Conditional unreal

CONDITIONALS

USE:
To talk about real possibilities in "general time," possible events in the future, unreal/impossible
situations and results in the present or future.

FORM:
Statements and questions of this type often have two parts: a "condition" (the hypothesis), usually a
subordinate clause beginning with IF, and a "result," described in the main clause of a sentence.

We can begin a sentence with either a condition or a result clause.

[IF (Condition) Clause, + RESULT CLAUSE] or

[RESULT CLAUSE + IF (Condition) Clause]

EXAMPLES:
"What would you do if you won a million dollars?"
"If I won that much money, I'd stop working tomorrow."

REAL CONDITIONALS

USE:
To talk about real possibilities in "general time" and uncertain but possible events in the future.

FORM:
The condition clause begins with IF/IF... NOT (or sometimes UNLESS). The verb is in the Present.

The result clause usually contains Present Tense verbs (to talk about possibilities in "general time") or
Future Tense verbs and Modals such as CAN, MAY, MUST, or SHOULD (to talk about uncertain events
in the future).

You can begin a sentence with either a condition or a result clause.

POSSIBILITIES IN GENERAL TIME

(Verb in result clause is in the Present.)

EXAMPLES:

CONDITION CLAUSE  RESULT CLAUSE

"If it's two in New York   it's nine o'clock in Paris."
"If it isn't cold enough   it doesn't snow."
     
RESULT CLAUSE   CONDITION CLAUSE
"It's time to eat   unless you are not hungry."
"Talk to your plants   if you want them to grow."

UNCERTAIN EVENTS IN THE FUTURE

(The result clause has Future verb or Modal.)

EXAMPLES:

CONDITION CLAUSE   RESULT CLAUSE

"If you say that again,   I'm going to hit you!"
"If she doesn't study,   she may fail the exam."
     
 RESULT CLAUSE   CONDITION CLAUSE
"They will come to the
party   if they find a baby-sitter."
"I'm going to buy a dress   if I get paid today."

UNREAL CONDITIONALS

USE:
To talk about unreal, impossible, or very improbable hypotheses in the present and future.

The CONDITION CLAUSE begins with IF/IF... NOT (or sometimes UNLESS).

The verb can take the Past of "BE", the Past Simple/Past Progressive (to talk about a hypothetical fact), or
the Modal COULD (to talk about a hypothetical ability).

NOTE: If we use the verb "BE" as the main verb, or in the past progressive form, we use WERE instead
of WAS. The verb in the result clause always has a Modal, usually WOULD/'D (to express a certainty),
MIGHT (to express a possibility), or COULD (to express ability).

CONDITION CLAUSE  RESULT CLAUSE

"If I had a new car,   I'd be very happy."
"If he weren't so tired,   he'd go to the party."
     
RESULT CLAUSE   CONDITION CLAUSE
"I might pass English   if I studied more."
"They'd tell me   if they knew."

Adjetives
REPORTED SPEECH: TIME ASPECTS
REPORTED SPEECH

USE:
To report what somebody says or thinks without using their exact words.
FORM:
The main clause contains the "reporting or question verb":
REPORTING VERBS: SAY, TELL, PROMISE, KNOW, BELIEVE, THINK, CLAIM, etc.
QUESTION VERBS: ASK, WONDER, WANT/WOULD LIKE TO KNOW
The noun clause contains the statement or question which is being reported.
EXAMPLES:
"I asked Smith why he'd gone there last night."
"He told me that he needed money."
"He said he'd never had any luck."
"He wanted to know if I would help him."
STATEMENTS and QUESTIONS

For statements, we use the conjunction THAT, which is omitted in informal English.
[MAIN CLAUSE + (THAT) + NOUN CLAUSE]
EXAMPLES:
"Mr. Jones says (that) he'll call later."
"She said (that) she was leaving."
For questions, we use IF (Yes/No Questions) or WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHY, WHERE,
HOW, HOW MUCH, or HOW MANY (Wh-Questions). Notice that the verb in the noun
clause takes the normal affirmative or negative form and not the question form.
We often use "double questions" with ASK, TELL, or KNOW to make a polite request
for information.
"May I ask what your name is?" is politer than "What's your name?"
[MAIN CLAUSE + IF or WH-WORD + NOUN CLAUSE]
EXAMPLES:
"He's asking you if you like chocolate."
"Please ask him who that boy is."
TIME ASPECTS

When the reporting verb (SAY, THINK, ASK, etc.) is in the Past Tense, the "original"
statement/idea or question may be modified.
VERB IN REPORTED NOUN CLAUSE
When the reporting verb in the main clause is in the Past Tense,the verb in the
noun clause is usually also in the Past Tense, even when theoriginal statement or
idea was in the Present Tense.

  DIRECT SPEECH   INDIRECT/REPORTED SPEECH

       
  Be Present   Be Past
  Present Simple   Past Simple
  Present Progressive   Past Progressive
  Past Simple   Past Perfect
  Present/Past Perfect  Past Perfect
  Modals   Past Modals

EXAMPLES:
Mary: "I want to go alone."
Mary said she wanted to go alone.
Tony: "I'll pay you when I see you."
Tony said he'd pay me when he saw me.
PRONOUNS:
Pronouns must also be changed to fit the reported statement.
EXAMPLES:
Tom:"I bought my girlfriend a pin for her birthday."
Tom said that he'd bought his girlfriend a pin for her birthday.
Alice: "Can I borrow your car?"
Alice asked me if she could borrow my car.
TIME ADVERBIALS

When the reporting verb is in the Past Tense, "time adverbials" may also change.
Here are some possible changes:

  DIRECT   INDIRECT/REPORTED
  Now   Then/At that time
  Today   That day/The same day
  Tomorrow   The next/following day
  Next week, etc.  The next/following week, etc.
  Yesterday   The day before
  Last week, etc.   The week before
  This   That
  These   Those
  Here   There

FINANCE

POLITICS
THE FUTURE REVIEW
THE FUTURE

USE:
We use the Future to talk about actions and states in the future. We can use
various verb forms to talk about the future.

EXAMPLES:
"What time are you leaving for the station?"
"Well, my train leaves at ten, so I'll leave here at about nine. That will give me
time. But you're going to give me a ride, aren't you?"
Four of the most important future verb forms are:

WILL
EXAMPLE:
"I will go home at six o'clock."

GOING TO
EXAMPLE:
"It's going to rain soon."

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

EXAMPLE:
"We're spending Christmas with my parents."

SIMPLE PRESENT
EXAMPLE:
"The next train to Oxford leaves at 2:45."

Each form carries a slightly different meaning.

CAUSSATIVE/ PERMISSIVE: ACTIVE

CAUSSATIVE/ PERMISSIVE: PASIVE

CAUSATIVES and PERMISSIVES

USE:
To describe when one person allows, asks, obliges or wants another person to
perform an action.

EXAMPLES:
"My father never let me drive the car when I was a teenager. He had my brother
drive me everywhere."

"Gee, the car's filthy; I must get it washed.

Janice! I want you to wash the car for me."
"Get Frank to do it!"

ACTIVE CAUSATIVES and PERMISSIVES

USE:
To describe when one person allows another person to perform an action (LET) or when
one person obliges or persuades another person to perform an action (HAVE, MAKE,
or GET).

FORM:
We generally use the following verbs in Active Causatives (in all forms including
Modals):
LET
HAVE
MAKE
GET
(Also PAY, BRIBE, PERSUADE, FORCE, OBLIGE, ASK, BEG, and EXPECT.)
AFFIRMATIVE

[SUBJECT + LET, HAVE, MAKE + Object + VERB (base)...]

EXAMPLES:
"I'll have her call home."
"You're making him get angry."
"She lets them stay up late."

[SUBJECT + GET + Object + INFINITIVE...]

EXAMPLES:
"We'll get him to finish it on time."
"She got him to wash the floor."

NEGATIVE and QUESTIONS

We can use LET, HAVE, MAKE, and GET in their normal negative and question
forms.

EXAMPLES:
"The boss didn't let me go home early."
"They are not having their house painted this year."
"He couldn't get them to clean their room."

"When will you let me use your computer?"

"Can't you get him to apologize?"
"Where are you getting him to take you tonight?"

PASSIVE CAUSATIVES and PERMISSIVES

USE:
The passive form is used with Causatives as with other verbs to emphasize the receiver
of the action. We use it when we want something done to someone or something.

FORM:
We generally use the following verbs in PASSIVE CAUSATIVES:
WANT
WOULD LIKE/'D LIKE
(More formal than WANT)
HAVE
GET (Less formal than HAVE) The verb which expresses the action is in the past
participle [V3] form.

If we want to mention the agent (the person who performs the action), we use the
preposition BY after the verb.

NOTE: WANT does not usually take perfect or progressive forms.

FORM:

AFFIRMATIVE

[SUBJECT + CAUSATIVE + Object + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]

EXAMPLES:
"I want the dishes washed!"
"You're getting your car fixed by the best mechanic in town!"

NEGATIVE and QUESTIONS

We can use WANT, WOULD LIKE, HAVE, and GET in their normal negative and
question forms.

EXAMPLES:
"I don't want the house painted blue!"
"I won't have my hair cut today."
"She didn't get the computer fixed last week."
"How would you like your steak cooked, madam?"
CRIME 2

RECYCLING
MOVIE MAKING