Troitsky, M.S. “Conceptual Bridge Design.

”
Bridge Engineering Handbook.
Ed. Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan
Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000
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
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 
 
  
  
  

 
  
    
  
    
   
    
Óò Íò Ì®±·¬-µ§   
ݱ²½±®¼·¿ ˲·ª»®-·¬§  

 


     

          


              
         

   

              



 

 



   


              







  
         

             
       
 


                  











              
             
              


















               

               
            



              

     





 




         



         





            

                






               

                 





 Ú×ÙËÎÛ ïòï 


       



             

              
            


 

               
  



                

  Ë
 ¨ô §ô ¦ô

Ë«¨ô §ô ¦ô 








             



               

Ëô
¨ô §ô ¦

Ë Ë Ë
ã ðô ã ðô ã ð 
¨ § ¦

      

 ¨
Ë Ë
 Ë

              
    
            

¨ § ¦§¦
¨ô  ¨   

¨ ¨

    
 ¨                
 Ë §


            




                  
 µ²±©²




 


            

 
             



 

 




               


           

               
               



 













              
              
 ¾»-¬

                
              









               

               



ÌßÞÔÛ ïòï 
 









































               



         
           


       
    

                




             


 



ÌßÞÔÛ ïòî 
 




























             


 

 


              


              

              




  



           
            



    


              



             


 


             








               


±²»

               








 
 °®¿½¬·½¿´

                 






           






 




 

           


 
            

 
              
             

 

 

               
           


 
           


           
             

             

           


              







                

                 
               



                 



 

      



                


               

  
              

               


             





 
               
         


              



               
           





            
             











               




                  







              

              
             


         



 


               









              






                
                

             





                 

    




               



    




               

                

            

              
             


             
              

              
                



      
                




              



             
              
            


           



           
   


               





           

                  


              


 









               

              




  
             




                












               

               



                

               




            







           



 
            









                






                 





                 


                
              






              
                
 



            


 

                






              



               



            
           

            

 
 


              





             

 


              


 
 
 

 




 
 
 

               

              



 
               











               
              

                



                


 

               

            




              









    
             


 




 

             

 
           


            



 Þ®·¼¹» Û²¹·²»»®·²¹ô
   Ó»¬¸±¼±´±¹§ ±º Þ®·¼¹»- Ü»-·¹²ô   



    Ü»-·¹² ¿²¼ Ý¿´½«´¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» λ·²º±®½»¼ ݱ²½®»¬» ¿²¼ Ó»¬¿´ Ø·¹¸©¿§ Þ®·¼¹»-ô

 Þ®·¼¹»- ¿²¼ ̸»·® Þ«·´¼»®-ô
 DZ«® Þ±±µ ±º Þ®·¼¹»-ô
  ̸» Ì»² Þ±±µ- ±² ß®½¸·¬»½¬«®»ô        

 ̸» Ú±«® Þ±±µ- ±² ß®½¸·¬»½¬«®»ô
 ̸» ß®¬ ·² ͬ®«½¬«®¿´ Ü»-·¹²ô
 ײ¬®±¼«½·²¹ ͬ®«½¬«®»-ô


Leonhardt, F. "Bridge Aesthetics - Basics."
Bridge Engineering Handbook.
Ed. Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan
Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000
 


  
    
    
    
   
  
  
  

    
    
      
    
   
ͬ«¬¬¹¿®¬ ˲·ª»®-·¬§  
 

 



                













w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

              





              
           


 
 

ß»-¬¸»¬·½-æ 
 
ß»-¬¸»¬·½æ
 


 

           
              
    
             





  
             

         
      
           
          


           
              



              


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ


               


   
 
                
            


              



   

            



      
               

               






                


              









            

                
 



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ îòï 

 


              

 
  

             


               




              
              

   

                  






    







w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 
               
 







              


             



 



 
                 
             
   
 
   
 

  

  
  
  

               

                 


             
 







  


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ îòî  


            


  













 
       

      



   



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ



            






     
 
    

    


             

            


                 
        
   





 

¾ ¿
øîòï÷
¿ ¿ ¾



ë ï
¿ ¾ ïòêïè ¾ øîòî÷
î

            

   

    

     
  
  


 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ îòí 



ïòêïè ïòêïè
îòêïè
ïòêïè ï ðòêïè

îòïêè øêñë÷ ã íòïìïê ã


  




  í 
  
    
 í 


                

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ îòì 

Ú×ÙËÎÛ îòë  í 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ




               


 
                

          
              







 

                




 
    
          
 
            
              






                











w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ îòê 




        
              


 

  

  
  
  



 
 

             
 

               
              

            
    

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ



 

         
              
             


           





           


             


 


               


             

          
               
            













 

                

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ


               









       

              











           



                 

                
             

    


      
             


               


                 


                  




w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

                 










             
   

                




             







                
              


 






              
             
           





 



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ







 






      


            
          
              
          




 

             


           
   






 

 
   

 
   
 
    

       
              

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ



              
             
             


               

               


 

               

             









               
             




 

           




               

            
                 


 
 
   


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ






 
               


               




 






              

             
             






 
             
    





     
        
   

              

              

               


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ





 

                


   
                 








 





                



              


 


                







      





w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

                    





  

 


               



 
 
             

 
 
 
 
 
              

 
 
   
ô
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
ô
ô
 
 
 
 
  

             

   

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

  

 
 
 
 ô 
  
  
 ô

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Billington, D., Gottemoeller, F. "Bridge Aesthetics - Structural Art."
Bridge Engineering Handbook.
Ed. Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan
Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000
 



 
   
  
  
  
   
    
    
Ю·²½»¬±² ˲·ª»®-·¬§   
   

 
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ß--±½·¿¬»-ô ײ½ò  

 


              

            
               

              



              







w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ íòï 

 



              
            



                 






               



  

     



             


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ íòî 


 

                
           

          


                 
         
             



               
             


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ íòí 

Ú×ÙËÎÛ íòì 

 





w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ











              

           


            



            
                



          




      

       
               
      


               








               




       

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ íòë 



              
              



 

 


             

              




                 





               
                

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ














           

            








   

 





           

                



  



               





             


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ íòê 










                








w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ íòé 

Ú×ÙËÎÛ íòè 

             




        



               




                  
               

    
                






w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ íòç 






              
               



 




 




                 
               



        


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

                     

            




 



    


           

 




              

 


               

           



               



                


              





 
              



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ íòïð 

 
 

 
    
                 



              





                  

 




 
 




w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ íòïï 




 

             

              







               





   

             

 


  


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ íòïî 

Ú×ÙËÎÛ íòïí 

 
   

               

  







  

 
          
            



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ íòïì 




 




               











w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

                   







            



              

            

               
              
               







           




            
               

           



              




            
            
              





w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 



                 



           

              





               




               


            

               





     



              
 


                 

                


                


            


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ íòïë 



             









 

            

                 
              

              







w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Ú×ÙËÎÛ íòïê             



               

 
             

            






             








             



            


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Ostenfeld, K.H., Hommel, D.L., Olsen, D., Hauge, L. "Planning of Major Fixed Links."
Bridge Engineering Handbook.
Ed. Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan
Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000
 ì
д¿²²·²¹ ±º
Ó¿¶±® Ú·¨»¼ Ô·²µ-
 
 
    
    
   

 
Õ´¿«- Øò Ñ-¬»²º»´¼     
ÝÑÉ×ô Ü»²³¿®µ     
Ü·»¬®·½¸ Ôò ر³³»´     
ÝÑÉ×ô Ü»²³¿®µ     
    
Ü¿² Ñ´-»²   
ÝÑÉ×ô Ü»²³¿®µ
    
Ô¿®- Ø¿«¹»   
ÝÑÉ×ô Ü»²³¿®µ

 

            





                 


                   




           



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

ÌßÞÔÛ ìòï 
    

   


   

   
 



   

   

   
   
  

   








  

  

  
  

   

 
   
  
   
 

   





  


            



 




w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



                




               


      
      
               



               
 




 

 






 






w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Ú×ÙËÎÛ ìòï                


 




             
            


             


 

             

            


 
               




w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

             




 
 
 
 
 
     
     

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


           


 


     

 
 
 
 

               






             

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

              



             


 

            



 
            












           

 








               
               



 
 
 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

              




 

              





             


             


               
            



              



                





             

            

              






                 




w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 
             





 
 
 
 
 


 
 
            





           

 
 
 
 
             

 
 

 
   

 
 
 
 
 
 
 



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

             

              

 
 
 
 


 
 
 

 



                




      



            
              







      
        
            



 
 
 
 
 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ




 

             



           
     



             



            

              

           


















 
 
               




w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 

            



 





            




            





 

 




 
 
 
 
 
           
       




    


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Ú×ÙËÎÛ ìòî 

 



               


 
             

 





     





w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

               


              
        









           

 
          
               
              


 
              

          







               


              



               

               


 



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ





 

             

 
 
 
 
 
                
           
              



              
               
    


               




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
              






w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ





              








  

 

              





           

             

             
        


             



          







              

 
 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 
 
 
 


           


 



               


 



              

 

 

 
 
 

 





           
                





             

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ














 
 
 
 
 




           


                


 
 
 
 
 

           



              
              
       





w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ ìòí 





    
                









 

                
              
    


 

 

     
             

              


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 

               







 







                 


               


   




 
 
 
 

 
 



 
 
 
 





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              



             

            

            




              

 










              










    












w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ ìòì 




  






           
               
             










              
      
           


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ ìòë 



            
                
            








             
            






            
                


                



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ ìòê 

               

  


 
             





               


          
 



               



              





w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ ìòé 



             






     

              







                
 



              



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

       


               






                
             
              







            
               




 

            

 

 
          







             




 


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ




              


 


             
           



 
 
 
 
 
              

    


            

              



 
 
 

           

 

 
 
 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Kulicki, J.M. "Desgn Philosophies for Highway Bridges."
Bridge Engineering Handbook.
Ed. Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan
Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000
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Ü»-·¹² и·´±-±°¸·»- º±®
Ø·¹¸©¿§ Þ®·¼¹»-

 
 
  
    
   

Ö±¸² Óò Õ«´·½µ·   
Ó±¼¶»-µ· ¿²¼ Ó¿-¬»®-ô ײ½ò     

 
          
         
    
  




               


               
        
     
             








w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 



            





 
           

 
       


 



 



              


           


 

 





 


             


Ó Í Ú§ ïòèî øëòï÷

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ


" 
 
 






              
        

                



        
           

            






               

            




 




ïòíð ÓÜ îòïé Ó Ô × Ó« øëòî÷


  
  
  
#  
               



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ


 
              









                
               


 

 
            



                





 







               

              


    


 
 
           


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Ú×ÙËÎÛ ëòï 



            




 Ï  Î 

    
                




                  
                 




$%
$%
 
              
              



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Î Ï Î Ï øëòí÷

            

 $

Î Ï
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øëòì÷
Î Ï

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Ú×ÙËÎÛ ëòî     $          



 $




Î Ï · ¨· øëòë÷



î î ï
Î Ï Î Ï Î · ¨· øëòê÷

 &
 #'

· ¨·
î î
øëòé÷
Ï Î Ï

#
$(
   $   
       $           


     $          
            $   





                 
              


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 
              

             



 
$
$

 
    


· ¨· ¨· ² · ¨· ²Ê· ¨· øëòè÷





· ï ²Ê· øëòç÷





                  
            



 

 
             

 


             







w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  
 
 
 
 
 
 




             




 
 
 
 
 
 





                


 


            

 

 




              


 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Ú×ÙËÎÛ ëòí             


ÌßÞÔÛ ëòï 


     
     
     
     
     




 $

   $

 
             
 
              
(
 ( (
(

   $  #



$
((
#




w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 ÌßÞÔÛ ëòî 
#
   

   

  
   
  
   
  
   
  

      



Ú×ÙËÎÛ ëòì 



  


             
  

               


 

 
 
              

               


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 
               



Ï· ÎÛ ÚÍ øëòïð÷


 
 
 


· Ï· Î øëòïï÷


( 
 
 
# 


· §· Ï· β ή øëòïî÷


)  ) ) ) )) ) ) *(
)))) +(
(  
#  
)  
)  
)  
)  
  
               

  #


 


               

            
           


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ




          









      












             
             

            





) * 
 
* 



) 

              


            



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 

) * 
 
* 


) 

 


 )

              
               
          
          )    *
 )                

 



 
                 

            


              
 
            
             

              



              
   





                    


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 ÌßÞÔÛ ëòí 
  


 
  
  
  
  
  
  


  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

ÌßÞÔÛ ëòì 

 
 
 
   
    
            

 (       ( (    

 (       ( (    
 (       ( (    

 (            
     
 (       ( (    
 ( (           
 (            
        ( (    
             
        ( (    
             


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 ÌßÞÔÛ ëòë  ( 

  
  
  
  

   
   

   
   
   
   
   
   
  





               


 $$$
            $    
$$

$





                


$
$ 
$            
$
$ 

$ 
$ 

$ 

$ 
$ 
$ 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 ÌßÞÔÛ ëòê ($

              
$
 (              

      $         
               
      $         

               


      $         

      $         
               
      $         
               
               
               
      $         

  $    $        

  $            


  $    $        


  $    $        
  $    $        
  $    $        
  $    $        
  $    $        
  $    $         
  $    $        
  $    $        
      $        





 


$
 Ó¿¨·³«³ ˲·¬ ͬ®»-- Ñ°»®¿¬·²¹ ο¬·²¹
л®½»²¬¿¹» ã ïððò
ß´´±©¿¾´» Þ¿-·½ ˲·¬ ͬ®»--


             







             



               

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ



 
 

 
   




           

              




         
             




 

 
            


            

            
            


 
           


           

 

             
    

          



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 


          




 





           
   







           



                
   
               
               

 
           

              
              

             
             




 

 


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 



           

 

  

          

 
           


              

 

    

 


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Hida, S.E. "Highway Bridge Loads and Load Distribution."
Bridge Engineering Handbook.
Ed. Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan
Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000
 ê
Ø·¹¸©¿§ Þ®·¼¹» Ô±¿¼-
¿²¼ Ô±¿¼ Ü·-¬®·¾«¬·±²

 
 
 
    
  
    
  
  

 
 
Í«-¿² Ûò Ø·¼¿
 
Ý¿´·º±®²·¿ Ü»°¿®¬³»²¬
±º Ì®¿²-°±®¬¿¬·±²   

 
              
    




           

              
                

               

               
              


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


                 


 



           


  
              
      



 
    
             

             
               


    
         



               
     




w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Ú×ÙËÎÛ êòï           


  

            




 


        
      

                




 





                 


 
   
            

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Ú×ÙËÎÛ êòî 


               

               

            


           
            
            


 

       

             

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ êòí 



 

            

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

ÌßÞÔÛ êòï 

  
   
  ïòë  
ï ½ï ¬¿²
   
  ðòîë ðòîë
  
Õ¹ Í
  ½ï ð òîë  
í
 Ô¬ - Ô
  
   

     

    



             


     



            





  
 
            

 

Û îëð ðòìî ÔïÉï øêòï÷


Û îïðð ðòïî ÔïÉï É ÒÔ øêòî÷


              
 

 
            
     





w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

ÌßÞÔÛ êòî 

 
   
    
 í
ðòí   
Ô¬
  ïòð îòð -
¬¿²   
 Õ¹  


  Ô  
ïòð ðòîë ¬¿²
éð¼   
  
  
 

  Ô¼  

ïò𠬿²
êÍ   
  
  
 

  Ô ¬¿²  

ïòð
çð¼   
  
  
  

             





 
      
 
   

              







 
 
 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ êòì 

ÌßÞÔÛ êòí 

 
 
 
 
 

 






 

    
                

                 
             



 







             
 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 ×Ó ìðøïòð ìòï ïð ì ÜÛ ÷ ð û øêòí÷

 

              



ìªî
Ý øêòì÷
í¹Î






 
 

 

         


ÌßÞÔÛ êòì 

  
  
  
  

 
       


 
 
                 


î
î
Ê ÊÜÆ
ÐÜ ÐÞ ÜÆ ÐÞ øêòë÷
ÊÞ îëô êðð


                
                 


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 ÌßÞÔÛ êòë   

   
   
   

     

       
     


ÌßÞÔÛ êòê  

   
   
   

     

       
     


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 



  


                



 


                   




 





w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 ÌßÞÔÛ êòé 
  
              

      
      
      
      

       




Ú×ÙËÎÛ êòë 




     

 
           

            
              
    

 
              






w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Ú×ÙËÎÛ êòê 
           



         

 
    


 


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Liu, X., Zhang, L. "Structural Theory."
Bridge Engineering Handbook.
Ed. Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan
Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000
 é
ͬ®«½¬«®¿´ ̸»±®§

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    
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


  

  
 
 
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
   
    
  

 

             


 
             

              




w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ éòï 

 ·¶ 
              


 ·¶ 
 «· 


                



            




 

               

            
            


          
           






                 


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ




 









               

              


  
             



       


 
              




              





            




 

 
       


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ éòî 



Ì· ¶· ² ¶ øéòï¿÷



¶· ô ¶ Ú· ð øéòï¾÷

¶· ·¶ øéòï½÷

 ²·  ² Ì· 

² ¶·ô ¶  ·¶  ¨ ¶ 
Ú·  ·¶  Ú· 
Ì· 


¨ ¨§ ¨¦
Ú¨ ð
¨ § ¦

§¨ § §¦
Ú§ ð øéòï¼÷
¨ § ¦

¦¨ ¦§ ¦
Ú¦ ð
¨ § ¦


¨§ §¨ ô »¬½ò øéòï»÷

 ¨  §   ¦          ¨§  §¨   
 Ú¨  Ú§  Ú¦ 

              


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ éòí 

     ß«  ßÌ 



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

É»¨¬ É·²¬ øéòí÷

 É»¨¬  É·²¬ 

 ß  Êô  ·¶ 
  Ú·      Ì·        
 ö·¶  «·ö 


 ·¶  Ú· 
Ì·   ö·¶  «·ö   



 

              


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Ú µ ¼ øéòì÷

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Ú×ÙËÎÛ éòì 

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 Ú  ¼ 
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µ 



                



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Ú Ô Ð øéòë÷

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 Ô        Ð     

   

Ûß ñ ´ ð Ûß ñ ´ ð
» ð ð ð ð
µ øéòê÷
Ûß ñ ´ ð Ûß ñ ´ ð
ð ð ð ð

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ éòë 


» Ì
Ú ®ï ®î ®í ®ì
» Ì
¼ ¼ï ¼î ¼í ¼ì
øéòé÷
Ì
Ô ï ð ï ð
»
Ð Ð

 

 
Ê ªï  ªî  ªí  ª· 

ÊÊ
ª·  ª·  ¨·  ¨· 
v v
    »· ô »·  ¨·  ¨· 
ª· ´·¶ ª ¶ øéòè÷

v v
 ´ ¶· » ¶ »· ½±-ø ¨ ¶ ô ¨· ÷  ¨·  ¨ ¶  
       ø´·¶ ÷í í         

        ´·¶        ´·¶ ´ ¶·  
 ´ïî   ¨ï  ¨î  ´îï  ¨î  ¨ï  

             


½±- -·² ð ð
-·² ½±- ð ð
øéòç÷
ð ð ½±- -·²
ð ð -·² ½±-

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 


 
             


Ú Õ Ü øéòïð÷

Ú ß Ð øéòïï÷

 Ú  Õ  Ü 

ß  Ð 



              
             
            







 



             




 Ð 

ï
Ð ß Ú øéòïî÷








 Ó Þ 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ éòê 

Ú×ÙËÎÛ éòé 

  ÓÞ  ï  



ÓÞ Ð ªø ¨ ÷ øéòïí÷

ÓÞ ªø ¨ ÷ øéòïì÷

 Ó Þ  ªø ¨ ÷ 

 ªø ¨ ÷ 


 

 





                
¨·  ¨ï  ¨î  ¨í      ¨·          
 ·  ï  î  í  ¨· 
   ¨·   
 ·  

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 

ï
·¶ ø« « ¶ô· «®ô·«®ô ¶ ÷ øéòïë÷
î ·ô ¶

 «· ô ¶ «· ¨ ¶  ¨· 


ï
Û·¶ ø« « ¶ ñ· «® ñ ·«® ñ ¶ ÷ øéòïê÷
î ·ñ ¶

 «· ñ ¶ «· ¶
 · 
 «·ô ¶  «· ñ ¶ 
 «· 


         ¨·     ·      


ï
·¶ Û ·¶ ø« « ¶ ô· ÷ øéòïé÷
î ·ô ¶

 «·  ·¶ 
 ·¶ 
 «· 
            


·¶ ôµ´ µ´ ô·¶ ·µ ô ¶´ ¶· ô·µ ð øéòïè¿÷



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øéòïè¾÷
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w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  ·¶  «· 


 
         
             



» Ì »
Ô ¼ øéòïç÷

» »
       Ô   ¼     
»
              
    


 


Ì
ß Ü øéòîð÷

      Ü      
Ì
ß  ß 
            
            



            


 



     
             




 

 

             

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ éòè 

       




·¶ Ú·¶ ø µ´ ÷
øéòîï÷

 Ú·¶ 

   

    
  




 
 Ú·¶ 


·¶ Þ·¶ Ý·¶µ´ µ´
øéòîî÷

 Þ·¶        
·¶  Ý·¶µ´ 
 Þ·¶ 

·¶ Ý·¶µ´ µ´
øéòîí÷



 Ý·¶µ´ 


·¶ µµ ·¶ î ·¶
øéòîì÷

   ·¶ 

 µµ         ·¶      
       


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  Ú·¶ 




 








      

             



 

 

 
          
           
            
              

          




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Ð µ øéòîë÷
»
 µ  Ûß ´ 
   


» » Ì »
Ú Ô µ Ô ¼
øéòîê÷
» »
µ ¼


» » Ì
µ Ô µ Ô øéòîé÷

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ


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   µ          
          


 


              


Ú Õ Ü øéòîè÷

 Õ 
 Õ
 

             

Õ 


Ú Õ Ü øéòîç÷

 





 Õ 


                


 








» » » »
Ú µ ¼ ¼ð øéòíð¿÷

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ éòç 



» » » »
Ú µ ¼ ÎÚ ð øéòíð¾÷



» » »
ÎÚ ð µ ¼ð øéòíï÷

»
 ¼ð 


              
           


            

 


½±- · -·² · ð ð
-·² · ½±- · ð ð
øéòíî÷
ð ð ½±- ¶ -·² ¶
ð ð -·² ¶ ½±- ¶

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Ú×ÙËÎÛ éòïð            


 ·  ¶   

  · ð  ¶ 
 
          
             
 
      

 
   
            
            




              

              

 ø ÷ 

ø® ÷ ø®÷ ø®÷
Õ¾¾ Õ¾· ð Ú¾
øéòíí÷
Õ·¾ Õ·· Ü· Ú·

 ø ÷ 

ø® ÷ ø®÷ ø® ÷
Õ¾¾ Õ¾· ܾ Ú¾
øéòíì÷
Õ·¾ Õ·· Ü· ð

 ¾  · 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 


ø®÷ ø®÷ ø® ÷
Õ¾ ܾ Ú¾ øéòíë÷

ø®÷ ï
      Ú¾ Ú¾ø ® ÷ Õ¾·ø ® ÷ Õ··ø ® ÷ Ú· ø ® ÷    






  

 
   

   
 
  
 

             

           


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Krimotat, A., Sheng, L. "Structural Modeling."
Bridge Engineering Handbook.
Ed. Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan
Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000
 è
ͬ®«½¬«®¿´ Ó±¼»´·²¹

 
 
 
ß´»¨¿²¼»® Õ®·³±¬¿¬    
ÍÝ Í±´«¬·±²-ô ײ½ò
  
Ô·óر²¹ ͸»²¹   
Ý¿´·º±®²·¿ Ü»°¿®¬³»²¬ ±º Ì®¿²-°±®¬¿¬·±²  

èòï ײ¬®±¼«½¬·±²



             
            
           

            



               




              



            






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




           

                
           

               

              


     
             







             

    



èòí Ó±¼»´·²¹

èòíòï Í»´»½¬·±² ±º Ó±¼»´·²¹ Ó»¬¸±¼±´±¹§


              






           


      


           

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Ú×ÙËÎÛ èòï 

             

               

               





          
        



 





               
   
             


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ èòî 

             
              
               


             


             
             




              





           
            

            




w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ èòí 

Ú×ÙËÎÛ èòì   




                

            



             
              


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ èòë 

èòíòî Ù»±³»¬®§
           
           

   
            
           




  

               
            
      


 

       

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ èòê 




   

    





               
       


èòíòí Ó¿¬»®·¿´ ¿²¼ Í»½¬·±² Ю±°»®¬·»-






              



              

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ èòé 

Ú×ÙËÎÛ èòè 

    

           





            


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ èòç 

Ú×ÙËÎÛ èòïð 

    


           



               





w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ èòïï 






èòíòì Þ±«²¼¿®§ ݱ²¼·¬·±²-

   

             


 
          
    
             




          
              
     

       ß- ¿ ¹»²»®¿´ ®«´» ·¬ ·- »--»²¬·¿´ ¬± -»¬ «° -³¿´´
³±¼»´- ¬± ¬»-¬ ¾»¸¿ª·±® ¿²¼ ½¸»½µ ¬¸» ®»-«´¬- ª·¿ ¸¿²¼ ½¿´½«´¿¬·±²-ò

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ èòïî 

Ú×ÙËÎÛ èòïí 

Ú×ÙËÎÛ èòïì 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ èòïë 

èòíòë Ô±¿¼-
            
             
  
      
             
  
            

          
             
             
             

              


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







w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 Ú×ÙËÎÛ èòïê 




             



λº»®»²½»-
 
 

 
                

 
 


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Lyang, J., Lee, D., Kung, J. "Reinforced Concrete Bridges."
Bridge Engineering Handbook.
Ed. Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan
Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000
 Í»½¬·±² ××
Í«°»®-¬®«½¬«®» Ü»-·¹²

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 ç
λ·²º±®½»¼
ݱ²½®»¬» Þ®·¼¹»-

 
 
  
Ö§±«®« Ô§¿²¹  
Ý¿´·º±®²·¿ Ü»°¿®¬³»²¬     
±º Ì®¿²-°±®¬¿¬·±²   
ܱ² Ô»»     
Ý¿´·º±®²·¿ Ü»°¿®¬³»²¬     
±º Ì®¿²-°±®¬¿¬·±²     

Ö±¸² Õ«²¹
Ý¿´·º±®²·¿ Ü»°¿®¬³»²¬  
±º Ì®¿²-°±®¬¿¬·±²   

 


             

             
                


            

            



  

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

 

                 
         

  
 

ïòë
 ðòðìí   Óп øçòï÷

   

  ìèðð  




               

 
               

 
 
           




w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

   

    
    
      
     
     
      

     

      
     
      
     
  
     
  


 


 

 
 





            



  


 ã îñø ÷ øçòî÷

                  


  

  

ðòêí  º±® ²±®³¿´ó©»·¹¸¬ ½±²½®»¬»

 ã ðòëî  º±® -¿²¼Š´±©ó¼»²-·¬§ ½±²½®»¬» øçòí÷

ðòìë  º±® ¿´´Š´±©ó¼»²-·¬§ ½±²½®»¬»

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

   


 

   

   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   

    


             


            


 

               
 
             
 









 

 
                 
   
 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

 

       
 

          




 



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ





 





                



 








 

 

              





   øçòì÷

 
 


 
 


 




w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

    
 

 

 
 
 

 
 


 

  
    

 

             



               

             



 


 ïí ð òê   øçòë÷
 




            




 
         


               
             

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

   

  

ïòî  íððð  íððð

 
íð íð
  
  
  


 


 
 





-
-µ ðòððï ø  Š éêð÷ øçòê÷
ïîðð



 





 

 
 
 
 
 
         


                



 
 
í í
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  ã  õ ï ½®  øçòé÷
 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

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 

               




          

  
    ñ   
  









 ïìë ðòíí ³·² ëë øçòç÷



 



  





 

  
 



  ã ðòèë    ã ðòèë ï   øçòïð÷

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  



ã ï øçòïï÷



  ã ðòèë ï  ø ÷  øçòïî÷



   øçòïí÷



 ã    øçòïì÷



  õ   õ  ã  øçòïë÷

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    ðòèë ï     
  øçòïê÷
ðòèë ï  



   
       ðòèë ï      øçòïé÷
î î î î

  
  
  
 
 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 ðòèë º±®  îè Óп

 îè
ï ã ðòèë ðòðë º±® îè Óп  ëê Óп øçòïè÷
é

ðòêë º±®  ëê Óп


 


ðòìî øçòïç÷




 


³·² ðòðí ô ©¸»®» ³·² ã ®¿¬·± ±º ¬»²-·±² -¬»»´ ¬± ¹®±-- ¿®»¿ øçòîð÷


            



  
  ·º   øçòîï÷
 

 
             


 
         øçòîî÷


              



  



 

              
             
    

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 
 


                
 

                


                



  

                  

 
 

 øçòîí÷
 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 

    ô 
  



ðòë ½±¬


øçòîì÷
 

 
 
                   
              
               

 

 
  ðòðèí    øçòîë÷


 

   ½±¬
 øçòîê÷





   
 ðòðèí  ±®  øçòîé÷
 ðòðèí  



·º  ðòï     ô ¬¸»²  ðòè  êðð ³³ øçòîè÷

·º  ðòï     ô ¬¸»²  ðòì  íðð ³³ øçòîç÷

 


 
  ðòë  ½±¬ øçòíð÷


             


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

            
 


 




            
            
 

 
 
    


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

  
 


  
        ï       øçòíï÷
î î

 î   øçòíî÷

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ


ï
      ï  øçòíí÷
 

î
î 
     ï   øçòíì÷
 î



ï í ï í î î
½®          ø ï÷    øçòíë÷
í í

                





 øçòíê÷
½®



 ø   ÷ 
  ï øçòíé÷
½® 



ø   ÷ 
  ï øçòíè÷
 




 øçòíç÷


 


 


»ºº
ì

»ºº ¬¸» -³¿´´»-¬ ±º øçòìð÷
ïî 

¬¸» ¿ª»®¿¹» -°¿½·²¹ ±º ¿¼¶¿½»²¬ ¾»¿³-

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  
 

 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 

 
 


 

 

 

 

   
   

     

        
       




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 

  


              


 




w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  



   

         

         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         


         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         


 
 
 

 

 






¬¸» »ºº»½¬·ª» ¼»°¬¸ ±º ¬¸» ³»³¾»®

¬¸» ´¿®¹»-¬ ±º ïë ¬·³»- ¬¸» ²±³·²¿´ ¼·¿³»¬»® ±º ¿ ¾¿® øçòìî÷
ðòðë ¬·³»- ¬¸» ½´»¿® -°¿² ´»²¹¬¸


             


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

Ó·²·³«³ Í°¿½·²¹

Þ¿® Í·¦»

13 51 51 63 63
16 54 56 70 70
19 57 68 76 83
22 60 78 82 96
25 64 90 90 110
29 72 101 101 124
32 81 114 114 140
36 90 127 127 155
43 108 152 152
57 143 203 203


 
 
 




¬¸» »ºº»½¬·ª» ¼»°¬¸ ±º ¬¸» ³»³¾»®

¬¸» ´¿®¹»-¬ ±º ïî ¬·³»- ¬¸» ²±³·²¿´ ¼·¿³»¬»® ±º ¿ ¾¿® øçòìí÷
ðòðêîë ¬·³»- ¬¸» ½´»¿® -°¿² ´»²¹¬¸

 

 

 


  
           




           


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  


  

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 
 
 
·²¬»®·±® îëð ðòìî ïï
 
       

·²¬»®·±® îëð ðòìî øçïëð ÷øçððð ÷ ìðêï ³³

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 
 ïð ô éðð
   î
íêðð íêðð
 ïðô éðð
ëíëð ³³
 î

·²¬»®·±® îïðð ðòïî ïï îïðð øçïëð ÷øïðô éðð ÷ íîèé ³³ ä ëíëð ³³

Ë-» ·²¬»®·±® íîèé ³³

 

 

íîèé
 
î
Ë-» »¼¹» ïèðð ³³

 
   µÒ ³ î
   µÒ ³ î

   µÒ ³ î
 

 

 ÔÔóÌ®«½µ ã øîïìòî÷ øìòëéë÷ ‰ øïìë÷ øìòí÷ ã íëêòìé µÒ ³

 

 ÔÔóÌ¿²¼»³ ã øçëòëè÷ øìòëéë÷ ã ìíéòîè µÒ ³ò

Ü»-·¹² Ì¿²¼»³ ݱ²¬®±´-

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

øçòí÷øçòïë÷î
 ÔÔóÔ¿²» ã ã çéòíî µÒ ³
è

 

 



     
 
Ë-» ã ðòçë

 
 
çéòíî
  îçòêï  
íòîèé
ìíéòîè
   øï ðòíí÷ îçòêï îðê òëì  
íòîèé
 î øïòêê÷øçòïë÷î
  ïéòíé  
è è
-´¿¾ î øïïòëì ÷øçòïë÷î
  ïîðòéé  
è è
   
 
 

 



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 ï çéòí
  íîòìì  
î ï òè
ï ìíéòîè
   íîòìì îîêòí  
î ï òè

ëòêë çòïëî
  ïïòëì ïëíòêí  
ï òè è

ïòè ðòëí çòïëî

  øïòêê÷ ïîòîë  
ï òè è
   
 
 
 
îë
  
î



  
    ¿²¼   ï
î ðòèë  


 ëïïòëì ïð ê
 îòéêê Òñ³³
 î øðòç÷øïððð ÷ø ìëîòë÷î

 ìîð
ã ïéòêìé
øðòèë÷  øðòèë÷øîè÷

ï î  ï îøïéòêìé÷øîòééê÷
ï ï ï ï ðòððé ðë
  ïéòêìé ìîð

  



 
  
  ëïð ìîð
 éðòê ³³
ðòèë ï   ðòèë ðòèë îè ïëð



 éðòéç
ðòïëê ðòìî ÑÕ
 ìëîòë

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 
ëïð îè
³·² ðòððé ëï øðòðí÷ ðòððî ÑÕ
øïëð ÷ø ìëîòë÷ ìîð

 
   
 
 

ðòè  ðòèøðòêí  ÷ ðòèøðòêí÷ îè îòêê 

 íììô êèð

 èòêï Óп ðòè  å 
 ï
øìçð ÷î
ê



ï ï
 ø ÷ øè÷øëïð÷ îéòî
 ïëð
î î
 ø ÷ øè÷ø ìëîòë÷øëïð ÷ îìêïê
 ïëð

 î   ã øîéòî÷î øîìêïê÷ øîéòî÷ ïíî 

ï í ï
   ø   ÷î øïëð ÷øïíî÷í øè÷øëïð÷ø ìëîòë ïíî÷î ëíìòï ïð ê ³³ ì
í í
 ø  ÷ øíììô êèð ÷ø ìëîòë ïíî÷
   øè÷ îìè 
 ëíìòï ïð ê
 


îë
 îë íéòë 
î
 î  ¾¿® -°¿½·²¹ øî ÷øíéòë÷øïëð ÷ ïïô îëð ³³


 ð òê  
ø ÷ï í

îíô ððð îíô ððð

 ïí íðé  
øíéòë÷øïïô îëð÷ éë

 îìè Óп  îëî Óп ô  

Ë-» Ò±ò îë Þ¿® àïëð ³³ 

 
 Ë-» Ò±ò îë ¾¿® ¿¬ ïîë ³³

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  
             


ïéëð ïéëð
ëð ûô ¬¸¿¬ ·-ô ïèòíû ëðû
 çïëð

 


ëïð
 íòìð ³³ îñ³³ò
ïëð

 

Ë-» Ò±ò ïê à íðð ³³ 

ïçç
 ðòêêí ³³ îñ³³
íðð

 


ëïð
 ìòðè ³³ îñ³³
ïîë

 

Ë-» Ò±ò ïê ¿¬ îëð ³³ô 

 Ë-» Ò±ò ïê àîëð ³³ 

 


 øï÷ø ìçð÷
 ðòéë ðòéë ðòèéë ³³ îñ³³ ·² »¿½¸ ¼·®»½¬·±²
 ìîð



Ë-» Ò±ò ïí à íðð ³³ 

 
 

 





w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

    

 

 

            



             
   


 


   
 

     ïêèð ³³ 



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

¬±° ã îïð ³³

ï
â øîçðð îðë ïðð î ÷ ïîìòè ³³ øßßÍØÌÑ ëòïìòïòí÷
îð

 îêçë
ïîòè ä ïè øßßÍØÌÑ çòéòîòì÷
 îïð



 ¾±¬ ã ïéð ³³ â ïìð ³³ øßßÍØÌÑ ëòïìòïòí÷

ï
â øîçðð îðë ïðð î ÷ ïëê ³³ øßßÍØÌÑ ëòïìòïòí÷
ïê

 îðë ³³ 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 
 

 
               





 
 
          
            

 


 


 


 ã ðòçëå  ã ðòçëå  ã ïòðëå ¿²¼ ã    ã ðòçë øßßÍØÌÑ ïòíòî÷



 ã ïòðå  ã ïòðå  ã ïòðå ¿²¼ ã    ã ïòð øßßÍØÌÑ ïòíòî÷

 

ÜÝ ã ðòç ¢ ïòîëå ÜÉ ã ðòêë ¢ïòëðå ÔÔ ã ïòéë

 
 


îçðð
 ïîïï îêêï ³³ ä  îçðð ³³
î
 îêêï
 ðòêïç
ìíðð ìíðð

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 
 
      
              
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               

               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
 
 
     
             

              
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
              

              

              
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
              
  

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  ïðêê ëíë ëíï ä ïëðð  ïðêê ëíë ëíï ä ïëðð

ëíï ëíï
 ðòêì ðòéè  ðòêì ðòéè
íèðð íèðð
ðòç ðòï ðòç ðòï
îçðð ïêèð îçðð ïêèð
 ðòéè  ðòéè
îîðð îìô íèë îîðð íðô ìèð

ðòéêë ðòéìç

  

 

     

 
 
 



ï ï
 øðòêë÷øîìô íçð÷ íçêí ³³
ì ïô»ºº ì

¬±° ¬¸» -³¿´´»-¬ ±º ïî¬±°  ïîøîïð ÷ øîðë÷ îéîë ³³
      îçðð ³³



 ï 
  ¬¸» -³¿´´»-¬ ±º
î 
ï ï
 øðòêë÷øîìô íçð÷ ïçèî ³³
è ïô è
ï ï
ê¬±°  øê÷øîïð÷ øîçï÷ ïìðë ³³
î  î
îçï
¬¸» ©·¼¬¸ ±º ¬¸» ±ª»®¸¿²¹ çîð ïðêë³³
î
ï
ã øîéîì÷ ïðêë
î
ã îìîé ³³



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  



ï ï
 Åøðòë÷øîì íçð÷ ø ðòîë÷øíð ìèð ÷ ìçëì ³³
ì »ºº ì

¾±¬ ¬¸» -³¿´´»-¬ ±º ïî¾±¬  ïîøïéð ÷ øîðë÷ îîìë ³³

      îçðð ³³



 ï 
¾±¬  ¬¸» -³¿´´»-¬ ±º
î ¾±¬
ï ï
 Åø ðòë÷ø îìô íçð÷ ø ðòîë÷øíðô ìèð÷ îìéé ³³
è »ºº è

ï ï
ê ¾±¬  øê÷øïéð÷ øîçï÷ ïïêê ³³
î  î

îçï
¬¸» ©·¼¬¸ ±º ¬¸» ±ª»®¸¿²¹ ð ïìê ³³
î
ï
ã øîîìë÷ ïìê
î
ã ïîêè ³³


 
          



 îè
³·² ðòðí ðòðí ðòððî
 ìîð

 ø Û¨¬»®·±® ¹·®¼»® ÷ ï ïðí ëíð ³³ î

³·² ø Û¨¬»®·±® ¹·®¼»® ÷ øðòððî÷øï ïðí ëíð ÷ îîðé ³³ î

  îëðð ³³ î

 


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  
                
               
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            

            

            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
  
 
 

Ûºº»½¬·ª» ¼»°¬¸ ±º ¬¸» -»½¬·±² ã ïêîë ³³ 

¬¸» ´¿®¹»-¬ ±º ïë  ëíé ³³

ðòðë ±º -°¿² ´»²¹¬¸ ã ðòðë øîì íçð ÷ ïîîð ³³



 ±º Ò±ò íê ¾¿®- ïêðð ³³

 ±º Ò±ò íî ¾¿®- ïíðð ³³

 

Ûºº»½¬·ª» ¼»°¬¸ ±º ¬¸» -»½¬·±² ã ïêðï ³³ 

¬¸» ´¿®¹»-¬ ±º ïë  ìèë ³³

ðòðë ±º -°¿² ´»²¹¬¸ ã ðòðë øíð ìèð÷ ïëîì ³³

           
         


 ïêðï ³³ 

ïî  íèéòê ³³
ðòðêîë ø½´»¿® -°¿² ´»²¹¬¸÷ ã øðòðêîë÷øîì íçð÷ ã ïëîì ³³

±® ã øðòðêîë÷øíð ìèð÷ ã ïçðë ³³ 

 

ï ï
ø¿ª»®¿¹» ¿¼¶¿½»²¬ -°¿² ´»²¹¬¸÷ ã øíð ìèð îì íèë÷ îéìí ³³
ïð ïð


¬±° îìîé ³³ ä îéìí ³³

          

 

 ðòððïø  éêð ÷ ðòððïøïêîë éêð ÷ ðòèêë ³³ î ñ ³³ ±º ¸»·¹¸¬

 ïíô ìêî
 ïïòîï ³³ î ñ ³³ ±º ¸»·¹¸¬
ïîðð ïîðð

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

 -µ ã ðòèêëøîëð÷ ã îïê ³³ î Ë-» Ò±ò ïç ¿¬ îëð ³³ ±² »¿½¸ -·¼» º¿½» ±º ¬¸» ©»¾


           


 


 

 ã ïïôìêê ³³ îô  ã ïîêè ³³

  øïïô ìêê÷øìîð ÷
 ïêð ³³
ðòèë ù  ðòèëøîè÷øïîêè÷

 ïêð
 ïêðï ïëîï ³³ 
î î
 ¬¸» ´¿®¹»-¬ ±º ðòç ðòçøïêðï÷ ïììï ³³


ðéî ðòéîøïêèð ÷ ïîïð ³³


 
       

  ã íééî õ øêîçë Š íééî÷øðòðíñðòðé÷ ã ìèëí µÒi³

 ã ïíêë õ øïêðê Š ïíêë÷øðòðíñðòï÷ ã ïìíé µÒ

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  ïìíé øïððð ÷
 íòêï Óп
   øðòç÷øîçï÷øïëîï÷

 íòêï
ðòïîç ðòîë ÑòÕò
 îè

   

    

ì èëí ððð
ðòëøïìíé÷øïòíðí÷
ïëîï ïòèð ïð í

îððøïï ìêê÷

 íéòë 

   

ïìíé í
 ðòðèíøïòì÷ îè ø îçï÷øïëîï÷ ïð ïíîë µÒ
ð òç

 

øíçè÷ø ìîð÷øïëîï÷
λ¯«·®»¼ -°¿½·²¹ô  øïòíðí÷ îëð ³³
ïíîë ïð í

 
     


øíçè÷øìîð÷
ïíðé ³³
ðòðèí îè øîçï÷
³¿¨ ¬¸» -³¿´´»-¬ ±º ðòìøïëîï÷ êðè ³³

íðð ³³ ¹±ª»®²-

Ë-»  ã îëð ³³  ÑÕò

 

  ã øïï ìêê÷øìîð÷ ã ì èïë éîð Ò

  ìèëí ïð ê ïìíé ïð í
ðòë ½±¬ ðòëøïíîë ïð í ÷ øïòíðí÷
   øïëîï÷øðòç÷ ðòç

ì éêî ìðï Ò ä   ÑòÕò

             



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 ðòë ï
 
  


Ó±¼«´«- ±º ®«°¬«®»  ðòêí  ðòêí îè íòíí Óпô ðòè  îòêê Óп

 ìòïêî ïðïï ³³ ì   êëë ³³ô



 ìòïêî ïðïï
 ìòðê ïð è ³³ í
ø ÷ øïêèð êëë÷
°±- îìíç ïð ê
 êòðï Óп â ðòè  îòêê Óп
 ìòðê ïð è

 

   

 ã îíç ³³ â   ã  ¬±° ã îïð ³³ ÑòÕò



ï ï
½® øîìîé÷øîíç÷í øîìîé îçï÷øîíç îïð ÷í éøéðìî ÷øïêîë îíç÷î
í í
ïòðëé ïðïï ³³ ì



éøîìíç ïð ê ÷øïêîë îíç ÷

 îîì Óп
ïòðëé ïðïï

 


 íðô ððð
 ï ï íïð Óп â ðòê  ã îëî Óп
ø ÷ í øëð î ïîêè÷ í
øëð÷
é

Ë-»  ã îëî Óп â  ã îîí Óп 

 


 
 


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 
     


¹ ã øîìîé÷øîïð÷ õ øïêèð Š îïð Š ïéð÷øîçï÷ õ øïîêè÷øïéð÷ ã ï ïðí ëíð ³³î

îïð ïíðð ïéð

øëðç êéð ÷ ïêèð øíéè íðð ÷ ïéð øîïë ëêð ÷
 î î î ïðîë ³³
ï ïðí ëíð

ï ï
 øîìîé÷ øîïð÷í øëðç êéð ÷ øëëð ÷î øîçï÷ øïíðð÷í øíéè íðð ÷ øîðë÷î
ïî ïî
ï
øïîêè÷ øïéð ÷í øîïë ëêð ÷ øçìð ÷î
ïî
ìòïê ïðïï ³³ ì

 ìòïê ïðïï
½®  øíòíí÷ ïòíë ïð ç Ò Š ³³
 ïðîë

  

 îéî ³³ ô ½® ïòíî ïðïï ³³ ì



 ïèêî îïì øðòë÷øïëêë÷ îèëç µÒó³

 ïòíë ïð ç
ðòìé
 îòèê ïð ç
í í
½® ½® í
  ï ½® ø ðòìé÷í ø ìòïê ïðïï ÷ ï ðòìé øïòíî ïðïï ÷ ïòêï ïðïï ³³ ì
 





ïç ³³ ¬®«½µ ´±¿¼ î íð ìèð

³¿¨ íè ³³ ÑòÕò
ïí ³³ ´¿²» õ îëû ±º ¬®«½µ ´±¿¼ èðð èðð

 

              



 ³¿¨ ¼«» ¬± º¿¬·¹«» ´±¿¼ ã ðòéëøðòêïç÷øéëé÷øï õ ðòïë÷ ã ìðì µÒó³

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 


³¿¨ ã êì Óп



³·² ¼«» ¬± º¿¬·¹«» ´±¿¼ ã ðòéëøðòêïç÷øŠëçè÷øï õ ðòïë÷ ã óíïç µÒó³

            
 


 ³·² ã Šéòð Óп



 ³¿¨ Š ³·² ã êì Š øŠéòð÷ ã éï Óп



 ïìë ðòííø éòð÷ ëëøðòí÷ ïêì Óп â éï Óп ÑÕ


 
     






           

 

 
 

 
 

 
 
 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Duan, L., Chen, K., Tan, A. "Prestressed Concrete Bridges."
Bridge Engineering Handbook.
Ed. Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan
Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000
 ïð
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ݱ²½®»¬» Þ®·¼¹»-

 
  
  
    
  
Ô·¿² Ü«¿²   
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±º Ì®¿²-°±®¬¿¬·±²   
      
Õ¿²¹ ݸ»²     
ÓÙ Û²¹·²»»®·²¹ô ײ½ò    
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Ûª»®»-¬ ײ¬»®²¿¬·±²¿´ ݱ²-«´¬¿²¬-ô ײ½ò  

 



            
     

 
 
 º½ 


 

Û½ ðòðìí ©½ º½ øïðòï÷

 


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

    

ðòêí º½ º±® ²±®³¿´ ©»·¹¸¬ ½±²½®»¬» ‰ º´»¨«®¿´

ðòëî º½ º±® -¿²¼ ó ´·¹¸¬©»·¹¸¬ ½±²½®»¬» ‰ º´»¨«®¿´

º® øïðòî÷
ðòìì º½ º±® ¿´´ ó ´·¹¸¬©»·¹¸¬ ½±²½®»¬» ‰ º´»¨«®¿´

ðòï º½ º±® ¼·®»½¬ ¬»²-·±²




 


¬ í
-¸
µ- µ¸ ðòëï ïð øïðòí÷
íë ¬

¬
îê»ðòðïìîø Ê ñ Í ÷ ¬ ïðêì íòéøÊ ñ Í ÷
Õ- øïðòì÷
¬ çîí
ìë ¬

    

  
               



¬ í
-¸
µ- µ¸ ðòëê ïð øïðòë÷
ëë ¬



     


ðòê
Ø ¬ ¬·
¬ô ¬ï íòëÕ½ Õ º ïòëè ¬· ðòïïè ðòê øïðòê÷
ïîð ïð ¬ ¬·

êî
Õº øïðòé÷
ìî º½

¬
îê»ðòðïìîø Ê ñ Í ÷ ¬ ïòè ïòéé» ðòðîïíø Ê ñ Í ÷
Õ- øïðòè÷
¬ îòëèé
ìë ¬

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 
  



 
        

      


 

   
     
     
   
    
    

 



ïçéô ððð °- º±® °- ðòððè

º °- ð òì øïðòç÷
ïéïð ðòçè º °« º±® °- ðòððè
°- ðòððê

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 

ïçéô ððð °- º±® °-

ðòððè
º °- ðòëïé øïðòïð÷
ïèìè ðòçè º °« º±® °- ðòððè
°- ðòððêë

 

îðéô ððð °- º±® °- ðòððì

º °- ðòïçî øïðòïï÷
ïðîð ðòçè º °« º±® °- ðòððì
°- ðòððí

 
          


 
                
    
               

    

    
              

              
            



 
   
                
     
  

 

               

              
     



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

 
    
  

                  


 
              
        



 
             
        

       

                

  

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 
                

                  



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 
 
        
       

       

       
       
       
       
       
       
       

 

 
        

        

        
        
        
        


     
     
      
     
      
     
      
     
      
     
      
     

  
  

   
 
 


º °Ì º °ÛÍ º °ÍÎ º °ÝÎ º °Î øïðòïî÷



º °Ì º °ß º °Ú º °ÛÍ º °ÍÎ º °ÝÎ º °Î øïðòïí÷

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 
 
        
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       

 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 
 
    

   

  
  
  




 
 
         


¨
º °ß º ï øïðòïì÷
Ô°ß

Û ø Ô÷ Ô°Ú
Ô°ß øïðòïë÷
º °Ú

î º °Ú Ô°ß
º øïðòïê÷
Ô°Ú

   

  
                 

 
 
            

ø Õ¨ ÷
º °Ú º °¶ ï » øïðòïé÷

    

   
  
  º°ÛÍ


Û°
º½¹° º±® °®»¬»²-·±²»¼ ³»³¾»®-
Û½·
º °ÛÍ øïðòïè÷
Ò ï Û°
º º±® °±-¬ó¬»²-·±²»¼ ³»³¾»®-
î Ò Û½· ½¹°

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 
 
   

   

 

   

 

  º½ ìï 

îíð ïòð ðòïë ìï ÐÐÎ
ìï

  îíð ïòð ðòïë º½ ìï

ìï ÐÐÎ îíð ïòð ðòïë
º½ ìï
ìï ÐÐÎ
 ìï ìï

 º½ ìï
îíð ïòð ðòïë ìï ÐÐÎ
ìï















               


 
 
   
 
              

 
 

çí ðòèë Ø º±® °®»¬»²-·±²»¼ ³»³¾»®-

º °ÍÎ øïðòïç÷
ïï ïòðí Ø º±® °±-¬ó¬»²-·±²»¼ ³»³¾»®-


    

º °ÝÎ ïî º½¹° é º½¼° ð øïðòîð÷

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

                


               
            
 

´±¹ îì¬ º °·
ðòëë º °· º±® -¬®»--ó®»´·»ª»¼ -¬®¿²¼
ïð º °§
º °Îï øïðòîï÷
´±¹ îì¬ º °·
ðòëë º °· º±® ´±© ®»´¿¨¿¬·±² -¬®¿²¼
ìð º °§



ïíè ðòì º °ÛÍ ðòîø º °ÍÎ º °ÝÎ ÷ º±® °®»¬»²-·±²·²¹

º °Îî øïðòîî÷
ïíè ðòí º °Ú ðòì º °ÛÍ ðòîø º °ÍÎ º °ÝÎ ÷ º±® °±-¬ó¬»²-·±²·²¹

 


 

 


 
            

 
 



ж ж »§ Ó§
º øïðòîí÷
ß × ×

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 

  
    

    

   
    
   


   
    





 

  
  ðòê𠺽·
 ðòëë º½·

  


ðòîë º½· ïòíè


ðòëè º½·

 ðòìïë º½·





                   
 

 

 

 

 

 
             

      


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

    

  

  ðòìë º½

 ðòê𠺽
 ðòìë º½
   ðòë𠺽

 ðòîë º½
 





    


    

             







 


          
              
           
 
              
 


ж ж »Ý ÓÝ
º øïðòîì÷
ß × ×


   



× Ó
»´·³·¬ øïðòîë÷
ßÝ ×ж

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 



º¬ ×
»ù øïðòîê÷
ж Ý

 
 
            
   



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 
 
  
               

 
 
  º½ 
 

           


¿ ¿
Ó² ß°- º °- ¼ ° ß- º§ ¼-
î î
øïðòîé÷
¿ ¿ ¸º
ß- º§ ¼- ðòèë º½ ø¾ ¾© ÷ ï¸ º
î î î

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

¿ ï½ øïðòîè÷



ß°- º °« ß- º§ ß- º§ ðòèë ï º½ ø¾ ¾© ÷¸ º
½ ¸º øïðòîç÷
º °«
ðòèë ï º½ ¾© µß°-
¼°

½
º °- º °« ï µ øïðòíð÷
¼°

º °§
µ î ïòðì øïðòíï÷
º °«

º½ îè øðòðë÷
ðòèë ï ðòèë ðòêë øïðòíî÷
é

    

  

            
  
 
 
    


ß°- º °« ß- º§ ß- º§ ðòèë ï º½ ø ¾ ¾© ÷¸ º
½ ¸º øïðòíí÷
ðòèë ï º½ ¾©

¼° Ôï
º °- º °» « Û° ½« ïòð ðòçì º °§ øïðòíì÷
½ Ôî

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ


 

í
º±® «²·º±®³ ¿²¼ ²»¿® ¬¸·®¼ °±·²¬ ´±¿¼·²¹
Ô ñ ¼°
«
øïðòíë÷
ï òë
º±® ²»¿® ³·¼-°¿² ´±¿¼·²¹
Ô ñ ¼°



½
ðòìî øïðòíê÷
¼»

ß°- º °- ¼ ° ß- º§ ¼-
¼» øïðòíé÷
ß°- º °- ß- º§


Ó² ïòî Ó½® øïðòíè÷

 
               


×
Ó½® º º °» º¼ øïðòíç÷
§¬ ®


               


 
            



ʽ Ê- Ê°
ʲ ¬¸» ´»--»® ±º øïðòìð÷
ðòîë º½ ¾ª ¼ª Ê°



ʽ ðòðèí º½ ¾ª ¼ª øïðòìï÷

ߪ º§ ¼ª ø½±- ½±¬ ÷-·²

Ê- øïðòìî÷
-

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 


   

ª  

º½            
           
          
           
          
           
          
           
          
           
          
           
          
           
          
           
          
           
          






 
  
              
 
       
   


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

               

 

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Ú øïðòìë÷
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              
                



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Ú±® Ê« ä ðòï º½ ¾ª ¼ª -³¿¨ ¬¸» -³¿´´»® ±º øïðòìé÷
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Ú±® Ê« ðòï º½ ¾ª ¼ª -³¿¨ ¬¸» -³¿´´»® ±º øïðòìè÷
íðð ³³

 

            
          


 

Ôî
Ó øïðòìç÷
è Û½ × »

 

Ôî î
Ó½ Ó øïðòëð÷
è Û½ × í »

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

î
Ôî Ó» î ¿
Ó½ Ó» øïðòëï÷
è Û½ × í Ô

  

Ôî ë
Ó» Ó øïðòëî÷
è Û½ × ê ½

                 

              

                


 

 
   
     
              
 
               
 
  





 


  



 º½· îì Óп  
  º½ îè Óп 

    


  


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  







 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  
 
 

 
  



¼ ã ðòðìÔ ã ðòðìøìè÷ ã ïòçî ³

  


Í ³¿¨ ä î ¼ ã î øïòçî÷ ã íòèì ³



  
 

 



 

          


  

 
  
  
  

 
                  
             



    
                  

 
 




w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 
 

ÜÉ ã ø¼»½µ ©·¼¬¸ Š ¾¿®®·»® ©·¼¬¸÷ ø¬¸·½µ²»-- ±º ©»¿®·²¹ -«®º¿½»÷ ø¼»²-·¬§÷

ã Åïðòì ³ Š îøðòëì ³÷Ãøðòðéë ³÷øîîëð µ¹ñ³í÷øçòèðêê ³ñ-î÷ ã ïëôìîí Òñ³
ã ïëòìîí µÒñ³

 
              
          

 

         





 
 
 

ðòíë ðòìë
Í íðð ï
¹Ó ïòéë
ïïðð Ô Ò½
ðòíë ðòìë
îêðð íðð ï
ïòéë ðòìîë ´¿²»-
ïïðð ìèô ððð í

 

ðòí ðòîë
ïí Í ï
¹Ó
Ò½ ìíð Ô

ðòí ðòîë
ïí îêðð ï
ðòêíì ´¿²»- ø½±²¬®±´-÷
í ìíð ìèô ððð

 

É» îêðð
¹Ó ðòêðë ´¿²»-
ìíðð ìíðð

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 
 
 

ðòê ðòï
Í ¼
¹Ê
îçðð Ô
ðòê ðòï
îêðð ïçîð
ðòêéç ´¿²»-
îçðð ìèô ððð

 

ðòç ðòï
Í ¼
¹Ê
îîðð Ô
ðòç ðòï
îêðð ïçîð
ðòèìî ´¿²»- ø½±²¬®±´-÷
îîðð ìèô ððð

 
 


            
              


çêë çðð
Î ðòéïé
îêðð

¹ ª 㠳Πã ïòîøðòéïé÷ ã ðòèêï ø½±²¬®±´-÷

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

¼»
¹Ê »¹Ê ø ·²¬»®·±® ¹·®¼»® ÷ ðòêì ¹
íèðð Ê ø ·²¬»®·±® ¹·®¼»® ÷

éêë
ðòêì ø ðòèìî÷ ã ðòéðè ´¿²»-
íèðð

 

  

  

  

 



    


 
 

· Ï· β øïðòëí÷

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

  
       

      
      
      
      
       
      
      
      
      
      
      








                
            


Ü Î × ðòçë øïðòëì÷

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 

  
   
        

      

      
      
      
       
      
      
      
      
      
      








 



  

   

    

    

 

 
   
 
 


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  


   

   

  
    
  
   
  
  
    
  
  
   
   
   

   

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 

    


 
            
           
            

  

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º °Ú º °¶ ï » øïðòëê÷

               
 
 

 
 
    
   
    
 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       

Û ø Ô÷ Ô°Ú îððô ððð øïð ÷øìèô ððð ÷

Ô°ß íï êïí ³³ íïòê ³ ìè ³ ÑÕ
º °Ú çêòðê

î º °Ú Ô°ß î øçêòðê÷øíïòê÷
º ïîêòë Óп
Ô°Ú ìè

¨ ¨
º °ß º ï ïîêòë ï
Ô°ß íïòê

  
            


Ò ï Û°
º °ÛÍ º øïðòëé÷
î Ò Û½· ½¹°


                


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 °¶ ж » î ÓÜÝï »
º½¹°
ß ×¨ ר

èèðð èèðð øðòéïì ÷î ø èèêê÷øðòéïì ÷

ïòéíê ðòçêè ðòçêè
ëðêç ìêíë êëìð íïêì µÒ ñ ³ î í òïêì Óп

Ò ï Û° ì ï ïçéô ððð
º °ÛÍ º øíòïêì÷ çòìì Óп
î Ò Û½· ½¹° î ø ì÷ îìéêè

  
           



º °ÌÓ ã ïìë Óп ø«°°»® ¾±«²¼÷

  

º °Ì º °Ú º °ß º °ÛÍ º °ÌÓ


 ж 
               
          
 

º °Ú º °ß º °ÛÍ
Ú°Ý× ï øïðòëè÷
º °¶

º °Ì
Ú°ÝÚ ï øïðòëç÷
º °¶



¨ ÓÜß
º±® Í°¿² ï
Ô Ð¶
Ó-Ý øïðòêð÷
¨ Ó ÜÙ
ï º±® Í°¿² î
Ô Ð¶




Ó °-Ý× Ú°Ý× ø»÷ Ó-Ý øïðòêï÷

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

  
        

     

     
     
     
     
        
     
     
     
     
     
    
    
    
    
        
    
    
    
    
    
    

º °Ú º °ß º °ÛÍ
 Ú°Ý× ï
º °¶

º °Ì
Ú°ÝÚ ï
º °¶

Ó °-ÝÚ Ú°ÝÚ ø»÷ Ó-Ý øïðòêî÷





            
 

ºÜÝï ºÜÝ î ºÜÉ ºÔÔ ×Ó º °-Ú ðòë º½ øïðòêí÷



ÓÜÝïÝ
ºÜÝï øïðòêì÷
ר

ÓÜÝ î Ý
ºÜÝ î øïðòêë÷
ר

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

   

         

        

        
        
        
        
         
        
        
        
        
        

        

        
        
        
        
         
        
        
        
        
        

 


ÓÜÉ Ý
ºÜÉ øïðòêê÷
ר

ÓÔÔ ×Ó Ý
ºÔÔ ×Ó øïðòêé÷
ר

а» ø а»»÷ Ý Ó- Ý Ú°ÝÚ Ð¶ Ó °-ÝÚ Ð¶ Ý

º °-Ú øïðòêè÷
ß ×¨ ר ß ×¨

                   
 º½ 


ºÜÝï ºÜÝ î ºÜÉ º ÔÔ ×Ó ðòë º½

ж øïðòêç÷
Ú°ÝÚ Ó °-ÝÚ Ý
ß ×¨


  
 
 


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 
 
   
    
           

          

          
          
          
          
           
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
           
          
          
          
          
          





 



ºÜÝï º °-× ðòëë º½· ¿¬ °®»-¬®»--·²¹-¬¿¬»

øïðòéð÷
ºÜÝï ºÜÝ î ºÜÉ ºÔÔ ×Ó º°-Ú ðòìë º½ ¿¬ -»®ª·½» -¬¿¬»

Ð¶× ø Ð¶× »÷ Ý Ó-× Ý Ú°Ý× Ð¶ Ó °-Ý× Ð¶ Ý

º °-× øïðòéï÷
ß ×¨ ר ß ×¨

             
     


ºÜÝï º °-× éòïë

º½·ô®»¹ ïíÓп
ðòëë ðòëë

«-» º½· îì Óп ÑÕ

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 
 
      
               

          
          
          
          
          
           
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
           
          
          
          
          
          






ºÜÝï º ÜÝî º ÜÉ º ÔÔ ×Ó º °-Ú ïïòíî

º½ô®»¯ îïòïê Óп îè Óп
ðòìë ðòìë

½¸±±-» º½ îè Óп ÑÕ

 


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Ó« · Ó· ðòçëÅ ïòîë ø Ó ÜÝï Ó ÜÝ î ÷ ïòëÓ ÜÉ ïòéëÓ ÔÔØ Ã Ó °-

 

          

 
 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 
 
        
           

          
          
          
          
          
           
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
           
          
          
          
          
          





 

      

         
        
        
        
        
        
         
        
        
        
        
        

 

 


ʫ ʲ

Ê« · Ê· ðòçëÅïòîë øÊÜÝï ÊÜÝ î ÷ ïòëÊÜÉ ïòéëÊÔÔ ×Ó Ã Ê°-

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  
           
            

          

          
          
          
          
            
          
          
          
          
          

 
       
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
         
        
        
        
        
        

 

  

        
           

           
           
           
           
           
            
           
           
           
           
           

 
             
              
 
 
                


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ


              

           

 

            

 

 

 


 
            

         


             


 

 
            

 

 


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

Sauvageot, G. “Segmental Concrete Bridges.”
Bridge Engineering Handbook.
Ed. Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan
Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000
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 
  
  
  
    
  
  
 
 
   

  
    
  
  

     
    
  
    
  
  
    
    
  
  
  

 
  
  
      
  
Ù»®¿®¼ Í¿«ª¿¹»±¬     
Öò Ó«´´»® ײ¬»®²¿¬·±²¿´ 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 





               






              




              

               
               

             

             



   
              


           




   

 



             


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  
              
      
           

 




         


                 
                



         

 



 
            
           

                 








             


 

 


             

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  



              

               


 
 
 
        






      



 

             







             


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  




        


               
    

 
        

              
           
              
               
    









w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

                


             
     





               



 
           
                

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

            
             
              




                




       



 


 



            



             

          
              
             
              
           






 

            

 

 


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

  
 
 
              

           



 
              



       






    



 

 



               

             



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  



                
             



 

 

             
            





w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

               
             

   





 
 
 

 
 

               



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

  



    

   


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 


               




          

           
               

           



    

 
             
            




          



           
         
             

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 



               

 



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

          


           

          


   
             


 
 
 

              





 

 



             



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

      







 

                 

              

                 
              



             
              


                


 
            






             
           




 

                 
       


    


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 ""
 

  



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

                 






               
               



 
             

               


              
               




 

 

             





 
            

      




           

                
        
 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 




            







   

 
               







   


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

 

 


 

               


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  




              
             
        






               
     
               
              


 

 
             
              
              

 
 
 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  





 



 
 
                

             


      
   
               





   






               



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 


     






w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 


             
               



   

   
                  

 
 
 
 
 

                 



               

             
     



               

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

   

             
                 

 
            

               

              

   

 

               
              


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 




 
 


            



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

 
 

             




 
 



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

                  


 



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  








                



             


   

               
              
             


 
 

                   

              
            
            

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 



                 

         

  
 
  


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ




                  

 





               


 
 


               
     





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
  
$  
  
"  
  



 

             
           
   






w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 




  


Ð Ó Ç
Ç Û½ Ì Ç øïïòî÷
ß ×


 
 
  Ç Û ¿ Ì Ç ¾ Ç ¼Ç
  Ç Û ¿ Ì Ç ¾ Ç Ç ¼Ç
 




Ó
Î ã óóóóóóóóóóóó øïïòí÷
Û½ % ×




w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ





 
 








 

              



                 

 


          

 


 
 

 
 


         



            
 

     


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 


             



 

 



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ



 








 
            


 
 
 

 

 
             


 



   


               



               


               
 
              
      



              


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

 


           

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  


            

       

                 


            




 

    
            


 
 
              
    


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

 
   
      
  
     
  
    
  
   

     
  
   
 
   
 
  
 
 
 

 




w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ








                 
  



              
 

 

 
            



 
 
    

 

      
       



                  

             


            

 
 

 
 
 

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ




 


                








                





              

 





  
 

               
     "          

       #          

   



 
            





w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

 

 








w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

               
                 

               
            






    




w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

                 

      






        

                 



                  



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 




                 


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

 

               
              



               
               


 
            



w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 

               






 
             
               



 





             



             

           




      


 
        
             




 


       
          

w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

 

  

  
  
  
  







               

  

             
                  
            




    

 

               


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  

              
              

              



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
               


 


           
             






                
               


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

 

              

















  

 
             







               





            

                

                


 
 
     
    
             


w îðð𠾧 ÝÎÝ Ð®»-- ÔÔÝ

  


                





 

  

  
              
             
             



 


            

            



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  

 
 
 
 
 

            

 

 

              

          

            
 
 

  

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