01 Drill String Components PDF

Quartz School
2.1. Drillfor Well

String Site Supervisors
Components
Module – 2
Drill String Design
& BHA Selection
Section – 1
Drill String Components
C. Alvarez Quartz School. Module 2: Drill String Design & BHA Selection / Section 1 1/149
2.1. Drill String Components
Contents
1. Functions of the Drill String
2. Main Components of Drill String
3. The Drill Pipe
4. Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
5. Drill Collars
6. Other BHA Components & Accessories
1. Functions of Drill String
• Transmit rotation from surface to the bit
• Transmit and Support axial loads
• Transmit and support torsional loads.
• Put the required WOB for drilling
• Guide and control well bore trajectory
• Allow circulation of drilling fluid for

• hole cleaning
• lubrication of drill bit
• Data transmission (telemetry / down linking)
2. Main Components of the Drill String
• Kelly or Top Drive
• Drill Pipe (DP)
• Heavy Weight Drill Pipe (HWDP)
• Drill Collars
• Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA)
• Drill Bit
• Kelly or Top Drive
• Element that transmits rotation to the drill string

• Transmits and withstands torsional loads to drill string
• Supports tension loads of drill string weight
3. Drill Pipe
• Description
• Tubular body built of seamless steel cylinder (pierced)
• Threaded ends built separately and coupled to the pipe body by
electric flash welding in the furnace
• DP is manufactured in different grades of steel according to the
strength required
• Internal bore with plastic coating that provides resistance to
chemical corrosion and abrasive flow
• Length Range: Range I (18’ – 22’); Range II (28’ – 32’)
3. Drill Pipe
• Functions
• Transmits rotation to the bit
• Allows circulation of drilling fluid
• Withstands tensional, rotational and

compressional stresses
• Designed to safely rotate in tension; not

under compression
• while drilling high angle, extended reach

wells eventually works in compression
3. Drill Pipe
• Specifications
• Steel Grade
• It is related to the “Minimum Yield Strength” of the steel alloy
from which the pipe is manufactured
• Also called “Plastic Limit” or “Yield Strength Limit” is the value
of stress above which a given specimen of the material
undergoes permanent deformation
• Steel Grade is a mechanical property of each alloy and is
identified by a Letter followed by a number. The number
expresses the thousands of pounds force per square inch of
sectional area (ksi) to reach the elastic limit of the alloy, above
which permanent strain will occur
3. Drill Pipe
• Specifications
• Steel Grade
There are four grades of pipe commonly used today:
Grade Min Yield Avg Yield
E or E-75 75,000 85,000
X or X-95 95,000 110,000
G or G-105 105,000 120,000
S or S-135 135,000 145,000

3. Drill Pipe
• Specifications
• Drill Pipe Weight
When referring to Drill Pipe Weights, there are four important ones:
Plain end Weight – refers to the weight per foot of the pipe body.
Nominal Weight – refers to an obsolete standard (weight of Range I pipe with

connections). Is used today to refer a class of Drill pipe.
Adjusted Weight – refers to the weight per foot of pipe including the upset but
excluding the tool joint based on a length of 29.4 ft.
Approximate Weight – the average weight per foot of pipe and tool joints of
Range II pipe. This approximate weight is the number to use in Design
calculations.
3. Drill Pipe
• Specifications – Tool Joints
All API tool joints have a minimum yield stress of 120,000 psi regardless
of the grade of the drill pipe they are used on (E, X, G, S).
Tool joints are always stronger in tension than the tube to which they are
attached, and almost always weaker in torsion than the tubes to which
they are attached.
API says that tool joint torsional strength should be at a minimum of 80%
of the tube torsional strength.
Make up torque is determined by pin ID or box OD. The make up torque is
60% of the tool joint torsional capacity. The equation for determining
make up can be obtained from the appendix of API RPG7.
The API has developed a series of charts to find the recommended make
up torque to any connection given the tool jt OD of box and ID of pin.
3. Drill Pipe
• Make Up determination for Tool Joints
3. Drill Pipe
• Specifications – Tool Joints
Drill pipe Upsets
Where the pipe joins the tool joint, the pipe wall thickness is increased or
“upset”.
•This increased thickness is used to decrease the frequency of pipe failure at
the point where the pipe meets the tool-joint.
•The drill-pipe can have
• Internal upsets (IU), ( OD stays the same, ID reduced )
• External upsets (EU), ( ID stays the same, OD enlarged )

• Internal and External Upsets (IEU), (ID reduced, OD enlarged)
3. Drill Pipe
• Specifications
•Tool Joint Types
• There are three common types of Tool Joints for DP:
• Internal Upset (IU),
• External Upset (EU),
• Internal and External Upset (IEU)
• The Adjusted or Approximated weight is rarely calculated. It is found
in the API – RPG and or proprietary / manufacturer tables
3. Drill Pipe
• Specifications
Mass of steel left in

EU, IU, EIU tool joints
3. Drill Pipe
• Specifications
• “Adjusted” or “Approximated” weight calculation
Nom upset Wt
Wt DP Adj = Tube Wt + ….(1)
29 . 4
Data from Table 7 - API 5D
Wt Tool Jt Adj ( )
= 0 . 222 × L D 2 − d 2 + 0 . 167 × D 3 − D 3 TE ( )
− 0 . 501 × d 2 × (D − D TE ) ….(2)
L= combined length of pin and box (in) D= outside diameter of pin (in)
d= inside diameter of pin (in) DTE= diameter of box at elevator upset (in)
Data From API Spec 7 - Fig 6 & Table 7
L + 2 . 253 × (D − D TE ) ft ….(3)
L Tool Jt Adj =
12 Data From API Spec 7 - Fig 6 & Table 7
3. Drill Pipe
• Specifications
• “Adjusted” or “Approximated” weight calculation – Example:
Calculate the “Adjusted weight” (approximated weight) for 5”OD, 19.5
lb/ft, X-95, NC50, “IEU” Drill Pipe.
Tool Joint dimensions: 6.375” OD x 3.5“ ID
Pipe body ID: 4,276”
Adjusted weight for Drill Pipe value is found in Table 9 of API – RP7G
3. Drill Pipe
• Specifications
From API RPG7
3. Drill Pipe
• Specifications – Threaded Connections
• DP tool joints pin and box are built separately and welded into the pipe
body during the manufacturing process.
• Thread geometry is strong with low taper and 3.5 to 5 threads per inch
defined by the manufacturer (proprietary connections)
• The thread seal area is the metal-to-metal contact between the pin base
and box circumference, often referred as the “shoulder” area / polished
surface.
• Some of the tool joint thread types available in the market are:
• API Regular, Internal Flush (IF), Extra Hole (XH), Slim Hole (SH), Reed
Wide Open (RWO), PAC, ACME, Etc.
3. Drill Pipe
• Specifications – Numbered Connections
• IADC code proposed to identify and standardize different types of tool

joints threads with arbitrary names given by the manufacturer
• The number given to a specific connection is derived from the

measurement of the pin diameter taken at 5/8 of an inch from the pin
base (see figure on next slide)
• Once the measurement is taken, the two first digits of it are selected
and “truncated rounded” without given consideration to decimal place
• The result is the corresponding “Numbered Connection” or NC
3. Drill Pipe
The most common thread style in DP is the so called “Numbered Connection”, NC

The thread has a V-shaped form and is identified by the pitch diameter, measured at a
point 5/8 of an inch from the shoulder
The size of a rotary shouldered connection is

fixed by its gauge point pitch diameter.
Example:
If the pitch diameter is 5.0417 in This
5/8”
is an NC50 connection:
GAUGE POINT PITCH DIAMETER
Multiply 5.0417 by 10 → 50.417
Choose first two digits → 50
Hence, NC 50
3. Drill Pipe
Examples of equivalent / interchangeable connections with NC:
3. Drill Pipe
• Specifications - Tool Joint Thread Seal
The threads DO NOT provide the hydraulic seal
Shoulder is the only seal

Channel
Box
Pin
3. Drill Pipe
• Specifications - Thread Identification
Use a Tool Joint ruler to measure

and identify both pin and box thread
type
3. Drill Pipe
• Specifications – Summary:
Size: 2 3/8” to 6 5/8” – refers to OD of pipe body
Length: Range 1: 18-22 ft, Range 2: 27-30ft, Range 3: 38-45 ft
Grade: E - 75, X - 95, G - 105, S - 135

the numbers denote 1000’s of psi minimum yield stress
each grade has a min, max and average yield stress
Weight: Called nominal weight
Class: API classification for used pipe
For example a drill pipe could be: 5”, Range 2, G-105, 19.5ppf, New
3. Drill Pipe
• Drill Pipe Class:
Unlike casing and tubing, which are normally run new, drill pipe is normally used in
a worn condition. It therefore has Classes:
New: No wear, has never been used

Premium: Remaining wall not less than 80%.
Class 2: Remaining wall not less than 70%.
Class 3: Remaining wall less than 70%.
Other details such as, dents and mashing, slip area mechanical damage, stress
induced diameter variations, corrosion cuts and gouges, specified on Table 24
(Classification of Used Drill Pipe ) of API RP 7G.
3. Drill Pipe
• Drill Pipe Class:
3. Drill Pipe
• Manufacturing Tolerances:
The API has set manufacturing tolerances on DP tubes:

OD tolerance:
For OD<= 4”, the tolerance is +/- 0.031”
For OD>4”, the tolerance is +1% -0.5%
Wall Thickness tolerance: -12.5%, +??

Mass tolerance:
For a single joint: +6.5% -3.5%
For a string: +6.5% -1.75%
There is no tolerance on the ID which is solely governed by the OD and

the weight tolerance
Tolerances do not apply to used pipe
3. Drill Pipe
• Drill Pipe of New Technology:
Enhanced Drill Pipe – Description:

Conventional DP with upsets like
stabilizers pads along its body to
stir cuttings beds in high angle &
ER Wells
Handling:
Same as regular drillpipe
4. “Heavy Weight Drill Pipe”, HWDP
4. Heavy Weight Drill Pipe, HWDP
• Characteristics
Design
Heavier wall and longer tool joints
Center wall pad
Also available in spiral design for more flexibility
and stuck pipe prevention (“flexi - wate”)
Function
Used in transition zones between DC and DP
This prevents the DP from buckling
Can be used in compression (?)
Used for directional drilling
Used in place of DC sometimes (?)
Not to be used for Weight on Bit in vertical wells
• Characteristics
Has the same OD as a standard DP but with much reduced

inside diameter (usually 3” ID for 5” DP) and has an
integral wear pad upset in the middle.
Uses same pipe handling tools and equipment than
standard DP of same size
It is used between standard DPs and DCs provide a
smooth transition between the different sections of the
drill string components.
Tool-Joint and Rotary shouldered connection, just like DP
HWDP, although stiffer than DP, can also buckle
• Characteristics
HWDP run in Compression?
HWDP can be run both in tension and in compression

BUT,
They should not be buckled
Manufacturers recommend not to run HWDP in compression in hole sizes
larger than 12 ¼”
Experience shows that they should not be run in compression in vertical holes
If run in compression, rules of thumb are:
TJOD + 6” > OH diameter
2 x TJOD > OH diameter
• Selection Options:
There are three selection options of HWDP for different applications:
• Conventional: slick pipe body with central upset
• Spiraled: spiral channeling on body surface (Flexi-wate)
• Tri-Spiraled: Slick pipe body with three spiral channeled upsets
• Selection Options:
Conventional Spiraled (“Flexi-Wate”) Tri - Spiraled
5. Drill Collars, DC
• Characteristics
Description:
Heavy walled metal tubes with built in threaded
connection on both ends (box up, pin down)
Dimensions:
Wide variety of OD and ID sizes, ranging typically
from 3 ½”x 1 ¾” to 11” x 3”
Most commonly in lengths of 30-31 feet
Types:
Slick – smooth external surface
Spiraled – spiral channeled surface to prevent
differential sticking
Special Fixtures:
Elevator and slip recesses for easy handling
Square collars where the holes tend to be crooked
• Characteristics:
Functions of Drill Collars:
Provide weight on bit for drilling / making hole
Protect the Drill string from Bending
Keep DP in tension while drilling vertical holes
Control direction and inclination of wells
Drill straighter holes or vertical holes
Provide Pendulum effect
Reduce dog legs, key seats and ledges
Improve the probabilities of getting casing in the hole
Increase bit performance
Reduce rough drilling, sticking and bouncing
As a tool in fishing, testing, completing
DC connections can work in tension or compression
Neutral Point of drill string should be located in the upper 15% length of
C. Alvarez
DrillQuartz
Collars
School. Module 2: Drill String Design & BHA Selection / Section 1 37/149
• Specifications - Strapping
length
ID
OD
elevator slip
fish neckrecess recess connection
Well# TRG 1 Bit # 1
Date: 28-Jul-03 Sl # 1234
Rig: IDPT Type atm 234
BHA#: 1 Manuf Hughes
Hole Size 26" Jets 20-20-20
Item Sl # ID OD FN Pin Box Length Remarks

Bit 1234 26" 7 5/8" R 0.75 New
Bit Sub SL 235 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 7 5/8 R 1.01
9 1/2" Drill Collar 9546 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 0.67 7 5/8" R 7 5/8 R 8.96
Stab 237689 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 0.93 7 5/8" R 7 5/8 R 2.36
9 1/2" Drill Collar 9503 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 0.78 7 5/8" R 7 5/8 R 9.01
9 1/2" Drill Collar 9521 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 0.95 7 5/8" R 7 5/8 R 9.04
9 1/2" Drill Collar 9520 3 1/8" 9 1/2" 1.03 7 5/8" R 7 5/8 R 8.99
• Specifications - Connections
DC connections are rotary shouldered connections and can mate the

various DP connections.
The shoulder provide the only positive seal against fluid leakage.
The connection is the weakest part of the entire BHA.
Improper M/U torque, improper or insufficient lubricant, galling can all
lead to connection failure.
The DC connections go through cycles of tension-compression and are
subject to bending stresses.
• Connection Stress
• Cracking in last thread of Pin
Stress in
Pin
Stress in
Box
• Cracking in last thread of Box
• Connection Stress
Stresses in DC connections are concentrated at the base of
the pin and in the bottom of the box
DP body bends easily and takes up the majority of the applied
bending stress, DP connections are therefore subjected to less
bending than the DP body.
DCs and other BHA components are however much stiffer
than the DPs and much of the bending stresses are transferred
to the connections.
These bending stresses can cause fatigue failure at the
connections
Stress Relief Solution:
Pin “Relief Groove” and Box “Bore Back”
• Stress Relief Features
The stress relief groove is a circular cavity built around the pin root
to mitigate the fatigue cracks where the face and threads would have
otherwise joined
The Bore Back is an enlargement at the bottom of the box that serves
the same purpose
Pin stress relief grooves are not recommended on connections

smaller than NC-38 because they may weaken the connection’s
tensile and torsional strength.
Bore Back boxes could be used on smaller connections.
• Stress Relief Features
• Pin relief groove to dissipate stress concentration in the joint
Relief Groove
• Stress Relief Features: Relief Groove and Bore Back
Normal Pin Normal Box
Pin with Stress Relief Groove Box with Bore Back Box with Stress Relief Groove
Pin Root “Relief Groove”
Upper Box “Bore Back”
The low torque feature consists in

removing part of the shoulder area
of the pin and box.
This allows for lower make-up

torque maintaining adequate
shoulder loading.
It is a common feature in large

OD connections.
• Stress Relief Features:
Cold Rolling
Cold Rolling BHA thread roots and stress relief surfaces

increases fatigue life by placing a residual compressive
stress in the thread roots.
Cold rolling is beneficial on HWDP threads, though not

on normal drill pipe tool joints.
• Recommended Make Up Torque:
API recommended make-up torque for connections is a
percentage of the total torsional yield of the connection.
M/U Torque as % of torsional yield
DC< 7 in DC>7 in
PAC 79.5% N/a
H-90 51.1% 56.2%
API NC 56.8% 62.5%
• DC Selection:
• Usually the largest OD collar that can be safely run is the

best selection
– Greatest stiffness to resist buckling and smooth
directional tendencies
– Cyclical movement is restricted due to tighter Clearances
– Shortens BHA to
• Reduce handling time at surface
• Minimize # of Connections (failure points) in the hole
• Minimize total Dc in contact with the wall for
differential sticking exposure
• Bending Strength Ratio, BSR:
• BSR is the relative stiffness of the box to the pin of a π ( D4 − b 4 )

given connection. Zbox 32 D
BSR = =
• Describes the Balance between two members of a Z pin π (R4 − d 4 )
connection and how they are likely to behave in a
rotational cyclical environment 32 R
( D4 − b 4 )
Where: Zbox
Zbox = box section modulus of elasticity BSR = = 4D 4
Zpin = pin section modulus of elasticity Z pin (R − d )
D = Outside diameter of pin and box R
b = thread root diameter of box threads at end of pin.
R = Thread root diameter of pin threads ¾ of an inch from shoulder of pin.
. d= inside diameter or bore.
( See diagram on next slide )

• Bending Strength Ratio, BSR
Section Modulus for Connections
• Bending Strength Ratio, BSR, in Connections
High risk of High risk of

• A Connection is said to be balanced if the Premature Box Premature Pin
BSR is 2.5 Failure Failure
“Balanced
Fatigue Life (cycles

– When BSR is higher tend to see pin Connection”
Connection”
Maximum life
failures
– When BSR is lower tend to see more
box failures
• However, field experience has shown that:
– 8” Dc having BSR’s of 2.5 usually fail in
Weak Weak
the box Box Pin
– 4-3/4” DC having BSR as low as 1.8
very rarely fail in the box. 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Bending stress ratio
• Bending Strength Ratio, BSR, in Connections
BSR in Connections
This table is from T.H. Hill & Associates Inc. Standard DS-1.
• Bending Strength Ratio, BSR, in Connections:
Additional BSR Guidelines:
• High RPM, Soft Formation Small DC (8” in 12.25” hole or 6” in 8.25” hole):
– BSR to be in the range 2. 25 – 2. 75
• Low RPM Hard Formations Large DC (10 in in 12-1/4” hole
– BSR to be in the range 2.5 - 3.2 (3.4 if using lo-torq connection)
• Abrasive formations. BSR to be in the range 2.5 - 3.0
• Shock loads or torque/stick Bicenter bits URWD URF ERD applications
– BSR to be in the range 2.5 - 2.75
Lo-Torq Feature
• Bending Strength Ratio, BSR, in Connections:
•The low torque feature consists in removing

part of the shoulder area of the pin and box.
•This allows for lower make up torque
maintaining adequate shoulder loading.
•It is a common feature in large OD
connections.
• Fortunately for you API have

worked the problem
• Pages 39-44 of Spec 7G list
the BSR of Connections by OD
and ID of the collar
• Stiffness Ratio in Connections:
Guidelines for Transitions – Stiffness Ratio, SR:
• Based on field experience, in a transition

from one collar or pipe to another the
SR,(stiffness ratio) should not exceed
– 5.5 for routine drilling
– 3.5 for severe or rough drilling
SR =
Zlwr
=
4
ODupr ODlwr (
− IDlwr
4
)
Zupr ODlwr ODupr − IDupr
4 4
( )
Note: Stiffness Ratios are calculated using tube ODs & IDs, not connections.
• Other BHA Components:
• Tools and Accessories:

Stabilizers, Cross-Over subs, Drilling Jars, Hole
Openers, Reamers, Directional Drilling Tools, etc.
• Different functions according to the application
• Its position is crucial to achieve the drilling
objectives
• Most of these tools are weak points for the
drilling string
• Stabilizers – Description and Functions
• Stabilizers are pieces of tubular components similar in
construction to a DC but with a length of 4 to 6 feet.
• Have pads or blades built in or welded to the pipe
body with a diameter equal to or slightly less than the
drill bit diameter
• Stabilizers are properly positioned in the BHA to
accomplish specific functions:
• Blades contact walls of the drilled hole and
create side forces that push the bit toward the
desired direction while the drilling string is
rotated
• Depending on the number, position and OD of
the stabilizer, the well angle can be increased,
hold or decreased
• Stabilizers - Classification
• According to the type of blade:
• Integral
• Welded
• Straight
• Spiraled
• Replaceable
• Variable (Adjustable) Gauge
• According to its position in the BHA:

• Near bit Stabilizer, NBS
• String Stabilizer , SS
• According to the function performed:

• Directional (Full Gauge, FG; Under Gauge, UG)
• Roller Reamer
• Key seat wiper
• Stabilizers
• Stabilizers – Near Bit Stabilizer, NBS
Description and Applications:
• Easily identify by having double box connection can be made

up directly to the bit
• Constructed from modified and heat treated 4145 H steel alloy
• Thread connection regularly phosphate treated
• Most common of integral blades, although can be welded
• When using Mud Motor, the NBS is Replaceable Sleeve type
mounted on the drive sub of the motor.
• Stabilizers – Near Bit Stabilizer, NBS
Description and Applications – continued:
• In some directional drilling applications the NBS is required to be “Under
Gauge”, UG
• One Roller Reamer connected directly to the bit performs the same
function as one NBS.
• Stabilizers – String Stabilizer, SS
• Typically with pin down, box up connections for location in the BHA
above the drill bit
• Built with same steel alloy than NBS
• Should have same thread than the DC in the BHA to avoid the use of
connecting subs
• Blades can be integral type or welded (spiraled or straight)
• Stabilizers – String Stabilizer, SS
Description and Applications - continued
• Some designs are with mounted replaceable
sleeve
• Optional sizes in “FG” or “UG”
• Mainly applied in directional drilling jobs for
holding, building or dropping angle
• Design can be “open” with 12º to 15º angle
between blades or “closed”, with 15º to 45º angle
between blades to have 360° contact with well
bore walls.
• Stabilizers – Roller Reamer / Water Melon Reamer
• Description and Applications
• Of same size and general design like stabilizers, instead of
blades has 3 or 6 rollers externally attached to the body
• Circle around the rollers has same diameter as the drill bit
which enables them to be rolling against the walls of the
hole drilled by the bit
• Roller reamer is used to trim hole roughness, ledges, and
dog legs created while drilling
• When built of rigid spiraled blades with tungsten carbide
grains on the surface is called “water melon” reamer used
mainly to ream through dog legs
• Stabilizers – Roller Reamer
Roller Design options:
• Stabilizers – Replaceable Sleeve
Tubular sleeve with spiraled blades mounted concentric
on the stabilizer body mandrel
• Stabilizers – Replaceable Sleeve
Tubular sleeve with spiraled blades mounted concentric on the
stabilizer body mandrel
• Stabilizers – Other Design Options
Straight Blades Non Rotating Key Seat Expansible blades

Sleeve Wiper Variable OD
• Stabilizers – Variable Gauge Stabilizer, VGS
Available in 2, 3 and 10 positions 2-D steerable tools

• Run as Near Bit Stabilizer
• Run as Control stabilizer
• Run above or below a drilling motor
• Stabilizers – Variable Gauge Stabilizer, VGS
• Various makes & sizes available – D&M, Andergauge, Sperry

AGS, TRACS
• First Rotary Steerable tool – 2D only
• Minimum two position stabilizer
• In most cases can be run as a Near Bit or String Stabilizer
• Cross Over Subs / Thread Combinations
Description and Application:
• Tubular accessories (3 to 4 feet long) with diversity
of design in pin / box sizes, combinations, positions
(up or down) and thread type
• used to connect two members of BHA with
incompatible thread type or design
Classification:
According to geometry or application Cross Over can be:
• Straight Cross Over Sub (Straight OD Sub)
• Combined OD Connector (Reduced Section Sub)
• Thread Protector Sub ( Saver Sub)
Straight Cross Over Subs:
• Used for connecting string components having same of approximately the
same external diameter, OD.
• Drill bit, BHA components, HWDP or DP can be connected with this type
of Cross Over
Combined OD Connector
• Used for connecting together two string components with different OD.
• Can be connected in series to gradually reduce large OD differences and to
avoid stress concentrations in the combination.
Thread Protector Sub
• Used as “sacrificing” connection help to extend service life of Kelly and Top
Drive.
• Are repairable while have the required length or disposable if not repairable
• When used for Kelly are usually equipped with a rubber protector to prevent
the well head and casing from damage with the Kelly rotating inside
• Cross Over Subs - Specifications
All API Cross Over Subs / Thread Combinations shall be manufactured
according to the class, type and applications / features included in the
following table:
• Cross Over Subs - API Specifications
Types “A” & “B” Dimensions & Properties:
• Sizes, styles, beveled diameter (DF), and the
external diameters (D ó DR) must comply those
values indicated in the corresponding tables of
the APl – Spec 7, as follows:
• Tables 2 y 3 when are connected to the Kelly

• Table 7 when connected with DP
• Table 13 when connected with DC
• Tables 21, 22 and 24, when connected to drill bits
• Drilling Jars
Description:
• Tubular accessory conveniently positioned in the BHA capable
to develop tremendous longitudinal impact forces that are
transmitted below it to free the drilling string stuck in the hole
• The magnitude of the impact (intensity) and its duration
(impulse) can be set at the shop or increased during the jarring
operation
• There are three basic types of drilling jars according to the way
the stored energy is liberated for jarring:
• Mechanical Jar
• Hydraulic Jar
• Hydro- Mechanical Jar
• Drilling Jars - Examples
Mandril Pulido Mandril

Estriado
Cuerpo superior
del
Empaque Carcaza
estriada Yunque
Conector Superior Superior
Carcaza Martill
Conectora o
Yunque Inferior
Mandril de Flujo
Barril
Carcaza de Pistón Superior de Presión.
Presión Válvulas de Disparo
Resorte del Eje Pistón Inferior de

Resorte de Torque Presión
Mandril Lavador
Carcaza
Pistón de balance
Conector Balanceador
Inferior a Pistón de
Frenado
Tubo Lavador
Conector de
Empaque Inferior
Fondo
• Drilling Jars
Guidelines for Position and Operation :

• Need to know or predict the actual sticking place and
mechanism to get effective jarring
• Never run the jar inside the neutral region of drill string
• It is preferable / desirable to run the Jar in tension
• Never run a flexible component near the jar
• Do not use the jar as a thread Cross – Over
• Hydraulic Jars can fire accidentally while handling on
the rig floor or when run in compression
• Drilling Jars - Components
Open
Internal Mandrel 8”
Cocked
8”
Closed
External
Mandrel
grooved
control
Detent
Internal
Seal
Wash
Pipe
• Drilling Jars - Operation
Hydraulic Jar Operational Sequence
Deterrent released
Setting weight to activate the jar Applying Over Pull
and jar tripping up
Oil located in
compresed oil
one chamber is suddenly
oil flows through compressed
flows to
the conduit the empty
chamber
oil slowly flows

through to the
empty chamber
• Drilling Jars - Operation – Pump Opening Force, POF
The circulating pressure inside the jars pushes upwards the piston and
tries to open the jar. The opening force is directly related to the wash pipe
sectional area given by the manufacturer. POF helps in the jarring up but is
opposed to the jarring down operation
Pressure drop = 2000 psi

2 0,0 0 0 lbs
Wash pipe sectional area = 10 in2

Pump Opening Force (POF) = 20,000 lbs.
Internal
Seal Wash
pipe
2000 PSI
wash pipe area = 10 in2
• Jar Accelerator
Description
• Tubular accessory installed above the jar to
multiply the impact and to protect the drill
string and surface equipment from axial shock
waves generated when the jar is fired up
Functions
• Intensifies the jar impact (usually twice of jar
impact alone)
• Absorbs jar impact waves that propagate along
the string to the surface and protects string
connections and surface equipment
• Compensates the lack of tension of drill string
for jarring in shallow wells
• Compensates the excess of friction in high
angle wells
• Jar Accelerator - Components
Applying Over Pull
Internal
Mandrel
External Grooved
Mandrel Control
Compressin
N2 SE EXPANDE
N2 SE EXPANDE
g
Nitrogen
DCs above the jar

Wash Pipe are accelerated
• Jar Accelerator - Operation
• Bumper Sub
Description
• Tubular accessory with mechanical springs or
hydraulic piston positioned above the bit to
absorb shock waves and longitudinal
vibrations of the string while drilling
• Old technology used to drill in rough seas
before the development of wave
compensators
• Can be used as a directional drilling tool to
give even weight on bit.
• Bumper Sub
Functions:
• Reduces impact loads on the drill
string by absorbing the longitudinal
vibrations generated by the bit
• Protects the bit and extends its life
by avoiding impact loads on bottom
• Increases drilling rate by improving
the applying of an even WOB
• Bumper Sub
Operation:
• Make up the Bumper Sub with the “Drive Stem” box
pointing down (the piston mandrel visible in the
lower section of the tool)
• Do not use pipe wrenches or power tongs directly
on the mandrel
• Use the proper lifting sub for handling at surface
• For jarring operations assure that the Bumper Sub is
in tension with the mandrel fully extended (maximum
tension given by the manufacturer)
• Bumper Sub
Position in the BHA:
• The Bumper Sub should be installed

directly above the bit or as closer to it
as possible
• Improper positioning in packed
assemblies could damage the tool
due to the development of excessive
bending loads (see next slides)
• Bumper Sub – Position in Packed Assemblies
Drill Collar
1 Drill Collar
2 Drill Collar 3 4
Drill Collars
Stabilizer Bumper Sub
Stabilizer
Drill Collars Maximum (1) DC
Drill Collar Drill Collar
Drill Collars Stabilizer Stabilizer
Drill Collar Drill Collar
Bumper Sub
Stabilizer
Bumper Sub Bumper Sub Drill Collar
Near Bit Stabilizer

Near Bit Stabilizer
• Bumper Sub – Selection Recommended
Not Recommended
8” Drill Collar
8” Drill Collar
Mandrel OD = 8”
Mandrel OD = 5.5”
11” OD Bumper Sub
8” OD Bumper Sub
17.5” Bit 17.5” Bit

Conventional Special
• Thruster
Tool description:
• Accessory that operates like a Bumper Sub

• with a stroke position indicator for accurate
operation
• Limited stroke length
• Is in general more expensive than the
conventional Bumper Sub
• Vibration Sub
Tool Description
• Tubular accessory with internal spiral thread filled with
rubber like material
• Conveniently positioned in the BHA helps in eliminating
string vibrations.
Applications
• Damping drill strings vibrations to improve bit performance
• Electrical isolation of BHA components
• Protecting MWD tools from high-frequency vibrations
(particularly for those tools having collar-mounted
electronics)
• Isolating acoustic tools to prevent echoes from corrupting
measurements
• Controlling drill string critical frequencies
• Agitator
Tool Description:
• Tubular accessory that works like a 1:2 lobe
down hole motor but without a drive shaft
Functions:
• Sets up lateral vibrations to help overcome
friction lock
Position in the Drilling String:

• Placing the tool depends on good side loading
analysis of BHA
• Hole Openers and Under Reamers
Description:
• Tools designed to drill over a drilled hole to enlarge its
diameter
• When connected above a pilot bit is called “hole opener”
• If run below a casing string to drill a larger hole is properly
called “under reamer”. It may have below a pilot bit or not.
• Can be of fixed arms with cones (hole openers) or of
expandable arms driven by the drilling fluid (hydraulic
under reamer)
Hole Opener of Fixed Arms with Roller Cones
• Characteristics:
• Compact / rigid design
• Roller Cones are field replaceable
• Cutting structure can be milled tooth
cones or tungsten carbide inserts
• Nozzles changeable
• Sealed bearings
• Allows reaming and back reaming
• Usually with 4 or 6 cones concentric
with the pilot bit
Hole Opener of Fixed Arms with Roller Cones
• Operational Guides:
• Should be run with pilot bit when used
for enlarging immediately the hole is
drilled or “bull nose” ahead to avoid
accidental side track of the well already
drilled
• Tool generally is of difficult operation.
Attention should be paid to proper BHA
design
• Special rough condition tool
Hole Opener of fixed Arms with Roller Cones Ampliador de Insertos de Carburo
de Tungsteno (CTI)
Applications:
• Enlarging holes for running and setting conductor
pipe and large diameter surface casings
• Enlarging well bores having severe bit balling
problems and extremely reactive, instable
formations
Ampliador de Dientes (MT)
• Milled Tooth Cones mostly used in soft to
medium formations; Tungsten Carbide Inserts in
medium to hard formations
Hole Opener of Expansible Arms with Cones
Description:
Tubular accessory with hydraulic activated piston that
pushes out retractable arms with roller cones to enlarge
a drilled hole or under ream enlarged hole below the
casing seat.
Hydraulic piston arm operating
mechanism
Hinge pin
Jetting action for Sealed Roller Cone

improved cutting Cutter
and hole cleaning
Expansible Arm
Box for pilot bit.

Open Hole of Expansible Arms with Roller Cones
Characteristics:
• Ideal for soft to medium formations
• Not very strong
• Arms remain expanded by the circulating pressure
• Arms are interchangeable
• Roller cones with milled tooth or tungsten
carbide inserts
• Adjustable jets
• Field reparable
• Arm opening set to the desired diameter in its
range
• Opens hole below smaller

casings or where there are ID
restrictions
• Hydraulic activated
• Can confirm open by pulling
up against the casing shoe
Hole Opener of Expansible Blades with PDC Cutters
Interchangeable cutting structure
Cutter Housing
Interchangeable Top
Sub Piston with seals
Actuator Mandrel
Main Jet
Stabilized Bottom Sub

Tool Description
• Strong, integral or articulated expansible blades
• Solid and robust body with a minimum of movable parts
• Set of field replaceable cutters
• Blades are hydraulically extended by building up pressure
inside the tool after dropping a ball that lands on a
circular seat
• 13 mm or 19 mm PDC cutters mounted on the cutting
blades
Applications:
• All Type of formations: soft, medium to hard
• Enlargement of hole below casing seat for
improving external gravel packing of slotted liners
• Enlarging of open hole below casing shoe for
installation of expandable liners
• Improve drainage radius and increase well
productivity
• Remove skin factor in old developed in previous
open hole completions
• Enlarge the pilot hole drilled with directional
assembly
Under Reamer While Drilling
Description:
• Cutting structure specially designed for hole

enlarging while drilling conventional
• The cutting structure can be a bi-center bit or
an eccentric roller reamer
• The Eccentric Reamer can be located
anywhere above the drilling assembly
• Sometimes run above an RSS needing full
gauge contact with the well bore to work
properly
Under Reamer While Drilling & Bi Center Bits
• Dog Sub
Tool Description and Application:
• Type of solid drag bit with
straight blades and cutting
structure of PDC and TSP
connected immediately above
the bit to ream and keep in
gauge formations extremely
hard and abrasive
• When the bit becomes under
gauge the DOG sub will cause
an increase in drilling torque
• Mud Motor / Down Hole Motor / Positive Displacement Motor, PDM
Tool Description:
• Tubular equipment connected directly to the bit which converts the
hydraulic energy of the drilling fluid pumped through the drilling string
into rotational power that turns the bit connected to the drive shaft
• The motor is formed by helical lobular rotor (made of polished steel)
installed inside a tubular barrel with the internal surface covered by
an elastomeric lobular surface
• The stator surface has one more lobe than the elastomeric surface on
the stator thus crating cavities through which the pumped fluid is
directed to turn the rotor and the bit attached to its end.
Drill Bit Drive Shaft Stator
Rotor
Components
Dump Valve (optional)
Power Section (Rotor / Stator)
Adjustable Bent Housing Angle (ABA)
Transmission Assembly
Bearing Section
Rotating Shaft
Components:
Power Section
• Lobular Rotor & Stator
• The Rotor is a helical bar of polished steel with
lobules on its surface
• The Stator is actually a lobular surface made of
elastomeric coating the inner walls of a tubular
housing
• The number of lobes in both the rotor & stator
define the motor configuration
• The Mud Motor operates as an inverted Des
Moines pump (progressive cavity pump)
Components
Power Section – cont.
• Rotational Power of the motor depends on the
ratio of rotor to stator lobes (x : y)
• For instance, a 5:6 configuration indicates that
the rotor has 5 lobes while the stator has 6
• The higher the number of lobes in the
configuration, the higher the power and the
lower the rotating speed of rotor
Components
Thrust Bearings
Power Transmission Section
Drive Shaft
• Formed by the “universal connector” to attach
Adjustable Bent
the rotor to the drive shaft Housing Angle
(ABA)
• The eccentric movement of the U-Joint absorbs

the lateral displacement of the rotor due to its
helical shape and to the bent set in the
adjustable bent housing Rotating
Bearings
• The result is a smooth rotation of the bit
Components
Stator
Adjustable Bent Housing Angle (ABA) Adapter
• The tubular housing of the motor is formed by two Grooved Mandrel
sections that can be set in eccentric position by Adjusting Ring

Displazable
turning the lower section to give an offset angle Housing
between 0° y 4° of their respective turning axis
• For short radius wells are used ABA of 4° or
articulated motors (housings of two or three
sections connected with knuckle joints)
• For performance drilling or straight holes, down
hole motors with 0° ABA are used
Components
Bearing Section & Rotating Shaft Housing
Drive Shaft
• Support both axial and radial loads.
Race
• Transmit torque and rotational speed to the Bearing Balls
drive shaft and to the bit

• On its housing is mounted a slick sleeve or
Thread Protector for
Sleeve type NBS, when required
Sleeve type Stabilizer
Classification of Mud Motors:

In general mud motors are divided in three groups according to
its performance in torque and speed, as follows:
• High Torque – Low Speed Motors
• Medium Torque and Speed Motor
• Low Torque & High Speed Motors
Classification of Mud Motors:

According to its general application, mud motors
can be:
• Performing Drilling Motors : Straight Housing

• Steerable Motor: Adjustable Bent Housing
• Short Radius Motors: Articulated Housing
• Rotary Steering System – Power Drive / Vortex / PD Xceed
Description:
• A 3D fully steerable tool capable of
changing both the inclination and
azimuth of the well bore while
maintaining continuous drill string
rotation
• All external components rotate
with string RPM
• Sliding drilling in oriented mode is
not required to construct a deviated
well trajectory
• Rotary Steering System – Power Drive Xtra / PD Vortex / PD Xceed
Steering Principle of Power Drive Xtra: “Push the Bit”
• Retractable lateral pads open and close cyclically contacting walls

of hole and pushing the bit in the opposite direction
• Apply side force to the bit to initiate a side cutting action
• Pads extend dynamically from the Bias Unit
• Tool Face controlled by orientation of internal valve assembly
Power Drive Vortex – Power Drive Xtra connected to a Mud Motor:
Uses “Push the bit” steering principle.
Bearings
Top Sub/Flex Power Section Straight Housing Filter PowerDrive Xtra
Bit
~60 ft
(PDX900)
Straight Motor with 7:8 GT HN234 Tool max O.D. (in)
Tool 11.00
Power Section Hole Size (in)
Hole 12-1/4 to 14-3/4
New Generation Motor Bearings Flow Rate (GPM)
Flow 600-1200
New Generation Motor Transmission DLS/BUR (deg/100 ft.)

DLS/BUR 5
Tailored Stabilization Options Op. Speed at Bit (RPM)

Op. 220
Rubber Filter Mud Weight (lbm

Mud (lbm/gal)
lbm/gal) 8.3 – 14
Temp. (Deg C)
Temp. 125
No E-Mag but working on “C-link”
PD + Motor length (ft)
PD 60
Power Drive Xceed – “Point the bit” system: Internal deflection of drive shaft
Configuration:
• 3 sections – Power Generation, Sensors/Control, Steering
• High reliability through:
– Proven MWD sensor and servo technology, 150oC rating
– All steering control in oil bath, no moving seals
– Designed to operate in abrasive environments
– Sensor package 12.8 ft from bit
• RT continuous TF, Inc. and Azi. allow improved control
• Capability to kick-off from vertical
Steering Operation:
• Collar supplies drilling torque directly to the bit shaft
• Bit shaft has a fixed offset from the axis of collar (eccentric)
• DC motor holds offset tool face geo-stationary by rotating at
collar rpm in the opposite direction
• Three points contact provides the steering tendency
Steering Modes:
• Tool has 2 modes while drilling:

– Steering Mode: Tool face is held geo-stationary
– Straight Mode: Tool face indexes at 112.5° / 10 s
• Dog Leg capability is varied by changing mode timing
• Turbines
Tool Description & Applications:
• Stacks of vanes stators and rotors

spinning on a common axis inside a
tubular housing
• Very high speed of around 1500 RPM
• Usually of low torque capacity
• Requires very high circulating rates and
pressure due to the also high pressure
drop across the tool and the need of
high flow rates to move the vanes
• Applied in drilling extremely hard and
abrasive formations with diamond
impregnated bits
• The new technology has developed
turbines to gear the speed down and
increase the torque capacity
• Whipstock
Tool Description and Applications:
• Device of truncated cylinder shape installed
inside a well bore to start deviation in a quick
and efficient manner
• The tool has an inclined plane which is oriented
in the proper direction to drill a side track hole
• It can be used in vertical or deviated holes
• Works positively both in open and in cased
holes
• It does not require the previous setting of a
cement / deviation plug but a proper anchorage
on the well bore or casing wall (sometimes
requires a sump packer)
• Whipstock – Components and Accessories
• Whipstock
Whipstock Operation – Setting inside casing, no sump packer required
Starting Mill
Setting Pin
Whipstock (inclined plane)
Centralizer / Drag Block

Setting Slips
• Whipstock
Whipstock Operation – Setting inside casing supported by sump packer
• Whipstock Accessories
Mills
• Drilling tool used to open windows or lateral exits
through out the casing with the guide of a whipstock
previously installed
• As most bit, mills have Regular pin up connection
• The cutting structure is formed by granular tungsten
carbide incrusted in a matrix of braze alloy on the
steel surface of the mill
• Shape, profile, and special features are designed
according to the application and operational needs
• Whipstock Accessories
Mills
Types of Mills – According to the function performed:

• Starting mill – used to initiate the casing exit
• Window mill – To cut the window through casing
• Watermelon mill – To polish further the window cut
• String mill – Used to redress / rectify the window cut
• Tapered mill – to enlarge and redress the window cut
• Miscellaneous Subs
UBHO: “Universal Bent Housing Orienting” Sub
• Connecting sub positioned in the BHA below the Non Magnetic Drill Collars
used as seating nipple for Directional Surveying tools (SS, EMS, MWD, etc)
• The sub has an internal rotating sleeve that is positioned with a guide key
oriented toward the scrubbed line on the “tool face” direction
• The sleeve is retained in place by grub screws tightened from outside of the sub
• The internal sleeve has a keyway that allows the survey instruments to seat
aligned in the direction of the “tool face”
BENT SUB
• Connecting sub built with the pin axis in an offset angle between ½° - 3° with
respect of the box axis
• The Bent Sub is connected on the top of a straight motor (ABA = 0°). Its curved
side is the “tool face” position for DD operations
• The “UBHO” run above the bent sub needs to be aligned to the tool face
ADOS
• Special sub built to allow ADN logging on the low side of the hole while
running the GST
UBHO Sub – Components:
Internal Sleeve Orienting Sub
Keyway oriented
toward the Tool Face
Circulating Sub
• Connecting sub properly positioned in the BHA

which allows establish full circulation DP to
annulus in case of having obstructed the normal
circulating path with LCM, cement or solids
packed off inside the string.
• It also allows the circulation of coarse LCM
above the DD jewelry that may become plugged
in
• The circulating sub is activated by dropping a
dart or a ball to displace an internal sleeve and
communicate the inside of drill string with the
annulus via a circulation port built in the sub
PBL Sub
• Multiple activating circulating sub which is
opened by a vinyl ball and closed by a steel ball
• The open/close sequence can be repeated up to
six times. This make the tool specially useful to
drill through zones with severe lost circulation
conditions
TIW Valve
• Surface stab-in safety valve must be available at
the rig floor with the required combination sub,
used to shut the well in. Single & Dual
Ball Check Valve
Dart sub
• Internal BOP activated by dropping a
dart which lands in a preinstalled sub
in the BHA
• The dart sub is a check valve that
prevents upward flow from the well
inside the drill string, while allowing
downward mud flow or pumping from
injectors.
• Features include high flow capacity,
long life and pressure ratings to
10,000 psi.
Float Valve
• Non return valve installed inside a
special bored sub or directly inside the
bore of the Bit Sub
• Its function is to prevent the flow reverse
from the annulus to the drill string thus
avoiding the plug in of bit nozzles or
surveying tools inside the drill string with
cutting and solids in the well
• It can be spring loaded cone seating on a
circular seat or flapper valve which
closes as soon the circulation through the
DP is stopped
Bit Sub
• Used to connect the bit to the Drill
Collar when there is no motor or
PowerDrive being used
• Houses the float valve in its bore
• Houses the “Totco ring” used for

landing directional survey tools
• Measurement While Drilling, MWD
Tool Description:
• Specially designed telemetry system that record drilling and directional
parameters of well bore trajectory in the well bore while drilling and
transmits the coded information to surface via mud pressure pulses,
continuous waves or electromagnetic waves
• The MWD surveying tool is activated by the mud flow through the drill
pipe when pulsers, turbines or current induced activate accelerometers
and magnetometers that measures well bore inclination, direction and
tool face orientation
• Mud pressure pulses can be positive, negative, siren waves, or electro
magnetic waves
• The MWD tool is installed inside the UBHO with the proper orientation to
the tool face of the deviation device
• Measurement While Drilling, MWD
Schlumberger MWD Tools
1. Impulse
2. Slimpulse
3. Power Pulse
2 3
1
• Drill Bit
Selection Parameters:
• Dull grading of previous bits run in the area / well

• Performance evaluation of bits in offset wells
• Geophysics logs run in offset wells
• Seismic data for the area
• Special software developed by bit manufacturers
• Drilling fluid properties

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Quartz School

2.1. Drillfor Well

1. Functions of the Drill String

2. Main Components of Drill String

3. The Drill Pipe

4. Heavy Weight Drill Pipe

6. Other BHA Components & Accessories

• Transmit rotation from surface to the bit

• Transmit and Support axial loads

• Transmit and support torsional loads.

• Put the required WOB for drilling

• Guide and control well bore trajectory

• Allow circulation of drilling fluid for

• lubrication of drill bit

• Data transmission (telemetry / down linking)

• Kelly or Top Drive

• Drill Pipe (DP)

• Heavy Weight Drill Pipe (HWDP)

• Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA)

• Kelly or Top Drive

• Element that transmits rotation to the drill string

• Transmits rotation to the bit

• Allows circulation of drilling fluid

• Withstands tensional, rotational and

• Designed to safely rotate in tension; not

• while drilling high angle, extended reach

There are four grades of pipe commonly used today:

Grade Min Yield Avg Yield

E or E-75 75,000 85,000

X or X-95 95,000 110,000

G or G-105 105,000 120,000

S or S-135 135,000 145,000

Nominal Weight – refers to an obsolete standard (weight of Range I pipe with

• External upsets (EU), ( ID stays the same, OD enlarged )

Mass of steel left in

Calculate the “Adjusted weight” (approximated weight) for 5”OD, 19.5

lb/ft, X-95, NC50, “IEU” Drill Pipe.

Tool Joint dimensions: 6.375” OD x 3.5“ ID

Pipe body ID: 4,276”

• IADC code proposed to identify and standardize different types of tool

• The number given to a specific connection is derived from the

• The result is the corresponding “Numbered Connection” or NC

The most common thread style in DP is the so called “Numbered Connection”, NC

The size of a rotary shouldered connection is

Examples of equivalent / interchangeable connections with NC:

The threads DO NOT provide the hydraulic seal

Shoulder is the only seal

Use a Tool Joint ruler to measure

Size: 2 3/8” to 6 5/8” – refers to OD of pipe body

Length: Range 1: 18-22 ft, Range 2: 27-30ft, Range 3: 38-45 ft

Grade: E - 75, X - 95, G - 105, S - 135

Weight: Called nominal weight

Class: API classification for used pipe

New: No wear, has never been used

The API has set manufacturing tolerances on DP tubes:

Wall Thickness tolerance: -12.5%, +??

There is no tolerance on the ID which is solely governed by the OD and

Enhanced Drill Pipe – Description: