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GC Prese
GC Prese
INTRODUCTION TO
CHROMATOGRAPHY
• Invention:
• By M.Twsett in 1906
• ‘chroma’ means color and ‘graphy’ means writing
• Definition :
It is an instrumental method for separation and
identification of chemical compounds.
• Principle :
This technique is based on the difference in the rate at
which the components of a mixture move through a
porous medium (stationary phase) under the influence of
some solvent or gas (moving phase).
T=2 min
T=0
Gas flow rate 3 ft. / min.
T=5 min
T=0
(60/100) * 2 ft. / min. = 1.2 ft. / min. will be the flow rate.
(80/100) * 2 ft. / min. = 1.6 ft. / min. will be the flow rate.
• Gas C spend 80 % time in gaseous phase
Detector Response
Gas C Gas B
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (minutes)
Rt = 3.75 Rt = 5 min.
min. slower
faster moving
moving more
less retained retained
Flow of Mobile Phase
Injector Detector
T=0
T=10’
T=20’
Partition Adsorption
(liquid stationary phase) (solid stationary phase)
Column chromatography:
The mixture is dissolved in a suitable solvent and
passed through a tube containing adsorbent.
Paper chromatography:
The components of mixture are migrated at
different rates and appear as spots on paper.
Thin-Layer chromatography:
In this a thin layer of solid adsorbent is coated on
a glass or plastic plate.
In GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
A sample is,
• Introduced into a injector port.
• Passed through column with inert carrier gas.
• Detected as a series of peaks by detector.
Experimental setup of GC
Carrier gas/ Gas Computer Controls for
Regulator Chromatograph Method and Output
CARRIER GAS
• It is stored in gas cylinder under pressure.
• Its flow rate is controlled by two stage regulator.
• carrier gas should have following properties :
• Inert
• Suitable for detector and sample.
• Readily available in pure form.
• Cheap
• Best column performance with required
speed of analysis.
• Non explosive
• In GC H2, He, and N2 are widely used as carrier
gas.
• Choice of Carrier Gas depends on sample to be
analyzed.
Thermal Conductivities Of Gases
Gas Thermal conductivity
cal/cm/0C/Sec.
H2 44.5
He 36.0
Ne 11.6
O2 6.35
N2 6.24
CO2 3.96
CH3OH 3.68
CH4 3.18
SAMPLE INJECTION SYSTEM
• Sample:
• Pure, less quantity.
• It can be solid, liquid or gas.
• Prepared as a dilute solution.
• Sample injection system:
• It is one of the important part of GC.
• Sample is injected using a micro syringe which enters
through a replaceable rubber septum (self sealing).
• As liquid sample is injected into a column it gets.
vaporized instantaneously so it enters in a column at
once.
• This system is temperature controlled.
Dilute
Solution
Pure
Sample
Column
• Columns are called as the brain of chromatograph.
• Generally used for the analytical purpose.
• Made up of glass or metal tube.
• Columns are usually placed in coiled form in a oven.
• There are two types of columns –
1) Packed column
2) Capillary columns
• Except columns all the components are same for
GLC and GSC.
Packed Columns
• Made up of glass or a metal tube having
– Diameter 1 to 8 mm.
– Length 2 to 20 meter.
• The number of theoretical plates are 20,000 or
more.
• Metal tube is packed with granular stationary phase.
• H = A + B/V + CV
• Where,
• H is Theoretical plate height
• A = Depends on Eddy currents in flowing gas.
• B = Depends on diffusion of sample in gas phase and liquid phase. It is affected by
temperature.
• C = Depends on mass transfer of sample between two phases. (How fast the equilibrium
is achieved).
• V = Flow rate of the carrier gas.
Fig. A typical Van Deemter graph
Stationary phase
In GLC, Support must satisfy the following properties-
• High surface area.
• Chemically inert.
• Material used as a support is crushed fire brick and used even in high
temperature furnaces for extended time periods.
• Surface of support is coated with liquid film, which is also chemically
inert and it’s vapor pressure must be low.
• Column packing is based on the type of the sample to be analyzed.
For Example,
• Carbowax 20 M (Polyethylene Glycol) is preferred for the
separation of alcohols, esters, pesticides and essence of oils.
• DEG adipate (Diethylene Glycol) column is used for the separation
of fatty acids, esters and pesticides.
Stationary phase
• For GSC, Use of porous polymer beads as a
packing material have certain advantages-
• Stable up to 250 0C and causes no base line drift
and hence allows the use of the highly sensitive
detectors.
• no adsorption of polar components such as
water, alcohols, acids and are eluted rapidly as a
sharp symmetrical peaks.
• Sample overload recovery is rapid and without
trailing.
• Polymer beads are mechanically strong.
• Retention data are highly reproducible.
• Some of the separation provided are unique.
Column packing
• It is important that the packing is evenly done and
contains no gaps. Following method is used for the
packing of column:
Column is left uncoiled and held vertically on a
suitable plane. The column material is slowly added
to it from the top. In this way every time small
quantity of material is added and column is well
shaken.
At this stage the ultrasonic vibrator is used to vibrate
the column.
After packing, both the ends are sealed by glass wool.
Then the column is bent into a coil so that it will be
more compact for handling.
Now the column is ready to use in the instrument.
Capillary column
• These are also called as the open tabular columns.
• Made up of stainless steel, copper or a glass etc.
but stainless steel is most popular.
– Diameter is 0.25 to 0.75 mm.
– Length is 30 to 90 meter.
• Inside walls are coated with liquid phase in the
form of thin (0.5 to 1 micron) and uniform film.
• Number of theoretical plates are about several
100 to several 1000.
• Disadvantage – low capacity of resolution.
• It is very delicate.
Enter from Exit to
Injector Detector
Packed Column
installed in Oven
Compartment.
Temperature Programming in GC
35
30
25
15
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
temperature of a column ( C)
Qualitative analysis
height h
W
base
Flow
Unequal loss of heat from filament
• When a compound elutes, the thermal
conductivity of the gaseous mixture of carrier gas
and compound gas is lowered, and the filament in
the sample column becomes hotter than the other
control column.
• Its resistance increased, and this imbalance
between control and sample filament resistances is
measured by a simple gadget and a signal is
recorded.
• For maximum sensitivity, change in resistivity
should be large. Hence carrier gas of high thermal
conductivity is used.
• H2, He has thermal conductivity 6 to 10 times
that of most organic compound. But they are
hazardous and costly.
• N2,Co2 has same order of thermal conductivity
as that of most organic compound. They are
cheap and non hazardous.
• TCD is not most sensitive but satisfactory for a
wide variety of analytical applications.
ELECTRON CAPTURE
DETECTOR
• It is non destructive in nature.
• It has extreme sensitivity.
• It is selective in nature, i.e. it is insensitive
to amines,alcohols and hydrocarbons and
sensitive to halogen compounds,compounds
containing functional groups like nitro
group, peroxides, quinone.
Principle: Decrease in ion current due to
presence of sample.
ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTOR
Ni-63
β-Ray electron
Flame Ionization Detector
• It is destructive in nature.
• It is one of the most sensitive detector.
• It is 1000 times sensitive than TCD.
• It is sensitive to all hydrocarbons and hetero-organic
compounds.
• Insensitive to many inorganic compounds.
• It is superior for quantitative analysis.
Detectors Sensitivity Linear range Comments
X 2
X1
X0
1 4 7
Retention Time, in min.
Approximation
of peak area by
triangulation
Absorbance
Peak A Peak B
height
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (minutes)
base
GC Retention Time
Response Response
Standard response for X Standard response for Y
Response
Response
• H = A + B/V + CV
Where,
H is Theoretical plate height
A = Depends on Eddy currents in flowing gas.
B = Depends on diffusion of sample in gas phase and liquid
phase. It is affected by temperature.
C = Depends on mass transfer of sample between two phases
V = Flow rate of the carrier gas.
Detector Response
Gas C Gas B
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (minutes)