -6
4 SO 50 SO 4& 49 54 53 4& 96 &4 &4 94 71 74 74 72 72 61 62 71
5 -4 -4 -6 -4 0 I -1 -I -132 -129 -130 -131 -70 -70 -71 -70 -7 -2 -3 -6
6 19 16 16 1& 17 21 19 16 132 129 127 130 7& 79 7& 77 29 24 25 2&
7 -3 -2 -2 -3 0 2 -3 -5 -149 -145 -14& -149 -79 -7& -79 -79 -4 0 0
8 49 47 -3
50 48 45 51 CB 49 145 146 144 144 100 104 102 100 51 52 52 50
9 5 4 3 5 -3 5 3 -I -136 -136 -136 -135 -71 -67 -67 -69 12 11 11 11
10 21 20 20 20 26 24 25 26 121 121 122 121 72 71 72 71. 7 9 9 7
11 -484 -485 -485 -486 -490 -489 -493 -502 -611 -610 - 611 -612 -557 -550 -550 -556 -483 -481 -481 -462
12 -3 -7 -6 -3 20 6 5 19 97 99 96 ' 96 Cl 33 32 40 -39 -36 -37 -3&
13 20 17 18 19 6 IS 14 7 -46 -46 -46 -48 -26 -21 -20 -24 11 13 12 12
14 1 -3 -3 -2 12 9 6 9 4 6 4 4 -10. -24 -25 -20 -45 -43 -43 -46
IS 14 11 12 13 0 7 8 2 -20 -20 -20 -21 -21 -19 -1& -21 -11 -ID -10 -10
16 104 -107 -106 -106 -101 -102 -104 -103 -ISO -149 -150 -ISO -156 -155 -156 -156 -152 -151 -151 -152
'"
0.
er
......
17
18
19
-1365-1389-1387-1387
411 406 .407 40&
-1398-1393-1391-1396
420 418 414 416
-1391-1390-1391-1391
360 360 360 380
-1446 -14 4 6-14 4 5-1447
444 451 447 446
-1492-1492-1491-1491
503 505 50S 504
20 7 7 6 7 13 9 11 21
':too"
\J1
21
22
5
)9
2
36
1
35 38
3 10
36
11
8
42
7
3&
9
37
36
47
19
31
44
17
30
43
19
34
45
19
25
45
16
24
45
16
22
43
17
23
45
14
19
45
12
16
43
10
13
42
14
16
44
23 -4 1 4 0 -7 6 16 4 -21 -7 6 -11 -25 -10 3 -13 -26 -13 -1 -18
...... 24 15 14 16 16 17 19 23 22 0 3 8 5 1 4 9 6 5 9 12 10
25 10 10 11 12 16 N
14 15 15 14 16 IS 16 15 IS 15 16 14 14 15 15 0>
26 -6 -2 5 1 -6 2 16 5 -29 -15 -1 -15 -30 -16 -2 -17 -28 -15 -1 0
27 -9 -10 -9 -14
n -ID -5 -7 -10 -7 6 6 4 6 -1 -4 -6 -4 -6 -7 -9 -7
0 26 )) 33 34 35 39 37 35 37 36 35 34 35 42 40 39 40 41 41 )g 39
;:! 29 130 125 126 129 135 133 131 133 122 121 120 121 129 128 126 127 132 132 130 132
30 29 26 26 30 31
....
rt'
;:!
31 244 241 244 244 247
35
250
39
254
33
250
-5
213
3
219
7
223
-3
215
6
221
11
226
16
230
9
224
13
227
20
234
25
237
16
230
32 32 26 25 29 36 33 3D 34 36 31 26 33 39 32 29 35 41 37 32 39
c: )) 53 47 45 50 59 55 49 55 50 44 37 44 60 55 46 54 68 64 57 63
"
o· 34 21 21 21 21 27 25 24 25 24 23 21 22 27 25 22 23 27 25 23 24

- 35
36
37
38
SS
42
26
7
SS
45
27
7
53
47
29
9
SS
45
28
10
66
45
32
11
61
49
32
8
47
52
32
6
SI
50
32
10
49
26
18
0
43
31
18
-2
33
35
16
-4
37
34
16
-4
56
34
26
6
54
38
26
41
42
23
46
38
24
69
35
30
61
39
26
52
43
29
53
42
29
6 4 5 14 12 11 ID
39 11 13 14 16 16 12 13 IS 37 37 37 38 31 29 29 30 20 20 18 18
40 -86 -66 -68 -65 -62 -66 -67 -64 -92 -94 -97 -98 -87 -90 -93 -91 -83 -64 -66 -66
41 -172 -171 -171 -170 -162 -162 -164 -166 -311 -311 -311 -311 -277 -276 -274 -279
42 -189 -189 -189 -190
-2 -2 , -3 -3 10 8 14 16 102 101 101 101 32 30 32 34 -42 -43 -44 -44
'4) 6 2 3 3 7 6 5 5 4 3 4 4 -54 -54 -SS -55 -107 -107 -106 -107
44 10 7 8 9 11 10 8 10 8 8 8 6 -SO -50 -52 -51 -103 -103 -102 -103
45 11 8 9 10 13 12 9 11 6 7 6 8 -48 -48 -49 -49 -99 -99 -96 -98 .'
46 67 65 73 70 73 71 78 83 85 60 63 91 60 56 58 63 36 29 36 41
47 7 8 8 8 16 18 17 16 24 24 25 26 16 17 17 16 5 4 5
48 24 25 28 28 5
29 29 30 30 31 32 32 32 27 26 26 26 21 20 21 20
49 524 521 522 523 523 523 521 523 511 519 516 512 513 513 514 513 513 517 517 514
50 1985 1989 2000 2000 1990 1993 2012 2011 1772 1611 1814 1811 1612 1610 1627 1628 2019 1963 1933 1941
51 392 392 392 392 394 393 392 392 397 397 397 397 398 398 397 397 396 395 394 394
52 -249 -248 -248 -247 -245 -246 -245 -241 -228 -226 -226 -228 -243 -244 -243 -242 -250 -2 SO -251 -250
53 767 767 768 767 774 770 765 763 679 677 675 677 696 695 690 693 760 753 749 747
54 49 49 49 50 5b 53 50 48 -4 -9 -13 -11 16 14 7 11 46 42 37
55 17 21 37 30 39
-6 18 60 37 -7 14 62 36 -7 13 61 35 -9 13 60 36
56 -799 -790 -781 -788 -823 -800 -753 -779 -826 -800 -757 -781 -827 -601 -756 -779 -826 -803 -756 -781
 Gauge SET 46
1
2 49 51 49 47
3 -15 -15 -20 -17
4 73 . 73 75 73
5 -73 -74 -75 -74
6 78 80 79 79
7 -84 -79 -83 -82
8 99 102 101 99
9 -73 -66 -69 -71
10 71 70 71 70
11 -556 -551 -551 -555
12 40 35 33 41
13 -27 -21 -20 -25
14 -18 ~2 5 -25 -20
15 -23 -18 -17 -19
...,'
al
16
17
-155 -156 -156 -157
-1449-1447-1445-1448
rr lB 445 449 447 445
..... 19
20 19 17 14 16
'"
".
21
22
25
44
24
43
22
42
25
44
'"..... 23
24
-25
1
-10
3
1 -13
8 6
.,
25 14 15 15 15 N
(XI
26 -31 -18 -2 -17 ~
27 -2 -3 -7 -2
n 28 39
0 39 36 37
29 128 126 125 128
,...
::1
30 5 8 13 9
..... 31 218 224 227 224
::1 32 38 32 28 34
e 33 57 52 46 52
m· 34 24 24 . 23 22
O·

- 35
36
37
38
54
32
26
11
50
36
25
8
39
41
24
5
45
36
24
5
39 29 27 26 26
40 -82 -83 -87 -85
41 -274 -273 -271 -278
42 30 27 2, 32
43 -55 -53 -54 -54
44
45
-51 -<. -50
-49 -48 -48 -49
-51

46 56 56 57 64
47 17 15 16 lb
48 23 23 24 24
49 512 516 514 514
50 1609 1607 1611 1602
51 392 3S3 3S1 392
52 -241 -241 -241 -240
53 695 692 689 687
54 16 11 5 9 .
SS -10 13 61 38
56 -827 -801 -756 -781
 282

'fable 1\5.2
Average temperature during
eacll set of readings
Set Temperature
NUr.lber ( degrees C )
1 20.00
2 20.00
3 21. 50
4 19.25
5 19.75
6 20.00
7 20.25
"0 21. 25
9 24.00
10 24.25
11 24.50
12 le.50
13 19.00
14 19.25
15 16.00
16 16.25
17 17.00
18 19.00
19 18.50
20 17.00
21 16.50
22 :.n.50
23 19.00
24 20.00
25 20.00
26 19.50
27 20.00
28 19.50
29 IB.50
30 20.00
31 17.50
32 17.00
33 17.00
34 17.00
35 19.50
36 19.50
37 19.00
3B 20.00
39 19.50
40 20.00
41 21.00
42 23.00
43 20.00
44 19.50
45 IB.50
46 IB.50
 283

APPENDIX 6
PRINCIPAL STRAINS AT GAUGES NOS. 46, 47 AND 48

The principal strains at point 0, shown in FIG. A6.l, can be calcu-

lated from the strains shown by gauges nos. 46, 47 and 48 using the fol-
. expreSSlons
1oWlng . by re f erence, e.g., to BUDYNAS 23 .

where
£min - minimum principal strain
£max - maximum principal strain
£46' £47, £48 - strains shown by the gauges

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FI G.A6.1 GAUGES ON STRAP PLATE

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